buy
need
get
next/later
also/plus
whole
enough
Download a list of more formal/informal words
The price went up. The price rose/increased.
The client asked for a contract. The client requested a contract.
The problems have come back. The problems have returned.
We will cut down on spending. We will reduce spending.
I’m, you’re, can’t, don’t, wasn’t, it’s…
The shipment hasn’t arrived. The shipment has not arrived.
They’re manufactured in China. They are manufactured in China.
He’s the director of marketing. He is the director of marketing.
We’d like to inform you… We would like to inform you…
What about this? – The company’s employees
This is OK to use in formal English because it’s a possessive, NOT a contraction! It means “The employees of the company.”
With possessives, you can use either ‘s or “of the” – but try to avoid using “of the” multiple times in a single phrase:
the terms of the client’s contract NOT: the terms of the contract of the client
Idiom: The software is a piece of cake.
Slang: A million bucks in profit.
Text speak: Tks & we look 4ward 2 meeting u.
Also avoid shortened words:
The info was incomplete. The information was incomplete.
The results have arrived from the lab. The results have arrived from the laboratory.
fruits and veggies fruits and vegetables
1. phrasal verbs & contractions = ok.
Could you look over this report? look over = review and check for errors
She came up with a great idea. came up with = created, invented, thought of
I’m available on Friday morning. The directors weren’t happy.
This project is on the back burner. on the back burner = not a priority at the moment
We’re operating in the red. in the red = no money, negative cash flow
Semi-formal (inviting your boss): “Would you like to join me for lunch?” Informal (inviting your best friend): “Hey, wanna grab a bite to eat?”
Semi-formal: “Hello, how are you?” Informal: “Wassup?”
Semi-formal: “The conference was great!” Informal: “It was awesome!” “It was the bomb!”
Say “I’d like…” instead of “I want…”
When making requests, use “could you” and “please,” don’t just give commands: Say “Could you please call me later?” and not just “Call me later.”
Another part of polite English is making criticisms and negative comments in an indirect way:
You’re wrong. I’m afraid you’re mistaken.
I disagree. I’m of a different opinion. / I see it differently.
This is terrible work. This could be improved.
I don’t like it. I don’t really care for it. It’s not my cup of tea. I’d prefer…
1. shorter, simpler sentences – perfect grammar is not as important.
(So don’t be so nervous about mistakes when speaking!)
“Have you finished your work yet?” –> “Finished your work yet?”
“I’m really liking this book.” (“like” should technically not be in the -ING form here)
“But I don’t think so.”
Starting sentences with “but,” ending sentences with prepositions, using sentence fragments – these are all done in informal spoken English.
This is one reason that watching movies and TV shows in English is difficult… even if you have good vocabulary and grammar! You may not have learned the phrasal verbs, slang, and idioms in your textbook.
Phrasal verb: “I won’t put up with this!” put up with = tolerate
Idiom: “Could you give me a hand ?” give me a hand = help me
Slang: “I aced the test!” aced = got an excellent grade
The Phrasal Verbs in Conversation Course and the English Idioms Course can help you learn these expressions in context!
He’s gonna be angry. gonna = going to
I wanna learn how to ski. wanna = want to
Didja like the movie? didja = did you
We hafta leave now. hafta = have to
I bought apples n grapes. n = and
Business English Course – Focuses on formal and semi-formal English used in meetings, presentations, interviews, letters and e-mails, and vocabulary for jobs and careers.
Everyday English Speaking Course – Daily situations, socializing, phrases, expressions not found in textbooks, how native English speakers say things in real life.
Phrasal Verbs in Conversation – Teaches phrasal verbs in context, through dialogues, making it easier to learn and understand them. Quizzes and writing exercises help you put the phrasal verbs into practice immediately.
More espresso english lessons:, about the author.
Shayna Oliveira is the founder of Espresso English, where you can improve your English fast - even if you don’t have much time to study. Millions of students are learning English from her clear, friendly, and practical lessons! Shayna is a CELTA-certified teacher with 10+ years of experience helping English learners become more fluent in her English courses.
We use formal language in situations that are serious or that involve people we don’t know well. Informal language is more commonly used in situations that are more relaxed and involve people we know well.
Formal language is more common when we write; informal language is more common when we speak. However, there are times where writing can be very informal, for example, when writing postcards or letters to friends, emails or text messages. There are also examples where spoken English can be very formal, for example, in a speech or a lecture. Most uses of English are neutral; that is, they are neither formal nor informal.
Formal language and informal language are associated with particular choices of grammar and vocabulary.
Contractions, relative clauses without a relative pronoun and ellipsis are more common in informal language.
. | informal: = contraction |
formal | |
informal: relative clause without the relative pronoun |
Formal | |
Informal: ellipsis (more likely to be written or texted than spoken) |
More formal vocabulary commonly involves longer words or words with origins in Latin and Greek. More informal vocabulary commonly involves shorter words, or words with origins in Anglo-Saxon. Most dictionaries indicate very informal and/or formal words.
formal | informal |
commence | start |
terminate | end |
endeavour | try |
We often choose to use certain modal verbs to be more formal and polite:
Can I suggest you try this new model? (neutral)
May I suggest you try this new model? (more formal)
Might I suggest you try this new model? (very formal)
Contractions
Speech into writing
Word of the Day
enterprising
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good at thinking of and doing new and difficult things, especially things that will make money
Fakes and forgeries (Things that are not what they seem to be)
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Know the Differences & Comparisons
Our choice of the form of writing mainly depends on the fact – to whom we are writing to? Secondly, the matter we are going to discuss in our write up also decides the writing style, because if we are writing on a serious matter, then an informal way of writing will not be considered suitable in that case. So, in this article, you will get to know the details of these two writing styles along with its do’s and don’ts.
Comparison chart.
Basis for Comparison | Formal Writing | Informal Writing |
---|---|---|
Meaning | A formal writing style is one which is used for business, legal or professional purposes. | An informal writing style is used when we are writing for some personal or casual reason. |
Sentences | Long and Complex Sentences | Short and Simple Sentences |
Language | Formulaic | Direct |
Voice | Passive Voice | Active Voice |
Interjections | Not used | Used |
Personal pronoun | Third person | First and second person |
Tone | Professional and official | Personal and friendly |
A formal piece of writing is used when we do not have any idea of the person, or when we know the person but haven’t exchanged words, or we are not having familiar terms with the person who receives the letter. Here, we use formal language which indicates dignified and deferential regard for the reader. It is used when writing for academic, professional and legal purposes.
Formal Writing is a bit difficult as we have to consider some important points are to be kept in mind with respect to:
The informal style of writing is one used for personal and casual conversation, wherein friendly and colloquial language is used. In an informal writing style, personal and emotional tone is used, and the reader is directly referred by the words ‘you’ or ‘your’. It is used when writing personal emails, text messages, letters to friends and family etc. It is a direct form of writing which uses:
The differences between formal and informal writing can be drawn clearly on the following grounds:
Both formal and informal writing is used in our day to day life but in different situations. We just need to think about the reader and the topic of your discussion, before choosing the writing style. When the topic is quite serious and objective, the formal writing style is suitable. It is also used when the write up is addressed to some respectable person or institution.
On the other hand, informal writing is best suited when you are communicating with your family, friends and acquaintances. Further, if the matter of discussion is not very serious, then also informal writing can be used, subject to, you are comfortable with the reader, in talking informally.
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May 19, 2022 at 2:34 pm
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If you are on this page then I think you must have heard about these terms formal essay and informal essay. Basically, these are the two categories to differentiate in the essay. Whenever you are writing an essay, it will probably fall into one of these categories.
Essay writing is not a difficult task but when we talk about the difference between formal and informal essays then some beginners get confused with these two different types of essays. This article is specially written for those people who want to understand the difference between formal and informal essays.
If you are also wondering about the difference between formal and informal essays then you must read this article.
Informal essays, 1. purpose of writing, 2. writing tone, 3. writing language, 4. writing characteristics, 5. structure of writing, 6. evidence for facts and data, final words on the difference between formal and informal essay, what is the difference between formal and informal essays.
A formal essay is one of the writing styles and categories in essay writing. A formal essay is written using a well-organized structure, vocabulary and punctuation. A formal essay is conducted with a formal tone and writing style and is more focused on giving readers a valuable perspective or solution.
A formal essay follows an academic and professional writing style. A formal essay does not contain informational words and the personal experience of the writer.
Informal essays tend to be more personal messages and conversations. Informal essays do not follow an academic and professional writing style and may include humorous words and personal opinions.
Writing an informal essay doesn’t require much topic research and grammar knowledge because it is more about just writing personal opinions.
Both formal and informal essays are different categories of essay writing and they have some major differences. Below I have tried to write down some of the key points for the difference between formal and informal essays.
The purpose of formal essay writing is to present solutions and information for a specific topic. A formal essay includes a well-organized structure to represent logical arguments and thoughts.
Whereas an informal essay is a matter of expressing personal views and opinions on a specific topic.
The writing style and tone of both formal and informal essays are different. A formal essay is written in a professional manner. It excludes informal words and personal thoughts and focuses more on academic and professional writing.
Whereas an informal essay is more like a conversational message and may include some humorous words, and personal opinions.
A formal essay is written in formal language. It does not include personal expression or personal tone. While an informal essay may include informal language and words and personal thoughts and expressions.
Formal essay writing always includes only third-person pronouns. Some of the third-person pronouns are he, him, himself, she, her, herself, etc. While an informal essay mostly uses first personal pronouns. Some of the first-person pronouns are I, Me, My, We, Our, etc.
A formal essay follows an organized structure and focuses on easy navigation for readers to understand and connect with each paragraph. It includes typical academic content writing sections such as the introduction, main body and conclusion.
Informal essays, on the other hand, do not follow any structure. It can be flexible and the structure can vary from writer to writer. It is only focused on representing the idea and experience.
Formal essays usually require evidence for the statements, research, or data shown in the essay. Evidence and proof are not required in informal essays but sometimes you may need some proof to support your statement or idea.
Also Read: Guide for writing an essay fast and quickly
I hope the above key points helped you understand the difference between formal and informal essays. These are some key checks that you can use to identify whether an essay is formal or informal. Let me know if you still have any confusion
Formal essays are written in a professional manner using good grammar, research, and evidence while informal essays are more like a conversational message.
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In writing, when should one use the abbreviation vs. as opposed to the full versus ?
This abbreviation seems to have special status from common usage. What is the origin of that, and in what writing contexts is it important?
In American legal documents, "v." is normally used as the abbreviation of "versus" when describing the parties in a case, like if Mr Jones sues the XYZ Corporation the case will be called "Jones v. XYZ Corp". Or if the government charges someone with a crime, it will be "The United States v. Fred Jones".
Outside of legal documents, "versus" is normally abbreviated "vs."
As to when to spell it out and when to use the abbreviation, this is a matter of the level of formality of the document. Some "standard" abbreviations are accepted in contexts where most abbreviations would not be, like "etc." and "et al.". I think "vs." would be one step less formal than those, but it would not be out of place to use "vs." in documents where, say, you wouldn't abbreviate "committee" to "cmte." and the like.
That's not a very definitive answer, but many of these language rules aren't.
This is a matter of style; there is no universal rule.
The Guardian Style Guide says :
v for versus, not vs: England v Australia, Rochdale v Sheffield Wednesday, etc
What feels right to me is to use an abbreviation (v or vs; but be consistent) in the context above -- naming sports matches, court cases etc -- and spell the word versus in full for all other uses.
Versus is first recorded in English, in a legal context, in the mid-fifteenth century. It is frequently abbreviated, as you say, to v. , but ver. and vs. are also found. In fact, vs. is the only abbreviation in the supporting citations in the Oxford English Dictionary. The extent to which it might be advisable to use the full form will depend on the formality of the document in which it appears, but v. should be appropriate in many cases. It is, for example, found in the titles of law suits.
I would suggest
v. in legal and related use, opposing sports teams, maybe political battles even
versus when it is expressly mandated or when you fall short of character count
vs. in all other cases, with or without italicization
This is not based on any style guide, only a quick and easy reference. The full form is rarely used, so much so most do not even recognize it for what it is.
Mr Pacerier says "by conventional rules" it's "vs." with a fullstop. I thought that if you had first and last letter of the word there was no need for the stop. The important thing though in v versus v. versus vs versus vs. and versus vs against is surely choosing one and being consistent in your text. On a lighter note, I've seen people write "verses" ... nice to think poetically about a rather prosaic matter.
Lincoln’s opponents turned his ‘house divided’ speech against him.
Francis S. Barry is the author of “ Back Roads and Better Angels: A Journey Into the Heart of American Democracy .”
President Biden’s recent speech in Normandy , highlighting the choice the world faces between democracy and autocracy, underscored what has been clear since he kicked off his reelection campaign in January: He is running as a democrat as much as a Democrat.
Can he turn the election into a referendum on democracy — and win? The answer might depend on whether he learns from a political blunder made by the man he often lionizes: Abraham Lincoln.
Biden’s defense of democracy in Normandy was so Mom and apple pie that it could easily have been given by every Republican president in the post-World War II era. Yet some Republicans attacked it as partisan. In fact, anytime Biden defends democracy, Republicans seek to paint him as the “divider in chief.” The campaign strategy they are deploying — graft your own biggest weakness onto your opponent — is how Lincoln found himself accused of pushing the country toward war in 1858, after he uttered a line that is one of the most famous and enduring pieces of political rhetoric.
“A house divided against itself cannot stand,” Lincoln said, quoting from the New Testament, as he kicked off his campaign for the U.S. Senate. He was warning of what slavery’s supporters would attempt to do — legalize it everywhere — if they succeeded in spreading it into the territories, as allowed under the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Nearly every modern-day president has invoked Lincoln’s phrase, often as part of an appeal to national unity during election season. Usually forgotten, however, is that those words might have helped cost Lincoln the Senate race, as Lincoln scholar Allen Guelzo has noted .
Although Lincoln aimed to inspire unity against the spread of slavery, Democrats turned the metaphor around on him, accusing him of inflaming tensions and pushing the country toward conflict — precisely what they themselves had been doing through their support of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and growing talk of secession.
Although belief in the Bible transcended partisanship, Lincoln’s all-or-nothing rhetoric gave his opponents an opening to paint him as a divisive extremist. Republicans are now doing much the same to Biden for attempting to rally voters around another sacred text — the Constitution — and arguing that MAGA Republicans threaten the country and democracy.
Given Republican support for the effort to overturn the 2020 election, Biden is justified in leveling this charge, just as Lincoln was in using the “house divided” metaphor. But that doesn’t mean he should.
Attacking Trump’s supporters, which did not work out for Hillary Clinton in 2016, allows Republicans to depict Biden’s appeals to unity as a fraud. Even worse, it affirms the way Donald Trump wants voters to see the election, which is the same way some in the South viewed the 1860 election — as Armageddon. Win or the country perishes.
If Biden makes a parallel argument — win or democracy dies — he will be playing on Trump’s side of the field, where points are scored through fear and intimidation, giving Trump a decided advantage.
So what can Biden learn from Lincoln?
In his first debate with Stephen Douglas , where he was forced into a defensive posture over his “house divided” speech, Lincoln deployed four strategies Biden could benefit from.
First, he put his wit to work, mocking Douglas for his criticism of the biblical verse in ways that disarmed and endeared. Biden, who revels in Irish American blarney, should have more fun cutting Trump down to size. An old uncle who can crack up a room wins hearts.
Second, Lincoln separated himself from his party’s radical wing, assuring his audience that he was neither an abolitionist nor a believer in Black equality, and reaffirming his support for the right of enslavers to reclaim their “fugitives.” The Biden campaign should look for opportunities to underscore its separation from the party’s far left, especially on issues where Trump is inflaming fear, such as crime, “wokeism” and border security.
Third, Lincoln went out of his way to express personal understanding of his opponents and solidarity with them, saying that Southerners “are just what we would be in their situation.” Biden should not hesitate to say much the same of Trump’s supporters. Doing so will strengthen his call for unity by sending a more welcoming message to undecided voters, depriving Republicans of the kind of advantage they gained from Clinton’s “basket of deplorables” remark.
Fourth, and most crucially, Lincoln reframed the debate. Without giving an inch on the principle that mattered most to him — upholding what he saw as the Founders’ vision of containing slavery for the purpose of eventually extinguishing it — he emphasized how local differences are part and parcel of the “bonds of Union.” In other words, as long as Americans kept faith with the Founders, a house divided against itself could stand.
Biden, too, can refuse to give an inch on the principle that matters most to him: the rule of law and the peaceful transfer of power. But at the same time, he can highlight how tolerance of differences, even on the most controversial issues, is part of what unifies the nation. A bitterly divided people can stand together, as long as we hold to the rule of law and what sustains it: respecting election outcomes.
Although these tactics were not enough to carry Lincoln to victory in 1858, they ultimately helped lift him into the White House, where they remained hallmarks of his leadership.
Having retired his “house divided” line, Lincoln used his inaugural address to embrace secessionists as “friends,” to refer to their shared “bonds of affection” and to call upon the “better angels of our nature” to “swell the chorus of the Union.” Although he could not prevent war, his refusal to engage in righteous condemnation of his opponents helped him win over Northern Democrats, earn reelection and save the country.
If Biden runs a house-divided campaign, Lincoln’s 1858 fate will loom over him. But if he runs a better-angels campaign, he could again swell the chorus of the Union — and begin, as Lincoln had hoped to do in his second term, to bind up the nation’s wounds.
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Mays, who died on Tuesday at 93, had been perfect for so long that the shock of seeing baseball get the best of him was the shock of seeing a god become mortal.
By Kurt Streeter
At the end, the Say Hey Kid looked nothing like the extraordinary force who had been at the center of the American imagination for much of the 20th century.
The Kid — Willie Mays — struggled at the plate and stumbled on the basepaths. A line drive arced his way, easily catchable for Mays during most of his career. But he fell. Another outfield mistake caused the game to be tied in the ninth inning.
He was a creaky-kneed 42 years old on that October afternoon, Game 2 of the 1973 World Series — Mays’s New York Mets in Oakland facing the A’s. On the grandest stage, the ravages of time had settled upon the game’s most gilded star.
That he would redeem himself at the plate three innings later is often forgotten. The unthinkable had happened. Mays had not only failed, he had appeared lost, clumsy and out of sorts.
The shock of seeing him that way would linger long past his playing days as a warning: Don’t be like Willie Mays, sticking around too long, stumbling in center field, a shadow of his former self. Such became the axiom, uttered in so many words by everyone from politicians to business leaders to commentators weighing in on great athletes who yearn to play into their twilight.
Quit before it is too late.
In retirement, Mays, who died on Tuesday at 93, did his best to ignore the game that would be his last. But there is another way to view its echoes.
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Differences Between Informal and Formal Essays. When writing your extended essay you should use language that is formal and academic in tone. The chart below gives you some idea of the differences between informal and formal essays. See the box below for examples of the differences in tone in informal and formal essays written on identical topics.
Formal vs. Informal Language. Effective writing has a lot to do with not only what you write but also how you write it. The type of language you use—formal or informal—must suit your audience and setting. If you want your message to resonate, then it wouldn't be a good idea to use colloquialisms in formal settings.
An essay is a focused piece of writing designed to inform or persuade. There are many different types of essay, but they are often defined in four categories: argumentative, expository, narrative, and descriptive essays. Argumentative and expository essays are focused on conveying information and making clear points, while narrative and ...
Knowing the difference between formal and informal writing is only half the battle. The other important aspect is knowing which to use. Here are some examples of when you would use formal vs informal writing. Use Formal Writing When: Writing professionally (reaching out to a client or prospect) Academic writings (essays, research papers, etc.)
A formal essay is a well-structured piece of writing with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. This type of essay often includes cited research, uses an academic tone, and is written in 3rd person. While writing a formal essay, it's necessary to back up your arguments with factual evidence. What Is an Informal Essay vs. Formal Essay?
We break down some key elements of how to write for a formal and an informal audience, with examples of formal vs. informal writing along the way.
Whether you use formal or informal style in writing will depend on the assignment itself, its subject, purpose, and audience. Formal language is characterized by the use of standard English, more complex sentence structures, infrequent use of personal pronouns, and lack of colloquial or slang terms.. Informal language allows the use of nonstandard English forms, colloquial vocabulary and ...
For me, how language is used in a piece of writing is less about the level of formality of the writing context and more about audience and purpose. First, let's consider formal vs. informal writing with respect to APA Style. APA Style does include some "don'ts" such as to avoid using contractions and slang, but APA Style also makes it ...
Formal tone: A living organism's cell strives to maintain a mineral balance, keeping potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and other minerals in appropriate ratios inside and outside of the cell. Informal tone: Your body's cells work on keeping a balance between the minerals inside and outside of the cell. 3.
FORMAL WRITING: ü Do not use contractions. Ø "can't, shouldn't, they're" instead use "cannot, should not, they are". ü Do not use first person language, use third person instead. Ø "I feel like the author wants to make us happy.". Ø "The author uses a writing technique to promote a happy feeling in her audience.".
A formal essay will use the third-person perspective and follow a logical structure that includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. ... When considering the use of formal vs ...
The advantage of formal English is that it helps people communicate by providing a standard style of writing. This is why colleges use academic English, but being able to use formal language is valuable elsewhere, too. The important thing is knowing when to use formal English: e.g. at work, in college papers, when communicating with authority ...
Informal vs. Formal Writing. At Guilford you will do both informal and formal writing. Let's look at informal writing first. The phrase is actually a misnomer. "Informal writing" suggests writing that is casual, unimportant. The true situation is just the opposite. Informal writing may be the most important writing you do.
An essay is a short piece of non-fiction writing that dives into a particular subject matter. So what is a formal essay?A formal essay is an essay that uses more formality than other kinds of ...
Reserve "you" for when it really can encompass everyone (and that is a rare thing). Formal Vs. Informal Writing. What determines whether your writing is informal or formal is. the type of writing it is (letter, report, email, memo, brief), and. the intended audience is (friend, boss, family member, review board, judge).
The Formal and Informal Essay ESSAY: FORMAL The formal essay is a serious written discussion through which a writer conveys a viewpoint on a designated subject. The purpose of the formal essay is to write about a significant subject by focusing on the ideas rather than the person speaking.
Formal vs. informal There is a clear difference in register between 'familiar' and 'ceremonial' styles. However, academic writing may require some cross registering with 'informal' and 'formal' styles; therefore, it is important to understand the differences in the language used and when cross registering is possible.
Formal - Textbooks, official reports, academic articles, essays, business letters, contracts, official speeches. Semi-formal - Day-to-day interaction with colleagues and teachers, popular magazines/books, interviews, when talking with someone in authority or whom you respect. Informal - Interacting with friends, speaking or chatting online.
Formal and informal language - English Grammar Today - a reference to written and spoken English grammar and usage - Cambridge Dictionary
In contrast, in an informal piece of writing, we use active voice. In formal writing, linking words are used, instead of conjunctions which are used in case of informal writing. In formal writing, interjections are usually avoided, and so exclamation marks are not used. Conversely, in informal writing, interjections are commonly used.
The purpose of formal essay writing is to present solutions and information for a specific topic. A formal essay includes a well-organized structure to represent logical arguments and thoughts. Whereas an informal essay is a matter of expressing personal views and opinions on a specific topic. 2. Writing Tone.
Versus is first recorded in English, in a legal context, in the mid-fifteenth century. It is frequently abbreviated, as you say, to v., but ver. and vs. are also found. In fact, vs. is the only abbreviation in the supporting citations in the Oxford English Dictionary. The extent to which it might be advisable to use the full form will depend on the formality of the document in which it appears ...
Dr. Murthy is the surgeon general. One of the most important lessons I learned in medical school was that in an emergency, you don't have the luxury to wait for perfect information. You assess ...
On Thursday, everyone in the northern half of our planet will experience the summer solstice. It'll be the longest day of the year north of the Equator, and it is the scientific start of summer.
Barrett put her objections well. "Imposing a test that demands overly specific analogues has serious problems," she wrote. "It forces 21st-century regulations to follow late-18th-century ...
Here's what President Biden and former President Donald J. Trump have done and want to do on abortion, democracy, the economy, immigration, Israel and Gaza, and Social Security and Medicare.
Second, Lincoln separated himself from his party's radical wing, assuring his audience that he was neither an abolitionist nor a believer in Black equality, and reaffirming his support for the ...
Mrs. Clinton was the Democratic nominee for president in 2016. Last week I had the time of my life at the Tony Awards introducing a song from "Suffs," the Broadway musical I co-produced about ...
Mr. Buckley is a novelist and humorist. Gov. Jeff Landry of Louisiana signs a bill mandating that the Ten Commandments be displayed in all public classrooms. He says of the legislation, "I can ...
The shock of seeing him that way would linger long past his playing days as a warning: Don't be like Willie Mays, sticking around too long, stumbling in center field, a shadow of his former self.