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Essay Samples on Science

Some college students like to attend STEM workshops, research innovations, or develop something unique as they learn, yet working with science essays often appears overly challenging. An actual problem often relates to unclear grading rubrics or being unable to narrow things down. Seeking the most efficient solutions, one should take an interdisciplinary approach to writing, which means that you must explore more than one discipline. For example, see how the science can be explained by various specialists and talk about why it becomes easier for most people when approached differently. You should also see science essay examples that we have collected for you because things instantly become clearer if you have a set of actual samples. Focus on more than one example and compare how each author has addressed the same problem based on a particular scientific concept. We have intentionally provided examples that deal with similar topics to provide you with more variety. When you are structuring your science assignment, work with your facts first and state your objectives in the very first paragraph. It will help to keep your writing structured and offer a healthy balance of the data you have collected, reliable quotes, and your personal opinion.

Exploring Why Geography is Important

Why is geography important? This question beckons us to recognize the pivotal role that geography plays in shaping our understanding of the world around us. Geography extends beyond mere maps and coordinates—it encompasses a diverse range of concepts that impact our lives, societies, and the...

Exploring the Dimensions of "What is Geography"

What is geography? This seemingly simple question opens the door to a world of complexity, discovery, and understanding. Geography is not merely about memorizing maps or reciting the names of countries—it is a multidimensional field that delves into the interactions between people, places, and the...

Physical Geography: Exploring Earth's Natural Marvels

Physical geography is a captivating field that delves into the natural processes and features that shape our planet's surface. It investigates the forces that have sculpted mountains, carved valleys, shaped coastlines, and molded landscapes over millions of years. In this essay, we embark on a...

Computer Engineering Career Goals: Navigating the Digital Frontier

Computer engineering career goals shape the trajectory of individuals seeking to harness the power of technology to drive innovation, solve complex problems, and shape the digital landscape. In an era defined by rapid technological advancements, computer engineers play a pivotal role in designing, developing, and...

• Career Goals
• Engineering

Achieving Mechanical Engineering Career Goals

Mechanical engineering career goals embody the aspirations of individuals who are drawn to the dynamic world of innovation, design, and problem-solving. In a field where precision meets creativity, pursuing a career in mechanical engineering opens doors to a plethora of opportunities across industries. This essay...

• Mechanical Engineering

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Career Motivation: Illuminating the Path to Fulfillment and Success

Behind every successful individual's journey lies a driving force that propels them forward—their career motivation. In this essay, we delve into the depths of what ignites the flames of ambition, determination, and resilience in the pursuit of professional goals. By uncovering the sources of career...

Exploring the 5 Themes of Geography: Understanding the Earth's Complexities

The 5 themes of geography provide a comprehensive framework for studying and interpreting the diverse landscapes, cultures, and interactions that shape our planet. Developed by geographer Jean-Pierre De Bar in 1986, these themes serve as a guide for exploring the complexities of our world. In...

What Does Creativity Mean to You

Creativity, an intricate tapestry of imagination and innovation, holds a unique significance for each individual. It is a concept that transcends the boundaries of convention, sparking curiosity and igniting the flames of inspiration. In this essay, we embark on a journey to unearth the meaning...

Exploring Language and Identity in "Mother Tongue" by Amy Tan

Language is not merely a tool for communication; it is also a reflection of one's cultural background, experiences, and identity. In her essay "Mother Tongue," Amy Tan delves into the complexities of language and the profound impact it has on shaping an individual's sense of...

• Language and Linguistics
• Mother Tongue

Why I Want to Study Architecture: the Power of Design

The world around us is a tapestry of structures, spaces, and designs that shape our lives and experiences. From towering skyscrapers to quaint houses, every architectural marvel carries a story and a vision. The allure of architecture, with its blend of artistic expression, technical precision,...

• Architecture

Why English Is Important for Students

English language proficiency has emerged as a universal skill that transcends borders, cultures, and industries. For students, mastering the English language holds a multitude of benefits that extend beyond the classroom. English serves as a key that unlocks doors to global communication, academic excellence, professional...

• English Language

Unraveling the Cosmos: About the Origin of the Universe

The question of how the universe came into existence has intrigued humanity for centuries. This essay delves into the fascinating journey of understanding the origin of the universe, from ancient creation myths to modern cosmological theories. As scientists and philosophers grapple with this profound question,...

• Space Exploration

The Probability of Life on Other Planets: Unveiling the Cosmic Enigma

The question of whether life exists beyond Earth has intrigued humanity for centuries, inspiring scientific exploration, philosophical contemplation, and popular culture. As our understanding of the cosmos deepens, the search for extraterrestrial life gains momentum. This essay delves into the factors that influence the probability...

The Importance of Statistics in Daily Life: Quantifying Reality

Statistics may seem like an abstract field reserved for researchers and analysts, but its influence extends far beyond academic settings. In fact, statistics play a vital role in shaping our daily lives, informing decision-making, guiding policies, and helping us make sense of complex information. From...

The Importance of Learning a Foreign Language

The world we live in today is more interconnected than ever before, and as borders blur and cultures mingle, the ability to communicate in foreign languages becomes increasingly valuable. Learning a foreign language is not merely a linguistic pursuit; it is a gateway to understanding...

• Second Language

The Effects of GMOs on the Environment: Unraveling Complex Impact

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) have revolutionized modern agriculture, promising increased crop yields, enhanced nutritional content, and improved resistance to pests and diseases. However, as GMOs become increasingly prevalent in the food production system, concerns about their effects on the environment have garnered significant attention. This...

• Genetic Engineering

Should English Be the Official Language of a Country

The question of whether English should be established as the official language of a country is a contentious issue that intertwines cultural diversity, national identity, and practical communication. Advocates argue that an official language can foster unity and streamline government processes, while opponents emphasize the...

Preserving Biodiversity: Why Should We Protect Endangered Animals

Endangered animals play a crucial role in maintaining the delicate balance of our planet's ecosystems. As human activities continue to pose threats to various species, understanding why we should protect endangered animals is vital. This essay explores the significance of conserving these species to ensure...

• Biodiversity
• Endangered Species

How Electricity Has Changed Our Lives

Electricity stands as one of the most transformative inventions in human history, revolutionizing every facet of our lives and propelling us into the modern age. From lighting up our homes to powering industries and enabling communication, the impact of electricity is immeasurable. This essay delves...

• Electricity

Exploring the Difference Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Research is a dynamic process that encompasses a diverse range of methodologies tailored to different research questions and objectives. Qualitative and quantitative research are two fundamental approaches that guide researchers in their pursuit of knowledge. This essay delves into the core difference between qualitative and...

• Qualitative Research
• Quantitative Research

Ethical Concerns: Disadvantages of Keeping Animals in Zoos

Zoos have long been a source of fascination and entertainment for people of all ages. However, behind the veneer of entertainment and education lies a complex ethical dilemma. While zoos play a role in conservation and education, they also raise significant concerns regarding animal welfare,...

• Animal Welfare

Embarking on Linguistic Expeditions: My Journey of Learning a New Language

The allure of learning a new language is akin to embarking on an adventurous expedition into uncharted territories. The process of acquiring a foreign tongue opens doors to new cultures, broadens horizons, and transforms the way we perceive the world. In this essay, I delve...

Advantages of Keeping Animals in Zoos: Conservation and Education

Zoos have long been a source of fascination and learning for people of all ages. While the ethical considerations of keeping animals in captivity are widely debated, there are significant advantages to maintaining animals in zoos. These institutions play a vital role in conservation efforts,...

• Wildlife Conservation

Designer Babies: Exploring Ethical and Technological Frontiers

The concept of designer babies has long captured the imagination of both scientists and the general public. The ability to genetically modify and customize the traits of unborn children is a topic that resides at the intersection of science, ethics, and human aspirations. This essay...

• Genetic Modification

Human Dependence on Technology: A Double-Edged Sword in 400 Words

Introduction In today's world, human dependence on technology is ubiquitous. From smartphones that manage our daily schedules to medical equipment that sustains life, technology has woven itself into nearly every aspect of our daily existence. While it has brought unprecedented convenience and progress, this dependence...

• Dependence on Technology

Connecting Through Screens: Advantages of Technology in Communication

Introduction The advancement of technology has reshaped the way individuals and organizations communicate. From instant messaging and video conferencing to social media and collaborative software, technology has broken down geographical barriers and made communication more efficient and accessible. This essay aims to explore various advantages...

• Advantages of Technology

The Impact of Technology on Agriculture: A Transformative Force

Introduction The world of agriculture has seen a significant transformation in recent decades, largely due to advancements in technology. From the way farmers plant and nurture crops to the methods used to harvest and distribute products, technology has drastically altered the agricultural landscape. This essay...

• Agriculture
• Impact of Technology

Why I Choose Biotechnology: A Personal and Professional Journey

This essay outlines various factors—both personal and professional—that have led to the decision to pursue a career in biotechnology. It elaborates on the intellectual curiosity, desire for positive impact, personal connections, and the dynamic nature of the field as key reasons for this choice. Introduction...

• Biotechnology
• Personal Experience

Biotechnology Reflection: A Look into the Promises and Perils of Biotech

Introduction In an era of rapid technological advancements, biotechnology stands out as one of the most transformative and controversial fields. This biotechnology reflection aims to delve into the multi-faceted world of biotechnology, considering its profound impacts on medicine, agriculture, environment, and society at large. The...

The Ethics of Biotechnology: Navigating a Complex Landscape

This essay provides a comprehensive exploration of the various ethical dimensions of biotechnology, touching on numerous aspects including medical applications, agricultural innovations, environmental implications. Introduction The ethics of biotechnology are as complex as the science itself. As biotechnological advancements continue to soar, so do the...

Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology in the Workplace

Increased Efficiency In today's fast-paced business environment, efficiency is paramount. Technology has provided us with tools that can dramatically expedite tasks. For instance, consider how automated inventory management systems can streamline restocking processes in retail. According to a study by McKinsey, businesses that adopted such...

Technology in Education: An Argumentative Perspective

Introduction This essay has engaged in an argumentative discussion about the role of technology in education, examining its potential benefits such as enhanced engagement, personalized learning, and skill development, while also addressing the risks of overreliance and inequity. By understanding both sides of the argument,...

• Technology in Education

How Twitter's Rebranding to X Signals a Shift in Strategy

Twitter's recent rebranding to X by new owner Elon Musk signals a significant shift in strategy for the social media platform. Musk has long envisioned transforming Twitter into an "everything app" similar to China's WeChat, offering a wide range of services beyond social networking. The...

Elon Musk's Twitter Takeover and Reforms: an Overview

Elon Musk's Acquisition of Twitter In October 2022, billionaire Elon Musk completed his acquisition of social media platform Twitter for $44 billion. Musk took over as CEO with ambitious plans to reform Twitter's products, features, algorithms, content policies, and workforce. His tenure has proven controversial...

Importance of Photosynthesis: Unveiling the Foundation of Life on Earth

Photosynthesis, the remarkable process that occurs in plants and some microorganisms, holds immense significance for life on Earth. It is the driving force behind the production of oxygen, the conversion of sunlight into energy, and the foundation of Earth's intricate food webs. This essay delves...

• Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration: Learning Theories and Applications

I am going to teach my students about the cellular processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. In thiss essay I will explain how I am planning to teach my students. In order for meaningful learning to occur, I will need to engage my students through...

• Cellular Respiration

Albert Einstein: Biography of the Most Renowned Scientist

I chose to write about Albert Einstein biography in this essay because he was the mastermind behind the Manhattan Project. Another reason is that his work altered the outcome of World War Two, aiding in America's victory over the Axis Powers. Despite being perceived as...

• Albert Einstein

Significance of Black Inventions That Changed the World

Introduction Many people have heard about famous inventions, such as the lightbulb, the steam engine, and the iPhone. The list is, in fact, endless and impressive. However, although we use many products and inventions in our lives, we don't give thought to who made it...

• African American History

Essential Insights: Research, Presentation, and Literature Analysis

Introduction Recently I partook in a series of lectures that were intended to discuss a variety of tasks and obstacles that will be faced by those planning to undertake a PhD or MA. The information presented during these lectures covered a variety of topics, ranging...

• Academic Challenges
• Literature Analysis
• Research Methods

Hidden Figures in Space Race: Black Women in STEM

Introduction It was Malcolm X who was most famously credited with saying that “The most disrespected person in America is the black woman. The most unprotected person in America is the black woman. The most neglected person in America is the black woman.” Since the...

• Hidden Figures
• Katherine Johnson

Henry Ford: The Man and His Automotive Legacy

Henry Ford: The Man Behind the Cars Henry Ford was an American industrialist, the owner of plants for the production of cars around the world, an inventor, and an author of 161 US patents. He was born in Springwells Township, Wayne County, Michigan. Henry made...

• Ford Motor Company

Examination of Carnap's Elimination of Metaphysics With Logical Analysis

Rudolf Carnap claims to be able to eliminate, once and for all, from a seemingly impartial, unprejudiced point of view, all metaphysics by logical analysis. In this paper, there would be a critical examination on the one hand, that as far as Carnap's analysis is...

• Branches of philosophy
• Metaphysics

Organic Chemistry and Its Societal Issues: Animal Care Products

Animal care develops and provides pharmacological animal health services and products to assist veterinary profession. Under animal welfare is animal care. Animals have welfare needs and pet owners must supply the needs of their pets most especially when it comes to their health, which is...

Evolutionary Biology Through the Lens of Medicine

When thinking of the word evolutionary I often think of species developing or changing yet I rarely think of practical ideas like medicine or healthcare progressing. Although having species evolve is important in its own unique ways, having medicine evolve is something that I think...

• Human Evolution

Ruth Benedict: Shaping Anthropology through Cultural Relativism

The essay will assess Ruth Benedict’s contribution to anthropology, including how important her exploration into culture and personality was because it led to her most important work in abnormalities. It will explore criticism about the incommensurability of cultures and “the savage slot”, which is captured...

• Anthropology
• Cultural Relativism
• Social Studies

Biology and Bioethics: Balancing Science and Morality

Introduction Biology, the study of life and living organisms, has witnessed remarkable advancements over the years. As our understanding of the intricate workings of biological systems deepens, ethical questions arise concerning the responsible use of this knowledge. The field of bioethics explores the ethical implications...

The Need for Geography Study in the Context of Today’s World

Geography entails the study of the earth and it’s atmosphere, as well as the human activities that it affects and is affected by – a great portion of this has to do with the distribution of populations and resources and political and economic activities. It...

• Globalization

Discovering Problematic Issues During the History of Geography

Geography as a discipline has progressed dramatically since its colonial roots (pre-1700s) and has proceeded to become one of the most important studies in world history, being utilized in wars and everyday politics. Geography, however, has also been one of the most divided studies, in...

• Social Problems

Early Biological and Physical Anthropology Role in Anthropology

Early biological and physical anthropology are both a branch of Anthropology, it is the study of human evolution and development to environmental stressors. In this essay both early biological and physical anthropology will be discussed to achieve a better understanding of these concepts. This essay...

In-Depth Explanation of the Main Concepts of Political Geography

During this essay, political geography will be explained, with the different types of politics outlined, as well as how politics have altered the history of Belfast. This essay will also provide an in-depth explanation of the key geographical concepts that are place, territory and identity,...

• Human Population

How Shemistry Influenced the History and Presentation of Art

Chemistry is everywhere in our life. Of course, chemistry is also closely related to art. There are many forms of art, such as oil painting, gouache, watercolor and so on. These painting forms are inseparable from products such as pigments and watercolors, which are based...

• Art History

The Importance of Cell Biology in the 21st Century

Cell biology is the study of cell structure and how it fundamentally gives organisms their function, there are approximately 25,000 protein-coding genes in the human genome, within this only about 60% of the human genes have an identifiable sequence homology within the protein database. Human...

Significance of Biotechnology as a Tool for Improving Life on Earth

Biotechnology is the use of biology specifically utilizing biological systems or living organisms to solve and analyzed scientific knowledge in which its processes is to develop technologies and products that help improve the society and the health of our planet. Biotechnology belongs to the interdisciplinary...

• Applied Sciences

History and Implications of Educational Anthropology in India

Anthropology is the study of humans, their cultures and societies. It is the study of the others or the unfamiliar, the unfamiliar is made familiar and brought to the forefront by anthropologist. Anthropology is subdivided into four main categories: archaeological; biological; linguistics; cultural. Anthropology in...

Analytical Chemistry: Three Methods of Compound Determination

Analytical chemistry is the science of determining what matter is and how it exists through instruments and techniques which separate, identify and quantify matter, overall determining the structure of the compound. There are three techniques that can be used to determine a compound. These techniques...

• Chemical Reaction

Agritech: Transforming Farming Practices for a Sustainable Future

Agricultural biotechnology, otherwise called agritech, is an area of agricultural science including the utilization of logical apparatuses and methods, including hereditary designing, atomic markers, sub-atomic diagnostics, immunizations, and tissue culture, to adjust living life forms: plants, creatures, and microorganisms. Crop biotechnology is one part of...

The Fragile Beauty of Marine Ecosystems: A Look into the Wonders

A Marine Ecosystem is a subset of all aquatic ecosystems. Since 70% of Earth’s surface in filled with water, and around 95% of that water in salt, Marine Ecosystems are defined as the largest and most biodiverse ecosystem in the world. An Ocean/Marine Ecosystem can...

• Marine Life

Robotic Surgery: Medical Treatment Through Precision and Innovation

“Meet your next surgeon:DR. Robot” said by famous writer Ryan Bradley. Robotic surgery is one of the new medical treatments across the world that has enabled robots to perform surgeries, and allow patients to recover faster. The technology has enabled surgeons to become more accurate...

The Truth About Genetically Modified Food: Pros and Cons

The proposition team claimed that genetically modified food or for short GM Foods are safe for humans. This is not true since for example GM crops have not been proven to be safe for human consumption and scientists don’t know what the long-term effects of...

• Genetically Modified Food

Astronomy vs. Astrology: Defining the Differences and Similarities

Introduction There has been interpretation and belief from groups of people that the varying characteristics of the celestial objects filling the space of the universe all have different meanings and effects on one's life and purpose. This language—being used to allow communication between life on...

DNA as the Carrier of Genetic Information About Us

Without genetics no one would be able to know the possible diseases they could get from their family. Genetics, inherited from our ancestors, prove that the past can shape our present. They can show what is inherited from parents, grandparents, and so forth. Genetics are...

Technology: A Blessing or a Curse for the Younger Generations

When it comes to social media everyone has heard of it. We are the technology age. We, over the years have been becoming more and more magnetized with the usage of our phones. Social media provides us the ability to globally interact with whoever and...

• Effects of Technology
• Millennial Generation

Understanding the Seven Steps of the Scientific Method

What is the scientific method? A procedural method that has been characterized by natural sciences since the seventeenth century, including systematic observation, measurement, and experimentation, as well as the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses. 'Criticism is the backbone of the scientific method' The scientific...

• Scientific Method

What It Is Like to Be a Biomedical Scientist: Job Description

What is like to be a Biomedical Scientist? It is undeniable that Biomedical science plays a crucial role in our world today. A broad-spectrum is covered within this career path, giving a varied choice of jobs to choose from once successfully qualified as a Biomedical...

The Effects of Stress on Brain Development: Analysis of Results

This study aims to explore the effects of stressors on the development of the human brain. The effects of stress are very important to consider as it impacts individuals’ lives everyday and can affect their physical health too. Stress is commonly known as one of...

• Human Brain

Engineering and Thermodynamics: Paired Work For Better Surrounding

Thermodynamics coupled with fluid mechanics has had a profound effect on how we function as a species. The understanding and insight gained through scientific study of these fields has enabled us to effectively manipulate our surrounding. Engineers have applied this knowledge to create mechanical machines,...

• Thermodynamics

Examining the Influence of the Thermodynamic on the Balloon

Thermodynamic means the study of labor, heat, temperature and energy relations. Thermodynamic is a branch of physics, it explores how the energy in the system varies. Thermal energy is the energy which is due to the temperature of the material. Thermodynamic means the calculation of...

Who is Considered a Scientist in the Modern World

There are many important professions in the world. Science playing a massive role in society. Humans need research to analyze every part of existence. To be able to mimic creation so that human life can be comfortable, that alone needs scientific variables. When identifying a...

The Importance of the Scientific Method in Psychology Experiments

The scientific method is “ the tactic of a process that has characterized physical discipline since the seventeenth century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and therefore the formulation, testing, and altar of hypothesis”. The scientific method is used throughout the world that provides...

The Use of Microbial Genetics in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases

The discovery that microorganisms can indeed produce sexually (important for gene mixing from different organisms) by Joshua Lederberg in 1947 who demonstrated the exchange of genetic factors in Escherichia coli (a process of DNA transfer called conjugation) was a major turning point in microbial genetics...

Empirical Studies of the Concept of Human Race and Genetics

The concept of the human race has been a widely known topic of debate in human genetics as there is a divided conversation on whether race is a biological attribute or a social construct. Throughout different studies, researchers have been trying to decode what the...

• Cultural Diversity

Quantum Information and the Third Law of Thermodynamics

The claim “scientists will soon be able to cool substances to absolute zero” has had research conducted by scientists over 100 years that can be used in order to show that it is a false claim. Initial research supported that cooling a substance down to...

The Dystopian Reality: How Technology is Turning Us into 1984

Technology has greatly impacted our lives and it has become a great resource for us. It is beneficial to our society, even though there are some effects we are not aware on how it's affecting us. George Orwell’s novel, 1984, describes the totalitarian government of...

• Disadvantages of Technology
• Internet Privacy

Learning to Think Scientifically: A Look at the Scientific Method

Students, and now and again even teachers, commonly anticipate scientists solely use the scientific approach to reply to science-related questions. In fact, you can comply with the scientific technique to nearly any problem. The key is to use the factors (steps) to restrict bias and...

Scientific Method: Its Role in Advancing Science and Technology

Since the human been appear, use the logic and arise different questions, begins the scientific method, after years this practice evolve to what we know this age. Even when we were kids, we use this method not for scientific reasons, just to know something like...

Technology and Connection: How Electronics Bring People Together

Since the beginning of time, mankind has invented many things by implementing scientific knowledge for practical purposes, thus entailing an easier way of life. This is known as Technology, which has evolved immensely over the years. From the prehistoric cavemen with stone tools to Blacksmiths...

Literature Review About How Plants Respond to Touch Stimuli

Similar to all other organisms' plants will have the ability to detect and respond to different kinds of stimuli present within their environment, as plants are rooted within the soil its main response to this will be too then change the way in which it...

Plant Viruses as Serious Issue for the Agriculture Industry

Protecting plants from viral pathogens is a major challenge faced by the agricultural industry. Pathogenic infections can potentially threaten global food security by severely affecting crop yields. In order to combat prevalent plant diseases, versatile genome editing technologies such as CRISPRCas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short...

Experimentation & Innovation: The Importance of the Scientific Method

Our life without the scientific method would be unrecognizable. Most individuals don’t realize how our daily life and routine has been improved because of experimentation. Without the scientific method, we would not be so technologically advanced. We would not have all the latest cell phones,...

Medicinal Chemistry: The Importance of Building Blocks

Organic building blocks are organic molecules which are well-furnished, the basic components for organic synthesis. They are used for bottom-up modular assembly of molecular architectures such as supra-molecular complexes, metal-organic frameworks, organic molecular constructs, and nanoparticles. In medicinal chemistry, they are selected for the use...

Changing the Perspective: Whether Mary Somerville Was a Scientist

Mary Somerville’s status as a scientist is almost universally accepted by the broader public of the present, her work being recognised as equal value as that of her contemporaries. However, Somerville’s status as a scientist falls under scrutiny when considered in her own historical context,...

• Famous Person
• Influential Person

Exploring the Purpose of an Earth and Environmental Scientist

In our universe its estimated to have trillions of planets and yet so few that have been discovered are barely able to host life. Our planet is the only one we know so far that can sustain life. Earth and environmental sciences are aimed at...

• Earth Science

The Thermodynamic Properties of Glassy Metals Material

Glassy metals are also referred to as an amorphous metal or a metallic glass. The formation of glass results due to rapid cooling of a metal from its molten state. In some instances, the liquid has a high viscosity and is no longer able to...

Unleashing the Power of Digital Communication: New Era of Connectivity

From 2000 until the present day, digital technology has developed so that it alters the way society communicates. The transition from old types of technology to new and improved forms of digital technology such as the transition from paperwork health records to electronic files in...

• Digital Era

How Important is the Role of Genetics in Common Obesity

Frequently characterised by a body mass index greater than 30kg/m^2, obesity is rapidly becoming a serious problem for not just high-income countries, but also middle-income countries, with trends predicting that by 2025, 21% of women and 18% of men will be obese. Even in lower-income...

Emotion: Circumstances, Mood or Relationships With Others

Feelings are natural states related with the anxious system welcomed on by neurophysiological changes differently connected with considerations, emotions, social reactions, and a level of delight or displeasure. There is presently no logical accord on a definition.The feeling is frequently interlaced with state of mind,...

Genetic Factors as a Decisive Predisposition to Allergies

Families are always unique. In some ways it can be not for the better because of genetics. There are multiple factors that come into play. Could the cause of a family member receiving allergies be the cause of genetics? There may be an explanation for...

The Four Laws of Thermodynamics: Explaining Heat and Energy

Different scientific principles exist to give humans a better understanding of why different things within the universe exist in the manner that they do. The principles give a better understanding of the several ways that particles and molecules react to certain conditions, while also determining...

The Current State-of-the-Arts of Redox Chemistry

Introduction to electrochemistry and photochemistry Nowadays, redox chemistry is becoming more and more prevalent in our daily society. From OLED technology to medicinal treatment advances, the science behind these breakthroughs is becoming fundamental in how we view our world, and how we innovate for the...

• Periodic Table

Drawing for Architecture: A Key to Understanding Complex Designs

Architecture the word from Latin is called “architectura” originally from the Greek “arkhitekton”. Architectural drawing has never been taken for granted. All things we design and sketch are from our thinking to our hands. Therefore, drawings are the main development to architectural projects. When designing,...

Architecture: Bridging Vision into Reality

Architecture can be defined in various ways, but if I were to define it, I would simply use these following words, ‘Architecture is an abstract language that bridges a vision into reality.’ I think everyone would agree that architecture is best paired with great effort...

• Interior Design

Philosopher and Scientist: Biography of Abu Rayhan Muhammad Al-Biruni

Al-Biruni is a great scientist from Khorezm, the author of numerous capital works on history, geography, philology, astronomy, mathematics, geodesy, mineralogy, pharmacology, geology, etc. For the first time in the Middle East, Biruni expressed the view that the Earth could move around the Sun, determined...

The Biological Clock Theory: A Key to Understanding the Aging Process

Aging is the natural process where humans are grown and becomes older by different changes in cells, like decreasing metabolic processes, endurance, resistant forces, and so on. To know about that kinds of natural processes, scientists have investigated many illnesses, life processes like aging, and...

Being a Scientist: a Life Ambition Worth Striving For

A life without ambition is like living a life without a purpose. Every person has their own ambition in life. Some want to be a doctor, a nurse, chef, police, flight attendant, engineer and such. Growing up watching science documentaries made me decide and dreamt...

• Personal Goals

Description of Genetics Career: a Genetics Counsellor

A genetic counsellor’s main role is to provide patients information on concerns involving inherited diseases and/or conditions that run in the family or could run in an individual’s future family. These diseases include sickle cell anemia, Down syndrome, breast and ovarian cancer that is heredable,...

• Job Description

The Role of Reasoning in Science: Inductive and Deductive Approaches

Introduction This essay will focus on the principles of the scientific method, considering Francis Bacon’s method of induction contrasted with Karl Poppers’ Hypothetico-Deductive approach as a means of defining what is scientifically accurate. Both approaches are used in modern-day science, where experiment and observation are...

The Common Themes and Diverse Practices of Scientific Methods

Introduction Science in some form or another has been practiced for millennia, to varying degrees of success, and throughout this time, people have argued about which is the way to practice science. The study of the scientific method can be described as the attempt to...

Technology's Paradox: Increased Profitability & Economic Inequality

Introduction Humans are always looking to find new ways to ease their ways of life, hence coming up with progressive tools to achieve these goals. Society has been through an ever-changing industrial revolution starting with the usage of tools for food production, using electric power...

• Intelligent Machines

The Development of Nationalism & Regionalism in Australian Architecture

Introduction From the 1880s, “nationalism” and “regionalism” had been started to be two of the keywords on the Australian development of architecture. These two words point toward the nation’s sake of rejecting foreign architectural approaches and seeking of the local architectural characteristics in Australia. During...

• Modern Architecture

Exploring the Unknown: The World of Astronauts and Astronomy

Introduction Drifting in an infinite void, weightless, unravelling the enigmatic mysteries of the cosmos, uncovering uncharted realms—such is the ethereal experience of being an astronaut. Yet, this vocation brims with peril and promise; its impact on the world depends on circumstances. The study of astronomy,...

Best topics on Science

1. Exploring Why Geography is Important

2. Exploring the Dimensions of “What is Geography”

3. Physical Geography: Exploring Earth’s Natural Marvels

4. Computer Engineering Career Goals: Navigating the Digital Frontier

5. Achieving Mechanical Engineering Career Goals

6. Career Motivation: Illuminating the Path to Fulfillment and Success

7. Exploring the 5 Themes of Geography: Understanding the Earth’s Complexities

8. What Does Creativity Mean to You

9. Exploring Language and Identity in “Mother Tongue” by Amy Tan

10. Why I Want to Study Architecture: the Power of Design

11. Why English Is Important for Students

12. Unraveling the Cosmos: About the Origin of the Universe

13. The Probability of Life on Other Planets: Unveiling the Cosmic Enigma

14. The Importance of Statistics in Daily Life: Quantifying Reality

15. The Importance of Learning a Foreign Language

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Science writing: advice and examples

Includes advice and samples organized by writing types (lab reports, posters, biology honors theses, research proposals, etc.) and other useful categories (e.g. useful links, integrating graphics and text).

Lab reports: advice & samples Annotated samples, advice about style, evaluation criteria

Science posters: advice & samples Design guides, sample student posters, tips for peer review

Biology honors theses: advice & samples These honors theses have been generously shared by honors students in Biology to be used as models.

Science proposals and grants Annotated samples, writing advice about what committees look for in a proposal, etc.

Useful web links: science journal guidelines for style, citations, etc. Different science journals and associations have different style requirements.

Style advice for science writing

Using graphics in a paper or report    Especially to clarify a point

Good examples of science writing can be found here and at the magazine's office site as well.

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Effective Writing

To construct sentences that reflect your ideas, focus these sentences appropriately. Express one idea per sentence. Use your current topic — that is, what you are writing about — as the grammatical subject of your sentence (see Verbs: Choosing between active and passive voice ). When writing a complex sentence (a sentence that includes several clauses), place the main idea in the main clause rather than a subordinate clause. In particular, focus on the phenomenon at hand, not on the fact that you observed it.

Constructing your sentences logically is a good start, but it may not be enough. To ensure they are readable, make sure your sentences do not tax readers' short-term memory by obliging these readers to remember long pieces of text before knowing what to do with them. In other words, keep together what goes together. Then, work on conciseness: See whether you can replace long phrases with shorter ones or eliminate words without loss of clarity or accuracy.

The following screens cover the drafting process in more detail. Specifically, they discuss how to use verbs effectively and how to take care of your text's mechanics.

Shutterstock. Much of the strength of a clause comes from its verb. Therefore, to express your ideas accurately, choose an appropriate verb and use it well. In particular, use it in the right tense, choose carefully between active and passive voice, and avoid dangling verb forms.

Verbs are for describing actions, states, or occurrences. To give a clause its full strength and keep it short, do not bury the action, state, or occurrence in a noun (typically combined with a weak verb), as in "The catalyst produced a significant increase in conversion rate." Instead write, "The catalyst increased the conversion rate significantly." The examples below show how an action, state, or occurrence can be moved from a noun back to a verb.

Using the right tense

In your scientific paper, use verb tenses (past, present, and future) exactly as you would in ordinary writing. Use the past tense to report what happened in the past: what you did, what someone reported, what happened in an experiment, and so on. Use the present tense to express general truths, such as conclusions (drawn by you or by others) and atemporal facts (including information about what the paper does or covers). Reserve the future tense for perspectives: what you will do in the coming months or years. Typically, most of your sentences will be in the past tense, some will be in the present tense, and very few, if any, will be in the future tense.

Work done We collected blood samples from . . . Groves et al. determined the growth rate of . . . Consequently, astronomers decided to rename . . . Work reported Jankowsky reported a similar growth rate . . . In 2009, Chu published an alternative method to . . . Irarrázaval observed the opposite behavior in . . . Observations The mice in Group A developed , on average, twice as much . . . The number of defects increased sharply . . . The conversion rate was close to 95% . . .

Present tense

General truths Microbes in the human gut have a profound influence on . . . The Reynolds number provides a measure of . . . Smoking increases the risk of coronary heart disease . . . Atemporal facts This paper presents the results of . . . Section 3.1 explains the difference between . . . Behbood's 1969 paper provides a framework for . . .

Future tense

Perspectives In a follow-up experiment, we will study the role of . . . The influence of temperature will be the object of future research . . .

Note the difference in scope between a statement in the past tense and the same statement in the present tense: "The temperature increased linearly over time" refers to a specific experiment, whereas "The temperature increases linearly over time" generalizes the experimental observation, suggesting that the temperature always increases linearly over time in such circumstances.

In complex sentences, you may have to combine two different tenses — for example, "In 1905, Albert Einstein postulated that the speed of light is constant . . . . " In this sentence, postulated refers to something that happened in the past (in 1905) and is therefore in the past tense, whereas is expresses a general truth and is in the present tense.

Choosing between active and passive voice

In English, verbs can express an action in one of two voices. The active voice focuses on the agent: "John measured the temperature." (Here, the agent — John — is the grammatical subject of the sentence.) In contrast, the passive voice focuses on the object that is acted upon: "The temperature was measured by John." (Here, the temperature, not John, is the grammatical subject of the sentence.)

To choose between active and passive voice, consider above all what you are discussing (your topic) and place it in the subject position. For example, should you write "The preprocessor sorts the two arrays" or "The two arrays are sorted by the preprocessor"? If you are discussing the preprocessor, the first sentence is the better option. In contrast, if you are discussing the arrays, the second sentence is better. If you are unsure what you are discussing, consider the surrounding sentences: Are they about the preprocessor or the two arrays?

The desire to be objective in scientific writing has led to an overuse of the passive voice, often accompanied by the exclusion of agents: "The temperature was measured " (with the verb at the end of the sentence). Admittedly, the agent is often irrelevant: No matter who measured the temperature, we would expect its value to be the same. However, a systematic preference for the passive voice is by no means optimal, for at least two reasons.

For one, sentences written in the passive voice are often less interesting or more difficult to read than those written in the active voice. A verb in the active voice does not require a person as the agent; an inanimate object is often appropriate. For example, the rather uninteresting sentence "The temperature was measured . . . " may be replaced by the more interesting "The measured temperature of 253°C suggests a secondary reaction in . . . ." In the second sentence, the subject is still temperature (so the focus remains the same), but the verb suggests is in the active voice. Similarly, the hard-to-read sentence "In this section, a discussion of the influence of the recirculating-water temperature on the conversion rate of . . . is presented " (long subject, verb at the end) can be turned into "This section discusses the influence of . . . . " The subject is now section , which is what this sentence is really about, yet the focus on the discussion has been maintained through the active-voice verb discusses .

As a second argument against a systematic preference for the passive voice, readers sometimes need people to be mentioned. A sentence such as "The temperature is believed to be the cause for . . . " is ambiguous. Readers will want to know who believes this — the authors of the paper, or the scientific community as a whole? To clarify the sentence, use the active voice and set the appropriate people as the subject, in either the third or the first person, as in the examples below.

Biologists believe the temperature to be . . . Keustermans et al. (1997) believe the temperature to be . . . The authors believe the temperature to be . . . We believe the temperature to be . . .

Avoiding dangling verb forms

A verb form needs a subject, either expressed or implied. When the verb is in a non-finite form, such as an infinitive ( to do ) or a participle ( doing ), its subject is implied to be the subject of the clause, or sometimes the closest noun phrase. In such cases, construct your sentences carefully to avoid suggesting nonsense. Consider the following two examples.

To dissect its brain, the affected fly was mounted on a . . . After aging for 72 hours at 50°C, we observed a shift in . . .

Here, the first sentence implies that the affected fly dissected its own brain, and the second implies that the authors of the paper needed to age for 72 hours at 50°C in order to observe the shift. To restore the intended meaning while keeping the infinitive to dissect or the participle aging , change the subject of each sentence as appropriate:

To dissect its brain, we mounted the affected fly on a . . . After aging for 72 hours at 50°C, the samples exhibited a shift in . . .

Alternatively, you can change or remove the infinitive or participle to restore the intended meaning:

To have its brain dissected , the affected fly was mounted on a . . . After the samples aged for 72 hours at 50°C, we observed a shift in . . .

In communication, every detail counts. Although your focus should be on conveying your message through an appropriate structure at all levels, you should also save some time to attend to the more mechanical aspects of writing in English, such as using abbreviations, writing numbers, capitalizing words, using hyphens when needed, and punctuating your text correctly.

Using abbreviations

Beware of overusing abbreviations, especially acronyms — such as GNP for gold nanoparticles . Abbreviations help keep a text concise, but they can also render it cryptic. Many acronyms also have several possible extensions ( GNP also stands for gross national product ).

Write acronyms (and only acronyms) in all uppercase ( GNP , not gnp ).

Introduce acronyms systematically the first time they are used in a document. First write the full expression, then provide the acronym in parentheses. In the full expression, and unless the journal to which you submit your paper uses a different convention, capitalize the letters that form the acronym: "we prepared Gold NanoParticles (GNP) by . . . " These capitals help readers quickly recognize what the acronym designates.

• Do not use capitals in the full expression when you are not introducing an acronym: "we prepared gold nanoparticles by… "
• As a more general rule, use first what readers know or can understand best, then put in parentheses what may be new to them. If the acronym is better known than the full expression, as may be the case for techniques such as SEM or projects such as FALCON, consider placing the acronym first: "The FALCON (Fission-Activated Laser Concept) program at…"
• In the rare case that an acronym is commonly known, you might not need to introduce it. One example is DNA in the life sciences. When in doubt, however, introduce the acronym.

In papers, consider the abstract as a stand-alone document. Therefore, if you use an acronym in both the abstract and the corresponding full paper, introduce that acronym twice: the first time you use it in the abstract and the first time you use it in the full paper. However, if you find that you use an acronym only once or twice after introducing it in your abstract, the benefit of it is limited — consider avoiding the acronym and using the full expression each time (unless you think some readers know the acronym better than the full expression).

Writing numbers

In general, write single-digit numbers (zero to nine) in words, as in three hours , and multidigit numbers (10 and above) in numerals, as in 24 hours . This rule has many exceptions, but most of them are reasonably intuitive, as shown hereafter.

Use numerals for numbers from zero to nine

• when using them with abbreviated units ( 3 mV );
• in dates and times ( 3 October , 3 pm );
• to identify figures and other items ( Figure 3 );
• for consistency when these numbers are mixed with larger numbers ( series of 3, 7, and 24 experiments ).

Use words for numbers above 10 if these numbers come at the beginning of a sentence or heading ("Two thousand eight was a challenging year for . . . "). As an alternative, rephrase the sentence to avoid this issue altogether ("The year 2008 was challenging for . . . " ) .

Capitalizing words

Capitals are often overused. In English, use initial capitals

• at beginnings: the start of a sentence, of a heading, etc.;
• for proper nouns, including nouns describing groups (compare physics and the Physics Department );
• for items identified by their number (compare in the next figure and in Figure 2 ), unless the journal to which you submit your paper uses a different convention;
• for specific words: names of days ( Monday ) and months ( April ), adjectives of nationality ( Algerian ), etc.

In contrast, do not use initial capitals for common nouns: Resist the temptation to glorify a concept, technique, or compound with capitals. For example, write finite-element method (not Finite-Element Method ), mass spectrometry (not Mass Spectrometry ), carbon dioxide (not Carbon Dioxide ), and so on, unless you are introducing an acronym (see Mechanics: Using abbreviations ).

Using hyphens

Punctuating text.

Punctuation has many rules in English; here are three that are often a challenge for non-native speakers.

As a rule, insert a comma between the subject of the main clause and whatever comes in front of it, no matter how short, as in "Surprisingly, the temperature did not increase." This comma is not always required, but it often helps and never hurts the meaning of a sentence, so it is good practice.

In series of three or more items, separate items with commas ( red, white, and blue ; yesterday, today, or tomorrow ). Do not use a comma for a series of two items ( black and white ).

In displayed lists, use the same punctuation as you would in normal text (but consider dropping the and ).

The system is fast, flexible, and reliable.

The system is fast, flexible, reliable.

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How to Write a Scientific Essay

When writing any essay it’s important to always keep the end goal in mind. You want to produce a document that is detailed, factual, about the subject matter and most importantly to the point.

Writing scientific essays will always be slightly different to when you write an essay for say English Literature . You need to be more analytical and precise when answering your questions. To help achieve this, you need to keep three golden rules in mind.

• Analysing the question, so that you know exactly what you have to do

Planning your answer

• Writing the essay

Now, let’s look at these steps in more detail to help you fully understand how to apply the three golden rules.

Analysing the question

• Start by looking at the instruction. Essays need to be written out in continuous prose. You shouldn’t be using bullet points or writing in note form.
• If it helps to make a particular point, however, you can use a diagram providing it is relevant and adequately explained.
• Look at the topic you are required to write about. The wording of the essay title tells you what you should confine your answer to – there is no place for interesting facts about other areas.

The next step is to plan your answer. What we are going to try to do is show you how to produce an effective plan in a very short time. You need a framework to show your knowledge otherwise it is too easy to concentrate on only a few aspects.

For example, when writing an essay on biology we can divide the topic up in a number of different ways. So, if you have to answer a question like ‘Outline the main properties of life and system reproduction’

The steps for planning are simple. Firstly, define the main terms within the question that need to be addressed. Then list the properties asked for and lastly, roughly assess how many words of your word count you are going to allocate to each term.

Writing the Essay

The final step (you’re almost there), now you have your plan in place for the essay, it’s time to get it all down in black and white. Follow your plan for answering the question, making sure you stick to the word count, check your spelling and grammar and give credit where credit’s (always reference your sources).

How Tutors Breakdown Essays

An exceptional essay

• reflects the detail that could be expected from a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of relevant parts of the specification
• is free from fundamental errors
• maintains appropriate depth and accuracy throughout
• includes two or more paragraphs of material that indicates greater depth or breadth of study

A good essay

An average essay

• contains a significant amount of material that reflects the detail that could be expected from a knowledge and understanding of relevant parts of the specification.

In practice this will amount to about half the essay.

• is likely to reflect limited knowledge of some areas and to be patchy in quality
• demonstrates a good understanding of basic principles with some errors and evidence of misunderstanding

A poor essay

• contains much material which is below the level expected of a candidate who has completed the course
• Contains fundamental errors reflecting a poor grasp of basic principles and concepts

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Essays About Science: Top 12 Examples and Prompts

Science can explain almost every aspect of our lives; if you want to write essays about science, start by reading our guide.

The word “science” comes from the Latin word Scientia or “knowledge,” It does indeed leave us with no shortage of knowledge as it advances to extraordinary levels. It is present in almost every aspect of our lives, allowing us to live the way we do today and helping us improve society. 

In the 21st century, we see science everywhere. It has given us the technology we deem “essential” today, from our mobile phones to air conditioning units to lightbulbs and refrigerators. Yet, it has also allowed us to learn so much about the unknown, such as the endless vacuum of space and the ocean’s mysterious depths. It is, without a doubt, a vehicle for humanity to obtain knowledge and use this knowledge to flourish. 

To start writing essays about science, look at some of our featured essay examples below. 

1. The challenging environment for science in the 21st century by Nithaya Chetty 

2. disadvantages of science by ella gray, 3. reflections from a nobel winner: scientists need time to make discoveries by donna strickland.

• 4.  ​​The fact of cloning by Cesar Hill

5. T. Rex Like You Haven’t Seen Him: With Feathers by Jason Farago

6. common, cheap ingredients can break down some ‘forever chemicals’ by jude coleman, 1. what is science, 2. a noteworthy scientist, 3. why is it important to study science, 4. are robots a net positive for society, 5. types of sciences, 6. science’s role in warfare.

“Open-ended, unfettered science in its purest form has, over the centuries, been pursued in the interests of understanding nature in a fundamental way, and long may that continue. Scientific ideas and discoveries have often been very successfully exploited for commercial gain and societal improvements, and much of the science system today the world over is designed to push scientists in the direction of more relevance.”

For South Africa to prosper, Chetty encourages cooperation and innovation among scientists. He discusses several problems the country faces, including the politicization of research, a weak economy, and misuse of scientific discoveries. These challenges, he believes, can be overcome if the nation works as one and with the international community and if the education system is improved. 

“Technology can make people lazy. Many people are already dependent and embrace this technology. Like students playing computer games instead of going to school or study. Technology also brings us privacy issues. From cell phone signal interceptions to email hacking, people are now worried about their once private information becoming public knowledge and making profit out of video scandals.”

Gray discusses the adverse effects technology, a science product, has had on human life and society. These include pollution, the inability to communicate properly, and laziness. 

She also acknowledges that technology has made life easier for almost everyone but believes that technology, as it is used now, is detrimental; more responsible use of technology is ideal.

“We must give scientists the opportunity through funding and time to pursue curiosity-based, long-term, basic-science research. Work that does not have direct ramifications for industry or our economy is also worthy. There’s no telling what can come from supporting a curious mind trying to discover something new.”

Strickland, a Nobel Prize winner, explains that a great scientific discovery can only come with ample time for scientists to research, using her work as an example. She describes her work on chirped pulse amplification and its possible applications, including removing brain tumors. Her Nobel-awarded work was done over a long time, and scientists must be afforded ample time and funding to make breakthroughs like hers. 

4.  ​​ The fact of cloning by Cesar Hill

“Any research into human cloning would eventually need to be tested on humans. Cloning might be used to create a “perfect human”. Cloning might have a detrimental effect family relationship. However the debate over cloning has more pros out weighting the cons, giving us a over site of the many advantages cloning has and the effects of it as well. Cloning has many ups and downs nevertheless there are many different ways in which it can be used to adapt and analyse new ways of medicine.”

Hill details both the pros and cons of cloning. It can be used for medical purposes and help us understand genetics more, perhaps even allowing us to prevent genetic diseases in children. However, it is expensive, and many oppose it on religious grounds. Regardless, Hill believes that the process has more advantages than disadvantages and is a net good. 

“For the kids who will throng this new exhibition, and who will adore this show’s colorful animations and fossilized dino poop, T. rex may still appear to be a thrilling monster. But staring in the eyes of the feather-flecked annihilators here, adults may have a more uncanny feeling of identification with the beasts at the pinnacle of the food chain. You can be a killer of unprecedented savagery, but the climate always takes the coup de grâce.”

In his essay, Farago reviews an exhibition on the Tyrannosaurus Rex involving an important scientific discovery: it was a feathered dinosaur. He details the different displays in the exhibition, including models of other dinosaurs that helped scientists realize that the T-Rex had feathers. 

“Understanding this mechanism is just one step in undoing forever chemicals, Dichtel’s team said. And more research is needed: There are other classes of PFAS that require their own solutions. This process wouldn’t work to tackle PFAS out in the environment, because it requires a concentrated amount of the chemicals. But it could one day be used in wastewater treatment plants, where the pollutants could be filtered out of the water, concentrated and then broken down.”

Coleman explains a discovery by which scientists were able to break down a perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance, a “forever chemical” dangerous to the environment. He explains how they could break the chemical bond and turn the “forever chemical” into something harmless. This is important because pollution can be reduced significantly, particularly in the water. 

Writing Prompts on Essays about Science

“Science” is quite a broad term and encompasses many concepts and definitions. Define science, explain what it involves and how we can use it, and give examples of how it is present in the world. If you want, you can also briefly discuss what science means to you personally. 

Many individuals have made remarkable scientific discoveries, contributing to the wealth of knowledge we have acquired through science. For your essay, choose one scientist you feel has made a noteworthy contribution to their field. Then, give a brief background on the scientists and explain the discovery or invention that makes them essential. 

Consider what it means to study science: how is it relevant now? What lessons can we learn from science? Then, examine the presence of science in today’s world and write about the importance of science in our day-to-day lives- be sure to give examples to support your points. Finally, in your essay, be sure to keep in mind the times we are living in today.

When we think of science, robots are often one of the first things that come to mind. However, there is much to discuss regarding safety, especially artificial intelligence. Discuss the pros and cons of robots and AI, then conclude whether or not the benefits outweigh the disadvantages. Finally, provide adequate evidence to reinforce your argument and explain it in detail. 

From biology to chemistry to physics, science has many branches, each dealing with different aspects of the world and universe. Choose one branch of science and then explain what it is, define basic concepts under this science, and give examples of how it is applied: Are any inventions requiring it? How about something we know today thanks to scientific discovery? Answer these questions in your own words for a compelling essay.

Undoubtedly, technology developed using science has had devastating effects, from nuclear weapons to self-flying fighter jets to deadly new guns and tanks. Examine scientific developments’ role in the war: Do they make it more brutal? Or do they reduce the casualties? Make sure to conduct ample research before writing your essay; this topic is debatable. 

For help with your essays, check out our round-up of the best essay checkers .

If you’re looking for inspiration, check out our round-up of essay topics about nature .

Martin is an avid writer specializing in editing and proofreading. He also enjoys literary analysis and writing about food and travel.

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Are you looking for examples of science essays? 

We all know that writing a good science essay can be tough, whether you are a school or college student. It's hard to know where to start and how to make your essay interesting.

But there is a solution! Reading some good examples can help!

In this blog, you will find science writing examples that you can use as inspiration to get started with your own essay. 

So, let's get started!

• 1. Science Essay Examples
• 2. Scientific Essay Structure
• 3. Science Essay Writing Tips

Science essay examples are written pieces that explore various scientific topics, theories, discoveries, or phenomena. 

These essay samples may cover a range of scientific topics, including science and technology , science fiction , science fair , and science in everyday life .

Study the sample science essay pdfs below and learn how expert writers approach these essays: 

Science Essay Examples For Different Academic Levels 

Science Essay Example For Students

Scientific Essay Example University

Science Essay Examples For College Students

Science Essay Example For High School Students

Natural Science Essay Examples

Biomedical Science Essay Example

Biology Essay Example

Environmental Science Essay Example

Other Science Essay Samples

Computer Science Essay Example

Forensic Science Essay Example

Scientific Research Essay Example

Science essays can take various forms such as analytical , descriptive , argumentative , or expository , depending on their focus. They can be research-based, presenting experimental findings, or theoretical, discussing scientific concepts and theories.

Scientific Essay Structure

A well-structured scientific essay guides the reader through your exploration of a scientific concept or question. Here's a breakdown of the key structure elements with examples for each:

• Introduction

Your introduction should hook the reader, introduce the reader to your topic, and give some background information on the scientific concepts involved.

It should also include a thesis statement —a brief statement that summarizes what you'll discuss in your essay. For Example: 

Each body paragraph should focus on one main idea related to your thesis statement. A body paragraph begins with a topic sentence, which tells the reader what the paragraph is about.

Moreover, you should include evidence from your research to support each main idea. Cite sources using an appropriate referencing style (e.g., APA, MLA).

Use transition words and phrases to connect your ideas and ensure a smooth flow of information such as; "Furthermore," "This suggests that," "In contrast," etc.

For Example: 

• Conclusion In your conclusion, provide a summary of everything that you've discussed in your essay and reiterate your thesis statement.

Make sure you don’t introduce any new points in the conclusion. However, you may leave the reader with food for thought.

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Science Essay Writing Tips

Now that you have read through some great science essay examples, it's time to look at some tips to effectively write your science essay.

• Choose a Clear Topic: Select a specific scientific topic or question that interests you and is relevant to your audience. Check out our science essay topics blog for interesting ideas.
• Research Thoroughly: Gather information and conduct research from reputable sources to support your arguments or explain scientific concepts effectively.
• Organize Your Thoughts: Create an outline to structure your essay logically, with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
• Be Clear and Concise: Use clear language and avoid unnecessary jargon to ensure easy understanding of the subject by readers.
• Provide Evidence: Support your claims with evidence from experiments, studies, scientific data, or credible sources to strengthen your arguments.
• Stay Objective: Present information objectively, avoiding bias or personal opinions unless explicitly asked for in the assignment.
• Follow Formatting Guidelines: Adhere to any specific formatting requirements, such as citation styles or word limits, set by your instructor or publication.
• Edit and Revise: Review your essay for clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Make revisions as needed to improve the overall quality of your writing.
• Seek Feedback: Consider getting feedback from peers, professors, or writing tutors to refine your essay and address any areas for improvement.

The following video explains what a good science essay should contain, so check it out:

Wrapping it Up!

Writing a science essay can be challenging, but it doesn't have to be. With the samples and tips provided in this blog, you will surely ace it!

Do you need help writing a science essay?  Our science essay writing service will write it for you!

Our service consists of experienced writers who can help you write a high-quality essay that will get you the grade you deserve. We always meet deadlines and provide affordable prices. So, just ask our experts to ' write my essay '!

You can also use our essay typer to write your essays for free.

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Betty is a freelance writer and researcher. She has a Masters in literature and enjoys providing writing services to her clients. Betty is an avid reader and loves learning new things. She has provided writing services to clients from all academic levels and related academic fields.

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Interstellar Movie Review: a Journey through Science and Speculation

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Why are Math and Science so Important

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How to Write an Essay About Science

Writing an essay about science involves more than just presenting scientific facts or theories; it requires a clear understanding of scientific principles, critical thinking, and the ability to communicate complex ideas effectively. This article will guide you through the steps of writing an insightful and engaging science essay.

Navigating the complexities of science homework can sometimes be a daunting task for students, especially when dealing with intricate theories and challenging experiments. In such instances, seeking help can be a wise decision, and this is where PapersOwl comes into play. PapersOwl is a platform that connects customers with a pool of experts specialized in various scientific disciplines. Whether it’s a perplexing physics problem, a complicated chemistry experiment, or an intricate biology assignment, these experts can provide tailored assistance that not only helps in completing the task at hand but also enhances understanding of the subject. Their support is designed to guide through their academic challenges in science, ensuring that they grasp the concepts thoroughly and succeed in their studies. With PapersOwl, students have a reliable resource to turn to whenever they encounter hurdles in their science homework.

Understanding the Essay Question

Firstly, thoroughly analyze the essay prompt. Science essays can cover a wide range of topics, from detailed analysis of a specific scientific theory to the impact of scientific advancements on society. Understanding the scope, objectives, and requirements of your essay is crucial for directing your research and framing your arguments.

Conducting Research

Start with a comprehensive review of relevant scientific literature. Use credible sources such as academic journals, books, and reliable websites. Ensure that you understand the scientific concepts and theories related to your topic. Taking detailed notes during this stage is vital for organizing your thoughts and references.

Formulating a Thesis Statement

Develop a clear and concise thesis statement that outlines the main argument or perspective of your essay. Your thesis should provide a roadmap for your essay and set the tone for your analysis.

Structuring the Essay

A typical science essay should have an introduction, body, and conclusion. In the introduction, provide background information on your topic and present your thesis statement. The body of your essay should consist of several paragraphs, each focusing on a specific aspect or argument related to your thesis. Use the conclusion to summarize your main points and restate your thesis, highlighting the significance of your findings.

Presenting Scientific Information

When discussing scientific concepts or data, it’s crucial to do so in a clear and understandable manner. Use graphs, tables, and figures where appropriate to illustrate your points. Ensure that you explain these elements effectively so that even readers who are not science experts can understand them.

Writing Style

A science essay should be written in a formal and precise style. Avoid using jargon unnecessarily, and explain complex terms when they are used. Your writing should be objective, focusing on facts and evidence rather than personal opinions.

Analyzing and Interpreting Data

In addition to presenting scientific data, you should interpret and analyze it in the context of your thesis. Discuss the implications of the data and how it supports your argument. Be critical and consider alternative perspectives or potential flaws in your approach.

Citation and Referencing

Proper citation is crucial in a science essay. Cite all your sources according to the required academic style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.). This not only lends credibility to your essay but also helps to avoid plagiarism.

Editing and Proofreading

Thoroughly revise your essay for clarity, coherence, and logical flow. Check for grammatical and spelling errors. It’s often helpful to have someone else review your work, as they may catch errors you overlooked.

In conclusion, writing a science essay requires a combination of thorough research, clear presentation of scientific concepts, and critical analysis. By following these guidelines, you can effectively communicate complex scientific ideas and contribute meaningfully to scholarly discussions on scientific topics.

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Writing an Introduction for a Scientific Paper

Dr. michelle harris, dr. janet batzli, biocore.

This section provides guidelines on how to construct a solid introduction to a scientific paper including background information, study question , biological rationale, hypothesis , and general approach . If the Introduction is done well, there should be no question in the reader’s mind why and on what basis you have posed a specific hypothesis.

Broad Question : based on an initial observation (e.g., “I see a lot of guppies close to the shore. Do guppies like living in shallow water?”). This observation of the natural world may inspire you to investigate background literature or your observation could be based on previous research by others or your own pilot study. Broad questions are not always included in your written text, but are essential for establishing the direction of your research.

Background Information : key issues, concepts, terminology, and definitions needed to understand the biological rationale for the experiment. It often includes a summary of findings from previous, relevant studies. Remember to cite references, be concise, and only include relevant information given your audience and your experimental design. Concisely summarized background information leads to the identification of specific scientific knowledge gaps that still exist. (e.g., “No studies to date have examined whether guppies do indeed spend more time in shallow water.”)

Testable Question : these questions are much more focused than the initial broad question, are specific to the knowledge gap identified, and can be addressed with data. (e.g., “Do guppies spend different amounts of time in water <1 meter deep as compared to their time in water that is >1 meter deep?”)

Biological Rationale : describes the purpose of your experiment distilling what is known and what is not known that defines the knowledge gap that you are addressing. The “BR” provides the logic for your hypothesis and experimental approach, describing the biological mechanism and assumptions that explain why your hypothesis should be true.

The biological rationale is based on your interpretation of the scientific literature, your personal observations, and the underlying assumptions you are making about how you think the system works. If you have written your biological rationale, your reader should see your hypothesis in your introduction section and say to themselves, “Of course, this hypothesis seems very logical based on the rationale presented.”

• A thorough rationale defines your assumptions about the system that have not been revealed in scientific literature or from previous systematic observation. These assumptions drive the direction of your specific hypothesis or general predictions.
• Defining the rationale is probably the most critical task for a writer, as it tells your reader why your research is biologically meaningful. It may help to think about the rationale as an answer to the questions— how is this investigation related to what we know, what assumptions am I making about what we don’t yet know, AND how will this experiment add to our knowledge? *There may or may not be broader implications for your study; be careful not to overstate these (see note on social justifications below).
• Expect to spend time and mental effort on this. You may have to do considerable digging into the scientific literature to define how your experiment fits into what is already known and why it is relevant to pursue.
• Be open to the possibility that as you work with and think about your data, you may develop a deeper, more accurate understanding of the experimental system. You may find the original rationale needs to be revised to reflect your new, more sophisticated understanding.
• As you progress through Biocore and upper level biology courses, your rationale should become more focused and matched with the level of study e ., cellular, biochemical, or physiological mechanisms that underlie the rationale. Achieving this type of understanding takes effort, but it will lead to better communication of your science.

***Special note on avoiding social justifications: You should not overemphasize the relevance of your experiment and the possible connections to large-scale processes. Be realistic and logical —do not overgeneralize or state grand implications that are not sensible given the structure of your experimental system. Not all science is easily applied to improving the human condition. Performing an investigation just for the sake of adding to our scientific knowledge (“pure or basic science”) is just as important as applied science. In fact, basic science often provides the foundation for applied studies.

Hypothesis / Predictions : specific prediction(s) that you will test during your experiment. For manipulative experiments, the hypothesis should include the independent variable (what you manipulate), the dependent variable(s) (what you measure), the organism or system , the direction of your results, and comparison to be made.

If you are doing a systematic observation , your hypothesis presents a variable or set of variables that you predict are important for helping you characterize the system as a whole, or predict differences between components/areas of the system that help you explain how the system functions or changes over time.

Experimental Approach : Briefly gives the reader a general sense of the experiment, the type of data it will yield, and the kind of conclusions you expect to obtain from the data. Do not confuse the experimental approach with the experimental protocol . The experimental protocol consists of the detailed step-by-step procedures and techniques used during the experiment that are to be reported in the Methods and Materials section.

Some Final Tips on Writing an Introduction

• As you progress through the Biocore sequence, for instance, from organismal level of Biocore 301/302 to the cellular level in Biocore 303/304, we expect the contents of your “Introduction” paragraphs to reflect the level of your coursework and previous writing experience. For example, in Biocore 304 (Cell Biology Lab) biological rationale should draw upon assumptions we are making about cellular and biochemical processes.
• Be Concise yet Specific: Remember to be concise and only include relevant information given your audience and your experimental design. As you write, keep asking, “Is this necessary information or is this irrelevant detail?” For example, if you are writing a paper claiming that a certain compound is a competitive inhibitor to the enzyme alkaline phosphatase and acts by binding to the active site, you need to explain (briefly) Michaelis-Menton kinetics and the meaning and significance of Km and Vmax. This explanation is not necessary if you are reporting the dependence of enzyme activity on pH because you do not need to measure Km and Vmax to get an estimate of enzyme activity.
• Another example: if you are writing a paper reporting an increase in Daphnia magna heart rate upon exposure to caffeine you need not describe the reproductive cycle of magna unless it is germane to your results and discussion. Be specific and concrete, especially when making introductory or summary statements.

Where Do You Discuss Pilot Studies? Many times it is important to do pilot studies to help you get familiar with your experimental system or to improve your experimental design. If your pilot study influences your biological rationale or hypothesis, you need to describe it in your Introduction. If your pilot study simply informs the logistics or techniques, but does not influence your rationale, then the description of your pilot study belongs in the Materials and Methods section.  

How will introductions be evaluated? The following is part of the rubric we will be using to evaluate your papers.

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A Guide to Writing a Claim, Evidence, Reasoning (CER) Paragraph for Science

Last Updated: June 28, 2023 Fact Checked

Coming Up with a Claim

• Collecting Evidence
• Explaining Your Reasoning

This article was reviewed by Anne Schmidt and by wikiHow staff writer, Johnathan Fuentes . Anne Schmidt is a Chemistry Instructor in Wisconsin. Anne has been teaching high school chemistry for over 20 years and is passionate about providing accessible and educational chemistry content. She has over 9,000 subscribers to her educational chemistry YouTube channel. She has presented at the American Association of Chemistry Teachers (AATC) and was an Adjunct General Chemistry Instructor at Northeast Wisconsin Technical College. Anne was published in the Journal of Chemical Education as a Co-Author, has an article in ChemEdX, and has presented twice and was published with the AACT. Anne has a BS in Chemistry from the University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, and an MA in Secondary Education and Teaching from Viterbo University. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 9,815 times.

When scientists make claims about our world, they justify those claims by citing evidence and explaining their reasoning. “Claim, Evidence, Reasoning,” a.k.a. “CER,” is the backbone of science. Learning how to write a CER paragraph is crucial to thinking like a scientist—not to mention, doing well in science class. This article will teach you how to come up with a claim, collect evidence, and provide your reasoning for a CER. We’ll even provide example sentences to get you started. Keep reading to learn how to draft a CER for your science class.

Things You Should Know

• Identify the question you need to answer with a claim, then write a one-sentence answer. This sentence is your claim, which you’ll prove using evidence.
• Collect evidence to support your claim such as observations, measurements, and results from experiments. Write 2-3 sentences describing the evidence.
• Explain your reasoning by showing how all the pieces of evidence fit together. Then describe how each piece of evidence supports your original claim.

• For example, your science teacher might provide you with the question “Which has more mass: a cubic meter of water, or a cubic meter of air?”
• Instead of being given the question above, you could be given a table listing the densities of different materials, including water and air.
• You could then use the table to come up with your own question. For instance: “Which material listed on the table has the highest density?” or “What volume of air weighs the same as a cubic meter of water?”
• In this example, you could support your answer by citing data showing that oil is less dense than water, and that low-density liquids float on top of higher-density liquids.
• “I will demonstrate that vegetable oil will separate and float above water if the two liquids are mixed together.”
• “Scientists have shown that a cubic meter of water is more massive than a cubic meter of air.”
• “The seasons are caused by Earth’s axial tilt.”
• “I support the idea that hydrogen is more chemically reactive than helium.”

Collecting Evidence to Support Your Claim

• A table from an astronomy textbook listing the masses of all planets in the Solar System.
• A scientific article explaining how the planets’ masses were measured.
• The results from gravity experiments taken by a robotic probe that visited Jupiter.
• A separate article that used a different method for measuring the planets’ masses, but came up with the same answers.
• If you conducted an experiment, you can use the results of your experiment as evidence to support your claim.
• For example, if you measured the freezing point of salty water vs. fresh water, you could refer to those measurements as evidence for the claim “I will demonstrate that salty water freezes at a lower temperature than fresh water.”
• “In her article ‘The Mass of Jupiter,’ Dr. Samantha Smith states that Jupiter is more massive than all other planets in the Solar System combined.”
• “Our experiment showed that salty water freezes at -2°C, while pure water freezes at 0°C.”
• “One way to prove the Earth is round is to observe how objects disappear bottom-first as they approach the horizon.”

Explaining Your Reasoning for Your Claim

• “Our experiment showed that salty water freezes at -2°C, while pure water freezes at 0°C.” The only difference between the two types of water was their salt content. This suggests that adding salt caused the freezing point to drop.
• “Seawater near Antarctica is often below -3°C or colder, but doesn’t always freeze.” I know that seawater is salty. This may explain why the seawater doesn’t freeze.
• “Salt is used in cold regions to keep roads from freezing.” Without salt, roads get icy in the wintertime. Salt melts the ice but doesn’t raise its temperature, so the freezing point of salty water must be lower than normal.
• “On pg. 19, the author explains that dissolved salt raises the boiling point and lowers the freezing point of water.” This is consistent with the results of our experiment in class.
• “The results of our experiment show that salty water freezes at a lower temperature.”
• “The fact that seawater remains liquid at -3°C proves that salty water has a lower freezing point than pure water.”

• “This evidence supports my claim by demonstrating multiple examples of salty water freezing at a lower temperature than pure water.”
• “As you can see from the evidence, Jupiter is clearly the most massive planet in the Solar System.”
• “The evidence above proves that hydrogen is more reactive than helium.”

Expert Q&A

You might also like.

• ↑ https://blossoms.mit.edu/sites/default/files/video/download/CER-Resource-Sheet.pdf
• ↑ https://libguides.harpercollege.edu/c.php?g=871553&p=6259070
• ↑ https://www.sesd.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=8589&dataid=5885&FileName=CER%20Drafting%20Tool.pdf

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Home / Essay Samples / Science

Scientific Essay Examples

Science is the systematic investigation of the surrounding world through observation and experiments and the process of formulating judgments and hypotheses based on obtained evidence. Given that science can be directed at virtually any question that humans find relevant, so can be an essay on science – starting from questions in natural sciences and ending with social sciences.

Science is always relevant because it is the practice through which virtually any new knowledge is gained and any innovation is achieved. Another reason for its relevance is because nowadays, the scientific consensus is often ignored by many people and even national authorities. Below you can find several scientific essay examples to review – note the topics, structure, information delivery style, language.

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Lost Cities and Lost Treasure

The allure of lost cities and lost treasure has captured human imagination for centuries. These mysteries from the past, hidden beneath layers of time and nature, evoke a sense of adventure, curiosity, and the possibility of uncovering untold stories and riches. From the legendary city...

The Rocking-horse Winner: Unveiling Hidden Desires

D.H. Lawrence's short story "The Rocking-Horse Winner" delves into the complexities of human desires and the destructive power of materialism. This essay analyzes the themes of luck, greed, and the pursuit of wealth, while also examining the characters' emotional turmoil and the haunting consequences of...

The Practical Role of Math in Everyday Life

Understanding how math is used in everyday life unveils the hidden threads that intricately connect mathematics to our daily experiences. This essay delves into the practical applications of math in various facets of our lives, shedding light on how this fundamental discipline influences our decisions,...

Conserving Energy: a Path to Sustainability

Energy conservation is not merely a concept—it's a responsibility that each individual and society bears to ensure the sustainable future of our planet. With growing concerns about climate change and resource depletion, conserving energy has become a crucial step toward minimizing our ecological footprint. In...

Energy Crisis: Illuminating Perspectives

"Energy is the golden thread that connects economic growth, social equity, and environmental sustainability." This quote by Ban Ki-moon underscores the pivotal role of energy in shaping the modern world. However, as global demands increase and resources dwindle, an energy crisis looms on the horizon....

Exploring "My Side of the Mountain": a Journey into Wilderness and Self-discovery

"My Side of the Mountain," written by Jean Craighead George, is a captivating novel that takes readers on a unique journey of self-discovery through the eyes of a young protagonist. In this essay, we will delve into the world of "My Side of the Mountain,"...

Earthquakes: Causes, Effects, and Implications

Earthquakes, natural phenomena that shake the very ground we stand on, have captured human fascination and fear for centuries. These sudden and often devastating events are the result of intricate geological processes that have both immediate and far-reaching effects. In this essay, we will delve...

A World Without Mathematics: Imagining the Unthinkable

Mathematics is the language of logic, order, and structure that underpins our world. It is a fundamental tool for understanding the universe, solving problems, and advancing technology. Imagine, for a moment, a world without mathematics — a world devoid of equations, calculations, and mathematical concepts....

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Computer Science Essays: Understanding the Basics

A computer science essay is a piece of writing that explores a topic related to computer science. It may take different forms, such as an argumentative essay, a research paper, a case study, or a reflection paper. 

Just like any other essay, it should be well-researched, clear, concise, and effectively communicate the writer's ideas and arguments.

Computer essay examples encompass a wide range of topics and types, providing students with a diverse set of writing opportunities. 

Here, we will explore some common types of computer science essays:

Middle School Computer Science Essay Example

College Essay Example Computer Science

University Computer Science Essay Example

Computer Science Extended Essay Example

Uiuc Computer Science Essay Example [

Computer Science Essay Examples For Different Fields

Computer science is a broad field that encompasses many different areas of study. For that, given below are some examples of computer science essays for some of the most popular fields within the discipline. 

By exploring these examples, you can gain insight into the different types of essays within this field.

College Application Essay Examples Computer Science

The Future of Computers Technology

Historical Development of Computer Science

Young Children and Technology: Building Computer Literacy

Computer Science And Artificial Intelligence

Looking for more examples of computer science essays? Given below are some additional examples of computer science essays for readers to explore and gain further inspiration from. 

Computer Science – My Choice for Future Career

My Motivation to Pursue Undergraduate Studies in Computer Engineering

Abstract Computer Science

Computer Science Personal Statement Example

Sop For Computer Science

Computer Science Essay Topics

There are countless computer science essay topics to choose from, so it can be challenging to narrow down your options. 

However, the key is to choose a topic that you are passionate about and that aligns with your assignment requirements.

Here are ten examples of computer science essay topics to get you started:

• The impact of artificial intelligence on society: benefits and drawbacks
• Cybersecurity measures in cloud computing systems
• The Ethics of big data: privacy, bias, and Transparency
• The future of quantum computing: possibilities and challenges
• The Role of computer hardware in Healthcare: current applications and potential innovations
• Programming languages: a comparative analysis of their strengths and weaknesses
• The use of machine learning in predicting human behavior
• The challenges and solutions for developing secure and reliable software
• The Role of blockchain technology in improving supply chain management
• The use of data analytics in business decision-making.

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Tips to Write an Effective Computer Science Essay

Writing an effective computer science essay requires a combination of technical expertise and strong writing skills. Here are some tips to help you craft a compelling and well-written essay:

Understand the Requirements: Make sure you understand the assignment requirements, including the essay type, format, and length.

• Choose a Topic: Select a topic that you are passionate about and that aligns with your assignment requirements.
• Create an Outline: Develop a clear and organized outline that highlights the main points and subtopics of your essay.
• Use Appropriate Language and Tone: Use technical terms and language when appropriate. But ensure your writing is clear, concise, and accessible to your target audience.
• Provide Evidence: Use relevant and credible evidence to support your claims, and ensure you cite your sources correctly.
• Edit and Proofread Your Essay: Review your essay for clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Check for grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and formatting issues.

By following these tips, you can improve the quality of your computer science essay and increase your chances of success.

In conclusion, writing a computer science essay can be a challenging yet rewarding experience. 

It allows you to showcase your knowledge and skills within the field and develop your writing and critical thinking abilities. By following the examples provided in this blog, you can create an effective computer science essay, which will meet your requirements.

If you find yourself struggling with the writing process, consider seeking essay writing help online from CollegeEssay.org. 

Our AI essay writer can provide guidance and support in crafting a top-notch computer science essay.

So, what are you waiting for? Hire our computer science essay writing service today!

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How to Get Started on Your First Psychology Experiment

Acquiring even a little expertise in advance makes science research easier..

Updated May 16, 2024 | Reviewed by Ray Parker

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• Students often struggle at the beginning of research projects—knowing how to begin.
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• Becoming something of an "expert" on a topic in advance makes designing a study go more smoothly.

One of the most rewarding and frustrating parts of my long career as a psychology professor at a small liberal arts college has been guiding students through the senior capstone research experience required near the end of their college years. Each psychology major must conduct an independent experiment in which they collect data to test a hypothesis, analyze the data, write a research paper, and present their results at a college poster session or at a professional conference.

The rewarding part of the process is clear: The students' pride at seeing their poster on display and maybe even getting their name on an article in a professional journal allows us professors to get a glimpse of students being happy and excited—for a change. I also derive great satisfaction from watching a student discover that he or she has an aptitude for research and perhaps start shifting their career plans accordingly.

The frustrating part comes at the beginning of the research process when students are attempting to find a topic to work on. There is a lot of floundering around as students get stuck by doing something that seems to make sense: They begin by trying to “think up a study.”

The problem is that even if the student's research interest is driven by some very personal topic that is deeply relevant to their own life, they simply do not yet know enough to know where to begin. They do not know what has already been done by others, nor do they know how researchers typically attack that topic.

Students also tend to think in terms of mission statements (I want to cure eating disorders) rather than in terms of research questions (Why are people of some ages or genders more susceptible to eating disorders than others?).

Needless to say, attempting to solve a serious, long-standing societal problem in a few weeks while conducting one’s first psychology experiment can be a showstopper.

Even a Little Bit of Expertise Can Go a Long Way

My usual approach to helping students get past this floundering stage is to tell them to try to avoid thinking up a study altogether. Instead, I tell them to conceive of their mission as becoming an “expert” on some topic that they find interesting. They begin by reading journal articles, writing summaries of these articles, and talking to me about them. As the student learns more about the topic, our conversations become more sophisticated and interesting. Researchable questions begin to emerge, and soon, the student is ready to start writing a literature review that will sharpen the focus of their research question.

In short, even a little bit of expertise on a subject makes it infinitely easier to craft an experiment on that topic because the research done by others provides a framework into which the student can fit his or her own work.

This was a lesson I learned early in my career when I was working on my own undergraduate capstone experience. Faced with the necessity of coming up with a research topic and lacking any urgent personal issues that I was trying to resolve, I fell back on what little psychological expertise I had already accumulated.

In a previous psychology course, I had written a literature review on why some information fails to move from short-term memory into long-term memory. The journal articles that I had read for this paper relied primarily on laboratory studies with mice, and the debate that was going on between researchers who had produced different results in their labs revolved around subtle differences in the way that mice were released into the experimental apparatus in the studies.

Because I already had done some homework on this, I had a ready-made research question available: What if the experimental task was set up so that the researcher had no influence on how the mouse entered the apparatus at all? I was able to design a simple animal memory experiment that fit very nicely into the psychological literature that was already out there, and this prevented a lot of angst.

Please note that my undergraduate research project was guided by the “expertise” that I had already acquired rather than by a burning desire to solve some sort of personal or social problem. I guarantee that I had not been walking around as an undergraduate student worrying about why mice forget things, but I was nonetheless able to complete a fun and interesting study.

My first experiment may not have changed the world, but it successfully launched my research career, and I fondly remember it as I work with my students 50 years later.

Frank McAndrew, Ph.D., is the Cornelia H. Dudley Professor of Psychology at Knox College.

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