physics 2023 essay questions

waec/wassce past questions and answers for PHYSICS-2023 including pdf practical

Apr 27 2024 04:36:00 PM

John Elijah

WAEC/GCE/NECO

WASSCE objective, essay, and practical past questions and answer (PHYSICS 2023)

Table of contents, wassce/waec physics (2023) questions and answers 11 - 20, wassce/waec physics (2023) questions and answers 21 - 30, wassce/waec physics (2023) questions and answers 31 - 40, wassce/waec physics (2023) questions and answers 41 - 50, download wassce/waec physics pdf (2023) paper 2 (essay questions and answer 1 - 12), download wassce/waec physics pdf (2023) paper 3 (practical questions and answer 1 - 6), wassce/waec physics (2023) questions and answers 1 - 10, 1. the instrument used to measure relative humidity is a, 2. which part of the human eye performs the same function as the diaphragm in a lens camera, 5. which of the following statements about latent heat are correct i. when ice medialist, latent heat is absorbed ii. when whater freezes, latent heat is given off iii. when water evaporates, latent heat is absorbed iv. when water vapour condenses, latent heat is absorbed, 6. increasing the frequency of a sound waves produces a sound with, 7. which of the following diagrams correctly illustrates the mode of oscillation of air in a tube for the first overtone.

8. In a mass spectrometer, an ion of charge, q and mass, m, moving in a path of radius, r, in a field of flux DensityLarge, BarProp, has a speed of

9. a sound of frequency 512 hz reaches a listener 100m away. if the sound travels in air at s.t.p., what is its wavelength [speed of sound in air = 331m/s], 10. in the rutherford scattering experimental, a beam of alpha particles was fired at a thin gold film and few of the particle were deflected considerably. this shows that the nucleus of an atom, 11. a charge of 10c is transferred across a potential difference of 220v. determine the work done., 12. a solenoid is constructed by winding an insulated copper on a long test tube. a constant direct current is passed through the solenoid. which of the following actions will not increase the strength of the magnetic field of the solenoid inserting a, 13. the following statements are advantages of a solid dielectric material between the plates of a capacitor except that, 14. which of the following statements about a ferromagnetic material is correct, 15. a ball p, is released from the roof of a building at the same time as another ball, q, is thrown vertically upward from the base of the building. which of the following statements is correct, 18. a 100 kg device is pulled up a plane inclined at 30degree to the horizontal with a force of 1000n. if the coefficient of friction between the device and the surface is 0.25, determine the total force opposing the motion. [g = 10m/s square], 19. two object, a and b, accelerates from rest at uniform rates. b accelerates twice as much as a. compared to a, b travels, 20. the diagram below illustrates a hot metal suspended at the centre of a closed uniform box. thermometers e, f, g and h are placed in contact with four sides of the box. which of the thermometers would register the highest temperature.

21. A liquid is left in an open dish. After several days, there is less liquid in the dish. Which of the following statements explains this observation? The

22. the color of the visible light region of the electromagnetic spectrum that have the shortest and longest wavelengths respectively are, 23. which of the following equations is not a correct mirror formula [the symbols have their usuas meanings], 24. an atom in an excited state is one whose, 25. the conclusive test for magnetism in a steel bar suspended horizontally at tis midpoint is when the bar, 26. which of the following devices is used to compare the relative magnitudes of charges on two given bodies, 27. a direct current cannot pass through a parallel plate capacitor because, 28. the process of producing electric current by a changing magnetic field is referred to as, 29. the sagging of overhead electrical wires is caused by, 30. a cell of emf 2 v has an internal resistance of 0.5ohm. a current of 0.4 a passes through an external resistor, p. determine the resistance of p., 31. the property of a body that determines the direction of heat flow when the body is in contact with another body is the, 32. in an rlc series circuit at resonance, the voltage across the resistor and the inductor are 30v and 40v respectively. determine the voltage across the capacitor, 33. the purpose of commutators in a direct current motor is to, 34. a lead bullet of mass 0.5kg is fired with a speed of 200m/s into a lead block of mass 0.95kg at rest. given that the lead block moves after the impact, determine its kinetic energy., 35. what is the name given to the force of attraction between the nucleons in the nucleus of an atom, 36. in a controlled thermal fission reactor, the use of control rods will not affect the, 37. the most appropriate value of fuse for a kettle rated 220v, 1. 06kw is, 38. the type of mirror used by dentists to inspect the teeth of patients is a, the diagram below illustrates a mode of vibration of a wire of length 125cm. the speed of the waves along the wire is 120m/s. use the diagram below to answer questions 39 and 40.

39. From the diagram above, determine the wavelength of the wave

40. from the diagram above, determine the frequency of the waves., 41. which of the following statements about the properties of the electric field produced by charged parallel plates is not correct, 44. when an electron jumps directly from an orbit of n = 4 to n = 2,, 45. when a light-weight body and a massive body are acted upon by the same force for the same period of time, the, 46. which of the following devices is associated with alternating currents only, 48. the ratio of maximum range to maximum height of a projectile is 4. determine the angle of projection, 49. the following statements are observations made about a towing vehicle and a bus that is being towed. i. the force exerted on the bus by the towing vehicle is of the same magnitude as the force that the bus exerts on the road ii. the force exerted on the bus magnitude as the force exerted on the towing vehicle by the bus. iii. the towing vehicle exerts a force on the bus greater than the force exerted by the bus on the towing vehicle. iv. the towing vehicle exerts a force on the bus that is the same as the force the road exerts on the towing vehicle. which of the following statement is/are correct, 50. the diagram below illustrates a velocity-time graph. determine the distance between x and y..

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Physics (Essay) Paper 2 WASSCE (SC), 2023

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General Comments

The quality of this year's exam paper was impressive, with appropriate items and clear, unambiguous questions that fell within the scope of the syllabus. The paper also included well-reflected operational and graphical cases, and rubrics were provided clearly. Additionally, the allotted time for the exam was sufficient.

However, there was a significant decline in performance compared to the WASSCE for School Candidates 2022 examination, with only 846,875 candidates taking the exam and achieving a raw mean score of 19 out of 60, and a standard deviation of 09.00. In contrast, the 2022 exam had 801,212 candidates and a raw mean score of 25 out of 60, with a standard deviation of 10.15.

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WAEC Questions and Answers

Complete WAEC Physics Questions And Answers For 2023 (Objectives & Theory)

See the complete WAEC Physics questions and answers for 2023 (objectives and theory) here.

Information contained in this article is a special bonus for those who are going to sit for the West African Examination Council (WAEC) in 2023.

If you have been searching for the real questions and answers for the 2023 WAEC examination, I am glad to inform you that you have finally come to the right site where all the objective and theory questions for physics have been correctly provided.

In this article, you will be privileged to see all the ‘Expo’ about WAEC physics questions for 2023 .

Carefully read this article to the end if you are really interested in the 2023 WAEC physics questions and answers.

2023 WAEC Physics Objective Questions

2023 waec physics theory questions, 2023 waec physics theory answers.

The following are the expected 2023 WAEC Physics objective questions and their respective answers.

1. Three capacitors each of capacitance 18µf are connected in series. Calculate the effective capacitance.

2. Two spheres of masses 100kg and 90kg respectively have their centres separated by a distance 1.0m. Calculate the magnitude of the force of attraction between them

(a= 6.70 x 10-‘l Nm² kg²).

A.6.70 x 10’N

B. 6.70 x 10-1ºN

C. 6.03 x 10-10N

D. 6.03 x 107N

3. Local action is normally prevented in a simple electric cell by

A. introducing an oxidizing agent in the acid

B. not drawing current continuously for a long period.

C. amalgamating the surface of the plate

D. using a porous pot to isolate from the acid.

4. The lead acid accumulator consists of

A. lead as the positive electrode

B. lead oxide as the negative electrode

C. Hydrochloric acid as the electrolyte

D. Tetraoxosulphate (II) acid as electrolyte.

5. The boiling point of naphthalene is 78°c. What is the temperature in Kelvin?

6. The current in reversed biased junction is due to

A. majority carriers

C. minority carriers

D. electrons.

7. When impurities are added to semi-conductors, the conductivity of the semi-conductors

A. increases

B. decreases

C. remains constant

D. increases then decreases.

8. The time it will take a certain radioactive material with a half-life of 80 days to reduce to 1/32 of its original number is

A. 180 days

B. 200 days

C. 250 days

D. 300 days

9. If two inductors of inductances 3H and 6H are arranged in series, the total inductance is

10. The amount of energy released when 0.5kg of uranium is burn completely is

A. 1.5 x 10¹J

B. 4.5 x 10 8 J

C. 1.5 x 10¹ 6 J

D. 4.5 x 10¹ 6 J

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11. The north pole of a magnet can never be separated from the South Pole because of a property as

A. magnetic monopole

B. magnetic dipole

C. magnetic quadrupole

D. magnetic octopole

12. An electric device is rated 2000W, 250V. The correct fuse rating of the device is

13. The ray which causes gas molecules to glow is known as

A. gamma ray

B. molecule ray

C. cathode ray

D. anode ray

14. Marching soldiers crossing a suspension bridge are usually advised to break their steps to avoid damaging the bridge owing to

A. Resonance

B. Swinging

C. Vibration

D. Oscillation

The figure here shows 3 capacitors connected in series. The potential difference across 6uf capacitor is

16. The electric field intensity in a place where a charge of 10 -10 C experiences a force of 0.4N is

A. 8.0 x10°NC-¹

B. 4.0 x 10°NC ¹

C. 4.0 x 10-NC-¹

D. 8.0 x 10-¹2NC-¹

17. Satellite communication makes use of

A. sound waves

B. radio waves

C. infra-red rays

D. Visible light

18. The velocity of sound in air will be doubled if its absolute temperature is

C. quadrupled

D. constant

19. The process whereby the molecules of different substances move randomly is called

B. Capillary

C. Diffusion

D. Surface-tension

20. The process whereby a liquid turns spontaneously into vapour is called

B. evaporation

C. sublimation

D. regelation.

In the reaction, X is

C. electron

D. neutrino

22. The resistance of a piece of wire of length 20m and cross sectional area 8 x 10 6 m² is

(resistivity of wire = 4 x 10 -7 ohmm)

23. ………….. is the value of F when in equilibrium in the diagram below.

With the above diagram, if the system is in equilibrium, the tension in the string Q is

25. A force of 200N acts between two objects at a certain distance apart. The value of the force when the distance is

26. The particle and wave nature of matter are demonstrated in the equation

B. λ = 2dsin 0

C. λ = hc/E

27. A radio isotope has a decay constant of 10-75-¹. The average life of the isotope is

A. 1.00 x 10 -7 5

B. 1.00 x 10 1 5

C. 6.93 x 10 7 5

D. 6.93 x 10 6 5

28. X-rays can be used in the study of crystals structure because they

A. are invisible

B. are very fast

C. have an extremely short wave length.

D. have a very long reaching wave length.

29. Fluorescent tubes produce light by the

A. thermal agitation of electron in the tube

B. refraction of light by gas

C. excitation of gas molecules

D. conduction of solar energy.

30. An a.c circuit of E.M.F 12V has a resistor of resistance 892 connected in series to an inductor of inductive resistance 160 and a capacitor of capacitive resistance 109. The current flow in the circuit is

31. If a tuned radio receives R,L,C series circuit for resonance, the inductive resistance and capacitive resistance X₁ and X respectively are related as

A. X₁ = 2 X

D. X₁ = 1/xc

32. An a.c circuit of the energy stored in an inductor of inductance 5mH when a current of 6A flows through it is

A. 1.4 x 10²J

B. 1.8 x 10²J

C. 9.0 x 10 -2 J

D. 9.0 x 10 -³ J

33. To protect a material from the influence of an external magnetic field, the material should be kept in a

A. soft iron ring

B. square steel ring

C. Loop of copper wire

D. triangular zinc.

34. A steady current of 2A flows in a coil of E.M.F 12V for 0.4s. A back E.M.F of 3V was induced during this period. The stored energy in the Loop that can be utilised is

In this diagram, the ratio of the electric power dissipated in the 692 and 392 resistors respectively is

36. A cell whose internal resistance is 0.592 delivers a current of 4A to an external resistor. The last voltage of the cell is

37. Given three capacitors 0.3uf, 0.5uf, 0.2μf, the joint capacitance when arranged to give minimum capacitance is

38. The instrument used for securing a large number of similar charges by induction is called

A. electroscope

B. proof plane

C. capacitor

D. electrophorus.

39. The pitch of a sound note depends on

A. frequency

D. harmonics

40. In which of the following materials media would sound travel fastest?

41. In a Daniel cell, the depolariser, positive and negative electrodes are respectively

A. Copper sulphate, copper zinc

B. Manganese dioxide, carbon and zinc

C. Sulphuric acid, lead oxide and lead.

D. potassium hydroxide, nickel and iron.

42. Tea pots are often silver-coated to prevent heat loss by

A. Convection only

B. Conduction only

C. Radiation only

D. Convection and Conduction.

43. If the angle between two vectors P and Q is 0°, the vectors are said to

A. be parallel

B. perpendicular

C. intersect at angle 45°

D. intersect at angle 60°

44. A body of mass 4kg is acted on by a constant force of 12N for 3s. The kinetic energy gained by the body at the end of the time is

45. As the pressure of a fluid increases, its viscosity

A. Increases

B. Decreases

C. Remains constant

D. Increases then decreases.

46. A machine whose efficiency is 60% has a velocity ratio of 5. If a force of 500rt is applied to lift a load P, what is the magnetide of P?

47. The diagram shows 4N, 6N, 10N and 8N which act at a point O in the directions indicated.

The net horizontal force is

48. The change in volume when 480kg of ice is completely melted is

(density of ice = 900kgm³, density of water = 100kg m³)

49. If a force stretches a wire from 20m to 20.01m, what is the amount of force required to stretch the same material from 20m to 20.05m?

50. When left in a freezer, a bottle full of water cracks on freezing into ice because of the

A. contraction of the bottle

B. decrease in the volume of water

C. increase in the volume of water

D. expansion of the bottle.

See also: How to Pass WAEC Examination at One Sitting

(a) Define specific heat and calorie.
(b) Find the mass of a steel with specific heat capacity of 330J/kgk, if the temperature is raised from an immersion heater of 15°C to 60°C with a current of 16.77A from 50.6V and the time taken being 1hr 15mins.
(c) Describe how you would compare approximately the rate at which a given gas ring and electric hot plate can supply heat to a vessel placed on each of them.
(a) i. What is meant by the caloric value of a solid fuel?

ii. Explain the terms (i) thermal capacity (ii) water equivalent.

(b) Distinguish between the heat capacity of a body and the specific heat capacity of a substance.
32g of water at 60°C is poured into 60g of cold water at 12°C, which is contained in a calorimeter of mass 40 g, and specific heat capacity of 0.1J/gk. Neglecting loss of heat, show that the final resulting temperature is 29°C.003 bm024
(a) Explain what is meant by

(i) the expansion of water whose rise in temperature is anomalous

(ii) water has a high heat capacity!

(b) A piece of metal of mass 50g heated to 100°C is dropped into 200g of water at 14°C in copper calorimeter weighing 80g and raises the temperature to 70°C. What is the heat capacity of the piece of metal? [Specific heat capacity=0.4J/gk]

4. (a) The refractive index of glass and water with respect to air are and 4/3 respectively. What is the refractive index of glass to water.

(b) i. Show that when a ray is refracted through a dense medium to a denser medium, the refractive index changes.

ii. Name five applications of total internal reflection. 9. (i)What is meant by total internal reflection and critical angle?

Give two factors affecting total internal reflection

(c) i. Find the refractive index of a prism, when a light ray is incidented on the prism of angle 45° and if the refracting angle of the prism is 60°

ii. Find the thickness of a prism of refractive index of 1.5, if the prism displacement of the object is 1.3m. 12(a)

(d) i. State the laws of refraction of light.

(ii) Describe an experiment to determine the refractive index n of the material of an equilateral triangle glass prism using the minimum deviation method.

(a) i. State Lenz’s law.

ii. State the essential conditions for the production of an induced e.m.f in a conductor. What determines its magnitude?

(b) i. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. Draw a labelled diagram of a simple step-up transformer.

ii. Current from the secondary transformer working 240v AC main, the voltage required across the primary side is 96kv. Assuming that the transformer is 100% effective, what ratio of number of turns on the secondary to number of turns in the primary is needed in its windings?

ii. A rectangular coil of wire attached to a commutator rotates between the poles of a permanent magnet to form a dynamo. What is (i) the position of the coil when the e.m.f is greatest (ii) the function of the commutator.

Find the power wasted as internal energy in bundle conductor, when 10kw is transmitted through the bundled conductor of resistance 0.592 at 200v
Describe with the aid of a diagram, an experiment to induce a current in a coil of wire and indicate the direction of the current.
(i) State the laws of electromagnetic induction. (ii) Describe a simple experiment to show how an induced e.m.f can be produced.

1a. Specific Heat Capacity of a substance can be defined as the quantity of heat supplied or required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of 1kg through a unit rise in temperature of 1kelvin.

Calorie can be defined as the unit of energy.

Solution to 1b

t = 1 hr 15mins

1 hr = 60 x 60 = 3600 sec –

15 mins = 15 x 60 = 900 secs –

t = 3600+ 900 = 4500secs

I= 16.77A, V= 50.6V

M=?, C = 330J/kgk

0 ₂= 60°C, 0 1 =15°C

Using the principle of electrical method, heat loss by the heater – heat gained by the solid

Q = Mc [0₂-0₁]

Ivt = Mc [ 0 ₂- 0 ₁]

= 16.77 x 50.6 x 4500 = m x 330 [60 – 15]

= 3818529 = m x 330 x 45

m = 3818529/330 x 45

3818529 /14850

m = 257.14kg

The mass of the solid is 257.14kg

Check also: Complete WAEC Biology Question and Answers

For more solutions to the theory questions, keep refreshing this page regularly.

WAEC Literature Questions and Answers 2024/2025 | Novels, Essay & Objective

Waec civic education questions and answers 2024 | essay & objective, 3 thoughts on “ complete waec physics questions and answers for 2023 (objectives & theory) ”.

Thanks sir… But I can’t see those obj answers am sorry to ask

The questions are not complete

please can you post the objective answers

IB Physics Extended Essay Topics for IB

Table of contents

Writing Metier

What’s up, IB scholars? You’re about to start writing your IB Physics Extended Essay, and I know you’re searching for that killer topic that’s going to stand out. Well, guess what? I’ve got over 100 extended essay topics and research questions ready for you.

You do not need to thank me; you better say thank you to our IB writers at Writing Metier , who have invented and forwarded this awesome list to me for submission.

This isn’t just about getting it done; it’s about crushing it with something you’re passionate about. So let’s get straight to the point and find you Physics EE ideas that will make some noise and show what you’ve got!

100+ Physics Extended Essay Topics

I’m breaking the list into ten categories for IB Physics extended essay topics, each with three subcategories for easier navigation:

Projectile Motion (e.g., trajectory analysis, range equations, effects of air resistance)
Circular Motion (e.g., centripetal force in different systems, banking angles, conical pendulums)
Dynamics of Rigid Bodies (e.g., rotational inertia, torque, angular momentum conservation)
Thermodynamics
Heat Transfer (e.g., efficiency of different materials as insulators, rate of cooling, Newton’s law of cooling)
Gas Laws (e.g., pressure-volume relationship, temperature effects, real vs. ideal gases)
Phase Changes (e.g., specific heat capacities, latent heat, cooling curves)
Waves and Oscillations
Harmonic Motion (e.g., pendulums, mass-spring systems, resonance)
Wave Properties (e.g., speed of sound in various media, diffraction patterns, polarization)
Sound and Acoustics (e.g., Doppler effect, sound intensity, acoustic properties of materials)
Electricity and Magnetism
Circuit Analysis (e.g., Ohm’s law, series vs. parallel circuits, Kirchhoff’s laws)
Electromagnetism (e.g., Faraday’s law, magnetic fields around conductors, applications of electromagnets)
Capacitance and Inductance (e.g., time constants, LC circuits, energy storage)
Modern Physics
Quantum Phenomena (e.g., photoelectric effect, electron diffraction, energy levels in atoms)
Nuclear Physics (e.g., radioactive decay, half-life, nuclear reactions)
Special Relativity (e.g., time dilation, length contraction, mass-energy equivalence)
Energy and Power
Renewable Energy Sources (e.g., efficiency of solar panels, wind turbine performance, biofuels)
Energy Conversion (e.g., internal combustion engines, thermal power plants, regenerative braking)
Power Transmission (e.g., electrical grid efficiency, power loss, superconductors)
Fluid Dynamics
Aerodynamics (e.g., lift and drag forces, Bernoulli’s principle, airfoil shapes)
Hydrodynamics (e.g., flow rate, viscosity effects, Reynolds number)
Buoyancy and Density (e.g., Archimedes’ principle, floating and sinking, density stratification)
Astrophysics and Cosmology
Stellar Physics (e.g., Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, star classifications, blackbody radiation)
Cosmological Models (e.g., Big Bang theory, cosmic microwave background, dark matter)
Orbital Mechanics (e.g., Kepler’s laws, satellite motion, escape velocity)
Optics and Light
Reflection and Refraction (e.g., Snell’s law, critical angle, optical fibers)
Lens and Mirror Optics (e.g., image formation, focal length, magnification)
Interference and Diffraction (e.g., double-slit experiment, diffraction gratings, holography)
Electromagnetic Waves
Radio and Microwave Radiation (e.g., antenna design, signal propagation, communication systems)
Infrared and Ultraviolet Light (e.g., thermal imaging, UV radiation effects, spectroscopy)
X-rays and Gamma Rays (e.g., medical imaging, radiation therapy, nuclear gamma spectroscopy)

Each of these categories and subcategories can be explored through experiments, data analysis, or theoretical investigation, offering a wide range of possibilities for IB students to develop their IB Physics EE topics.

Mechanics Topics and Research Questions

Projectile Motion

Topic: The effect of launch angle on the range of a projectile.

Research Question: How does changing the launch angle affect the horizontal distance traveled by a projectile?

Topic: The impact of air resistance on the trajectory of a projectile.

Research Question: To what extent does air resistance alter the trajectory of a projectile compared to the idealized motion?

Topic: The accuracy of range equations in predicting projectile motion.

Research Question: How accurately do standard range equations predict the motion of a projectile in a controlled environment?

Circular Motion

Topic: Measuring centripetal force in a rotating system.

Research Question: How does the centripetal force required for circular motion change with the radius and speed of the rotating object?

Topic: The physics of banking angles in road design.

Research Question: What is the optimal banking angle for a curve on a road to maximize friction and safety at a given speed?

Topic: Investigating the period of a conical pendulum.

Research Question: How does the length of the string affect the period of oscillation of a conical pendulum?

Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

Topic: The relationship between rotational inertia and angular acceleration.

Research Question: How does changing the distribution of mass affect the rotational inertia and angular acceleration of a rigid body?

Topic: The conservation of angular momentum in a closed system.

Research Question: How does the angular momentum of a system change when the moment of inertia is altered?

Topic: The effect of torque on rotational motion.

Research Question: How does the application of torque affect the rotational motion of a rigid body with a fixed axis?

Mechanics shows us how things move and what affects them, but when we start talking about thermodynamics, we’re dealing with heat and energy.

It’s like going from watching a ball roll down a hill to understanding why it feels warm to the touch on a sunny day.

Thermodynamics Topics and Research Questions

Heat Transfer

Topic: Comparing the thermal insulation properties of various materials.

Research Question: Which material provides the best thermal insulation for a given application, and why?

Topic: The rate of cooling of a liquid in different environments.

Research Question: How does the rate of cooling of a hot liquid differ between various environmental conditions?

Topic: Investigating Newton’s law of cooling.

Research Question: How closely does the cooling of a warm object follow Newton’s law of cooling in a real-world setting?

Topic: The pressure-volume relationship of a gas at constant temperature.

Research Question: How does the volume of a gas change with pressure at a constant temperature, and does it align with Boyle’s law?

Topic: Temperature effects on the pressure of an enclosed gas.

Research Question: How does the pressure of a fixed amount of gas change with temperature in a sealed container?

Topic: Real vs. ideal gases under different conditions.

Research Question: How do the behaviors of real gases deviate from the predictions of the ideal gas law under high-pressure conditions?

Phase Changes

Topic: Measuring specific heat capacities of different substances.

Research Question: How do the specific heat capacities of different substances compare, and what implications does this have for their use in heat storage?

Topic: The energy involved in the phase change of materials.

Research Question: How much energy is absorbed or released during the phase change of a substance, and how does this relate to its latent heat?

Topic: Analyzing cooling curves of substances.

Research Question: What can the cooling curve of a substance tell us about its phase change properties and purity?

After getting a grip on how heat works, it’s pretty cool to see how that energy gets around. Waves are all about energy transfer, whether it’s the sound from your speakers or the ripples on a pond when you toss a stone.

Waves and Oscillations Topics and Research Questions

Harmonic Motion

Topic: The period of a simple pendulum.

Research Question: How does the length of a pendulum affect its period, and does this confirm the theoretical model?

Topic: The behavior of mass-spring systems.

Research Question: How do different spring constants affect the oscillation of a mass-spring system?

Topic: Resonance frequencies in mechanical systems.

Research Question: At what frequencies do various mechanical systems resonate, and what factors influence this?

Wave Properties

Topic: Measuring the speed of sound in different media.

Research Question: How does the speed of sound compare in various gases, and what does this tell us about the properties of those gases?

Topic: Investigating diffraction patterns through different apertures.

Research Question: How do diffraction patterns change with the shape and size of apertures?

Topic: Polarization of light by various materials.

Research Question: How effectively can different materials polarize light, and what does this indicate about their structure?

Sound and Acoustics

Topic: The Doppler effect and moving sources.

Research Question: How does the frequency of a sound wave change as the source moves relative to an observer?

Topic: Sound intensity levels at different distances.

Research Question: How does the intensity of sound change with distance from the source, and is it consistent with the inverse square law?

Topic: Acoustic properties of materials in soundproofing.

Research Question: Which materials are most effective at soundproofing a room, and how do their acoustic properties contribute to this effectiveness?

Each of these topics can be tailored to fit the requirements of an IB Physics extended essay, with the research question guiding the experimental design, data collection, and analysis.

If you are interested, we also have a list of potential Physics IA topic ideas for you. Make sure to check them out as well.

Once you’ve got a handle on waves, you’re ready to see how they relate to electricity and magnetism. It’s like connecting the dots between the vibrations in the air and the current in the wires of your headphones.

Electricity and Magnetism Topics and Research Questions

Circuit Analysis

Topic: The resistance of series and parallel circuits.

Research Question: How does the total resistance in a circuit vary with the arrangement of resistors in series and parallel configurations?

Topic: Verification of Kirchhoff’s laws in complex circuits.

Research Question: How accurately do Kirchhoff’s laws predict the current and voltage distribution in a multi-loop circuit?

Topic: The temperature dependence of resistivity in conductors.

Research Question: How does the resistivity of a metallic conductor change with temperature, and what does this imply about electron scattering?

Electromagnetism

Topic: Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

Research Question: How does the rate of change of magnetic flux influence the induced EMF in a coil?

Topic: The magnetic field patterns around different conductor configurations.

Research Question: How do the configurations of conductors affect the shape and strength of the magnetic fields they produce?

Topic: The efficiency of electromagnets.

Research Question: What factors determine the lifting power of an electromagnet, and how can its efficiency be maximized?

Capacitance and Inductance

Topic: Time constants in RC circuits.

Research Question: How does the capacitance and resistance in an RC circuit affect its charging and discharging time constants?

Topic: Resonance in LC circuits.

Research Question: At what conditions does resonance occur in an LC circuit, and how does this affect the circuit’s impedance?

Topic: Energy storage in capacitors and inductors.

Research Question: How do capacitors and inductors store energy, and what factors affect their energy storage capacity?

Electricity and magnetism are pretty easy to see in action, but modern physics? That’s where things get wild. You’re not just looking at what’s in front of you anymore; you’re considering what’s happening on a scale so small or so huge that it bends your mind a bit.

Modern Physics Topics and Research Questions

Quantum Phenomena

Topic: The photoelectric effect and Planck’s constant.

Research Question: How can the photoelectric effect be used to determine Planck’s constant, and what does this reveal about the nature of light?

Topic: Electron diffraction and crystal structure.

Research Question: How does electron diffraction provide evidence for the wave nature of electrons and the structure of crystals?

Topic: Energy levels in hydrogen atoms.

Research Question: How do the observed spectral lines of hydrogen correspond to the theoretical energy levels predicted by quantum mechanics?

Nuclear Physics

Topic: Radioactive decay series.

Research Question: How does the decay series of a radioactive isotope correspond to theoretical predictions of half-life and decay pathways?

Topic: The effect of shielding on radiation intensity.

Research Question: How effective are different materials at shielding against various types of radioactive emissions?

Topic: Nuclear reaction energy calculations.

Research Question: How does the measured energy released in a nuclear reaction compare to the values predicted by the mass-energy equivalence principle?

Special Relativity

Topic: Time dilation observed in cosmic muons.

Research Question: How does the observed decay rate of cosmic muons provide evidence for time dilation effects predicted by special relativity?

Topic: Length contraction and high-speed particles.

Research Question: How can length contraction be demonstrated or inferred from high-speed particle interactions?

Topic: Mass-energy equivalence in particle physics.

Research Question: How does the increase in mass of particles at high velocities provide evidence for the mass-energy equivalence principle?

But even with all that mind-bending stuff, physics isn’t just about theory. It’s also about practical stuff, like how we use energy. From solar panels on your roof to the battery in your phone, it’s all about getting the power we need to do what we want.

Energy and Power Topics and Research Questions

Renewable Energy Sources

Topic: The efficiency of photovoltaic cells under different conditions.

Research Question: How do factors such as light intensity, wavelength, and temperature affect the efficiency of solar panels?

Topic: Performance analysis of wind turbines.

Research Question: How does blade design affect the efficiency and power output of a wind turbine?

Topic: The viability of biofuels compared to fossil fuels.

Research Question: How do the energy outputs and carbon footprints of biofuels compare to those of traditional fossil fuels?

Energy Conversion

Topic: The efficiency of internal combustion engines.

Research Question: How do variables such as fuel type and engine temperature affect the efficiency of an internal combustion engine?

Topic: Thermal efficiency of power plants.

Research Question: What are the main factors that limit the thermal efficiency of modern thermal power plants?

Topic: The effectiveness of regenerative braking systems.

Research Question: How much energy can regenerative braking systems realistically recover during vehicle deceleration?

Power Transmission

Topic: Electrical grid efficiency and power loss.

Research Question: How does the distance and cross-sectional area of transmission lines affect power loss in an electrical grid?

Topic: The potential of superconductors in power transmission.

Research Question: What are the challenges and potential benefits of using superconductors for power transmission?

Topic: The impact of load balancing on power grid stability.

Research Question: How does load balancing affect the stability and efficiency of a power grid?

These topics and research questions are designed to inspire a range of investigations for the Physics Extended Essay, allowing students to delve into both experimental and theoretical aspects of physics.

And speaking of practical, fluid dynamics is all about understanding how liquids and gases move. It’s like figuring out why blowing over a hot soup cools it down or how an airplane stays up in the sky.

Fluid Dynamics Topics and Research Questions

Aerodynamics

Topic: The effect of airfoil shape on lift generation.

Research Question: How does altering the curvature and angle of an airfoil affect its lift and drag forces?

Topic: Application of Bernoulli’s principle to various wing designs.

Research Question: How do different wing designs in aircraft utilize Bernoulli’s principle to achieve lift?

Topic: Drag force comparison on streamlined vs. bluff bodies.

Research Question: How does the shape of an object affect the drag force experienced at different flow velocities?

Hydrodynamics

Topic: The relationship between flow rate and pipe diameter in fluid dynamics.

Research Question: How does changing the diameter of a pipe affect the flow rate of a fluid within it, given a constant pressure difference?

Topic: Viscosity effects on fluid flow in channels.

Research Question: How does the viscosity of a fluid influence its flow characteristics in narrow channels?

Topic: Analysis of Reynolds number in predicting fluid flow regimes.

Research Question: How does the Reynolds number determine the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a pipe?

Buoyancy and Density

Topic: Investigating Archimedes’ principle for irregularly shaped objects.

Research Question: How accurately does Archimedes’ principle predict the buoyant force on objects with complex shapes?

Topic: The stability of floating bodies and the concept of metacentric height.

Research Question: How does the distribution of mass affect the stability of a floating vessel?

Topic: Density stratification in fluids and its impact on layered flow.

Research Question: How does density stratification affect the movement and mixing of different fluid layers?

From there, it’s a big leap to astrophysics and cosmology—literally. You go from studying the flow of air around a plane to the flow of galaxies in space. It’s about seeing the bigger picture and our place in it.

If you need Physics paper writing help , we have a separate team of experts who can handle almost any tasks.

Astrophysics and Cosmology Topics and Research Questions

Stellar Physics

Topic: Analyzing the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram for star clusters.

Research Question: What can the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram reveal about the age and composition of a star cluster?

Topic: Classification and analysis of star spectra.

Research Question: How does the classification of stellar spectra correlate with a star’s temperature, luminosity, and lifecycle stage?

Topic: Investigating blackbody radiation in stars.

Research Question: How well does the blackbody radiation model fit the observed spectral energy distribution of stars?

Cosmological Models

Topic: Evidence for the Big Bang theory from cosmic microwave background radiation.

Research Question: What does the cosmic microwave background radiation tell us about the origins and evolution of the universe?

Topic: The role of dark matter in galaxy formation and rotation.

Research Question: How does the presence of dark matter influence the rotational speeds of galaxies?

Topic: Verifying Kepler’s laws through observation of planetary motion.

Research Question: How accurately do Kepler’s laws describe the motion of bodies in the solar system?

Orbital Mechanics

Topic: The energy requirements for satellite launch and achieving escape velocity.

Research Question: What are the energy considerations and optimal conditions for a satellite to achieve escape velocity from Earth?

Topic: The effects of orbital perturbations on satellite stability.

Research Question: How do factors such as atmospheric drag and gravitational influences affect the stability of satellite orbits?

Topic: Analysis of gravitational slingshot maneuvers in space missions.

Research Question: How can gravitational assist maneuvers be optimized to increase spacecraft velocity?

But even with our heads in the stars, we can’t forget about light. Optics brings it back down to earth, showing us how light works, whether it’s bending through a lens or bouncing off a mirror.

Optics and Light Topics and Research Questions

Reflection and Refraction

Topic: The efficiency of optical fibers in transmitting light.

Research Question: How do imperfections in optical fibers affect the total internal reflection and efficiency of light transmission?

Topic: Investigating Snell’s law at various interfaces.

Research Question: How accurately does Snell’s law predict the angle of refraction for different transparent materials?

Topic: The critical angle for total internal reflection in various media.

Research Question: How does the critical angle for total internal reflection change with the refractive index of different materials?

Lens and Mirror Optics

Topic: The formation of images by converging lenses under various conditions.

Research Question: How does the focal length of a lens affect the properties of the image it forms?

Topic: The magnification power of compound microscope systems.

Research Question: How do the focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece lenses in a microscope affect its overall magnification?

Topic: The aberrations in images formed by lenses and mirrors.

Research Question: What types of optical aberrations are most prevalent in simple lens systems, and how can they be minimized?

Interference and Diffraction

Topic: The double-slit experiment and wave-particle duality.

Research Question: How does the double-slit experiment provide evidence for the wave-particle duality of light?

Topic: Measuring the wavelength of light using diffraction gratings.

Research Question: How can diffraction gratings be used to accurately measure the wavelength of light?

Topic: The application of holography in image storage and retrieval.

Research Question: How does holography utilize the principles of interference and diffraction to store and reconstruct images?

And light’s just one piece of the whole world of Physics. Electromagnetic waves are everywhere, from the microwave that heats your lunch to the X-rays at the dentist. It’s all part of the same big family that keeps our world connected and our lives running.

Electromagnetic Waves Topics and Research Questions

Radio and Microwave Radiation

Topic: The design and optimization of antennas for radio communication.

Research Question: How does the geometry of an antenna affect its radiation pattern and signal reception?

Topic: Signal propagation in different atmospheric conditions.

Research Question: How do atmospheric conditions affect the propagation of radio and microwave signals?

Topic: The effectiveness of microwave radiation in communication systems.

Research Question: What are the advantages and limitations of using microwave radiation in satellite communications?

Infrared and Ultraviolet Light

Topic: Thermal imaging and the emissivity of different materials.

Research Question: How does the emissivity of a material affect its detection in thermal imaging?

Topic: The effects of UV radiation on various substances.

Research Question: How does exposure to ultraviolet light affect the chemical structure and properties of different materials?

Topic: Spectroscopy and the identification of chemical compounds.

Research Question: How can infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy be used to identify and analyze different chemical compounds?

X-rays and Gamma Rays

Topic: The application of X-ray imaging in medical diagnostics.

Research Question: How do different tissues and materials affect the absorption and transmission of X-rays in medical imaging?

Topic: Radiation therapy and the optimization of gamma ray dosage.

Research Question: How can the dosage and targeting of gamma rays in radiation therapy be optimized for cancer treatment?

Topic: Nuclear gamma spectroscopy and nuclear structure.

Research Question: What can gamma-ray spectra reveal about the structure and energy states of atomic nuclei?

These topics and research questions are designed to guide students in their exploration of advanced concepts in physics, providing a foundation for a thorough and insightful Extended Essay.

Creating an engaging and contemporary Physics Extended Essay can be particularly rewarding when the topic is relevant to modern situations and challenges.

Fresh Breath Ideas for Physics IB EE in 2023/2024

Here are 12 topics that connect to current events or recent advancements in technology, along with a brief explanation of their relevance:

The Physics of Electric Vehicles

Investigate the efficiency of regenerative braking systems in electric cars and how they contribute to the overall energy efficiency of the vehicle.

Renewable Energy Harvesting

Analyze the potential of piezoelectric materials in converting mechanical stress from human activities into electrical energy, contributing to sustainable power generation.

Smartphone Sensors

Explore the use of gyroscopes and accelerometers in smartphones for navigation and gaming, and how these sensors rely on principles of mechanics and material science.

Wireless Charging Technologies

Examine the electromagnetic principles behind wireless charging pads and the efficiency of energy transfer at various distances and alignments.

Solar Panel Coatings

Research the effectiveness of anti-reflective coatings on solar panels and their role in enhancing the absorption of light and overall energy conversion efficiency.

Aerodynamics of Drones

Study the impact of drone design on flight stability and energy consumption, which is critical for extending their use in delivery systems and aerial photography.

Physics in Sports Equipment

Investigate the materials and design features that contribute to the performance and safety of modern sports helmets, from bicycles to football.

Thermal Imaging and Disease Detection

Explore the use of thermal imaging in detecting fevers and its potential application in managing pandemics by early identification of symptomatic individuals.

Nanomaterials in Electronics

Analyze the electrical conductivity and properties of graphene and other nanomaterials that are revolutionizing the electronics industry.

Physics of Modern Building Design

Investigate how principles of thermodynamics are applied in the design of eco-friendly and energy-efficient buildings.

Quantum Computing

Study the basic principles of quantum computing and the challenges in maintaining quantum coherence in qubits, which are the fundamental building blocks of quantum computers.

SpaceX and Reusable Rockets

Research the physics behind the reusability of rockets, focusing on the landing mechanisms employed by companies like SpaceX and how they conserve momentum and energy.

Each of these topics is not only grounded in physics principles but also has a wealth of information available due to their current relevance and the ongoing research in these areas.

They offer a chance to combine theoretical physics with practical application in the modern world, which can be particularly engaging for an Extended Essay.

Need a Hand with Your Physics IB EE?

Hey there, IB students! If you’re stuck on coming up with a topic or diving into writing your Physics IB Extended Essay, don’t sweat it. Our team of IB experts at Writing Metier is here to help you write a custom IB EE on this exciting subject .

Whether you need a spark of inspiration for your topic or you want a custom-written EE following the word count , rubric and criteria that hits all the right notes, we’ve got your back.

Reach out to us at Writing Metier extended essay writing service and have a rest while experts are working on your task.

So, that’s the rundown. Physics isn’t just about equations and lab coats; it’s the stuff all around us, from the smallest particles to the vastness of space. It’s about getting to the heart of how things work, from the every day to the extraordinary.

And the more you learn, the more you see how everything’s linked together in one big, amazing picture.

Free topic suggestions

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Vasyl Kafidoff is a co-founder and CEO at WritingMetier. He is interested in education and how modern technology makes it more accessible. He wants to bring awareness about new learning possibilities as an educational specialist. When Vasy is not working, he’s found behind a drum kit.

WASSCE Physics Essay and Objectives Past Questions Paper 1& 2 For 2023 Candidates

WASSCE Physics Essay and Objectives Questions Paper 1& 2 For 2023 Candidates:

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Find below the WASSCE Physics Essay and Objectives 2019 for 2022 JHS 3 students.

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Home » NECO » NECO Physics Answers 2023 (Essay/Obj) Questions Out

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Neco physics answers 2023 (essay/obj) questions out.

NECO Physics Answers for 2023 Questions Released.

The Neco physics answers 2023 for SSCE questions are now available for exam candidates. The National Examination Council (NECO) Senior School Certificate Examination (SSCE) Physics paper will be written on Thursday 27th July 2023.

The O’Level Neco physics questions below are for Paper III & II: Objective & Essay which will commence at 10.00 am and end by 1.00 pm. That means the examination will last for three hours. Continue reading.

NECO Physics Answers 2023 Questions.

1. (a) A stone projected horizontally from the top of a tower with a speed of 4 ms-1 lands on the level ground at a horizontal distance of 25 m from the foot of the tower. Calculate the height of the tower. [ g = 10 ms-2 ] (b) A spiral spring with a metal extends by 10.5cm in the air When the metal Is fully in water, the spring extends by 6.8 cm. Calculate the relative density of the metal (Assume Hooke s law Is obeyed)

2. (a) Explain diffusion. (b) Give one reason why the rate of diffusion is higher in gasses than in liquid at the same temperature.

3. (a) State two conditions under which photo-electrons can be emitted from the surface of a metal. (b) List two particles characteristics of electromagnetic waves. ANS: (a) Conditions for emission of photoelectrons – the wavelength of incident radiation must be less than the threshold wavelength of the metal surface. – the frequency of incident radiation must be greater than the threshold frequency. – the energy of the incident photons (radiation) must be greater than the Work function of the metal (b) Particle characteristics of electromagnetic waves; e.g – Photoelectric effect – Thermionic emission – Radiations from heated bodies (Black body) – Emission and absorption of light (incandescence) – Compton effect.

4. (a) Explain how gas can be made to conduct electricity. (b) Name the electric charge carriers in gases. ANS: (a) The molecules /atoms of a gas must be ionized before the gas can conduct electricity. Ionization of the gas requires that the gas pressure is very low within the enclosure and a very high voltage is applied to the enclosed gas. (b) Charge carries in gases are Electrons; Ions

5. State; (a) two applications of electrolysis in an industry; (b) one application of electrolysis in a school laboratory.

6. (a) (i) What is an eclipse? (ii) List the three types of eclipse. (b) A student in a lecture theatre can read from the board clearly but requires a pair of spectacles to read from a book. (i) What eye defect has this student? (ii) What type of lens is needed to correct the eye defect? (iii) The focal length of the lens used to correct this defect is 10 cm. Calculate the power of the lens. (c) A car B moves towards a stationary car A. If B produces an ultrasonic sound at a point and it takes 5.6 x 10-3 s for a beep to be heard in B, calculate the distance between the two cars at that instant. (Speed of sound in air = 340 ms-1) (d) The image of an object is located 9 cm behind a convex mirror. If the magnification produced is 0.6, calculate the focal length of the mirror.

7. (a) (i) What is a vector quantity ? (ii) Three vectors 3 ms-1 N 45o W, 12 ms-1W, and 5ms-1 S act at a point. (iii) Sketch a vector diagram to illustrate the given information. (iv) Calculate the resultant of the vectors. (b) In a laboratory experiment to determine the force constant of a spiral spring, the mass on the spring was varied and the corresponding extensions were measured and recorded as shown in the table below.


50 100 150 200 250		6.5 11.0 15.0 20.0 25.0

(i) Copy and complete the table. (Take g = 10ms-2 ) (ii) Plot a graph with weight, W, on the vertical axis and extension, e, on the horizontal axis. (iii) Using the graph, determine the force constant of the spring. (iv) Determine the natural length of the spring if its length was 38.0 cm when loaded with 250 g mass.

8. (a) Define heat capacity and state its unit. (b) List two effects of heat on a substance (c) Explain how a tightly fitted glass stopper could be removed from a reagent bottle. (d) A quantity of pepper soup of mass 800g poured into a plastic container with a tight fitting lid has a temperature of 30oC. The container is then placed in a microwave oven, rated 1200 W, and operated for 3 minutes. (i) Calculate the final temperature attained by the soup. (Assuming no heat losses). (ii) Explain why containers with tight-fitting lids are not suitable for use in microwave cooking. (iii) When the soup is brought out and allowed to cool, a dent was observed on the container. Explain. [ Take specific heat capacity of the soup = 4000 Jkg-1 K-1 ]

9. (a) State the three characteristics of sound and the factor on which each of them depends. (b) Explain resonance as applied to sound. (c) Explain why sound waves cannot be plane polarized. (d) What role does echo play in the construction of a concert hall? (e) The surface of an eardrum (assumed circular) has a radius 2.1 mm. It resonates with an amplitude of 0.8 x 10-7 m as a result of impulses received from an external body vibrating at 2400 Hz. If the resulting pressure change on the eardrum is 3.6 x 10-5 Nm-2. Calculate the: (i) period of oscillation (ii) velocity (iii) acceleration (iv) force. [Pi = 3.14]

10. (a) Define electromotive force. (b) State: (i) the principle of operation of a potentiometer; (ii) two advantages that a potentiometer has over a voltmeter in measuring the potential difference. (c) (i) Sketch and label a diagram of a gold-leaf electroscope. (ii) Give one use of a gold-leaf electroscope. (d) (i) Explain the action of a magnetic relay: (ii) List two factors that determine the magnitude of an induced emf in a coil. (iii) A current of 5 A passes through a straight wire in a uniform magnetic field of flux density 2.0 x 10-3 T. Calculate the force per unit length exerted on the wire when it is inclined at 30o to the field.

11. (a) Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation and identity each component of the equation.

(b) For a photocell, state one factor each that is responsible for the: emission; r ate of emission; energy of photoelectrons.

(c) (i) Two nuclear equations are given below: + ……………………..equation A + ……………………..equation B Determine the values of: (p and q in equation A; (β) m and n in equation B and identify X. (ii) Give a reason why it is important to dispose of radioactive waste safety. (d) (i) A certain atom emits ultra-violet photon of wavelength 2.4 x 10-7m Calculate the energy of the photons

(i) – 6.0 x 10-19J

(ii) -8.2 x 10-19J -8.8 x 10-19J -1 6.7 x 10-19J

[h = 6.6 x 10-34 Js; c = 3.0x 108 ms-1]

Neco Physics 2023 Objective Questions.

Note: There is nothing like Neco Physics Expo 2022 online. Neco Ssce candidates are to desist from patronizing online fraudsters/vendors who say they can provide such services as they are not real.

Ospoly Iree HND Form 2019/20 Admission is Out

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WAEC Physics Questions and Answers 2022/2023 |OBJ & Theory Expo

February 8, 2022

The combination of our free WAEC Physics questions 2021 and the WAEC Physics answers 2021 samples for 2021 theory (essay) & OBJ (objectives) below, will help WAEC candidates to score A or B in this exam.

All the WAEC 2021 Physics Questions and Answers samples below have been completely solved for the 2021 candidates.

Each question, including the OBJ questions and the theory questions on this page has been solved and each answer is written beside the question.

WAEC Physics Expo Runs for Theory and OBJ 2021

This is 2021 free WAEC Physics Expo answers 2021 samples for 2021 theory (essay) paper 2 & OBJ (objectives) paper 1 for 2021 WAEC candidates.

With the idea you will obtain from this, you will be able to even solve every other question (including the WAEC past questions and answers on physics) by yourself.

The theory section will give you the “showing working” of each of the WAEC Physics essay and theory sample questions and answers for 2021 (i.e paper 2). Study the steps and master them in case you see similar questions during the exam.

You can also try solving the questions by yourself (following the same steps we used) and later compare the answer you get with the ones we have provided on this page. Study the entire WAEC physics questions 2021 samples on this page and check their correct answer.

WAEC 2021 Physics OBJ Questions and Answers Samples.

Use the following WAEC 202 1 Physics Objective Questions and Answers samples for the OBJ paper 1 for reference.

Study the entire sample WAEC physics questions 2021 below and check their correct answer. Proceed to the theory section at the bottom to see how each question is solved.

WAEC Physics Questions and Answers 2021/2022 expo runz solution. Solved essay & OBJ answers to correct objectives & theory [paper 1 & paper 2

1. One Joule is Equal to?

Correct Answer is C) 10 7 ergs

2. Which of these principles does Optical fiber works on?

interference
total internal reflection

The correct answer is C) total internal reflection

3. Why is the base of an electric iron usually brightly polished?

To Make it smooth and frictionless
Make it rust-proof
Reduce heat loss by radiation
Make it more durable

Correct Answer is: C) to reduce heat loss by radiation

5. A riffle of mass 15kg fires a bullet of mass 60g with a velocity of 200ms -1. Calculate the recoil velocity of the riffle.

– 0.8ms -1

The correct answer is A. -0.8ms -1

5. Which of this is the correct formula for Kinetic energy?

The correct answer is D. ½ mu 2

6. If the efficiency of a machine is 60%, find in joules, the work done by the student using this machine to raise a load of 150kg through a vertical distance of 2.5m (g = 10ms -1 )

2500 joules

The correct answer is D. 6250 Joules

7. Calculate the height from which a body is released from rest if its velocity just before hitting the ground is 30ms -1

The correct answer is B. 45m

8. A mango fruit from the top of its tree which is 5m long drops to the ground. How long does it take the mango to reach the ground?

The correct answer is D. 1.0s

2021 WAEC Past Questions and Answers for Physics.

Additionally, the following WAEC past questions and answers on physics objective will help you to get more ideas on how to solve physics WAEC questions.

Also, do well to scroll to the bottom to see how each of these questions is solved to arrive at the answer.

1. The equation P x V y T z = constant is Gay-Lussac’s law if____?

x = 0, y = 0 and z = 1
x = 1, y = 0 and z = -1
x = 1, y = 1 and z = 1
x = 0, y= 0 and z = 0
x = -1, y = 1 and z = 0

The correct answer is B. x = 1, y = 0 and z = -1

2. Calculate the effort put into a machine whose efficiency is 75% and lifts a load of 1000N, if its velocity ratio is 4.

The correct answer is E. 333.33N

Theory question: A rocket is burning fuel at the rate of 200gs -1 and ejecting all the gas in one direction at the rate of 400ms -1 . What is the maximum weight the rocket can have if it is going to move vertically upwards?

Mass of gas per second = 200 / 1000 kgs -1 .

Velocity of expulsion = 400ms -1 .

Momentum change per second = 200 / 1000 x 400kgms -2 .

From Newton’s second law, we have F =W = 200 / 1000 x 400N

Physics Essay and theory sample Questions and Answers for paper 2.

Below are the showing working of the WAEC Physics essay and theory sample questions and answers for 2021 paper 2.

Study the steps and master them in case you see similar questions during the exam.

1 . A stationary ball is hit by an average force of 50N for a time range of 0.03sec. Calculate the impulse experienced by the ball.

Solution: impulse (I) = Ft

=5×0.03

2. Calculate the recoil velocity of a riffle of mass 15kg which fires a bullet of mass 60g with a velocity of 200ms -1.

Mass of the riffle = 15kg, while the mass of the bullet = 60g

The velocity of the bullet = 200ms -1.

The momentum before firing is zero

Momentum after firing = 15 x V + 60/100 X 200 = 15v + 12

Since the momentum is conserved, we will have;

15v + 12 =0

v = – 12 / 15 = -0.8ms -1

Question 3. i . What is the width of the image of an object which subtends an angle of 8 0 at the pinhole of a camera 0.5m long?

ii . How long is the image of the sun on this camera? Take the mean distance of the sun as 1.5 X 10 11 m, and the diameter of the sun as 1.4 X 10 9

Let the width of the image = h (m)

tan8 0 = h/0.5m

h = 0.5 X tan8 0 = 0.5 X 0.1405m = 7cm Ans.

Let the radius of the sun be l (m)

l / 0.5 = 0.7 X 109/1.5 X 10 11 =tan0

l = 0.5 X 0.7 X 109/1.5 X 1011 = 0.233X10-2m

Therefore, the diameter of the image = 0.46cm

The combination of the above WAEC Physics questions 2021 and the WAEC Physics answers 2021 samples for essay, theory, and OBJ (objectives) above, will surely help candidates a lot.

So kindly follow the way each of the questions is solved and master them.

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I need questions and answers

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Good work,I need waec 2021date it will start April I need the date

I need question and answers 2020

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WAEC Physics Questions and Answers 2024 Objective and Essay

Post author: Study Admin
Post published: December 3, 2023
Post category: School News
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WAEC physics 2024 answers are now available. WAEC physics questions and answers 2024/2025 objective and essay and other exam details for WASSCE 2024 are on this page. See the 2024 WAEC physics answers for both objective and theory below. Get the WAEC physics objective and essay answers here.

The 2024 physics WAEC OBJ and theory questions and answers are provided here for free. All you have to do is to go through the questions and take note of the WAEC physics answers 2024. Read on to find out.

Have you been searching on Google in order to get the WASSCE physics questions and answers 2024? If so, we have got you covered!

We have the 2024 WAEC physics questions and our team of experts will soon upload the WAEC physics questions and their accurate answers to help you pass the 2024 WAEC physics examination.

The 2024 WAEC physics theory questions and OBJ will be uploaded any moment from now. So if you are searching for the WAEC physics answers 2024 for objective and theory, then you are on the right page. See WAEC physics objective and essay questions and answers below.

WAEC Physics Answers 2024 Objective and Theory

The West Africa Examinations Council (WAEC) is an examination body in Nigeria that conducts the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination and the General Certificate in Education in May/June and November/December respectively.

The 2024 WAEC physics questions are set from the SS1 to SS3 physics syllabus. So all the questions you will encounter in this year’s examination are in the syllabus, and nearly 90% of the questions are repeated.

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Physics Resource Bank

Oct 4, 2023

2023 Sample Solutions

A large crowd logged on last week for the IoP/ISTA review of the marking for last summer's Leaving Cert Physics Exam. I've uploaded sample solutions to a few of the questions from section B, which are a vailable here, for anybody interested - about half way down on the left I felt that in general the exam paper would have been a fair challenge to any well-prepared student. There are always one or two variations from from what we've seen before and that's as it should be, but nothing beyond that.

One thing I noticed is that in question 7, students were asked to use vector analysis to calculate both the speed and the direction of the wind. It was often the case in the past that the direction of a vector would be required, but in more recent years, students were generally just asked to find the magnitude of a vector, so this is a bit of a change. But - at the risk of saying I told you so - this did not come without warning .* The deferred paper from 2022, sat by students who were unable to sit the main paper in June, also required students to calculate the direction of a vector.

The 2022 deferred paper was published in the spring of this year. My understanding is that very small numbers qualify for the deferred paper, and that for some subjects this means that nobody was sitting one - in which case it wasn't published. I haven't heard of any students who sat a deferred physics paper last summer, so I don't think we will know if it even existed this summer until the deferred papers are published. Presumably in the spring again.

That is unless somebody out there knows of any body who sat such a paper, If so, do let us know!

But if/when one is published, I know I will be looking carefully through it for any shots across the bow that might remind us to cover something for the 2024 students!

2023 Sample Solutions: general resources | PhysicsResourceBank

(* i.e. I told you so)

2023/2024 WAEC Physics Runz: OBJ Questions, Essay Answers, and Exam Tips

Thread starter Ackley8
Start date May 22, 2023
Understand the Syllabus: Familiarize yourself with the WAEC Physics syllabus for 2023/2024. This will help you identify the key topics and allocate your study time accordingly.
Create a Study Plan: Develop a study plan that includes dedicated time for each topic. Allocate more time to challenging areas and revise regularly to reinforce your understanding.
Practice Past Questions: Practice solving past WAEC Physics questions to become familiar with the exam format and assess your knowledge. You can find previous years' question papers at your school or from authorized bookshops.
Seek Clarification: If you encounter difficulties in understanding certain concepts, don't hesitate to seek help from your teachers or classmates. Clearing your doubts early on will prevent confusion later.
Join Study Groups: Consider forming or joining study groups with fellow students preparing for the WAEC Physics examination. Collaborative learning can be beneficial in understanding difficult topics and sharing knowledge.
Review and Revise: Regularly review and revise the topics you have covered. This will help consolidate your understanding and improve retention.

Good

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Essay Contest

2023 Essay Contest

The Forum on the History and Philosophy of Physics (FHPP) of the American Physical Society is proud to announce the outcome of our 2023 History of Physics Essay Contest. We received thirty entries from seven countries: the United States, Australia, Germany, India, Oman, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The entries were evaluated by our FHPP Executive Committee . The essays were judged on originality, clarity, and potential to contribute to the field.

The 2023 Winner Is:

Rebecka Mähring -- for the outstanding essay, " Hilde Levi: A Jewish Woman's Life in Physics in the 20th Century ." This inspiring account of Dr. Hilde Levi's life describes her pioneering interdisciplinary labors in biophysics and on the applications of radioisotopes. Levi collaborated with various other physicists, scientists, and medical professionals. Her unpretentious kindness enabled her to fulfill, renegotiate, and transcend traditional gender roles.

An abridged version will be published as the Back Page of APS News . Rebecka Mähring receives a cash award of $ 1,000.00, plus support (up to a $ 2,000.00 value) for travel, registration, hotel lodging and meals, to be an Invited Speaker at the APS April 2024 Meeting in Sacramento, California, to present a talk based on the essay.

We also award three Runners-Up , in a three-way tie, with cash awards of $ 500 each. In alphabetical order, they are: Stefano Farinella, “Galileo’s Use of Mathematics in its Historical Context”; Preetha Sarkar, “Meghnad Saha: A Win for Science”; and Jessica Schonhut-Stasik, “The Transit of Venus, King Kal ā kaua, and Indigenous Knowing.” Below, we include information about each award recipient, links to their commendable essays, and past winners.

The FHPP Essay Contest promotes interest in the history of physics. The contest is intended for undergraduate and graduate students but is open to anyone without a Ph.D. in physics or history. Entries can address the work of physicists, physics discoveries, or other related topics. At 2,500 words, entries should be scholarly and accessible to scientists and historians. Previously published work, excerpts, or entries with multiple authors are not accepted.

On behalf of FHPP, I congratulate the four Award Winners, and I warmly thank all other participants too for submitting essays. In a few weeks, we will announce our 2024 Essay Contest, on this webpage. Alberto Martinez, Chair of APS FHPP

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Current Recipients

2023 winner.

Essay: "Hilde Levi: A Jewish Woman's Life in Physics in the 20th Century" Rebecka Mähring graduated in May 2023 with a bachelor’s degree in Physics from Princeton University. Her senior thesis research was on dark matter phenomenology. While at Princeton, she also developed a strong interest in the history of science, which led to a research visit at the Niels Bohr Archive in Copenhagen, Denmark, during the summer. The APS essay is the result of this research.

. Winning Essay

2023 Runner-ups

Stefano Farinella University of Hamburg

Essay: “Galileo’s Use of Mathematics in its Historical Context” Stefano Farinella is a first-year Ph.D. student at the University of Hamburg. He completed his B.S. in Physics at the University of Padua, and his M.S. in Theoretical Physics at the University of Amsterdam. He is now part of the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures in Hamburg, and his research focuses on the interplay between processes of transformation of knowledge and early modern manuscript culture in the notes of mathematician and natural philosopher Thomas Harriot (1560-1621).

Preetha Sarkar University of Illinois

Essay: “Meghnad Saha: A Win for Science” Preetha Sarkar is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Physics and the Illinois Materials Research Science and Engineering Center at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Her research focuses on understanding how the electronic properties of two-dimensional van der Waals materials, such as graphene, are modified under mechanical strain by conducting low temperature electron transport experiments. She is passionate about science outreach and diversity, equity and inclusion efforts in STEM. In her free time, she enjoys painting, writing poetry, singing, swimming, reading history and fiction, and volunteering for social causes. View Essay

Jessica Schonhut-Stasik Vanderbilt University

Essay: “The Transit of Venus, King Kalākaua, and Indigenous Knowing.” Jessica Schonhut-Stasik is a Ph.D. candidate in astronomy at Vanderbilt University, specializing in Galactic Archaeology. After being diagnosed with autism, ADHD, and OCD at age 27, Jessica became a neurodivergent self-advocate and is the Program and Communications Manager at the Frist Center for Autism and Innovation, housed in Vanderbilt’s School of Engineering. She works remotely from her home on Hawai'i Island, where she lives with her husband, dogs, and cats. Jessica has become deeply rooted in the community since emigrating from the U.K. in 2015 to live and work in the Hawai'i astronomy community. She participates in outreach and education initiatives such as the Maunakea Scholars program. She hosts the AstronomerAND podcast, which interviews non-traditional astronomers to elevate the voices of marginalized communities. View Essay

Past Recipients

2022 winner.

Miguel Ohnesorge is a PhD Student at the University of Cambridge and Visiting Fellow at Boston University’s Philosophy of Geoscience Lab. In his PhD project, he reconstructs how physical geodesists measure(d) planetary figures and explores the insights that this problem holds for the epistemology of scientific measurement. His other work focuses on the global history of physics and the ethics and epistemology of industry-funded science. You can learn more about his research on his website https://www.mohnesorgehps.com .

Winning Essay

2022 Runner-up

Shraddha Agrawal University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

I am a fifth-year Ph.D. student in the Department of Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. My research is in atomic physics, specifically using ultracold atomic gases to explore novel topological phenomena. Outside of research, I enjoy reading fiction, writing physics-related essays and stories, doing crosswords, and making good food. View Essay

2021 Winner

Briley Lewis is a fourth-year graduate student and NSF Fellow at the University of California, Los Angeles studying Astronomy & Astrophysics. Her research focuses on how we can apply techniques from direct imaging of exoplanets to other planetary science questions. She is a member of the Astrobites collaboration, contributing author for Massive Science , and former organizer for ComSciCon-Los Angeles . She also teaches writing at UCLA in her course for first year undergraduates, “Astrobiology in Science Journalism.” Follow her on Twitter @briles_34 or visit her website www.briley-lewis.com .

2021 Runner-up

Advait Iyer is an undergraduate freshman studying engineering at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His interests include physics, soccer statistics, whistling and writing.

I am a second-year PhD student in Department of Physics and the Illinois Quantum Information Science and Technology (IQUIST) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. I completed my B.S. dual-degree in Physics and Chemistry at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. My research is in ultracold atomic physics with the goal of investigating novel states of quantum matter for experimental approaches to quantum computing. I enjoy playing the piano and all kinds of formal writing from research-driven works to musical compositions.

Hannah Pell currently works in science publishing and as a freelance science writer. She is a former Research Assistant for the Center for History of Physics at the American Institute of Physics and an alumna of the Fulbright Program. She earned her B.S. in Physics and B.A. in Music from Lebanon Valley College and her M.A. in Music Theory from the University of Oregon. Her current research interests include science policy and communication with regards to nuclear power, large-scale high energy physics collaborations, and intersections between science and labor history. She has also been appointed to the Citizens Advisory Panel for the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant decommissioning process.

John Vastola Vanderbilt University

John Vastola is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Vanderbilt University. He currently uses theoretical tools from physics to better understand how individual cells regulate how many proteins and RNA of various kinds they have. More broadly, he is interested in asking and trying to answer questions about nature; for example, how do collections of apparently inanimate atoms conspire to form our friends and family?

Zhixin Wang is a Ph.D. candidate at the Department of Applied Physics and the Yale Quantum Institute at Yale University. He completed his B.S. in electrical engineering at Tsinghua University in Beijing, and his M.S. and M.Phil. in applied physics at Yale University. His research focuses on the experimental and theoretical study of superconducting quantum circuits, microwave quantum optics, and hybrid quantum systems.

Melia Bonomo is a Ph.D. candidate in applied physics at Rice University in Houston, TX. She completed her B.S. in physics with a minor in Italian at Dickinson College in Carlisle, PA and her M.S. in applied physics at Rice. Prior to graduate school, Melia spent several years teaching high school in Italy. Her current research interest is in theoretical biophysics, with a focus on applications to studying the human brain. She also enjoys investigating the history of physics and obscure scientists, particularly those with underrepresented genders.

Flavio Del Santo is a Ph.D. student in physics at the University of Vienna and Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information. He completed his Bachelor in Physics and Astrophysics at the University of Florence (Italy) and his Masters in Theoretical Physics at the University of Vienna. His main research interests are the foundations of quantum mechanics, with a focus on the quantum measurement problem. He is also engaged in research activities in the history and philosophy of science.

Grigoris Panoutsopoulos is a Ph.D. student at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, in the Department of Philosophy and History of Science. He holds a B.Sc. in Physics and a M.A. in History and Philosophy of Science and Technology. His research has focused on the history of CERN, Modern Physics, Big Science, the relationship between theory and experiment and the contemporary crises in the field of High Energy Physics. He has made presentations in international conferences and he has published articles in international journals and edited collections. He is the co-author, of the book Borders, Bodies and Narratives of Crisis in Europe, (Palgrave Macmillan 2018).

Ryan is a first-year Ph.D. student at The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, VA. His interest in fusion began through a 2016 Summer Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internship (SULI) at General Atomics in San Diego, CA. During that summer he researched energetic particles on the DIII-D Tokamak and this experience guided him towards a research career in fusion energy and intrigued him to learn more about the history of the science.

Shaun Datta is a senior studying Physics, Mathematics, and Computer Science at MIT.

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Headquarters: 1 Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3844 | Phone: 301.209.3200

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NECO Physics Questions and Answers 2023/2024 | Essay and Objective

NECO Physics Questions and Answers 2023. I will be showing you the NECO Physics objective and theory answers as well as repeated questions for free in this post. You will also understand how NECO Physics questions are set and how to answer them.

The National Examinations Council (NECO) is an examination body in Nigeria that conducts the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination and the General Certificate in Education in June/July and December/January respectively.

Table of Contents

NECO Physics Objectives And Essay Answers 2023 (Expo)

The 2023 NECO Physics expo will be posted here today 27th July during the NECO Physics examination. Keep checking and reloading this page for the answers.

NECO 2023 Physics Answers Loading.. .

NECO Physics OBJ Answers: The Answers will soon be posted here. Be patient we are solving.

1-10: EADCAEBEBC

11-20: ECDDCDBCCB

21-30: CECBEADCBB

31-40: BADDCDCAAA

41-50: EDACDCACAA

51-60: CEBACCBCAC

Essay Answers:

(i) Solar water heaters: These are devices that use solar collectors to absorb energy from the sun and heat water for domestic or industrial use.

(ii) Solar air heaters: These are devices that use solar collectors to absorb energy from the sun and heat air for space heating or ventilation purposes.

Total Magnification = Magnification of Objective Lens × Magnification of Eyepiece Lens.

Total Magnification = 10

Magnification of Objective Lens = 2

Let “E” represent the magnification of the eyepiece lens.

Static friction is a type of friction that exists between two surfaces in contact with each other when they are not moving relative to each other.

Coefficient of static friction (μs) = Force of static friction/ Normal force

Force of static friction = 3N

Normal force = 5N

μs = 3N / 5N = 0.6

The velocity ratio of a machine is the ratio of the distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load. It is a measure of the effectiveness of a machine in transmitting force.

Velocity ratio = distance moved by effort / distance moved by load

A second order lever has the load in the middle, with the effort applied on one side and the fulcrum on the other. The effort arm is longer than the load arm, which means the machine has a mechanical advantage. Examples of second order levers include wheelbarrows and nutcrackers WHILE A third order lever has the effort applied on one end, the load on the other end, and the fulcrum in between. The load arm is longer than the effort arm, which means the machine has a mechanical disadvantage. Examples of third order levers include tweezers and shovels.

Q4&5????

– Angle of incidence (θ₁) = 60°

– Speed of light in air = 3×10⁸ m/s

– Speed of light in glass = 2×10⁸ m/s

The refractive index (n) of a medium can be calculated using the formula:

n = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in the medium

Refractive index of air (n₁):

n₁ = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in air

n₁ = 3×10⁸ m/s / 3×10⁸ m/s

Refractive index of glass (n₂):

n₂ = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in glass

n₂ = 3×10⁸ m/s / 2×10⁸ m/s

Using Snell’s law to find the angle of refraction (θ₂):

n₁ × sin(θ₁) = n₂ × sin(θ₂)

1 × sin(60°) = 1.5 × sin(θ₂)

sin(θ₂) = (1 × sin(60°)) / 1.5

sin(θ₂) = sin(60°) / 1.5

θ₂ = arcsin(sin(60°) / 1.5)

θ₂ ≈ arcsin(0.86602540378 / 1.5)

θ₂ ≈ arcsin(0.57735026919)

θ₂ ≈ 35.26°

(i) Electric motors: Electromagnets are used in electric motors to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. An electric motor contains an armature with a coil of wire that rotates within a magnetic field created by an electromagnet.

(ii) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Electromagnets are used in MRI machines to create a strong magnetic field that aligns the protons in the body’s tissues. Radio waves are then used to create images of the body’s internal structures.

The soft iron bar can be converted to a magnet by placing it in contact with a bar magnet. When the bar magnet is brought close to the soft iron bar, the magnetic domains in the soft iron bar become aligned with the magnetic field of the bar magnet. This causes the soft iron bar to become magnetized and it will now be able to attract other magnetic materials.

Reactance refers to the opposition that an electrical circuit or component exhibits to the flow of alternating current (AC). It is a fundamental concept in understanding AC circuits and is closely related to the concept of impedance.

Xc = 1/(2πfC)

Xc = Capacitive reactance in ohms (Ω)

π = 3.14 (approximate value)

f = Frequency in Hertz (Hz)

C = Capacitance in Farads (F)

Capacitive reactance (Xc) = 3000Ω

Capacitance (C) = 5µF = 5 * 10-⁶F

Rearranging the formula to solve for frequency (f):

f = 1/(2*π* Xc* C)

Substituting the given values:

f = 1/(2 * 3.14 * 3000 * 5 * 10-⁶ )

f = 1/(2 * 3.14 * 3000 * 0.000005)

f = 1/(6.28 * 0.015)

f = 1/0.0942

f=10.62Hz (approx. 2 decimal).

Photoelectrons are electrons that are emitted from a material when it absorbs electromagnetic radiation, typically in the form of photons (light). This phenomenon is known as the photoelectric effect.

Formula for threshold frequency;

F= Frequency

E = Work function(Energy)

h= Plank’s constant (6.6×10-³⁴)

Converting the work function to joules:

Work function (ϕ) = 3.5 eV = 3.5 × 1.6 × 10-¹⁹ J = 5.6 × 10-¹⁹ J

Substituting the values

F= 5.6 × 10-¹⁹/6.6×10-³⁴

F= 8.48×10¹⁴Hz

(i) Radiation exposure: X-rays are a type of ionizing radiation, which means that they can damage the DNA in cells and increase the risk of cancer. Exposure to high doses of X-rays can also cause radiation sickness, which can lead to nausea, vomiting, and hair loss.

(ii) Skin burns: X-rays can cause skin burns if the skin is exposed to a high dose of radiation. The severity of the burn depends on the dose of radiation and the duration of exposure.

(i) Soft X-rays have lower energy levels, while hard X-rays have higher energy level

(ii) Soft X-rays are commonly used in scientific research, such as studying atomic structures and electronic properties while Hard X-rays are more prevalent in medical and industrial applications, like diagnosing fractures, inspecting welds, or examining luggage at airports for security purposes.

(iii) Soft X-rays are more easily absorbed by matter than hard X-rays. As a result, softer X-rays are used to examine lighter elements, while harder X-rays are preferred for studying heavier elements in samples.

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See: NECO Civic Education Answers

NECO Physics Questions and Answers For Practice

The questions below are the NECO 2022 Physics Practice Questions. Go through them and be ready to score high in your NECO 2022 Physics Examination.

1. The equation X 150 62 => Y 150 63 + -1 + energy, represents

A. Alpha decay

B. Beta-decay

C. Gamma decay

D. Photon emission

ANSWER: B (Beta-decay)

2. The ice and steam points of a thermometer are 20mm and 100mm respectively. A temperature of 75 degree Celsius corresponds to Y mm on the thermometer. What is Y?

ANSWER: C (80mm)

3. When a yellow card is observed through a blue glass, the card would appear as

ANSWER: A (Black)

4. In a nuclear plant, the final mass of the products is 6.32×10^-27kg, while the initial mass of the reactant is 6.30×10^-27kg, the energy released in the process is (speed of light in vacuum 3.0×10^8m/s, 1eV = 1.6×10^-19J)

A. 11.25meV

B. 11.25 MJ

D. 12.25meV

ANSWER: A (11.25meV)

5. A 1.5kg stone was thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of 42m/s, What is the potential energy of the stone at the highest point reached.

6. When two objects P and Q are supplied with the same quantity of heat, the temperature change in p is observed to be twice that of Q. The mass of P is half that of Q. The ratio of the specific heat of P to Q is

ANSWER: C (1:1)

7. The following statements were made by some students describing what happened during the determination of the melting point of solids

1. The temperature of the solid was constant until melting started

2. The temperature of the solid rose until melting started

3. During melting, the temperature was rising

4. During melting, the temperature was constant

5. The temperature continued to rise after all the solid had melted.

6. The temperature stopped rising after all the solid had melted. Which of the following gives correct statements in the right order?

A. 2, 4 and 5

B. 2, 3 and 6

C. 1, 3 and 6

D. 1, 3 and 5

ANSWER: A (2, 4, and 5)

8. A silver spoon and a wooden spoon are both at room temperature. The silver spoon is cooler to touch because silver

A. has a greater density

B. can be polished

C. is a less absorbent material than wood

D. is a better conductor of heat

ANSWER: D (is a better conductor of heat)

See: NECO Timetable

NECO Physics Essay Questions

1. (a) A student makes a model of an atom. The model contains 24 electrons, 25 protons and 26 neutrons. Some of these particles are inside a nucleus at the centre of the model. (i) Determine the nucleon number (mass number) of the atom. (ii) Explain why the model represents a charged atom. (iii) The student makes a new model of a different isotope of the same element. Describe the nucleus of this new model.

Ans: 1 (a) (i) 51 B1 (ii) more protons than electrons or different number of protons and electrons positive and negative do not cancel. (iii) 25 protons. a different number of neutrons.

2. Fig. 1.1 shows the distance-time graph for two cyclists A and B. They start a 500 m race together but finish the race at different times.

(a) Use Fig. 1.1 to determine (i) the distance between A and B at time t = 20s, (ii) the difference in the time taken by A and B for the race.

(b) Cyclist C starts the race at the same time as A and B and covers the first 200m of the race at a constant speed of 5.0 m/s. He then accelerates and finishes the race at t = 60s. (i) On Fig. 1.1, draw the distance-time graph for cyclist C. (ii) Calculate the average speed of cyclist C for the whole race.

Ans: (a) (i) 60 m (ii) 12s (b) (i) straight line from origin to 200 m at 40s any line straight or curved from (40,200) to (60,500) (ii) s = d/t or 500/60 = 8.3m/s

Neco Physics Objective Sample Questions;

If a satellite travels at a constant speed round the earth in a circular orbit,

1. Which of the quantities in the list below are scalars. (a) acceleration (b) force (c) mass (e) speed.

2. The velocity of the satellite changes, but its speed is constant. State what is meant by velocity…………………….

3. Explain why the velocity changes……………………………

4. Explain what makes this satellite move in an orbit that is circular

Have a Target and Work Towards Actualizing it

You have decided to pass NECO Physics 2023 and I am sure of that. Now, the next thing you should do is set targets.

You have told yourself, “I will score A in Neco Physics 2023”, that’s not all. You need to plan on how to make it happen. Create a timetable and master plan to achieve your goals.

Get the Recommended Textbook on Physics for 2023 NECO Examination

Normally, NECO recommends books for the examination. But apart from NECO English Literature where certain novels are compulsory, you are free to use any good English Language textbook to prepare for NECO 2023 exam.

Some textbooks are more difficult to understand. If you have any topic you are finding difficult to understand, then get a textbook that will simplify the topics and make life better for you.

Do not Skip Physics Examples and Exercise you Will Come Across While Reading:

Many candidates are fond of skipping exercises and even examples while studying textbooks. In fact, we like notebooks so much that we could ask, “can I read my notebook and pass NECO Physics 2023?” Don’t be scared of attempting exercises in Biology. Face the challenges.

Note: The above questions are likely NECO Physics Questions and Answers, not the real questions

If you have any questions about the NECO Physics Questions and Answers 2023 , kindly drop your question in the comment box.

Last Updated on July 27, 2023 by Admin

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The changes will be particularly profound in energy, manufacturing and medicine, says the futurist

B Y THE TIME children born today are in kindergarten, artificial intelligence ( AI ) will probably have surpassed humans at all cognitive tasks, from science to creativity. When I first predicted in 1999 that we would have such artificial general intelligence ( AGI ) by 2029, most experts thought I’d switched to writing fiction. But since the spectacular breakthroughs of the past few years, many experts think we will have AGI even sooner—so I’ve technically gone from being an optimist to a pessimist, without changing my prediction at all.

After working in the field for 61 years—longer than anyone else alive—I am gratified to see AI at the heart of global conversation. Yet most commentary misses how large language models like Chat GPT and Gemini fit into an even larger story. AI is about to make the leap from revolutionising just the digital world to transforming the physical world as well. This will bring countless benefits, but three areas have especially profound implications: energy, manufacturing and medicine.

Sources of energy are among civilisation’s most fundamental resources. For two centuries the world has needed dirty, non-renewable fossil fuels. Yet harvesting just 0.01% of the sunlight the Earth receives would cover all human energy consumption. Since 1975, solar cells have become 99.7% cheaper per watt of capacity, allowing worldwide capacity to increase by around 2m times. So why doesn’t solar energy dominate yet?

The problem is two-fold. First, photovoltaic materials remain too expensive and inefficient to replace coal and gas completely. Second, because solar generation varies on both diurnal (day/night) and annual (summer/winter) scales, huge amounts of energy need to be stored until needed—and today’s battery technology isn’t quite cost-effective enough. The laws of physics suggest that massive improvements are possible, but the range of chemical possibilities to explore is so enormous that scientists have made achingly slow progress.

By contrast, AI can rapidly sift through billions of chemistries in simulation, and is already driving innovations in both photovoltaics and batteries. This is poised to accelerate dramatically. In all of history until November 2023, humans had discovered about 20,000 stable inorganic compounds for use across all technologies. Then, Google’s GN o ME AI discovered far more, increasing that figure overnight to 421,000. Yet this barely scratches the surface of materials-science applications. Once vastly smarter AGI finds fully optimal materials, photovoltaic megaprojects will become viable and solar energy can be so abundant as to be almost free.

Energy abundance enables another revolution: in manufacturing. The costs of almost all goods—from food and clothing to electronics and cars—come largely from a few common factors such as energy, labour (including cognitive labour like R & D and design) and raw materials. AI is on course to vastly lower all these costs.

After cheap, abundant solar energy, the next component is human labour, which is often backbreaking and dangerous. AI is making big strides in robotics that can greatly reduce labour costs. Robotics will also reduce raw-material extraction costs, and AI is finding ways to replace expensive rare-earth elements with common ones like zirconium, silicon and carbon-based graphene. Together, this means that most kinds of goods will become amazingly cheap and abundant.

These advanced manufacturing capabilities will allow the price-performance of computing to maintain the exponential trajectory of the past century—a 75-quadrillion-fold improvement since 1939. This is due to a feedback loop: today’s cutting-edge AI chips are used to optimise designs for next-generation chips. In terms of calculations per second per constant dollar, the best hardware available last November could do 48bn. Nvidia’s new B 200 GPU s exceed 500bn.

As we build the titanic computing power needed to simulate biology, we’ll unlock the third physical revolution from AI : medicine. Despite 200 years of dramatic progress, our understanding of the human body is still built on messy approximations that are usually mostly right for most patients, but probably aren’t totally right for you . Tens of thousands of Americans a year die from reactions to drugs that studies said should help them.

Yet AI is starting to turn medicine into an exact science. Instead of painstaking trial-and-error in an experimental lab, molecular biosimulation—precise computer modelling that aids the study of the human body and how drugs work—can quickly assess billions of options to find the most promising medicines. Last summer the first drug designed end-to-end by AI entered phase-2 trials for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a lung disease. Dozens of other AI -designed drugs are now entering trials.

Both the drug-discovery and trial pipelines will be supercharged as simulations incorporate the immensely richer data that AI makes possible. In all of history until 2022, science had determined the shapes of around 190,000 proteins. That year DeepMind’s AlphaFold 2 discovered over 200m, which have been released free of charge to researchers to help develop new treatments.

Much more laboratory research is needed to populate larger simulations accurately, but the roadmap is clear. Next, AI will simulate protein complexes, then organelles, cells, tissues, organs and—eventually—the whole body.

This will ultimately replace today’s clinical trials, which are expensive, risky, slow and statistically underpowered. Even in a phase-3 trial, there’s probably not one single subject who matches you on every relevant factor of genetics, lifestyle, comorbidities, drug interactions and disease variation.

Digital trials will let us tailor medicines to each individual patient. The potential is breathtaking: to cure not just diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s, but the harmful effects of ageing itself.

Today, scientific progress gives the average American or Briton an extra six to seven weeks of life expectancy each year. When AGI gives us full mastery over cellular biology, these gains will sharply accelerate. Once annual increases in life expectancy reach 12 months, we’ll achieve “longevity escape velocity”. For people diligent about healthy habits and using new therapies, I believe this will happen between 2029 and 2035—at which point ageing will not increase their annual chance of dying. And thanks to exponential price-performance improvement in computing, AI -driven therapies that are expensive at first will quickly become widely available.

This is AI ’s most transformative promise: longer, healthier lives unbounded by the scarcity and frailty that have limited humanity since its beginnings. ■

Ray Kurzweil is a computer scientist, inventor and the author of books including “The Age of Intelligent Machines” (1990), “The Age of Spiritual Machines” (1999) and “The Singularity is Near” (2005). His new book, “The Singularity is Nearer: When We Merge with AI”, will be published on June 25th.

Explore more

By invitation june 22nd 2024, vladimir putin’s war against ukraine is part of his revolution against the west.

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Scientific breakthroughs: 2024 emerging trends to watch

December 28, 2023

Across disciplines and industries, scientific discoveries happen every day, so how can you stay ahead of emerging trends in a thriving landscape? At CAS, we have a unique view of recent scientific breakthroughs, the historical discoveries they were built upon, and the expertise to navigate the opportunities ahead. In 2023, we identified the top scientific breakthroughs , and 2024 has even more to offer. New trends to watch include the accelerated expansion of green chemistry, the clinical validation of CRISPR, the rise of biomaterials, and the renewed progress in treating the undruggable, from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases. To hear what the experts from Lawrence Liverpool National Lab and Oak Ridge National Lab are saying on this topic, join us for a free webinar on January 25 from 10:00 to 11:30 a.m. EDT for a panel discussion on the trends to watch in 2024.

The ascension of AI in R&D

While the future of AI has always been forward-looking, the AI revolution in chemistry and drug discovery has yet to be fully realized. While there have been some high-profile set-backs , several breakthroughs should be watched closely as the field continues to evolve. Generative AI is making an impact in drug discovery , machine learning is being used more in environmental research , and large language models like ChatGPT are being tested in healthcare applications and clinical settings.

Many scientists are keeping an eye on AlphaFold, DeepMind’s protein structure prediction software that revolutionized how proteins are understood. DeepMind and Isomorphic Labs have recently announced how their latest model shows improved accuracy, can generate predictions for almost all molecules in the Protein Data Bank, and expand coverage to ligands, nucleic acids, and posttranslational modifications . Therapeutic antibody discovery driven by AI is also gaining popularity , and platforms such as the RubrYc Therapeutics antibody discovery engine will help advance research in this area.

Though many look at AI development with excitement, concerns over accurate and accessible training data , fairness and bias , lack of regulatory oversight , impact on academia, scholarly research and publishing , hallucinations in large language models , and even concerns over infodemic threats to public health are being discussed. However, continuous improvement is inevitable with AI, so expect to see many new developments and innovations throughout 2024.

‘Greener’ green chemistry

Green chemistry is a rapidly evolving field that is constantly seeking innovative ways to minimize the environmental impact of chemical processes. Here are several emerging trends that are seeing significant breakthroughs:

Improving green chemistry predictions/outcomes : One of the biggest challenges in green chemistry is predicting the environmental impact of new chemicals and processes. Researchers are developing new computational tools and models that can help predict these impacts with greater accuracy. This will allow chemists to design safer and more environmentally friendly chemicals.
Reducing plastics: More than 350 million tons of plastic waste is generated every year. Across the landscape of manufacturers, suppliers, and retailers, reducing the use of single-use plastics and microplastics is critical. New value-driven approaches by innovators like MiTerro that reuse industrial by-products and biomass waste for eco-friendly and cheaper plastic replacements will soon be industry expectations. Lowering costs and plastic footprints will be important throughout the entire supply chain.
Alternative battery chemistry: In the battery and energy storage space, finding alternatives to scarce " endangered elements" like lithium and cobalt will be critical. While essential components of many batteries, they are becoming scarce and expensive. New investments in lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries that do not use nickel and cobalt have expanded , with 45% of the EV market share being projected for LFP in 2029. Continued research is projected for more development in alternative materials like sodium, iron, and magnesium, which are more abundant, less expensive, and more sustainable.
More sustainable catalysts : Catalysts speed up a chemical reaction or decrease the energy required without getting consumed. Noble metals are excellent catalysts; however, they are expensive and their mining causes environmental damage. Even non-noble metal catalysts can also be toxic due to contamination and challenges with their disposal. Sustainable catalysts are made of earth-abundant elements that are also non-toxic in nature. In recent years, there has been a growing focus on developing sustainable catalysts that are more environmentally friendly and less reliant on precious metals. New developments with catalysts, their roles, and environmental impact will drive meaningful progress in reducing carbon footprints.
Recycling lithium-ion batteries: Lithium-ion recycling has seen increased investments with more than 800 patents already published in 2023. The use of solid electrolytes or liquid nonflammable electrolytes may improve the safety and durability of LIBs and reduce their material use. Finally, a method to manufacture electrodes without solvent s could reduce the use of deprecated solvents such as N-methylpyrrolidinone, which require recycling and careful handling to prevent emissions.

Rise of biomaterials

New materials for biomedical applications could revolutionize many healthcare segments in 2024. One example is bioelectronic materials, which form interfaces between electronic devices and the human body, such as the brain-computer interface system being developed by Neuralink. This system, which uses a network of biocompatible electrodes implanted directly in the brain, was given FDA approval to begin human trials in 2023.

Bioelectronic materials: are often hybrids or composites, incorporating nanoscale materials, highly engineered conductive polymers, and bioresorbable substances. Recently developed devices can be implanted, used temporarily, and then safely reabsorbed by the body without the need for removal. This has been demonstrated by a fully bioresorbable, combined sensor-wireless power receiver made from zinc and the biodegradable polymer, poly(lactic acid).
Natural biomaterials: that are biocompatible and naturally derived (such as chitosan, cellulose nanomaterials, and silk) are used to make advanced multifunctional biomaterials in 2023. For example, they designed an injectable hydrogel brain implant for treating Parkinson’s disease, which is based on reversible crosslinks formed between chitosan, tannic acid, and gold nanoparticles.
Bioinks : are used for 3D printing of organs and transplant development which could revolutionize patient care. Currently, these models are used for studying organ architecture like 3D-printed heart models for cardiac disorders and 3D-printed lung models to test the efficacy of drugs. Specialized bioinks enhance the quality, efficacy, and versatility of 3D-printed organs, structures, and outcomes. Finally, new approaches like volumetric additive manufacturing (VAM) of pristine silk- based bioinks are unlocking new frontiers of innovation for 3D printing.

To the moon and beyond

The global Artemis program is a NASA-led international space exploration program that aims to land the first woman and the first person of color on the Moon by 2025 as part of the long-term goal of establishing a sustainable human presence on the Moon. Additionally, the NASA mission called Europa Clipper, scheduled for a 2024 launch, will orbit around Jupiter and fly by Europa , one of Jupiter’s moons, to study the presence of water and its habitability. China’s mission, Chang’e 6 , plans to bring samples from the moon back to Earth for further studies. The Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) mission by Japan’s JAXA plans to bring back samples from Phobos, one of the Mars moons. Boeing is also expected to do a test flight of its reusable space capsule Starliner , which can take people to low-earth orbit.

The R&D impact of Artemis extends to more fields than just aerospace engineering, though:

Robotics: Robots will play a critical role in the Artemis program, performing many tasks, such as collecting samples, building infrastructure, and conducting scientific research. This will drive the development of new robotic technologies, including autonomous systems and dexterous manipulators.
Space medicine: The Artemis program will require the development of new technologies to protect astronauts from the hazards of space travel, such as radiation exposure and microgravity. This will include scientific discoveries in medical diagnostics, therapeutics, and countermeasures.
Earth science: The Artemis program will provide a unique opportunity to study the Moon and its environment. This will lead to new insights into the Earth's history, geology, and climate.
Materials science: The extreme space environment will require new materials that are lightweight, durable, and radiation resistant. This will have applications in many industries, including aerospace, construction, and energy.
Information technology: The Artemis program will generate a massive amount of data, which will need to be processed, analyzed, and shared in real time. This will drive the development of new IT technologies, such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and machine learning.

The CRISPR pay-off

After years of research, setbacks, and minimal progress, the first formal evidence of CRISPR as a therapeutic platform technology in the clinic was realized. Intellia Therapeutics received FDA clearance to initiate a pivotal phase 3 trial of a new drug for the treatment of hATTR, and using the same Cas9 mRNA, got a new medicine treating a different disease, angioedema. This was achieved by only changing 20 nucleotides of the guide RNA, suggesting that CRISPR can be used as a therapeutic platform technology in the clinic.

The second great moment for CRISPR drug development technology came when Vertex and CRISPR Therapeutics announced the authorization of the first CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited therapy, CASGEVY™, by the United Kingdom MHRA, for the treatment of sickle cell disease and transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia. This was the first approval of a CRISPR-based therapy for human use and is a landmark moment in realizing the potential of CRISPR to improve human health.

In addition to its remarkable genome editing capability, the CRISPR-Cas system has proven to be effective in many applications, including early cancer diagnosis . CRISPR-based genome and transcriptome engineering and CRISPR-Cas12a and CRISPR-Cas13a appear to have the necessary characteristics to be robust detection tools for cancer therapy and diagnostics. CRISPR-Cas-based biosensing system gives rise to a new era for precise diagnoses of early-stage cancers.

MIT engineers have also designed a new nanoparticle DNA-encoded nanosensor for urinary biomarkers that could enable early cancer diagnoses with a simple urine test. The sensors, which can detect cancerous proteins, could also distinguish the type of tumor or how it responds to treatment.

Ending cancer

The immuno-oncology field has seen tremendous growth in the last few years. Approved products such as cytokines, vaccines, tumor-directed monoclonal antibodies, and immune checkpoint blockers continue to grow in market size. Novel therapies like TAC01-HER2 are currently undergoing clinical trials. This unique therapy uses autologous T cells, which have been genetically engineered to incorporate T cell Antigen Coupler (TAC) receptors that recognize human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) presence on tumor cells to remove them. This could be a promising therapy for metastatic, HER2-positive solid tumors.

Another promising strategy aims to use the CAR-T cells against solid tumors in conjunction with a vaccine that boosts immune response. Immune boosting helps the body create more host T cells that can target other tumor antigens that CAR-T cells cannot kill.

Another notable trend is the development of improved and effective personalized therapies. For instance, a recently developed personalized RNA neoantigen vaccine, based on uridine mRNA–lipoplex nanoparticles, was found effective against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Major challenges in immuno-oncology are therapy resistance, lack of predictable biomarkers, and tumor heterogenicity. As a result, devising novel treatment strategies could be a future research focus.

Decarbonizing energy

Multiple well-funded efforts are underway to decarbonize energy production by replacing fossil fuel-based energy sources with sources that generate no (or much less) CO2 in 2024.

One of these efforts is to incorporate large-scale energy storage devices into the existing power grid. These are an important part of enabling the use of renewable sources since they provide additional supply and demand for electricity to complement renewable sources. Several types of grid-scale storage that vary in the amount of energy they can store and how quickly they can discharge it into the grid are under development. Some are physical (flywheels, pumped hydro, and compressed air) and some are chemical (traditional batteries, flow batteries , supercapacitors, and hydrogen ), but all are the subject of active chemistry and materials development research. The U.S. government is encouraging development in this area through tax credits as part of the Inflation Reduction Act and a $7 billion program to establish regional hydrogen hubs.

Meanwhile, nuclear power will continue to be an active R&D area in 2024. In nuclear fission, multiple companies are developing small modular reactors (SMRs) for use in electricity production and chemical manufacturing, including hydrogen. The development of nuclear fusion reactors involves fundamental research in physics and materials science. One major challenge is finding a material that can be used for the wall of the reactor facing the fusion plasma; so far, candidate materials have included high-entropy alloys and even molten metals .

Neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases are a major public health concern, being a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. While there is currently no cure for any neurodegenerative disease, new scientific discoveries and understandings of these pathways may be the key to helping patient outcomes.

Alzheimer’s disease: Two immunotherapeutics have received FDA approval to reduce both cognitive and functional decline in individuals living with early Alzheimer's disease. Aducannumab (Aduhelm®) received accelerated approval in 2021 and is the first new treatment approved for Alzheimer’s since 2003 and the first therapy targeting the disease pathophysiology, reducing beta-amyloid plaques in the brains of early Alzheimer’s disease patients. Lecanemab (Leqembi®) received traditional approval in 2023 and is the first drug targeting Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology to show clinical benefits, reducing the rate of disease progression and slowing cognitive and functional decline in adults with early stages of the disease.
Parkinson’s disease: New treatment modalities outside of pharmaceuticals and deep brain stimulation are being researched and approved by the FDA for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease symptoms. The non-invasive medical device, Exablate Neuro (approved by the FDA in 2021), uses focused ultrasound on one side of the brain to provide relief from severe symptoms such as tremors, limb rigidity, and dyskinesia. 2023 brought major news for Parkinson’s disease research with the validation of the biomarker alpha-synuclein. Researchers have developed a tool called the α-synuclein seeding amplification assay which detects the biomarker in the spinal fluid of people diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease and individuals who have not shown clinical symptoms.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): Two pharmaceuticals have seen FDA approval in the past two years to slow disease progression in individuals with ALS. Relyvrio ® was approved in 2022 and acts by preventing or slowing more neuron cell death in patients with ALS. Tofersen (Qalsody®), an antisense oligonucleotide, was approved in 2023 under the accelerated approval pathway. Tofersen targets RNA produced from mutated superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) genes to eliminate toxic SOD1 protein production. Recently published genetic research on how mutations contribute to ALS is ongoing with researchers recently discovering how NEK1 gene mutations lead to ALS. This discovery suggests a possible rational therapeutic approach to stabilizing microtubules in ALS patients.

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El Niño forecasts extended to 18 months with physics-based model

by University of Hawaii at Manoa

El Niño forecasts extended to 18 months with innovative physics-based model

Across Asia, the Pacific Ocean, and the Americas, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) brings variations in winds, weather, and ocean temperature that can cause droughts, floods, crop failures, and food shortages. Recently, the world has experienced a major El Niño event in 2023–2024, dramatically impacting weather, climate, ecosystems, and economies globally.

By developing an innovative modeling approach, researchers from the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa are now able to forecast ENSO events up to 18 months ahead of time—significantly improving conventional climate model forecasting.

Their findings, which meld insights into the physics of the ocean and atmosphere with predictive accuracy, were published in Nature .

"We have developed a new conceptual model—the so-called extended nonlinear recharge oscillator (XRO) model—that significantly improves predictive skill of ENSO events at over one year in advance, better than global climate models and comparable to the most skillful AI forecasts," said Sen Zhao, lead author of the study and an assistant researcher in SOEST.

"Our model effectively incorporates the fundamental physics of ENSO and ENSO's interactions with other climate patterns in the global oceans that vary from season to season."

Scientists have been working for decades to improve ENSO predictions given its global environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Traditional operational forecasting models have struggled to successfully predict ENSO with lead times exceeding one year.

AI helps power new forecast

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have pushed these boundaries, achieving accurate predictions up to 16–18 months in advance. However, the "black box" nature of AI models has precluded attribution of this accuracy to specific physical processes.

Not being able to explain the source of the predictability in the AI models results in low confidence that these predictions will be successful for future events as the Earth continues to warm, changing the currents in the oceans and atmosphere.

"Unlike the 'black box' nature of AI models, our XRO model offers a transparent view into the mechanisms of the equatorial Pacific recharge-discharge physics and its interactions with other climate patterns outside of tropical Pacific," explained Fei-Fei Jin, the corresponding author and professor of atmospheric sciences in SOEST.

"The initial states of the extratropical Pacific, tropical Indian Ocean, and Atlantic enhance ENSO predictability in distinct seasons. For the first time, we are able to robustly quantify their impact on ENSO predictability, thus deepening our knowledge of ENSO physics and its sources of predictability."

Climate model shortcomings, improvements

"Our findings also identify shortcomings in the latest generation of climate models that lead to their failure in predicting ENSO accurately," said Malte Stuecker, assistant professor of oceanography in SOEST and study co-author.

"To improve ENSO predictions, climate models must correctly capture the key physics of ENSO and additionally, three compounding aspects of other climate patterns in the global oceans: accurate knowledge of the state of each of these climate patterns when the ENSO forecasts starts, the correct seasonally varying 'ocean memory' of each of these climate patterns, and correct representations of how each of these other climate patterns affect ENSO in different seasons."

"Different sources of predictability lead to distinct ENSO event evolutions," said Philip Thompson, associate professor of oceanography in SOEST and co-author of the study. "We are now able to provide skillful, long lead time predictions of this 'ENSO diversity,' which is critical as different flavors of ENSO have very different impacts on global climate and individual communities."

"In addition to El Niño, the new XRO model also improves predictability of other climate variabilities in tropical Indian and Atlantic Oceans, such as the Indian Ocean Dipole, which can significantly alter the local and global weather patterns beyond the impacts of El Niño," added Zhao.

Future directions

The implications of this research are far-reaching, offering prospects for more accurate and longer lead time ENSO predictions and global climate model improvements.

Though ENSO originates in the tropical Pacific, we can no longer think of it as a tropical Pacific Ocean problem only, either from a modeling and prediction perspective or from an observational perspective. The global tropics and the higher latitudes are integral to improving seasonal climate forecasts.

"By tracing model shortcomings and understanding these climate pattern interactions with our new conceptual XRO model, we can substantially refine our global climate models," remarked Stuecker.

"This paves the way for the next-generation of global climate models to incorporate these findings, improving our approach to predicting and mitigating the effects of climate variability and change. Such advancements are crucial for societal preparations and adaptations to climate-related hazards."

The UH team of researchers was rounded out with contributing authors from Columbia University, NOAA, Korea, and China.

Journal information: Nature

Provided by University of Hawaii at Manoa

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Americans’ Views of Government’s Role: Persistent Divisions and Areas of Agreement

Wide majorities of Biden and Trump supporters oppose cuts to Social Security

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Views on the efficiency of government
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Acknowledgments
The American Trends Panel survey methodology

Pew Research Center conducted this study to understand Americans’ attitudes about U.S. government, such as its size and role.

This report is based primarily on a survey of 8,709 adults, including 7,166 registered voters, from April 8 to 14, 2024. Some of the analysis in this report is based on a survey of 8,638 adults from May 13 to 19, 2024.

Everyone who took part in these surveys is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology .

Here are the questions used for the report and its methodology .

While the economy, immigration and abortion have emerged as major issues in the 2024 election, Joe Biden and Donald Trump also have dramatically different ideas about the size and role of government.

Chart shows Deep divides between Biden and Trump supporters on size, scope of government

These differences reflect decades-old divisions between Democrats and Republicans over the scope of government.

Among registered voters, large majorities of Biden supporters – roughly three-quarters or more – favor a bigger, more activist government.

74% say they would rather have a bigger government providing more services.
76% say government should do more to solve problems.
80% say government aid to the poor “does more good than harm.”

Trump supporters, by comparable margins, take the opposing view on all three questions.

The Pew Research Center survey of 8,709 adults – including 7,166 registered voters – conducted April 8-14, 2024, examines Americans’ views of the role and scope of government , the social safety net and long-term trends in trust in the federal government .

Democratic support for bigger government is little changed in the last five years but remains higher than it was a decade ago. Republicans’ views have shifted less over the last 10 years.

Among all adults, about three-quarters of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents favor a bigger government, up from about six-in-ten in 2014 and 2015. The share of Republicans and Republican leaners who prefer a bigger government has increased only modestly over the same period.

Democratic support for bigger government, while slightly lower than in 2021 (78%), remains at nearly its highest level in five decades. During Bill Clinton’s presidency in the 1990s, fewer than half of Democrats said they preferred a bigger government with more services.

Voters continue to express very different views about government’s role in specific areas than about the government generally.

Chart shows By wide margins, Biden and Trump supporters oppose reducing Social Security benefits

A large majority of voters (80%) – including 82% of Biden supporters and 78% of Trump supporters – say that in thinking about the long-term future of Social Security, benefits should not be reduced in any way.

However, Biden supporters are more likely than Trump supporters to say Social Security should cover more people with greater benefits.

46% of Biden supporters favor expanding Social Security coverage and benefits, compared with 28% of Trump supporters.

Most Americans (65%) continue to say the federal government has a responsibility to make sure all Americans have health care coverage.

Democrats overwhelmingly (88%) say the federal government has this responsibility, compared with 40% of Republicans.

Nearly two-thirds of Americans say the federal government has a responsibility to ensure health coverage for all

The share of Republicans who say the government has a responsibility to provide health coverage has increased 8 percentage points since 2021, from 32% to 40%.

There are wide income differences among Republicans in opinions about the government’s role in health care:

56% of Republicans with lower family incomes say the government has a responsibility to provide health coverage for all, compared with 36% of those with middle incomes and 29% of higher-income Republicans.

When asked how the government should provide health coverage, 36% of Americans say it should be provided through a single national program, while 28% say it should be through a mix of government and private programs. These views have changed little in recent years.

Democrats continue to be more likely than Republicans to favor a “single payer” government health insurance program (53% vs. 18%).

Other key findings in this report

Americans’ trust in the federal government remains low but has modestly increased since last year. Today, 22% of American adults say they trust the government to do what is right always or most of the time, which is up from 16% in June 2023.
While the public overall is divided over the nation’s ability to solve important problems, young adults are notably pessimistic about the country’s ability to solve problems . About half of Americans (52%) say the U.S. can’t solve many of its important problems, while 47% say it can find a way to solve problems and get what it wants. Roughly six-in-ten adults under age 30 (62%) say the nation can’t solve major problems, the highest share in any age group and 16 points higher than two years ago.

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ABOUT PEW RESEARCH CENTER Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .

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Trump supporters, by comparable margins, take the opposing view on all three questions. The Pew Research Center survey of 8,709 adults - including 7,166 registered voters - conducted April 8-14, 2024, examines Americans' views of the role and scope of government, the social safety net and long-term trends in trust in the federal government.