famous places in kazakhstan essay

13 Most Famous People in Kazakhstan

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Who are the most famous people in Kazakhstan?

Kazakhstan is home to people of extraordinary character and achievement. This article introduces the 13 most famous people in Kazakhstan whose lives and accomplishments paint a vivid picture of the nation’s journey.

From visionary leaders guiding the nation to artists and athletes showcasing Kazakhstan on the global stage, their stories are as vast and varied as the Kazakh steppe itself. Each of their stories reflects its unique position at the crossroads of history and geography .

13 Most Famous People in Kazakhstan Disclosed

The following are the 13 most famous people in Kazakhstan:

1. Nursultan Nazarbayev

Nursultan Nazarbayev was the first President of Kazakhstan. He served from the country’s independence in 1991 until 2019. His leadership was pivotal. It transitioned Kazakhstan from a Soviet republic to a significant player on the global stage.

Under his presidency, Kazakhstan experienced considerable economic growth. This was primarily due to its vast natural resources. However, his tenure was also marked by criticisms regarding human rights and democratic freedoms. Nevertheless, his influence on Kazakhstan’s development and international relations has left an indelible mark on the nation’s history, giving him the prestige of being one of the most famous people in Kazakhstan.

2. Abai Kunanbayev

Abai Kunanbayev, a revered poet, composer, and philosopher, is a monumental figure in Kazakh culture. His literary works, particularly poetry and translations, were crucial in shaping the modern Kazakh language and literature. Abai’s contributions to philosophy and cultural discourse have made him a symbol of Kazakh intellectualism and national identity, becoming one of the most famous people in Kazakhstan.

His most notable work, ‘Qara Sözder,’ or ‘Words of Edification,’ is a collection of philosophical poems and reflections that delve into themes of morality, life, and education. Additionally, his ‘Book of Words’ stands as a cornerstone in Kazakh literature, offering deep philosophical insights.

3. Dimash Kudaibergen

Dimash Kudaibergen is a singer known for his extraordinary vocal range. He has gained international fame for his performances, gaining recognition as one of the most famous people in Kazakhstan. His ability to sing in multiple languages and genres has captivated audiences worldwide.

He particularly showcased his talent in his acclaimed rendition of ‘S.O.S. d’un terrien en détresse.’ This French song, originally by Daniel Balavoine, highlights his ability to perform in various languages, exemplifying his versatility and global appeal. His performance of this piece has contributed significantly to his international fame, underscoring the cultural diversity and talent emanating from Kazakhstan.

4. Olzhas Suleimenov

Olzhas Suleimenov is a prominent Kazakh writer and poet. He is celebrated for his contributions to literature. He is also praised for his active role in social and environmental causes.

His poetry and prose often reflect on Kazakh history and identity. They have resonated with readers in Kazakhstan and abroad. Suleimenov’s activism, particularly against nuclear testing, has made him influential in the environmental and political spheres and one of the most famous people in Kazakhstan.

5. Gennady Golovkin

Gennady Golovkin, commonly known as ‘GGG,’ is a professional boxer globally famous for his skill and power in the ring. He is considered one of the best boxers in his weight class. He holds multiple middleweight world championships. His success has brought significant attention to Kazakhstan in professional boxing.

6. Kanat Islam

Kanat Islam, a professional boxer of Kazakh origin, has made a name for himself in the international boxing scene and is one of the most famous people in Kazakhstan. He is known for his impressive record and fighting prowess. He has become a symbol of Kazakhstan’s growing prominence in the sport.

His dedication and success in the ring have inspired many young athletes in Kazakhstan. This highlights the nation’s potential in global sports.

7. Mukhtar Auezov

Mukhtar Auezov is a celebrated Kazakh writer and playwright. He is renowned for his contributions to Kazakh literature. His most famous work, ‘ The Path of Abai ,’ is a seminal novel that explores the life and times of the revered Kazakh poet Abai Kunanbayev. Auezov’s writings have played a significant role in preserving and celebrating Kazakh culture and history.

8. Kassym-Jomart Tokayev

Kassym-Jomart Tokayev is the President of Kazakhstan. He succeeded Nursultan Nazarbayev. He has influenced the nation’s contemporary political landscape and become one of the most famous people in Kazakhstan.

Moreover, he has tried to maintain stability and continue economic growth. He has also worked to address social and political challenges. Tokayev’s role in Kazakhstan’s ongoing development underscores the complexities of governance. It highlights the difficulties of governing in a rapidly changing world.

9. Aliya Yussupova

Aliya Yussupova is an accomplished rhythmic gymnast. She has been one of the most successful athletes in the field and one of the most famous people in Kazakhstan. Her achievements in international competitions, including the Olympics, have brought attention to the country’s prowess in gymnastics. Yussupova’s grace and skill have won her medals and made her a role model for aspiring gymnasts.

10. Bauyrzhan Islamkhan

Bauyrzhan Islamkhan, a talented footballer, earns recognition for showcasing his skills on the soccer field and contributing to the Kazakhstan national team. He is one of the country’s top footballers. He has played a significant part in promoting the sport within Kazakhstan.

Furthermore, he also represents the nation internationally. His contributions have helped to elevate the profile of Kazakhstani football.

11. Olga Rypakova

Olga Rypakova is a distinguished Kazakhstani athlete known for her expertise in the triple jump. She gained international fame by winning the gold medal in the triple jump at the 2012 London Olympics. She has been a consistent performer, securing multiple medals in the World Championships and Asian Games. Her success is attributed to her exceptional skill, discipline, and resilience. As a multiple gold medalist in the Asian Games, she stands as one of the top triple jumpers in the region.

12. Zarina Diyas

Zarina Diyas, a professional tennis player, has been one of the most successful tennis players and one of the most famous people in Kazakhstan. Her performances in major tournaments, including Grand Slams, have raised the profile of Kazakhstani tennis on the global stage. Her journey in professional tennis showcases Kazakhstan’s growing influence in diverse sports disciplines.

13. Zhansaya Abdumalik

Zhansaya Abdumalik is a distinguished chess player and one of the most famous people in Kazakhstan. She earned the titles of Woman Grandmaster (WGM) in 2013 and International Master (IM) in 2014. She has represented Kazakhstan in numerous prestigious tournaments, including Chess Olympiads and World Junior Chess Championships. Known for her strategic depth and tactical skills, her gameplay is both exciting and instructive, demonstrating a profound understanding of chess theory and aggressive play.

Embracing the Influence of the Most Famous People in Kazakhstan

As we conclude our exploration of Kazakhstan’s influential figures, their stories paint a vivid picture of a nation in transition, embracing both its history and future. These 13 individuals demonstrate Kazakhstan’s unique blend of tradition and modernity, showcasing its significant role in shaping not only the Central Asian region but also its growing presence on the world stage. They underscore the depth and vibrancy of Kazakhstani talent and the country’s unique legacy. If you enjoyed this article on the most famous people in Kazakhstan, I am sure you will love exploring the following topics too:

• Tourism in Kazakhstan
• 10-Day Inner Mongolia Itinerary – Do It Yourself
• Tourism in Taiwan
• Tourism in Malaysia
• 50 Incredible Japan Landmarks (with photos)

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Dive Into Central Asia

Top 11 Things To Do In Kazakhstan: Your Bucket List!

Considering a trip to Kazakhstan? Wondering what to do in Kazakhstan?  What are the best places to visit in Kazakhstan? Want to make sure you don’t miss the top things to do in Kazakhstan?

You are in the right place!

If you are asking yourself, is Kazakhstan a good place to visi t? The answer is yes! Kazakhstan is a great country to visit. 

Despite being little known among even avid travellers, this big country in Central Asia has many great things to do and an interesting culture and history to explore. In fact, one of the great parts about visiting here is that Kazakhstan is not on the main tourist trail. In my opinion, this makes it so much fun to explore and have an amazing trip that exceeds all your expectations. It can feel like a real adventure.

Before planning my first trip here, I had no idea just how many great Kazakhstan places to visit there are and I was very excited as my planning progressed. Finding great resources online is hard though which is why I want to help here! There are some Kazakhstan attractions you won’t want to miss – and I have them here!

Below, you will find my list of the top places to visit Kazakhstan. I hope it will help you feel very excited to visit this amazing destination and your experiences are as positive as mine.

Whether you are interested in the top Kazakhstan tourist places or getting away from it all at the most beautiful places in Kazakhstan, we cover it all in the best things to see in Kazakhstan below!

• 1.1 1. Explore The Futuristic Capital, Nur-Sultan
• 1.2 2. Hang Out In Almaty
• 1.3 3. Go Skiing At Shymbulak
• 1.4 4. View Glaciers In Tian-Shan
• 1.5 5. Trek At The Kolsai Lakes
• 1.6 6. Explore Charyn Canyon
• 1.7 7. Visit Kazakhstan’s Holiest Site In Turkestan
• 1.8 8. Go Horse Riding At Aksu-Zhabagly
• 1.9 9. Watch A Space Launch At Baikonur Cosmodrome
• 1.10 10. Experience The Infamous Aral Sea
• 1.11 11. Explore The Desert, Canyons And Ancient Necropolises In Mangistau
• 2 Map Of The Best Places To Visit In Kazakhstan

Top 11 Best Things To Do In Kazakhstan

1. explore the futuristic capital, nur-sultan.

Welcome to Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan’s new capital that has risen from the northern steppe like a glimmering sculpture garden.  Previously known as Astana, in 2019 the city was renamed Nur-Sultan after the former president.  A showpiece for the 21st-century, the Kazakh city’s skyline grows by the year, with plans scheduled for expansion through to 2030 when it will be home to over a million people.  

Landmark buildings spring up faster than we can keep track of.  Designed by leading international architects in all manner of styles – Asian, Western and Soviet – along with the odd futuristic design.  It’s not hard to see why the city is often referred to as the “Singapore of the steppe”.  Wide open boulevards, international shops, English signage and a young, forward-thinking vibe, the city is full of interesting Kazakhstan tourist attractions.

Start your city exploration at the very centre at the Bayterek Tower, the most famous attraction in Nur-Sultan.  Soaring high, the monument is shaped like an oversized vase, with a sphere at its very tip.  Not only a beautiful building, it also holds important meaning for the culture and history of the Kazakh people, with the tower said to resemble a mythological tree and a large golden egg from the magical bird of life, Samruk.  Discover more about this nomad fable at the on-site museum or visit the observation deck for splendid city views. 

Next stop is at The Palace of Peace and Reconciliation, nicknamed The Pyramid.  Representing humanity and religious equality, it was built in 2006 on behalf of the Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions.  Representing Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam, Christianity and more, try to catch a show in their 1500-seat auditorium or take the 30-minute tour, keeping an eye out for the gorgeous stained glass doves.

Spend the afternoon at the National Museum of Kazakhstan, the newest and largest museum in Central Asia.  The building itself embodies the city’s futuristic design with large blue glass windows and a white marble interior.  There’s a lot to discover here as the museum covers the history and culture of Kazakhstan – from ancient to modern times – through nomadic eras, Russian domination and independence. 

In the evening drop by the Astana Opera, on the left bank of the Ishim River.  Opened in 2013, this vast complex is the third largest opera in the world and is inspired by Italian theaters of the 19th century mixed with elements of national heritage.  Home to more than opera, you can also catch a ballet or orchestra performance.

A second day of exploring the city, and there’s nowhere better to start than at the Hazret Sultan Mosque, a highly regarded and beautiful place in Kazakhstan.  Recently built in 2012, the mosque is often noted as one of the most beautiful buildings in Nur-Sultan.  Resembling a large palace, it can hold up to 10,000 people.  Don’t miss a stop here to see the outstanding architecture.

Other sights worth a visit include the Kazak Yeli Monument – 91-metres high and topped by a golden eagle – it’s intended to symbolise the historic destiny of Kazakhstan’s people.  And, in a yurt-shaped building, The Museum of the Armed Forces.  This splendid museum showcases exhibitions on weaponry and warfare, beautifully presented with chainmail armour, swords and heroic statues.  Check out their Hall of Ancestry with it’s interesting look at weapons through the ages and the cavalry tactics of Turkic, Mongol and Kazakh armies. War historians will find this at the top of their list of “Kazakhstan best places to visit”.

For those interested in renewable energy, drop by the Museum of Future Energy, The Nur Alem.  This eight-story building was designed by prominent American architects to represent Kazakhstan at the International Specialised Exhibition EXPO 2017.  Following the exhibition, the pavilion was transformed into the country’s first technological museum that focuses on ideas for the world’s future energy sources.  Each floor of the museum represents a different type of renewable energy – ie. wind, sun, water, etc. 

End your day at the Khan Shatyr – an enormous tent-like shopping mall and perhaps one of Nur-Sultan’s most extraordinary buildings.  Boasting a variety of designer stores, entertainment,  and arcades with a drop tower, flume ride and 500m-long monorail, it will keep you busy for hours.  Also, don’t forget to check out the climate-controlled Sky Beach Club waterpark with a real beach on the top floor!

Not in the mood for shopping?  Hit the city park at the south side of the Ishim River.  You’ll find the Atameken, a 200 metre walk-around country map with models of major buildings  – children find this one of the best places in Kazakhstan.  Also nearby is another treat for families, the Duman Recreational Complex.  This amusement centre houses an oceanarium holding over 2000 creatures from the world’s oceans and an exciting shark tunnel.

We also recommend you visit the Nur-Sultan Circus – the building itself deserves to be visited, designed as a giant UFO spaceship that is brilliantly lit up at night.  Inside, the Circus arena is equipped with modern mechanisms that allow the stage area to magically change.  The award-winning international troupe of more than 300 put on a stunning show, including clowns, acrobats, trapeze acts, gymnastics, illusions, plus horse-riding and ice skating exhibitions.  

One of the best places to go in Kazakhstan is to the Korgalzhyn Nature Reserve  – included in the UNESCO World Heritage list. The largest reserve in Kazakhstan, at over half million hectares, it’s only 30km south-west of the city.  Visit towards the end of July or in August as its nesting time for birds – pink flamingos, pelicans and more – or in early May to catch dramatic tulip fields.  Start at the onsite Birds Paradise centre, then on to eco-routes for park tours.  You can drive an old Soviet off-road jeep (provided by the Reserve), or join an organised group day-tour from Nur-Sultan.  Don’t forget binoculars as you’ll be observing from some distance.     

Reach the city by flying into Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport or connect on the A17 Highway from Tashkent. 

We suggest staying at the Ritz Carlton, Astana .

2. Hang Out In Almaty

This former capital is still the largest city in Kazakhstan, set in the foothills of the Trans-lli Alatau mountains in the extreme southeast.  A bustling city, it’s remained the country’s centre of commerce, home to the largest stock exchange in Central Asia and all the main banks. 

Almaty means “City of Apple Trees” and a traditional story links the taking of the apple from the tree in the old testament to Almaty.  Whether or not close to the Garden of Eden, the city is certainly  breathtaking, with the constant backdrop of the mountains against the city’s tall buildings and close to many places of interest in Kazakhstan.

Republic Square is a great starting point for discovering the history of Almaty and the world’s ninth largest country, Kazakhstan.  This large Square is home to the Akimat House of Almaty, the official Government building, and also the Monument of Independence, both interesting places in Kazakhstan.  

Nearby you’ll find the Central Mosque, a truly magnificent building constructed in the Timurid style of architecture, and also the equally splendid Russian Orthodox church, St Nicholas Cathedral.  Visit the Central State Museum with its comprehensive history of Kazakhstan display, and the State Museum of Arts of the Republic of Kazakhstan to appreciate works of art from around the world.

We hear mixed reports about Almaty Zoo, home to a collection of unique Kazakhstan wildlife, thus you might choose to skip a visit here.  Instead, have some fun at the  Interactive-Entertainment Park EVRIKUM, where you can explore the world of rocket science.  Families participate in science, physics and gravity experiments.  Another favourite for children is the Kazakh State Circus, combining horsemen and acrobatics in stunning displays, along with clowns, trapeze artists, tumblers and more!

You’re bound to notice the dominating TV mast that stands out like a huge minaret on top of the highest point of the city – The Kok-Tobe Park.  Located at the top of the mountain of the same name, this is a regular tourist stop.  From downtown Almaty take a cable car up to the mountain, and enjoy the amusement park attractions – including ferris wheel and roller coaster – petting zoo, ponds, and restaurant.

Spend an hour at the Zelioni Bazaar, one of the most famous local markets and then head to Panfilov Park.  Here, you’ll find one of the stranger tourist attractions of Kazakhstan, the Museum of Kazakh Musical Instruments.  A high-tech and interactive look at local folk music instruments, it’s definitely worth a visit.  Also inside the park, check out Zenkov Cathedral, possibly the world’s only wooden cathedral.  Another popular park very nearby is Central Park (Gorky Park), with amusements for the young at heart.

Many visitors use Almaty as a base to explore the country’s wild southern landscapes.  Head to the Ile-Alatau National Park – a spectacularly diverse natural area with 300 species of animals and birds, including the famed snow-leopard, Central-Asian lynx and Tian-Shan brown bear, set in woodlands, alpine meadows, glaciers and lakes, including the Big Almaty Lake, a stunningly turquoise reservoir set at 2500 metres.  All possible to visit by bus or car, in any season, on day trips from Almaty.

Reach the city by flying into Almaty International Airport, 25 km outside of the city.  From Nur-Sultan travel 14 hours by train.  

We suggest staying at the Rixos Almaty Hotel .

3. Go Skiing At Shymbulak

A cheap alternative to European ski destinations and at the forefront of tourist places in Kazakhstan, Shymbulak is Central Asia’s largest ski resort.  Only 25km from Almaty, it offers diverse slopes for all levels, whether skiing or snowboarding.  Located in a picturesque valley of the Ile-Alatau Mountains at an altitude of 2510 metres, the resort is noted for its mild climate, sunny wintery days and constant snow levels.

As the mountains are fairly high there’s a long ski season, from early December until late March.  Lift passes can be purchased from the Cable Car Station, with a selection of options based on age, family and the number of lifts you plan on using.  

For a roundtrip – from the bottom of the mountain to the base of the ski resort and up to the top of the mountain at 3200 metres – you’ll need to purchase a combi-pass covering three cable car rides (including the 1 ride back down).  The lifts usually open at 10am until 6pm on weekdays, sometimes with an hour’s extension for the weekends.  Night skiing is available on sporadic days, with lifts open until midnight.  Check locally for the latest information. 

Skiing and snowboarding lessons are available, with English-speaking instructors.  Group and private classes, with prices dependent on your length of package.

With over 20km of slopes you’ll find a good split of courses – approx. 4km for beginners, 10km for intermediate level skiers and snowboarders, and 6km for advanced skiers.  There’s a half-pipe for snowboarders and extreme bends for the pros, and most years a special mogul track. 

Also, don’t forget to check out the off-piste skiing around the Shymbulak area – but best to have a guide with you for this.  And head to the yurt bar at the Talgar Pass, the highest point of the ski resort, for a fabulous lunch time stopover.

Most people choose to stay in Almaty and drive in 30 mins to reach the slopes or take the bus towards Medeu and jump off one stop earlier at the Cable Car Station.  However, if you’re a fan of fresh mountain air you’ll find accommodation options at the first cable car level, around 2260 metres.  Luxury and budget hotels, and cheap hostels are available, along with fancy restaurants, ski and snowboarding schools and a handful of bars. 

Not in the mood for skiing?  This winter wonderland has some great day hikes – namely the Four Peaks Trail, taking you across four mountain peaks, approximately 11km and usually completed in 7-8 hours.  

Starting at Medeu, the trail winds uphill to 3000 metres at Peak Furmanov.  You can choose to turn back at this point, or continue along past Peak Panorama and Peak Bashuta, ending at Peak Shymbulak at 3450 metres.  Return by taking the ski lifts and cable car down to the bus station. 

A more leisurely hike is to Butakovskiy Waterfalls, starting at the same point as the Four Peaks Trail.  Refer to the map at the start of the trail, and don’t forget that it’s winter so the sun drops early. 

Needless to say, if you’re visiting in summer there are numerous splendid hikes.  Take the cable car up for alpine walks along high mountain trails.

Still have energy?  Head to Medeu for the world’s highest ice-skating rink. Built in 1949, it was one of the top speed skating venues during the Soviet era.  10,500 sqm of ice, at 1691 metres above sea level, it’s great fun!  

Stay in Almaty or at the Shymbulak Resort Hotel .

4. View Glaciers In Tian-Shan

The Tian Shan mountains cover a massive 2500km, spanning across Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and China.  Known as Tengri Tagh – Mountains of Heaven – in Kazakhstan, the mountain range is a mixture of lakes, gorges and valleys with stunning panoramic scenery, flora and fauna, local nomads and more. 

There are 370 glaciers in the central part of the Northern Tian Shan and hiking to these are one of the top activities in Kazakhstan.

The easiest to reach within a day is from Almaty, the 4-km long Touyuk-Su Glacier, located in the upper part of Maloalmatinsky gorge.  To reach here, take a bus from Almaty up to the Shymbulak Ski Resort by cable car.  From the top of the cable car, it’s a 3.5 hours trek along the Touyuk-Su gorge passing Molodezhny Glacier (3500m) to Touyuk-Su Glacier (3600m).  Surrounded by snowy 4000 metre mountain peaks it’s a magical place. 

On average the hike can be completed within a roundtrip of 6 hours and is thus possible as a long day trip from Almaty.  Available all year round, if you wish to spend longer to discover other nearby glaciers, look at booking accommodation at Shymbulak, where you’ll find a mixture of hotels and hostels. 

In total there are 12 glaciers in the upper reaches of the Small Almaty River, with the central and main Touyuk-Su Glacier being a valley type surrounded by fan-shaped smaller ones located only on the northern slopes.  Popular day hikes – all possible from Almaty – include to the Bogdanovich Glacier (3600m) offering views of hanging glaciers Til and Ayak, or to the Manshouk Mametova Glacier (3550m) which slides down in the form of a fantastic solid waterfall.

5. Trek At The Kolsai Lakes

Kazakhstan beautiful places don’t come much grander than this!  Kolsai National Park is perhaps the ultimate haven for nature lovers, with the trek to the Kolsai Lakes usually a winner in top-10 most beautiful places in Kazakhstan lists. 

Wild strawberries, dancing flowers and spectacular sapphire lakes are the prize for anyone who makes the arduous journey to the Kolsai Lakes region.  Breathe in the healthy mountain air, slosh through muddy trails, hike through alpine forests and learn about the simple life in the Kazakh countryside. 

Kolsai Lakes is a series of three glacial lakes in the Tian Shan Mountain Range.  The first being reachable by taxi from the nearby village of Saty, and from there you can trek or horse ride to Kolsai 2 (8km) and Kolsai 3 (5km).  Choose to hike to the first two lakes within a day – staying overnight in Saty at a homestay –  or trek to all three across a multi-night stay camping or sleeping in yurt camps. 

Horses are available at Kolsai 1 which can also take you around all three lakes in the same day.  Alternatively, an ideal option for riders with basic horse-riding skills, is a 4-day trek.  Offered from May to October, the route takes you to all three lakes, unexplored remote places, quiet local villages, and overnights at rustic mountain huts with breathtaking views of the snowy peaks of Kungey-Alatau.

Try to also include a visit to Lake Kaindy, another bright turquoise lake famed for the forest that seems to rise out from its cold waters.  Formed in the early 20th century after the damming of the Kaindy River, water levels in Lake Kaindy have slowly risen.  These days, the water almost covers the forest of schrenk spruce trees in the valley, which now poke out from the lake in eerie fashion, resembling masts of sunken ships.  

You’ll need a 4WD to reach the lake, and from the car park it’s a steep ten minutes hike.  Of course, if you have a few days you can combine both hikes and see all four lakes. 

The Kolsai Lakes are approximately 300kms from Almaty, and Lake Kaindy another 36km south.  Reaching the area by public transport can be tricky and we recommend taking a shared taxi from Almaty or, ideally, rent a 4WD in Almaty and self-drive.  Private and group tours can also be arranged from Almaty.  

A minimal fee is charged for entering Kolsai Lakes and secondly for Lake Kaindy, with additional costs for camping.  Campfires are allowed next to the lakes to help get through the chilly nights, but do go prepared for the weather.  Visit between June and September for ideal conditions or mid-late May and late September to miss crowds but expect some snow.  Yurts and homestays are closed at Kolsai from October to early May, with trails covered in snow and the lakes mostly frozen over. 

6. Explore Charyn Canyon

If you’re staying in Almaty you also shouldn’t miss a visit to the Charyn Canyon (Valley of the Castles), one of the most famous places in Kazakhstan.  Definitely one of the more popular attractions in the region, it’s best to avoid the busier weekends when locals descend for an overnight stay.

Known as the Mini Grand Canyon, the Charyn Canyon appears as if from nowhere amongst the almost monotonously desolate rolling steppe.  Suddenly, the deep amber crack appears, carved through the heart of the Kazakh desert.

The history of the Charyn Canyon stretches back 12 million years, when the river started to slowly erode the surrounding stone. Older, darkest layers at the base of the canyon are volcanic lava rocks, on top of which debris has slowly accumulated to form natural sculptures. 

Lizards, snakes, steppe hares, foxes and groundhogs thrive here.  Endemic fish, the naked Osman, swim in the cold fast-flowing waters of the Charyn river. 

The walk to the river is approximately 4km (about an hour) from the entrance.  Pay the minimal entrance fee and elect to follow the steep path downwards to experience the canyon from below or walk along the rim for stunning gorge views.

An eco-park sits beside the river, with yurts and wooden bungalows available for an awesome night’s stay, allowing you to explore longer and away from the daytime crowds.  Here you’ll find a small restaurant selling Kazakh basics or bring your own picnic. 

We highly recommend staying overnight as at both dawn and dusk sun rays dart around the canyon, turning the cliffs magical golds and ambers.  You will not regret it.

Up for a real adventure?  Equipped with your own 4WD or if you’re a keen hiker, set off to discover the other three rarely-explored canyons in the area.  Along the way look out for companies offering rafting on the Charyn River.

Termirlik Canyon is of the reddest iron red and children tend to love this canyon, playing on the towers and overhangs.  Set up camp here and enjoy a cozy fire, whilst waiting for the awesome night sky.  No tent?  Head to nearby Chundzha offering a number of guest houses built around hot springs.

Yellow or Moon Canyon – Uzunbulak Canyon – is another cozy canyon with a great picnic spot beside the river.  You’ll find more nature here in bright steppe colours.

Lastly, Bestamak Canyon is over 6km and has wide u-shaped valleys mixed with narrow passages.  Constantly changing, this canyon throws off pink and orange glows as you walk the dry riverbed. 

To ensure you really experience the beauty of the area we recommend making this a minimum 2-day visit.  The Kazakh steppe is freezing (down to -30) in winter and sizzling (up to +40) in summer, so dress appropriately and ensure to hydrate in summer!   Take snacks, water, sun hats and lotion, and warmer clothes for the evening.

Day tours are available from Almaty, but be prepared for the 4-hour drive in and out.  Alternatively, rent a 4WD and explore more canyons freely.  Extend your stay by connecting through to Saty (1h30m) and trek to the Kolsai Lakes.

7. Visit Kazakhstan’s Holiest Site In Turkestan

The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yesevi can be found in the north-eastern part of the modern-day town of Turkestan.  Once an ancient centre of caravan trade, and named Khazret, it is located in the southern part of Kazakhstan. 

The mausoleum was commissioned in 1389 by Timur, who ruled the area as part of the expansive Timurid Empire.  However, with his death in 1405, construction was halted.  Though it was never completed the building has survived centuries and is one of the best-preserved Timurid constructions. 

Innovative architectural ideas for the vault and dome and unique ornamentations using glazed tiles – showing Iranian influences – made the mausoleum a prototype which spread across the empire culminating in the famous monuments of Samarkand.

Including the central hall, there are 36 rooms in the Mausoleum, covered by what is still the largest existing brick dome in Central Asia at 18 meters in diameter and towering up to 44 metres.  A monumental building.

Inside, discover the huge ritual bowl that weighs over two tons and the bronze lamp which was a gift from Tamerlane.  You’ll discover the Grand Palace, with the khan’s throne and scepter, and the Small Palace with the pantheon of 43 tombstones of the Qazaq khans.  Also explore  Hoja Akhmed Yassaui’s tomb and the Small Mosque – the main prayer area – along with many ancillary rooms.  

Next, explore the underground mosque – Hilvet – of the Mausoleum, considered a sacred Sufi underground structure.  Located 150 metres from the Mausoleum, the Hilvet was home to the followers of the Yassaui school who for more than five centuries conducted their ritual ceremonies here.  A semi-underground extensive structure with prayer rooms, sleeping rooms for pilgrims and rooms for ritual ceremonies, now only a small part of the original structure has remained intact.

Pilgrims from across Central Asia continue to visit these attractions in Kazakhstan, paying their respects.  The buildings have come to embody the Kazakh national identity and were protected by UNESCO in 2003 as possibly the top historical places of Kazakhstan.  Turkestan remains the cultural heart of modern Kazakhstan and the Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yesevi at its centre, one of the Islamic world’s greatest mausoleums. 

There are also many other Islamic Kazakhstan places to see in the historical center of Turkestan: the Zhuma Mosque Museum (XVIII century), the Oriental Bath Museum and the Turkestan City History Museum, the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography and the Rabia Sultan Begim Mausoleum of the XV century. 

There are always a lot of people in Turkestan, mainly tourists from all over Qazaqstan and Central Asia, because the three-time pilgrimage to Turkestan is recognized among Muslims of Central Asia as Hajj to Mecca. 

Reach Turkestan by flying into Shymkent and taking a 3-hour taxi.  By rail, there’s a connection from Almaty to Shymkent, and directly on a high speed link from Nur-Sultan to Turkestan. All involve lengthy travel across this vast country.  

We recommend staying at the  Boutique Hotel Silk Way .

8. Go Horse Riding At Aksu-Zhabagly

Aksu-Zhabagly Reserve is located in South Kazakhstan, covering part of the Talasskyi Alatau ridge in Western Tian-Shan.  Starting from 1,100 metres at Zhabagly village the reserve stretches to 4200 metres at Sairamskyi Peak as the steppe disappears and the mountains begin.

The reserve is noted for its splendid flora, with over 1200 species including many tulips.  More than 51 species of mammals inhabit the region, including the notoriously shy snow leopard, Tian-shan white-clawed bear, lynx, mountain goat and hundreds of furry marmots.  A hot-spot for birdwatchers, keep your binoculars at easy reach for eagles, storks, cranes and bee eaters.

Discovering the foothills by horseback is a favourite activity for many visitors and we recommend as a highlight of Kazakhstan things to do. One or two-day rides, through immersive ten-day treks are available on tame and well-trained horses, all possible without prior riding experience. 

Knowledgeable guides lead you to the grandiose 500-metre-deep canyon Aksu and assist as you make an ascent of mountain passes at more than 3000 metres.  Visit a stalactite cave at the peak of Kaskabulak, famed for its ancient petroglyphs of wild animals and horsemen etched into the rockface.  

See glaciers, mountain lakes and waterfalls as you ride through alpine forests and learn myths and legends of the region.  Overnight in established summer camps or set up tents in high meadows filled with summer wildflowers. 

Enjoy meeting locals as you stop off at local villages along the route, or learn the ways of nomadic herders in the pastures as you relax after a day’s ride.

From Almaty or Nur-Sultan take a train to any city near to Shymkent.  From there it’s approximately 30 minutes by road to Aksu Zhabagly.  It’s best to organise a pick-up by your guest house as there are almost no taxis in the Shymkent region.

Overnight buses run between Almaty City (Sairan Bus Station) and Shymkent City, approximately a 12-hour journey.  Alternatively, self drive taking approximately a whole day from Almaty Airport to Aksu Zhabagly.

Within the national park you will need to be accompanied by a ranger or guide (rarely English-speaking).  Jeep safaris to the Aksu Canyon are available and if within your budget we thoroughly recommend.

If staying in the area, a number of homestays and guesthouses are available in Zhabagly.  Note there are currently no restaurants in the village, and guests eat at their guest houses dining on classic central Asian dishes such as plov.  Visit between July and September for ideal conditions.

9. Watch A Space Launch At Baikonur Cosmodrome

There aren’t too many internationally known Kazakhstan famous places, but the stand out is definitely the Baikonur Cosmodrome launch site complex.  You’ll discover where Sputnik 1 – Earth’s first artificial satellite – and Yuri Gagarin – the first human in orbit – launched from.  Since then, all Russian-crewed missions have been launched from Baikonur – including those to the Space Station – along with lunar, planetary and ocean surveillance missions.

In an era when the Soviets wanted to hide the location, the complex was purposefully named after a small mining town that sits over 322 km away.  Actually based at Tyuratam in Kazakhstan, the launch complex is still referred to as Baikonur.

A remote area, this semi-arid zone, is approx. 2100 kms southeast of Moscow.  The complex includes an airport, the town of Leninsk, an oxygen and nitrogen plant, various international and Russian military launch pads, and a military airfield.

In recent times international crews blast off to space only twice a year from Baikonur, with the dates being determined by the State Commission at meetings held approximately one month prior to launch.  

Baikonur Cosmodrone Space Launch Tour Programmes are available here . 

Arrive at Kyzylorda Airport, where you’ll be met by a representative and transferred to Baikonur.  Accommodation and transfers are included in the packages, along with hangar and launch pad experiences.  Guests have the opportunity to learn about the history of the complex and previous missions at the onsite Museum.  VIP packages for small groups are also available.  

Don’t miss this chance to watch the next space mission as the roaring engines light up the sky!  A highlight of places to see in Kazakhstan.

Fly in to Kyzylorda Airport, with direct flights from Moscow, Almaty and Nur-Sultan.

10. Experience The Infamous Aral Sea

Once the world’s fourth largest freshwater lake, covering an area of some 67,000 sq km, the Aral sea became the victim of the Soviet Union’s agricultural policies in the 1950’s.  Water from two rivers was intentionally diverted for cotton cultivation, causing a decrease in water flow into the sea.  A rise in salinity caused many freshwater fish species to die out.  By the 1980’s the fishing industry in Aralsk, Kazakhstan was destroyed and a mass migration of people moved away from the area.  

Nature took its revenge, with the dried-out Aral seabed causing extreme weather and bringing increasingly bad health to the remaining population.  Marked as one of the world’s worst ecological disasters, the sea today is only a tenth of what it was.  Broken into two bodies – the North and South Aral Seas – the Uzbekistan South is completely desiccated, with only a small strip of water remaining.  However, Kazakhstan’s North Aral Sea has had a happier outcome. 

An $86 million dollar project, almost entirely financed by the World Bank, has helped restore the area.  Repairs to existing dikes around the basin and an eight-mile dam have helped to increase the water levels by over 11ft.  Fish stocks have slightly returned, injecting new life into the local communities and commerce back to Aralsk.  

Visit Aralsk and you may be surprised at this desolate, extremely remote place, with very little tourism infrastructure.  Definitely an extreme travel destination!

The town itself is very poor, almost forgotten but remains the only realistic base for exploring Kazakhstan’s North Aral Sea area.  Low, single-storey residential housing is spread out along a grid of dusty streets.  You’ll randomly find camels, cows and donkeys strolling in the roads, along with lots of young children.  A town bazaar and a few bars are dotted around but there is little to keep you amused.

Do check out the Soviet-era propaganda remnant, celebrating the glory days of Aralsk.  A mosaic inside the train station building depicts how the local fishing industry answered Lenin’s cry for help and supplied trainloads of extra catch to the hungry population in the Soviet Union after the revolution.

An old museum covers the town’s better days, with photos and charts showing the full extent of the shrinkage of the Aral Sea.  Unfortunately all labels are in Russian, thus it’s difficult to follow some of the exhibits.

The rest of the town is made up of a few Russian monuments, the wide-open plaza of Central Square and the rusting cranes of the former freight train station and an abundance of abandoned industrial buildings.  

Aralsk’s salt flats and its former harbour are usually the main reason for tourists to visit.  Remnants of rusting ships litter the edges, some having almost rusted completely away with only the engine block still showing out of the remaining shallow waters.  A few stranded fishing boats have been turned into a memorial.

Previously tourists would head out of Aralsk to the iconic ship cemetery at Zhalanash, but the last few rusting stranded fishing trawlers have been dismantled, and only the scorching desert and camels fill the void.

Aralsk can be reached by train but is very remote at over 1000 km from Nur-Sultan and 1400 km from Almaty.  Alternatively fly into Kyzylorda and travel on by bus.  

This “dark tourism” destination has only a handful of small hotels, with our recommendation to stay at Gostinitsa “Keruyen Sarayy” .

11. Explore The Desert, Canyons And Ancient Necropolises In Mangistau

Stretching 400km east from Aktau to the Uzbekistan border, the stony deserts of the Mangistau region are a magical labyrinth of dramatic canyons, eroded and multicoloured rocky outcrops, underground mosques and ancient necropolises.  

Kazakhstan historical places such as Mangistau are only today being explored by archaeologists, hindered by the inhospitable wilderness.  Once a minor part of the Silk Road, the region is littered with centuries-old sacred sites.  Discover plateaus, lowlands, mountains and deserts, coloured in shades of green, yellow and red.

Join an organised multi-day tour or rent a 4WD with a knowledgeable driver, and head off across the desertscapes – home to only a few camels or sheep – to discover this western part of Kazakhstan, on the shore of the Caspian sea.  

A billion years ago the region was at the bottom of the Tethys Ocean and the land is still littered with ancient shells.  Over 11 thousand historical monuments have been recorded on this desolate hinterland, stunningly surrounded by white limestone escarpments and isolated mountains that rise up from the plains.   

Shakpak Ata is the most architecturally impressive of the underground mosques, dated between the 10th and 13th centuries.  The plan of the mosque, strikingly, takes the form of a cross.  A central square is covered by a domed ceiling with a hole in the top for light and ventilation.  Check out the etchings of horses, goats and handprints in the walls of the mosque and learn the legends of the Sufi followers that hid in the cave to practice healing magic.

Nearby is one of the noted historical places of Kazakhstan, the Beket Ata underground mosque, honouring one of the greatest religious teachers, scientists and philosophers in the history of Central Asia. 

Other sites we recommend visiting include The Seisem Ata necropolis – a cluster of ancient mausoleums made from pink limestone – Mangyshlak Peninsula, and the awesome Ustyurt Plateau – a clay and stony desert with rocky sand cliffs that rise more than 300 metres across the plateau.

Fly into Aktau Airport, with flights from Moscow, Almaty, Nur-Sultan and Atyrau. 

We recommend staying at Caspian Riviera Grand Palace Hotel .

Map Of The Best Places To Visit In Kazakhstan

To help you plan your trip to Kazakhstan, find all the top 11 Kazakhstan best places to visit on the map below.

We hope you enjoyed this list of the top 11 tourist attractions in Kazakhstan and it’s answered your questions about what are the most popular places tourists visit in Kazakhstan. Looking for more inspiration and help with planning your trip to Kazakhstan? Find all our guides here .

By Sharon Gourlay

Sharon is an Australian who loves Central Asia. She loves sharing her love of this region here so you can have great travel experiences in this part of the world.

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The most breathtaking places to visit in Kazakhstan 

As the planet’s ninth-largest country, it comes as no surprise that Kazakhstan is teeming with spectacular landscapes, from mountains to salt pans, crystalline lakes to abundant forests and ancient cities bursting with arts and culture. We’ve rounded up some of the top destinations in this fascinating corner of the world that has long been under the radar. Each one alone is worth the trip. 

The Almaty region

With turquoise glacier lakes , waterfalls and epic gorges, this part of the country is widely known to have the best of the country’s national parks. Hike or horse ride to off-the-beaten-path local guesthouses, trek through the Ice Age ash-tree grove in Charyn Canyon, splash through the purest birch-fringed waters of Kaindy Lake or listen to the Singing Dunes of the sands in Altyn-Emel National Park . 

Burabay National Park

Often referred to as the Kazakh Switzerland, Burabay boasts mountains, lakes and miles of towering evergreen forests that are home to over 305 different animal species. Beautifully unspoilt, the park is a hikers’ and swimmers’ heaven and is noted for its dramatic contrasts, from snow-capped peaks to verdant plains. If you enjoy bird watching you can spot a huge variety, from sandpipers to flamingoes.

With ultra-modern architecture, lots of museums and a bustling city centre, vibrant Astana is one of the world’s fastest-growing capitals. Visit the pyramid-shaped Palace of Peace and Reconciliation by globally renowned architect Norman Foster, spend the day in the MEGA entertainment centre, with its expansive range of cinemas and boutiques, or amble through the resplendent Astana Grand Mosque, the largest in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world. 

A trip to this region will make you feel as if you’re in the film  Dune.  In the country’s southwest, Mangystau is a labyrinth of desert lands, mountain ridges and sweeping plateaus. With a rich history dating back to the ninth century AD, you’ll have much to ponder on your trip to the sacred Otpan mountain, the region’s highest point, or along the Mangyshlak Peninsula, which borders the Caspian Sea, and where chalk mountains and underground mosques – notably the stunning Shopan-ata – are waiting to be discovered.

Turkistan Province

Widely known as the Pearl of the Great Silk Road, this region’s ruins and Western Tien-Shan mountains continue to draw discerning explorers from across the nation and the world. With the UNESCO World Heritage-listed 12th-century Mausoleum of Khoja, the ancient settlements of Sauran and Otyrar – one of Central Asia’s oldest cities – and the dramatic canyons of Sairam-Ugam National Park and Karatau Nature Reserve, this is one for history and geography enthusiasts alike. 

East Kazakhstan

With Lake Alakol’s striking black beaches and glassy waters, Katon-Karagay National Park’s meditative waterfalls, and the three-peaked Belukha massif, the highest point in the Altai Mountains, the diversity of this region is something to behold. Deserts, steppes, glacier-dotted mountains and snow-covered taiga forests make East Kazakhstan a must-visit, and with Oskemen – one of the region’s largest cities – offering convenient access, you can easily reach its wonders. 

In the southwest of the Kazakh Upland steppe, you’ll find one of Sary Arka’s oldest mountain ranges, with over 630 monuments dating back to the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras. Take a tour of ancient Ulytau on the Silk Road, where you can immerse yourself in history by exploring ancient sites and rock carvings, either walking or on horseback. 

Visit https://kazakhstan.travel/ for more information.  

Best attractions in Kazakhstan: Top 25

Kazakhstan is a large country at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, which is always welcoming its guests, attracting them with its rich nature and ancient monuments. In this beautiful and colorful country, hundreds of cultures and nationalities have harmoniously coexisted for centuries, giving its image a unique versatility. The sights of Kazakhstan include natural and man-made, historical and modern monuments, which are concentrated in this land in abundance. One of the main treasures of the country is the boundless steppes, preserving countless artifacts of antiquity. Everyone finds something to see in Kazakhstan, discovering something new and special here.

What to see in Kazakhstan first

It is recommended to plan the route in advance in order to make your future trip well-coordinated and organized. To make the right choice, what to see in Kazakhstan in 1 day, a week or other period, you should familiarize yourself with the best attractions of the country and read the recommendations given in this article.

1. Astana-Baiterek Monument

Astana-Baiterek, one of the main symbols of the country representing its prosperity and well-being, opens the ranking. According to the idea of architects, this landmark of Kazakhstan has embodied in itself the idea of a three-tiered Peace Tree symbolizing the antagonism of good and evil and uniting the world of the dead, the world of the living and the heaven. In the lower level of the structure is a cafe, an art gallery and a large aquarium with fish. The middle level of the monument is a high tower with modern high-speed elevators. The upper level is designed as a huge glass ball, from the inside of which there is a beautiful panoramic view of the surroundings of Astana.

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2. khan shatyr.

In the short years of its existence, the Khan Shatyr Shopping and Entertainment Center has become a popular attraction, to which entire tours in Kazakhstan are organized. A huge 150-meter “tent” of the shopping center is already visible from afar, organically entering into the architecture of surrounding buildings. Once inside, you can spend almost the whole day - there are so many interesting things concentrated on the Khan Shatyr squares. These are numerous stores, restaurants, Internet cafes, greenhouse, a huge parking lot and even a large water park with three pools and a real sand “beach.

Official website: http://www.khanshatyr

3. Khoja Ahmed Yasawi Mausoleum

Among other attractions guides in Kazakhstan recommend visiting this most important shrine on the vast steppes of southern Kazakhstan. The mausoleum was built in honor of the famous poet Ahmed Yasawi in 1405 in the place where his modest tomb used to be. Over time, this architectural ensemble combined a variety of premises - a tomb, a mosque, a library, a pantheon of Kazakh khans with 43 tombstones, a bathhouse, and various auxiliary rooms.

Official site: https://www.wdl.org/ru

4. Baikonur cosmodrome

For many decades, the Baikonur Cosmodrome has been and remains the world’s main site for the launch of spacecraft. It was from here that the first man flew into space, the first artificial satellite, the famous manned spacecraft and orbital stations, and other spacecrafts that still prowl the vast expanse of the solar system. There is no doubt that a visit to the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan is among the first to go - this trip will leave the most extraordinary memories.

Official site: http://baikonur.russian.

5. Museum of the first president of the Republic of Kazakhstan

This museum stands out from other museums in the capital Astana, and above all because its halls once housed the residence of the first president of the country. Today in the museum you can see the originals of the most important archival documents, valuable books, awards and other exhibits that have some relation to the history of the country. There are also regularly held photo exhibitions and exhibitions devoted to political and scientific activities.

Official website: http://tour.presidentlibrary.

6. Palace of Independence in Astana

Guests of Astana sometimes surprised by the large number of buildings with an unusual architectural execution. Feedback suggests that the Palace of Independence belongs to such buildings. In fact, this building does not correspond to the classical idea of the castle. Trapezoidal construction of glass and metal bars, according to architects, symbolizes Kazakhstan and rapidly developing Astana. The palace has three floors, on the first of which halls for important business events are located, on the second - galleries with expositions of modern art, on the third - the historical museum of Astana.

Official website: http://indepalace.kz/

7. Palace of Peace and Harmony

Returning to the question of what to see in Kazakhstan, being in its capital, we can recommend the Palace of Peace and Harmony, another landmark of Kazakhstan from the category of unusual architectural structures. The building is in a futuristic style in the form of a regular pyramid 62 meters high, the facets of which symbolize the openness of the Kazakh people to all nations and religions. Inside the structure there is an Opera Hall and several presentation halls, various official meetings, presentations and marriage ceremonies are held.

Official website: http://astana-piramida

8. Map of Kazakhstan “Atameken”

It’s hard to imagine, but to go around all of Kazakhstan, to see its interesting places and main sights is possible in just one hour - it is enough just to be in the unique historical and ethnographic complex “Map of Kazakhstan Atameken”. The park spreads over an area of 1.7 ha and presents a model of the whole country: on an area the size of two soccer fields there are endless fields and steppes of Kazakhstan, ancient temples and other major sites, marked all the regions of the country and the location of the two major cities of the country - Almaty and Astana.

Official site: http://atamekenmap.kz/ru/

9. Almaty Zoo

There is something to see in Kazakhstan for lovers of wildlife - spacious Almaty Zoo has become a home for 5,600 specimens of different animals, of which there are about 3.5 hundred species, including 28 species listed in the Red Book. These include the animals of the African continent, the tropics, and Kazakh steppes, which are distributed on the territory of the zoo into 6 different sections. Four sections are devoted to animals, and two more - to feathered inhabitants, exotic and local. There is also an aquarium with sea creatures, an exotarium with amphibians and insects.

Official website: http://almatyzoo.kz/

10. Sport Complex Medeo

The mountain gorge Medeo is a sports complex of the same name, the highest mountain sports complex in the world, designed for winter sports. This is a true paradise for active tourists - for example, a huge ice rink with the area of 10.5 thousand square meters became a place of numerous world records, and was awarded the status of “record factory” for it. The modern rope way, 4.5 km long, allows getting up from the Chimbulak base to the ski piste for 15 minutes, and Medeo stadium can accommodate up to 8,500 people at a time.

Official website: http://medeu.com.kz/

11. Nur-Astana Mosque

Where to go in Kazakhstan from religious shrines? One such attraction is the Nur-Astana Mosque in Astana, a modern structure from 2005 that strikes both with its exterior and interior splendor. The snow-white building is topped with a huge gilded dome and its four minarets reach 62 meters into the air. The internal premises with the area of several thousand square meters can accommodate up to 5 thousand worshipers at a time. Around the mosque there is a spacious courtyard with a big bowl of fountain.

12. The Beket Ata Underground Mosque

One of the most revered Kazakh people was the famous hermit Beket-ata, who passed many roads during his earthly journey and built four mosques. One of these mosques, carved out in the Oglandy tract right in a rock, has become one of Kazakhstan’s significant landmarks and a famous place of pilgrimage. Locals say that after visiting the tomb of the saint, believers are granted a cure for any ailments. The mosque has four rooms that are arranged so as to create perfect audibility during the recitation of prayers.

13. Khazret Sultan Mosque

The largest sanctuary in Kazakhstan is located in its capital and is called Hazret Sultan. This is a modern landmark of Kazakhstan, the countdown of the history of which began not so long ago - in 2012. Both exterior and interior decoration of the mosque attracts its airiness, solemnity, gorgeous paintings and volumetric decor. The internal prayer halls of the mosque can accommodate 10 thousand worshippers, and the total area of the shrine is as much as 11 hectares. The structure is especially beautiful at night, when each of its tiers is advantageously emphasized by night illumination.

Official website: http://www.muslim.kz/ru

14. Ascension Cathedral in Almaty

Another religious landmark in Kazakhstan is the Ascension Cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church. Its unique feature is that it was built of wood at the beginning of the 20th century, and even a major earthquake did not shake the strength of the structure. Today this wooden structure knows no equals not only in Kazakhstan, but all over the world. The cathedral still shines with its splendor and colorfulness, and daily services are held in its halls, symbolizing the indomitable power of faith.

Official website: http://cathedral.kz/ru

15. Arystan-Baba Mausoleum

There is something to visit in Kazakhstan and among the funerary structures - 150 kilometers from the city of Shymkent there is a mausoleum, erected on the tomb of the famous spiritual preacher Arystan-Baba. The building consists of a mausoleum and a funeral hall, united between a wide corridor. In the shrine, in addition to the tombstone of the spiritual master, there are tombstones of his three followers. And the mosque houses the prayer hall and various auxiliary rooms.

16. Aksu-Zhabagli Reserve

In addition to the cultural and historical attractions, there is something to see in Kazakhstan among the numerous natural monuments. The Aksu-Jabagly Reserve is an unbelievably beautiful place, where all the splendor of mountain nature can be seen: snowy caps of the highest mountain peaks, breathtaking gorges, rushing waterfalls, and alpine meadows. The lands of these territories are rich in fossil remains of plants and animals of the Jurassic period. The flora of the reserve today is varied and includes more than 1700 plant species, and among the animals the most populous is the fauna of birds - there are about three hundred of them.

Official website: http://www.aksu-jabagly.

17. Altyn-Emel National Park

The largest nature conservation area in Kazakhstan, Altyn-Emel National Park, is located in the desert and mountain areas of the country. It is here that the famous Singing Barkhan, the unusual Katutau and Aktau mountains, as well as the famous Sak barrows are located. This land beckons with amazing landscapes, clear mountain air and numerous monuments of antiquity. Another attraction of the park - radon springs with warm healing waters.

Official site: https://www.altyn-emel.

18. Singing Barkhan of Altyn-Emel Reserve

Altyn-Emel National Park is so big that some of its objects are perceived as unique landmarks of Kazakhstan. This applies to the singing barkhan - a sand dune about a hundred meters high and more than 3 kilometers long. The barkhan was formed by the constant wind Shilik, which walks in this area. It is called a singing dune because its quicksand emits a unique vibrating hum that somehow resembles the sound of an organ. The hum is the result of sand grains rubbing against each other.

Official site: https://altyn-emel.kz/ru

19. Tamgaly Tas Petroglyphs

Lovers of mysticism and all kinds of mysteries of nature will find something to see in Kazakhstan - the territory of the republic is rich in anomalous zones. Tamgaly-Tas tract is one of such places. This unusual place consists of sheer cliffs, many of which are completely covered with mysterious inscriptions and drawings, which attract not only tourists but also scientists. Experts are still beating the riddle, who were these masters, who left the descendants of the rock messages.

20. Borovoe resort (Burabay)

Akmola region is distinguished by the extraordinary beauty of the landscape and a comfortable climate. That is why the resort Borovoye, often called the “pearl of Kazakhstan”, is located here. It’s a beautiful oasis of blue lakes framed by high mountains and century-old pines. Sanatoriums of the resort offer a whole complex of health-improving services: mud treatment, balneological procedures, treatment in salt mines, radon therapy, etc. Besides sanatoriums, Borovoe has the best hotels in Kazakhstan, which offer a high level of services at affordable prices.

Sightseeing in Kazakhstan: what else to see in Kazakhstan

The Republic of Kazakhstan is rich in sights, and even a seasoned traveler familiar with this land will always find something to see in Kazakhstan. Below is an overview, which includes descriptions of other, no less interesting places in the country.

21. Big Almaty Lake

Not far from Almaty there is a real miracle of nature - a high-mountain lake framed by snow-capped mountain peaks, one of the most beautiful places in Kazakhstan at an altitude of 2,500 meters. Everyone, who has been to this unreal by its beauty place, come back here again and again. The main mystery of the lake is a variable color of water, from light greenish to deep turquoise. Another peculiarity of the lake is sharp seasonal drops of water, which can reach 20 meters.

22. Lake Balkhash

The largest lake in the Republic of Kazakhstan is Lake Balkhash, which stretches for 600 km in length. The numerous beaches of the lake are covered with sand and are ideal for recreation from May to September. The main unique peculiarity of this lake is that its waters are of different compositions: the lake water area is divided into parts by a narrow strait, fresh waters fill the western part and salty waters the eastern one. The salty waters and mud of Balkhash have properties beneficial to the human body.

23. Aral Sea

Another landmark of Kazakhstan, the Aral Sea, is unique in that it is essentially a salt lake, and is called a sea because of its impressive size. Alas, this lake is now known not only for its size - it is notorious for human activities, namely the systematic withdrawal of water from the rivers that feed the lake. This has led to the fact that in the 1960s the lake began to dry up rapidly. Today the area and volume of water of the Aral Sea decreased several times, the area of lifeless desert in its place is rapidly growing, and since 1989 the Aral split up into two reservoirs - the Northern and Southern Aral Sea.

24. Charyn Canyon

The nature of Kazakhstan is diverse, and this diversity is complemented by the picturesque 154-kilometer gorge - Charyn Canyon, stretching along the valley of the Charyn River. It was this river that for several million years has been chiseling the gorge in the rock, creating a unique landscape in this area. Today the canyon has a relief that surprises with its diversity - bizarre rock shapes, steep slopes, steeps, hills, arches and columns attract attention and resemble some kind of sculpture-monsters.

Official website: http://charyn.kz/rus/

25. Lake Issyk

In a mountain gorge east of Alma-Ata lies Lake Issyk, a landmark in Kazakhstan that has, along with the Aral Sea, its own sad fame. The population of Kazakhstan still remembers the tragedy of 1963, when a mudflow from the mountains knocked down the lake’s natural dam, emptying it literally in a matter of hours. After a while Issyk managed to be restored, an artificial dam was installed, but the lake has not reached its former size - today it is half its original size.

Official site: https://kolesa.kz/read/

Modern trends in tourism suggest that trips to countries of the former Soviet Union are gaining popularity, and Kazakhstan is no exception. Excursions to Kazakhstan with a Russian-speaking guide will allow you to get acquainted with the sunny and hospitable country, appreciate the beauty and grandeur of the Kazakh land. Read also about the best sights of Tajikistan and be inspired for your further journey through Asia!

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• Top 12 Kazakhstan Tourist Places To Explore The Best Of Central Asia In 2024!

23 Mar 2023

From the Altai Mountains in the East to the Caspian Sea in the west and Russia in the north to China in the south, Kazakhstan in Central Asia is also termed as the world’s largest landlocked country . An array of majestic canyons, seamless deserts, arid plains, colossal glaciers, and ancient structures account for popular Kazakhstan tourist places making it a year-round destination. For the kind of subdued vacation paradise that it is, Kazakhstan must be on your bucket list soon.

Being the ninth largest country in the world, Kazakhstan is wide to an extent that it encompasses 5 climate zones and has 2 time zones. Having said that, it is the geographical diversity of the country that accounts for ultimate travel experiences. As you plan on making an extensive itinerary, you must jot down all the popular places to visit in Kazakhstan that are significant historically and offer a multitude of activities. Some of the major division in Kazakhstan are Almaty, Astana, Central Kazakhstan, Eastern Kazakhstan, Northern Kazakhstan, Southern Kazakhstan, and Western Kazakhstan . Head to these popular Kazakhstan points of interest and experience Central Asia like never before!

12 Best Kazakhstan Tourist Places

Here is a list of some of the top Kazakhstan tourist places that you might not want to miss out. There is some or the other famous places in Kazakhstan  for everyone and anyone. Take a look and note them down:

• Astana – The Changing Face Of Central Asia
• Almaty – Kazakhstan’s Biggest Cultural Hub
• Aktau – Pretty Town By The Caspian
• Taraz – Welcome To The Ancient City In South Kazakhstan
• Lake Balkhash – The 15th Largest Lake In The World
• Baikonur – City Of Spaceport, Rockets, And Spaceships
• Semey – An Ancient & Historical City
• Turgen Gorge – Amazing Place For Trekkers
• Lake Kaindy – A Natural Dam
• Tamgaly-Tas – A Sacred Sanctuary
• Nomad’s Land – Abandoned Film Set
• Shymkent – Getaway To The Heartland Of Kazakhstan

1. Astana – The Changing Face Of Central Asia

The wonderful capital city of Kazakhstan stands as the living example of the modernized nation and presents popular Kazakhstan tourist attractions. With plenty of corporate business centers and multi-storey buildings around, the architecture of this city will mesmerize you for sure, making it a brilliant location for Kazakhstan sightseeing . Catch the magnificent panoramic view of the Astana city from the top of the 105-meter tall Bayterek Tower or visit Duman Recreational Complex which is the ultimate pit-stop for all the art lovers, there’s a lot to do in Astana.

Museum of Miniatures and Seaquarium is the ideal place of attraction for all nature enthusiasts where over 2000 species of sea animals from different parts of the world can be spotted. Don’t forget to cover Ak Orda Presidential Palace and Astana-Arena Stadium on your day trip.

Popular tourist attractions in Astana: Bayterek Tower, Khan Shatyr, Palace of Peace and Reconciliation, National Museum of Kazakhstan, Nur-Astana Mosque, City Park, Independence Square and Kazak Eli Monument, Assumption Russian Orthodox Cathedral, Hazrat Sultan Mosque

Must Read: Trans Siberian Railway: World’s Longest Rail Network That Crosses 8 Time Zones Across 9300 Kms!

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2. Almaty – Kazakhstan’s Biggest Cultural Hub

Set in the foothills of Trans-Ili Alatau mountains, Almaty is known for its gorgeous setting and picture-postcard outdoor. One of the best places to visit in Kazakhstan, the snow-capped mountains guard the city and make for the best backdrop ever! Moving on to the city attractions, the Central State Museum here holds special importance because of the rich cultural heritage it houses. Until 1997, the city was capital of Kazakhstan but still remains a hot favorite with top Kazakhstan tourist places.

You can spend a day sipping on nature’s grandeur or go around shopping at Zelyony Bazaar or Dostyk Plaza if at all you are keen on exploring the local specialties of Almaty. The Green Market is the popular place to procure fresh fruit, meats, clothing, and household goods. Moving on, there is a lot of art galleries around for those who are really into history and art.

Popular tourist attractions in Almaty: Beatles Statue of Almaty, Charyn Canyon, The Last Wild Apple Forests, Big Almaty Lake, Kok-Tobe Hill, Kolsai Lakes, Almaty Central Park, Lake Issyk, Central State Museum of Kazakhstan, Panfilov Park, and The Arasan Baths

Suggested Read: 8 Kazakhstan Travel Tips That You Should Know Before Planning Your Trip!

3. Aktau – Pretty Town By The Caspian

The almost 40-year-old city overlooking the great Caspian Sea is a fascinating beauty and among the most serene visiting places in Kazakhstan . It is here in Aktau that one can spot some of the rare Kazakhstan tourist attractions and more of ancient architectural ensembles. Cultural centers, concert hall, cinemas, and libraries from ancient times are spread all over the city and must be explored for a local feel of the place.

You can also stroll Aktau city streets for hours admiring the architectural ensembles, green alleys lined with poplars and acacias, emerald-green lawns, and parks. Got more time to spare? Fill it with some fun-filled moments at the Skating Rink and Puppet Theatre .

Popular tourist attractions in Aktau: World War II Memorial, Botanical Garden, Regional Museum, Costa Cafe, seafront, Taras Shevchenko Statue, multi-colored mountains in Altyn-Emel National Park

4. Taraz – Welcome To The Ancient City In South Kazakhstan

Image Source If you are into ancient sites, mysterious places, and admire ruins, head to Taraz, which happens to among the famous Kazakhstan tourist spots . The place holds plenty of secrets from the past century and is indeed one of the popular Kazakhstan tourist attractions worth your time.

Visit Babaji-Khatun Mausoleum for its distinct sixteen-ribbed conical dome or plan an excursion to Talas River in the south near the border with Kyrgyzstan. Taraz is a historical city and one of the popular places to visit in Kazakhstan for every tourist.

Popular tourist attractions in Taraz: Akyrtas, Stonehenge, Mausoleum is Sha-Mansur, Aisha Bibi Mausoleum, Aisha Bibi village, Taraz Regional Museum, Shakhristan Market

Suggested Read: Delhi to London By Road: These 3 Indian Super Moms Drove Across 17 Countries in Just 95 Days

5. Lake Balkhash – The 15th Largest Lake In The World

Located 600 miles to the east of Aral Sea, the lake is a major source of hydroelectric projects in the country and a notable Kazakhstan places to visit. The lake is high and rocky towards the northern banks and one can spot plenty of ancient rock-cut traces there. Lake Balkhash once was a prominent place of breeding for marine life that included as many as 20 species of fish.

Over the period, some of the species died owing to the depreciating quality of lake water over the period. Sazan, sturgeon, eastern bream, pike, and Aral barbel are of the fish species reintroduced into the lake.

Qaratal, Aqsū, Ayagoz, and Lepsi rivers feed the eastern part of the lake. The water of the western part of the lake has been comparatively better than that of the eastern part which is salty. Visit this place to find the ancient rock miniatures in the low lying areas.

Popular things to do near Lake Balkhash: Camping and winter fishing

Suggested Read: 13 Best Things To Do In Almaty, Kazakhstan That No One Told You About!

6. Baikonur – City Of Spaceport, Rockets, And Spaceships

Administered by Russian Federation, Baikonur is the world’s oldest and largest space launch facility. Baikonur Cosmodrome was one a secret missile testing site that happened to be a strategically important place for Russians.

The desolate desert steppe of Kazakhstan was once the launchpad for Vostok 1 spacecraft in which Yuri Gagarin first set for the moon. If you a history and space technology buff this place has plenty of attractions that would excite you.

Popular tourist attractions in Baikonur: Cosmonaut Grove, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Yuri Gagarin statue, Tribute to Yangel, and Nedelin catastrophe

7. Semey – An Ancient & Historical City

Image Source Semipalatinsk , now known as Semey, is another one of the renowned  historical places in Kazakhstan eastern region that presents popular tourist attractions. The city is also epitomized by the fascinating architecture and the monuments that it has preserved from ages ago. In fact, there’s a lot of places with architectural and historical monuments around and must be visited during a trip to Semey.

The best of Russian art can be seen at the Museum of History and Local Study and Nevzorov’s Art Museum . Places like these make for popular Kazakhstan point of interest for history enthusiasts.

Popular tourist attractions in Semipalatinsk: Dostoevsky Museum, Nevzorov’s Art Museum, Tarnybai Kaukenov mosque, Orthodox Resurrection church, and ‘Stronger than Death Monument’ – in memory of victims of Semipalatinsk nuclear testing ground.

Suggested Read: Astana Nightlife: 7 Places You Must Not Miss On Your Trip To The Capital Of Kazakhstan

8. Turgen Gorge – Amazing Place For Trekkers

Image Credit: Tom_aaa by pixabay

A part of the famous Ile Alatau National Park, Turgen Gorge is a real beauty for trekkers. It has dense forests, lakes, alpine meadows and seven waterfalls. You can explore the beauty of this place by opting for a hike or ride on a mountain bike or horseback. This paradise is not far from Almaty and can be accessed through buses or taxis.

Popular tourist attractions in Turgen: Turgen Waterfalls, Church of Archangel Mikhail and Kairakskiy Waterfall.

Suggested Read: What Makes Summer In Kazakhstan A Great Time To Take A Trip To The Exotic Land

9. Lake Kaindy – A Natural Dam

Image Source

Situated at an altitude of 2000 m, Lake Kaindy is a 400 m long lake. Due to an earthquake in 1911, an enormous landslide led to the formation of this lake. The natural calamity caused the occurrence of a natural dam in the gorge amidst spruce trees. The forest submerged as water started to flood in the basin. The temperature of the lake goes up to 6 degrees celsius maximum in summer. This lake is one of the best tourist places in Kazakhstan and should be included in every explorer’s bucket list.

Popular tourist attractions in Turgen: Charyn National Park, Altyn Arashan, Dungan Mosque and Holy Trinity Cathedral.

Suggested Read: 8 Chic Restaurants In Almaty To Savor Lavish Meals When Holidaying In Kazakhstan!

10. Tamgaly-Tas – A Sacred Sanctuary

Religious rituals in Kazakhstan were held in an open-air sanctuary, Tamgaly-Tas. It literally means ‘written rocks’ as the rocks here are inscribed with beautiful images of Tibetan scriptures and Buddha. You will be amazed to find around 5,000 petroglyphs from the Bronze Age. If you are a history buff and looking for ancient tourist places of Kazakhstan, then you must include Tamgaly-Tas in your check-list.

Suggested Read: Things To Do In Kazakhstan: A Location Wise Break-up Of Must-dos In The Country

11. Nomad’s Land – Abandoned Film Set

Nomad’ Land is situated in the middle of the Kazakh steppe and beside the Ili River. It is a famous film set which was left abandoned after the shooting of the French/Kazakh movie, ‘Nomad’. You can visit this place to click some historical pictures and selfies at the place.

12. Shymkent – Getaway To The Heartland Of Kazakhstan

If you are looking for a secluded place in Kazakhstan which is not crowded with tourists, then you must spend some time in Shymkent. You will find some of the cheapest places to stay which are away from the hustle and bustle on the streets.

Popular tourist attractions around Shymkent: Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve, Aisha Bibi Mausoleum, Arystan Bab Mausoleum, The Lost City of Sauran, and Turkestan.

How To Get There

Air Astana has resumed daily operations, and with the launch of 2 additional flights starting 2nd September 2019, they will now be operating 11 times a week offering even more onward connections. You can now make the most of this special offer by Air Astana and plan your trip to the biggest metropolitan city of Kazakhstan. Transit passengers can also visit Nur – Sultan and Almaty hassle – free in their journey with Kazakhstan’s 72-hour transit visa-free regime . You can now also apply for an e-visa before traveling to Kazakhstan. The process is very simple!

Further Read: Dare To Embark On These 20 Electrifying International Road Trips From India

From the angling and crisscrossing skyscrapers to age-old monuments, and from gothic buildings exuding colors to the dreamy setting of town by the Caspian, every popular tourist attraction in Kazakhstan is so photogenic. Don’t miss to treasure the beauty of Kazakhstan tourist places nestled in the heart of Asia! Plan a trip to Kazakhstan for a soothing vacation to this amazing land.

Disclaimer: TravelTriangle claims no credit for images featured on our blog site unless otherwise noted. All visual content is copyrighted to its respectful owners. We try to link back to original sources whenever possible. If you own the rights to any of the images, and do not wish them to appear on TravelTriangle, please contact us and they will be promptly removed. We believe in providing proper attribution to the original author, artist or photographer.

Please Note: Any information published by TravelTriangle in any form of content is not intended to be a substitute for any kind of medical advice, and one must not take any action before consulting a professional medical expert of their own choice.

Frequently Asked Questions About Kazakhstan Tourist Places

What are some interesting places to visit in Almaty?

Big Almaty Lake, Kok-Tobe Hill, Kolsai Lakes, Almaty Central Park, Lake Issyk, and Central State Museum of Kazakhstan are some of the interesting places to visit in Almaty.

What is the best time to visit Kazakhstan?

April-October is the best time to visit Kazakhstan.

What is famous in Kazakhstan?

Kazakhstan is one of the top 10 largest countries in the entire world. It is known for its architectural marvels, the Caspian Sea, and the wild horses.

Is Kazakhstan worth visiting?

With plenty of experiences to offer and impeccable attractions to witness, Kazakhstan is surely worth visiting, especially for those who are seeking for roads less traveled.

Is Kazakhstan a safe country?

Yes. Kazakhstan has been placed in Level 1 by the US Department of State which indicated that it is one of the safest countries in the world.

Is Kazakhstan expensive?

The tickets and products are set at reasonable rates. It is neither expensive nor a cheap place to visit.

What can I buy in Kazakhstan?

Some unique things that you can buy from Kazakhstan are chocolates, honey, products Empire, caviar, and many more things.

Do I need a visa for Kazakhstan?

Apart from the US Citizens, every traveler requires a visa to travel to this destination.

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Discover the World

10 Best Places to Visit in Kazakhstan

By Alex Schultz · Last updated on October 3, 2023

The ninth-largest country in the world, Kazakhstan covers a vast swathe of territory in Central Asia. While many people imagine it to be solely made up of endless, featureless steppe, dramatic mountains, canyons, lakes, and valleys can be found dotted about here and there.

Despite its size, Kazakhstan is very sparsely populated, with the main cities of Almaty and Astana (its capital) being home to the majority of its population – which is the wealthiest in the region thanks to its large oil and gas reserves.

Map of the best places in Kazakhstan

Often overlooked by tourists, the country has a wealth of incredible sights for you to check out. As you’ll often be the only foreigner there, you’re sure to experience the locals’ welcoming nature and hospitality, as they are keen to share Kazakhstan’s many wonders with you. Explore this Central Asian country with our list of the best places to visit in Kazakhstan.

10. Tamgaly Petroglyphs

Depicting epic hunting scenes, majestic standalone figures, and a wide variety of different animals and wildlife, the Tamgaly Petroglyphs are fascinating. There are remarkably more than 5,000 of them for you to check out.

With many of them dating all the way back to the Bronze Age, the site really is a special place to visit. Clambering around the scenic canyon’s many boulders and rock formations only to find yet another well-preserved and intricately carved petroglyph is an amazing feeling.

Long a ritual site for nomads, the canyon’s peaceful confines certainly convey the spiritual importance of the location, and coupled with the impressive petroglyphs themselves, the beautiful setting makes it well worth a day trip from Almaty.

A human-made ecological disaster of the highest order, the Aral Sea dramatically decreased in size from 1960 onwards. Disastrous Soviet-era state plans saw its waters diverted to cotton fields in the desert, where it immediately evaporated or seeped below ground.

Once the fourth-largest body of fresh water in the world, the Aral Sea now stands at just a fraction of its former size, and it is only in recent years that a slow recovery has been made.

Due to all this, the town of Aral is a fascinating place to visit. The former fishing port, which was renowned around the Soviet Union for its large catches, now lies next to endless desert, as the sea’s waters have long since retreated over the horizon.

For people interested in seeing what remains of the Aral Sea, the town of the same name makes for a great base from which to visit ‘one of the planet’s worst environmental disasters’ and learn about the successful government project that is slowly seeing its water levels increase every year.

8. Charyn Canyon

Breathtakingly beautiful, Charyn Canyon in the southeast of Kazakhstan certainly warrants a visit. When approaching from across the endless, featureless steppe, it is hard to imagine the incredible sight that awaits you. Snaking its way through the rock, the canyon stretches around 90 kilometers in length, with some parts reaching a depth of up to 300 meters.

Its ruddy walls and rock formations are reminiscent of the landscapes found in Utah and Arizona in the States. Many people who visit Charyn Canyon say it is just as spectacular as the world-famous Grand Canyon.

Walking through the Valley of Castles, the most impressive stretch of the canyon, certainly is a majestic experience as its humongous walls tower above you. Charyn Canyon is equally bewitching from above as the canyon plunges away dramatically. Hardy adventurers can go whitewater rafting or canoeing along the fast-flowing Sharyn River that runs through part it.

7. Turkestan

Lying in the south of Kazakhstan surrounded by the Kazakh Desert, Turkestan is a unique city to visit, seamlessly blending traditional nomadic culture with the sedentary city life of nearby Uzbekistan. This makes it a captivating place to explore.

The undoubted highlight is the gorgeous 14th-century mausoleum of Kozha Akhmed Yasaui, which looks like it would be more at home in one of Uzbekistan’s ancient Silk Road cities than in Kazakhstan.

Built by Timur to honor the great Sufi Sheikh, the mausoleum is one of the most impressive and important historical sights in the country. Besides this, the main attractions that visitors to the city enjoy are the ruins of the ancient cities of Otrar and Sauran that lie in the surrounding desert. Other than these historic sights, there is not all that much to do in Turkestan other than wander around its main bazaar and take in the lively atmosphere.

6. Baikonur Cosmodrome

One of the only places in the world that you can watch a rocket being shot into space, the Baikonur Cosmodrome is well worth visiting if you are interested in the cosmos. Even if you aren’t, seeing a spacecraft take off really is an unforgettable experience.

The largest space launch facility in the world, Baikonur is jointly run by the Kazakh and Russian governments. It was from here that Sputnik 1 and Vostok 1 – the first crewed spaceflight – were launched. As such, there is loads of history on show. Visitors can take a tour around the facility as well as the accompanying museum that has lots of captivating exhibitions, models, and memorabilia for you to enjoy.

5. Karkaraly National Park

Located in Kazakhstan’s Central Highlands, Karkaraly National Park will delight nature lovers and outdoor aficionados alike. Covering a huge expanse of territory, the national park is home to a wide variety of fauna and flora, with foxes, deer, and wolves all residing within its endless forests.

Tucked away among its many amazing landscapes are glistening lakes, gaping caves, and distinctive rock formations, with breathtaking views wherever you go. Due to its wide range of incredible natural sights, Karkaraly National Park is a delight to explore, with hiking, bouldering, and camping all popular outdoor activities.

4. Kolsai Lake

Lying around 250 kilometers away from Almaty, Kolsai Lake actually has three lakes to visit. Strung out along the Kolsay River that weaves its way among the forest-coated Tian Shan Mountains, the shimmering lakes are often referred to as the ‘Pearls of Tian Shan.’ There is an absolutely gorgeous but strenuous hike you can do that takes you all the way from the lower to the upper lake.

A very popular tourist destination amongst local Kazakhs, the region surrounding Kolsai Lake has lots of great campsites and homestays for you to stay at, and many people go horseback riding between the lakes. Boasting some of the most dramatic scenery in the country, the lakes really are worth visiting if you have the chance.

Recently renamed Nur-Sultan in early 2019, Astana – as many Kazakhs still call it – is the nation’s ever-changing capital. Each year, enormous landmark buildings spring up, with each new addition more impressive than the last. Lying amid the country’s featureless northern steppe, Astana is one of the most modern and futuristic cities in Central Asia, with lots of towering skyscrapers.

Wandering around its large boulevards is an interesting experience, as Soviet, Kazakh, and Western influences can be seen wherever you go. The main attraction is undoubtedly the stunning Bayterek Tower that lies at its heart.

In addition to this, the humongous Khan Shatyr is well worth visiting for its wealth of shops, restaurants, and unique design – as is the city’s fantastic national museum.

As Astana continues to develop and grow, lots of young people from around the country are pouring into the capital, so there is a very dynamic and youthful feel about its streets.

2. Aksu-Zhabagly

Established all the way back in 1926, Aksu-Zhabagly is the oldest nature reserve in the whole of Central Asia. Encompassing everything from lofty, snow-capped mountain peaks and glaciers to gushing rivers, sweeping valleys, and, of course, endless steppe, Aksu-Zhabagly really is a treat to explore.

Full of incredible vistas, the nature reserve is home to a plethora of amazing wildlife. Its myriad of trails and paths take you past some breathtaking natural sights, with Stalactite Cave, Aksu Gorge, and the twinkling waterfalls of Kshi-Kainy counting among its most impressive sights.

The capital of the country until 1997, Almaty remains Kazakhstan’s largest city, as well as its cultural and commercial heart. As such, there is a very wealthy and sophisticated air about the place, with lots of trendy restaurants and bars for you to try out.

With some great museums and historic sights dotted about here and there, there is a lot for you to see and do, and many people use it as a base from which to explore the region.

Almaty truly is blessed when it comes to the outstanding nature that lies at its doorstep. Its scenic setting at the foot of the gorgeous Tian Shan mountain range makes it exceedingly photogenic. Home to Medeu, the highest skating rink in the world, Shymbulak, a wonderful ski resort, and the stunning Big Almaty Lake, the mountains have a wealth of amazing sights to discover. One could easily spend a week or two seeing all that Almaty and its surroundings have to offer.

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Kazakhstan – a visual introduction to the beautiful country.

Kazakhstan is the world’s ninth-largest country in the world. As you would expect from such a large landmass, the geography of the country differs greatly from area to area. The northern parts of the country are predominantly steppe, the central desert, and the southern mountains. The country shares its borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and the Caspian Sea. It is considered part of Central Asia and was an important route as part of the ancient Silk Road.

Kazakhstan Places To See – An Adventure Tour

This country is an adventure tourist’s dream. Almaty in the south is home to Central Asia’s premier mountain resort with skiing, snowboarding, and hiking all possible at different times of the year. For lovers of history and architecture, the cities provide a stunning glimpse of the past from the caravans of the Silk Road to more modern Soviet times.

Food in the country can be quite basic; a throwback to the country’s nomadic past. However, the bazaars and markets are awash with the colors and smell of fresh fruit, pastries, spices, and herbs. They are an excellent place to pick up a healthy breakfast or lunch.

Baiterek Tower & observation deck in the center of the capital Nur-Sultan.

The Presidential Palace of the country in Nur-Sultan.

Nur-Sultan, renamed after the former president in 2019 and previously known as Astana, is the country’s glistening and shiny new capital. Once a dusty outpost on the vast Eurasian steppe, Nur-Sultan is a palace to modernity with shimmering skyscrapers, department stores, and world-class restaurants. The city is a little bland. But for those who enjoy the finer trappings of modernity, it’s a great jumping-off point to discover the rest of this wild country.

Soviet-era murals adorn many walls in Karaganda.

A Soviet-era monument dedicated to the miners of Karaganda.

Located 200 KM south of Nur-Sultan is the small provincial city of Karaganda. The city is tied ominously to its Soviet past and the large system of gulags that were set up to mine the area’s abundant coal deposits. It’s not all doom and gloom though as the city’s tree-lined boulevards and parks come alive in summer. There are some interesting murals preserved from the Soviet times that decorate the city’s walls.

The museum is dedicated to the victims of Kazakhstan’s gulags at Karlag.

The Karaganda Corrective Labour Camp, or Karlag for short, was the headquarters of the country’s Gulag complex. The site, which lies 30 KM northwest of Karaganda, is now home to a museum depicting the horrors of Stalinism and the Gulag “archipelago”. The grand-looking whitewashed building belies the dark past of the place. Inside are three floors with exhibits and dioramas of prisoner life. Do check out the reconstruction of a gulag guard tower.

The beautiful Zenkov Cathedral in Panfilov Park, Almaty.

The Almaty skyline with the Tian Shan Mountains in the background is a beautiful sight.

The beating heart and former capital of the country, Almaty is a joy to behold. Wherever you are in the city the giant Tian Shan Mountains dominate the skyline. The huge number of street-side cafes means that you could be forgiven for thinking that you are in Paris rather than on the Silk Road! Almaty has a mixture of Central Asian and Russian architecture. The stunning yellow, blue, and white Zhenkov Cathedral is a must-see!

Big Almaty Lake, Kazakhstan

Big Almaty Lake in the mountains above the city.

Stunning mountain pastures near Big Almaty Lake.

Tucked in a valley some 3,000 meters above Almaty is the translucent Big Almaty Lake. In winter the surface resembles the glass of a skyscraper. And in summer it turns an azure blue as it reflects the blue skies above. The lake lies very close to the border with Kyrgyzstan. So don’t be surprised to find border guards hiding in the forests surrounding the lake. A short hike from the lake lies the Almaty observatory.

Read More – Pangong Lake in Ladakh

The world’s highest ice rink at 1,691 meters (5,547 feet).

The Medeu cable car goes up the mountain to the resort at Shymbulak.

Medeu is home to the world’s highest ice-skating rink. In winter families head here for a day of fun on the ice. And in summer it opens up for different events such as go-karting. Medeu is only a 30-minute bus ride from Almaty city center. It is the starting point of many hiking trails into the wilderness. This is also where the cable car to nearby Shymbulak is located.

Shymbulak, Kazakhstan

The dramatic Zailiskiy Alatua Mountain is part of the Tian Shan range that spans Central Asia and China.

A signpost detailing the distance to other ski resorts around the globe can be seen on the way.

Central Asia’s premier mountain and ski resort, Shymbulak is a wonderful destination all year round. For lovers of winter sports, you can hire skis or a snowboard and hit the slopes. In summer the hikes into the mountains high above Almaty offer incredible views. The resort is home to 10 restaurants, bars, and cafes making it a great place to escape the city for a coffee or lunch!

Read More – Zakopane – the Ski Town of Poland

Shymkent, Kazakhstan

The Abdulhamid Kattani Mosque in central Shymkent.

A pleasant walkway following a tributary of the Kochkar Ata River in Shymkent.

Known as the Texas of Kazakhstan for its wild horses and “cowboys”, Shymkent is a pleasant, sleepy town not far from the border with Uzbekistan. The pedestrian street is lined with large trees and shops selling traditional Kazakh souvenirs. Shymkent makes an excellent destination for those wishing to explore the nearby countryside of lakes and mountains. Before discovering nearby Uzbekistan which lies less than 100 KM to the South.

A ship monument near Aralsk railway station alludes to its past glory as a fishing village on the Aral Sea.

Salt lakes glimmer under the hot desert sun of Aralsk in the central part of the country.

Aralsk has a sad story to tell. This once-thriving fishing port is now a dusty and run-down desert outpost. The fishing trawlers have been replaced by camels as the Aral Sea has retreated hundreds of kilometers into the desert as a result of Soviet cotton farming and the damning of rivers. It’s not all bad news though, as slowly but surely the Aral is returning. Perhaps one day in the future it will once more lap at the town and bring back the fortunes that faded into the sand.

Read More – Wadi Rum – The Arabian Desert

Aktau’s beach on the shores of the Caspian Sea.

Nearby the Aktau lighthouse sits atop an apartment building.

Aktau is very, very far from anywhere. It is a small, industrial city on the Caspian Sea (like the Aral, the Caspian is really an inland lake). It takes three to four days to reach Aktau by train from Almaty or Nur-Sultan. But is an incredible adventure journey nevertheless. The main reason for traveling to Aktau is for the weekly sailing between Kazakhstan and Baku in Azerbaijan. One of the quirkier things about this city is the extraordinary lighthouse perched atop a block of flats.

The small village of Zharkent is made up of many wooden dachas.

A small but picturesque mosque can be seen in the Kazakh village of Zharkent.

Zharkent is a small village close to the border with China. It represents a real look at rural parts of the country with its unpaved roads, wooden-painted houses, and laid-back feel. You are just as likely to see a horse and cart as you are the ubiquitous Ladas that can be found across the former Soviet Union from Kaliningrad to Kazakhstan! There isn’t much to see in the village save for a small war memorial and a pleasant shady park.

Read More – A Road Trip Around Eastern Tibet

It is a wonderful and little-visited country that is just opening up to tourism. There has never been a better time to visit, as travelers seek alternatives to well-trodden paths. There is enough to see in this huge country to keep travelers of every interest engaged and coming back for more!

Excited about visiting this country? Check out this comprehensive Kazakhstan Backpacking Guide for more information.

This is a guest post by Steve Rohan.

Steve Rohan is an English teacher originally from England who has lived and worked in China for five years. His interests include cycling, hiking, travel, and all aspects of the great outdoors. Steve has traveled to over 50 countries. He writes for the blog  https://thetripgoeson.com/ which focuses on overland travel and extreme destinations. He has visited the country eight times in the last three years. And plans on moving to Almaty in 2020.

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16 comments.

I have not been a fan of visiting kazakhstan.But after reading this article there are places which I found are so dreamy.I love beautiful scenery and would definitely visit Big almaty lake and Shymbulak.This country is adventure tourist dream that’s what like and will definitely try skiing,snowboarding whenever I visit.

Very useful information. Thank you.

Thank you for your useful information.

hello sir! this is very good article because i am new blogger the article help me to get ideas. this is very informative. thank!

hey inditales this is the best article about Kazakhstan place

I didn’t realize it was the 9th largest! Wow! And Big Almaty Lake is BEAUTIFUL! What rich history here. Beautiful pictures as well.

Nice places, I will so much love to pay a visit to Kazakhstan in my lifetime.

Kazakhstan is a beautiful place. I want to visit this place.

KAZAKHSTAN is a very beautiful place, I wish I visit this place.

written very well. The best writing I have ever seen! Informed many significant & essential things about Kazakhstan. thanks to you for this valuable information.

Awesome place.Thanks for sharing these wonderful post.This is very useful for me.Keep sharing.

the best blog article of the day

Since the time when WizzAir started with their cheap flights from Europe to Kazakhstan, I wanted to visit. And now…Corona hits… anyway I’ll definitely save this article for when I finally go! Thanks!

Great post, It is an awesome guide about Kazakhstan, really Kazakstan have awesome some places for visiting and touring. there many awesome we see, these places looking very beautiful for a tour. you gave some very valuable information here to about Kazakhstan, really it will help me to when I will go. love reading this amazing post. thank you very much for sharing with us. keep it up!

Really Awesome post.Thanks for sharing.Keep sharing.

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• Discovering Turkestan, the spiritual and historical center of Kazakhstan

When Niko and I were planning our journey to Kazakhstan , there was one destination that stood out and that I really wanted to visit: Turkestan!

Once known as Shavgar and Yassy, Turkestan was one of the most important commercial centers of the Silk Road, the trade route between Europe and China. It was also the capital of the Kazakh khanate (an area ruled by a Khan) where the ceremonies of enthronement took place.

The city was founded over 15 centuries ago and is now the historical center of Kazakhstan’s culture. Since traveling the Silk Road had always been a childhood dream and we had to miss out on Iran due to visa issues , I was definitely not planning on skipping Turkestan!

Another reason why I really wanted to visit this ancient city, was the mausoleum of Khoza Ahmed Yasawi. He was the first man who brought Islam to Central Asia and his mausoleum attracts every year thousands of pilgrims.

Looking at pictures of the beautiful mosaics of Kazakhstan’s greatest architectural monument, made me wanted to grab a sketching book and draw some colorful intricate patterns.

I know that the architecture in Uzbekistan will inspire me even more but according to what I’ve been reading, it’s comparable with the magnificent buildings that I will see during my upcoming journey to this Central Asian country.

Turkestan is located in the South of Kazakhstan. After almost one week of straight driving through the endless and featureless steppes of Western Kazakhstan , it was a welcome change to arrive in the southern part of the country.

The dry planes started changing into green hilly fields and we even saw some water holes where camels and horses would gather to drink.

It had been ages since we’ve seen a river that wasn’t dried up or looked like a pathetic little stream! I often wondered how the nomads and herders, who live in those tiny villages in the middle of the steppes, survive with such a shortage of water and greenery! I’m tempted to go back there one day to experience life in a desert village!

We drove through the tree-lined streets, looking for the entrance to the pilgrimage site.

Turkestan is nowadays a large industrial, educational and cultural city. It didn’t look so different from the other cities we had seen so far on our road trip, except that it had a lot more trees and character and there were a lot more local and foreign tourists wandering its streets.

The ancient site of Turkestan lies on the edge of the city. Once we arrived there, it was hard not to notice the dazzling turquoise dome of the mausoleum.

This mausoleum is described as a masterpiece of medieval architecture. It was built between 1397 and 1405 on the orders of Amir Timur, who ruled over Central Asia. That’s why this mausoleum resembles his other creations in Uzbekistan, also known as “Timurid architecture”.

Timur wanted to replace the smaller 12th-century mausoleum of the famous Turkic poet and Sufi mystic Khoja Ahmed Yasawi.

Yasawi played a very important role in the Islamic world as he was a religious teacher who converted many Turkic people with his teachings and poems to the Islamic religion. He was considered to be a saint and Muslim pilgrims came from far and wide to see his mausoleum.

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Want to learn more about Kazakhstan? Read our Travel Guide to Kazakhstan !

When Timur started the new construction of this mausoleum, it quickly became the new standard for Islamic architecture and it attracted even more devout followers. However, the construction was stopped in 1405 with the death of Timur but Turkestan remained an important religious center of spirituality.

Although the mausoleum is unfinished, it is still an amazing piece of architectural artwork! There are a total of 34 different rooms and chambers inside with a massive bronze cauldron in the center of the hall, used for religious purposes.

The dome on the top of the mausoleum is the largest of its kind in Central Asia. I was especially fascinated by the astoundingly beautiful mosaic patterns on the outside of the building. The mausoleum was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003.

The mausoleum isn’t the only building you can visit on the ancient site of Turkestan.

Locals and tourists also come to visit the beautiful gardens, the underground mosque ( Kumshik-Ata) with the cell in which Kozha Ahmed Yassawi is said to have spent the last years of his life and is now used as a house for underground meditation.

There is the Historical Cultural Ethnographic Center with exhibits on the regional history, the Friday mosque which dates from the 19th century and an old bathhouse with a well nearby that has religious importance to the people.

You can also visit many tombs of the Kazakh khans and the representatives of nobility, including the tomb of Rabigha Sultan Begum, Timur’s granddaughter, which you can find in the small mausoleum in front of Yassawi’s mausoleum.

Fragments of the original citadel wall separate the ancient city from the modern city of Turkestan.

Visiting Turkestan was definitely a highlight of our travels in Kazakhstan. I’m happy to have seen the splendid and colorful architectural artwork of the mausoleum, especially after spending 7 days in a row in the endless steppes of Western Kazakhstan.

Turkestan is definitely a place worth visiting if you plan on traveling to Kazakhstan! It’s one of the must-go-to places if you want to learn more about Central Asia’s rich heritage !  

Discover more unique places in Kazakhstan! Read here about the Lost Aral Sea !

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Practical travel information

Entrance fee.

You can walk around the historical sites for free but you have to pay an entrance fee if you want to go inside Yassawi’s mausoleum. Locals pay 200 KZT, foreigners 500 KZT (equals $1.5). The entrance fee to the Historical Cultural Etnographic Center is also 500 KZT.

How to get to Turkestan with public transportation

Taking the train to Turkestan is probably your best option.

There are direct trains from Almaty (20 hours) and Shymkent (3,5 hours) and you can also take the train from the capital city Astana. Turkestan has also an international connection to Tashkent, capital city of Uzbekistan, but for this you’ll need an Uzbekistan visa! For more information about train schedules and tickets, go to tickets.kz

You can take minibus 2, 10 or 13 to go from the train station to the city center or the Mausoleum. Price: 50 KZT.

Watch the video we made about our visit to Turkestan (second part of the video):

KNOW BEFORE YOU GO – KAZAKHSTAN TRAVEL TIPS:

• The Ultimate Travel Guide to Backpacking in Kazakhstan
• Is it safe to travel to Kazakhstan?
• The most beautiful lakes of Kazakhstan: Kolsai Lakes and Lake Kaindy
• Visiting the ship graveyard of Aral, the lost sea of Central Asia
• The 26 most beautiful places to visit in Kazakhstan
• Blown away by the beauty of Charyn Canyon – The Complete Travel Guide
• Hiking in Almaty, Kazakhstan – The 5 best and most beautiful hikes
• A Beginner’s Guide to Skiing in Shymbulak Ski Resort in Almaty
• How to get from Almaty to Tashkent
• How to get from Almaty to Bishkek

KAZAKHSTAN TRAVEL RESOURCES:

• Accommodation & Lodging in Kazakhstan: Booking.com  
• Travel Insurance for Kazakhstan: SafetyWing
• Kazakhstan (Bradt Travel Guides)
• Lonely Planet Central Asia (Travel Guide)
• Kazakh for Beginners: A Comprehensive Self-Study Course
• Lonely Planet Russian Phrasebook & Dictionary

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• About Kazakhstan

Culture and Traditions in Kazakhstan

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Guest reception traditions

One of the most significant traditions in Kazakhstan is hospitality. Kazakhs are known for their warm and welcoming nature, and visitors are treated with great respect and generosity. Guests are offered food and drink as a sign of hospitality and are often given gifts as a token of appreciation.

The tradition of showing hospitality to guests has been a part of Kazakh culture since ancient times. It was common practice to welcome travelers and guests with open arms and offer them the most delicious food. This tradition has roots in the nomadic lifestyle of the Kazakh ancestors, where staying in unfamiliar households was a common occurrence. The custom is known as konaqasy .

When a guest is invited to a yurt (a traditional dwelling), they are seated in the honored place, known as tor , which is located opposite the entrance. The hosts immediately serve a selection of light treats from Kazakh cuisine, including drinks like kumys, shubat, ayran , or tea with milk. Fresh baursaks , flatbreads, kurt , and irimshik are also placed on the table. Appetizers made from horsemeat or lamb, such as zhaya, qazy , and shuzhyk , are also served. 

In honor of the guest's arrival, hosts often cut a lamb and prepare several dishes with it at once. This includes the pre-course dish, kuyrdak , made of lungs, liver, and kidneys, as well as the main dish of Kazakh cuisine, beshbarmak . Boiled meat is presented in large pieces on a tray, and the host slices the meat himself, offering each guest a portion. This cutting is a traditional practice, with specific cuts reserved for certain individuals. For example, pelvic bones and shin are intended for the elderly, brisket for son-in-law or daughter-in-law, and cervical vertebrae for girls. The most honored guest is presented with the specially prepared head of a ram. The meat is served with a rich broth in bowls.

Another tradition associated with the reception of guests is known as konaqkade . After the meal, the host may invite the guest to perform a song or play a musical instrument. In response, the guest typically performs an improvisation that expresses gratitude to the hosts for their warm welcome.

Important guests are given special treatment in Kazakh culture. There is a ritual known as at mingizip shapan zhabu , which involves welcoming a distinguished guest to a Kazakh household. The guest is presented with a horse and an expensive chapan , which is an embroidered robe made of camel wool with a chintz lining. This is a way of showing respect and honor to the guest.

In Kazakh culture, it was customary to present important guests with valuable gifts, such as a horse, a sable fur coat, a camel, a Persian carpet, or a sword. The most valuable possessions in the household were often given as a sign of respect and honor to the guest. This tradition is known as bes zhaqsy , or the «five valuable things». Although this custom is not as commonly practiced nowadays, it still holds strong in some villages in Kazakhstan.

One interesting tradition that has been preserved since ancient times is the practice of yerulik , which involves acquainting new members of a community with their neighbors. When new residents move into a village, they are invited to dinner or lunch with their closest neighbors. This helps people get acquainted and newcomers can integrate more easily into the society. This tradition is still alive in many Kazakh families today, whether they live in a traditional aul (village) or a modern apartment building.

There are some other interesting traditions related to hospitality:

• Toqymqagar or the farewell ceremony. This usually happens if someone from the family is departing for a long time. A ram is cut and a toy-dastarkhan  (festive table) is arranged. Seer-offs say various wishes for those going on a long journey.
• Tize Bugu . Guests show respect for the owner and their house by kneeling upon entering. Failing to observe this rite was considered insulting and disrespectful.
• Toy-Dastarkhan is a festive table. In addition to a feast, toy-dastarkhan may include music performances, song contests ( aitys ), races, and other games.
• Shashu is a ritual practiced during various celebratory occasions such as the arrival of esteemed guests, weddings, and matchmakings. During this ritual, the hosts shower the guests with sweets and coins, and children often collect the scattered treats and money. Kazakh tradition holds that the sweets picked up during Shashu bring good luck.
• Suyunshi is a custom to give valuable gifts to those who bring good news.
• Baigazy is a tradition to give a small gift to those who bought a new thing.
• Sarqyt  is a tradition in which guests are given the remaining food from the dastarkhan to take with them when they depart.
• Tugan zherge aunatu  is a custom in which a person who has been away from their homeland for an extended period of time is welcomed back by being rolled on the ground upon their return.
• Belkoterer is a tradition of preparing special meals for the elderly. Soft, tasty dishes such as  jent , kumys , irimshik (cottage cheese), and others are specially prepared for them. It is the responsibility of their children or close relatives, and less commonly their neighbors, to provide these meals and care for the elderly.

Wedding traditions

The Kazakh wedding is a significant and grandiose event, much like in any other country. However, it is not merely a holiday for the newlyweds, their parents, close relatives, and friends, but also a union of two kinship ties, which makes it unique. Therefore, the Kazakh wedding involves a plethora of rituals and traditions that are strictly observed.

In the past, the proposal was made by the young man through his brother's wife, and the bride was not allowed to see her future husband until the wedding day. Even if the bride did not like the groom, she had no right to disobey her parents' decision about her fate.

Today, things have changed, and Kazakh guys and girls meet and get to know each other in various ways, such as on the street, in cafes, or through social media. However, wedding rites are still important and are carried out during the marriage and wedding ceremony.

As before, matchmakers ( kudalar ) come to the girl's house with gifts. The ring is given to the bride by his brother's wife, not by the groom himself. The wedding day was previously appointed by the elders of the family, but today the date of the wedding is discussed together with the newlyweds. During matchmaking, kudalar usually exchange expensive gifts.

The practice of paying a bride price, known as kalym , is still observed in many rural families where traditional customs hold significant importance. Although the groom's parents do not always foot the bill, they try to honor the tradition by presenting the bride's family with valuable items such as cattle, expensive fabrics, and jewelry. According to tradition, the groom can only visit the bride and her parents in their home after the payment of the bride price.

Once all the necessary procedures and matchmaking have been completed, the bride's father chooses the day for his beloved daughter's departure, known as kyz uzatu , and provides clothing to all of the groom's relatives.

The wedding itself is a grand celebration that usually includes all the relatives of the bride and groom. A specially invited akyn performs traditional Kazakh wedding songs, and various competitions, dances, and fun activities are held. After the wedding, the newlyweds retire to their wedding tent.

Some other wedding traditions:

• Qudalyq  refers to the traditional matchmaking process in which the groom's parents, along with the close relatives of the bride, come together to arrange the marriage.
• Bethashar  – a tradition of revealing the bride's face at the wedding. Of course, nowadays, the bride and the groom know each other well before the wedding but the tradition still lives.
• Syrga salu is a symbolic ceremony in which the mother of the groom puts earrings on the bride, signifying the completion of the marriage contract between the two families.
• Qyz uzatu  is a traditional farewell ceremony that marks the bride's departure from her parents' home to her new home with the groom's family.
• Qursaq toy  is a custom in which the groom's family hosts a celebration upon receiving news of the bride's pregnancy.
• Bride theft  is a traditional practice where a man would kidnap a girl he liked and take her to his village, after which all other marriage rituals would be performed. However, today, this practice is only considered acceptable with the consent of the girl. Without her consent, it is considered a criminal offense.

Customs related to children

Tusau kesu (cutting the ties).

Many Kazakh customs are centered around children, as they are considered the most valuable treasure in Kazakh families. The growth and upbringing of children are associated with numerous rituals and traditions, such as laying in the cradle, naming, and one of the most significant customs for a child –  tusau kesu or cutting the ties. This ceremony is held when the child takes his or her first steps.

During Tusau Kesu, a child's legs are tied with a thin, colorful cord, which is cut by an energetic man with many children, a respected aksakal (elderly man), or an important guest. The cord used to tie the legs of the baby traditionally consists of black and white threads, representing the black and white stripes of life, as the kid must learn to overcome difficulties.

The ritual is accompanied by songs and wishes ( bata ), so that the child stands firmly on their feet and confidently walks through life. After the ties are cut, a feast usually follows, with contests, songs, and music competitions. In the past, after tusau kesu, a child would receive a horse and saddle, but nowadays, they are more likely to receive expensive gifts or money instead.

Sundet-toy (circumcision)

Sundet , or rite of circumcision, is a significant tradition that has been preserved and is often observed in Kazakh families. This custom originated with the arrival of Islam in the Great Steppe and remains one of the most important family traditions.

Sundet is typically performed when a boy turns 3, 5 or 7 years old. On the day of the ceremony, the boy is dressed in beautiful national clothes and put on horseback. Colorful ribbons are woven into the horse's mane, and a bag of treats is tied to the saddle. The boy rides up to relatives one by one and treats them with food from the bag. Once all the gifts and treats are given out, the boy goes to a separate yurt or room with a mullah (and nowadays, a surgeon), where he undergoes circumcision.

Following the circumcision, parents organize a grand celebration called s undet toy , where everyone gives the child money or valuable gifts. This celebration marks the boy's transition into manhood and is a significant moment for the family.

Other traditions and customs related to the upbringing of a child

• Shildehana – birthday party for the baby.
• Besikke salu, also known as besik toy, is the practice of placing a newborn baby in a cradle. Typically, this ceremony is held 3-5 days after the umbilical cord falls off the baby. Prior to this, the newborn sleeps with their mother.
• Yesim qoyu or at qoyu. A ceremony of naming the child. A respected person usually gives the name of the child.
• Qyrqynan shygaru. This ceremony is performed on the fortieth day after the child is born. The child is bathed in 40 spoons of water, hair and nails are cut for the first time
• Auzyna tukirtu  is a traditional Kazakh ritual that translates to «spitting in the mouth». According to Kazakh beliefs, when a respected person spits into the mouth of a child, the child will receive a piece of that person's talent.
• Ashamayga mingizu  is a tradition of giving a horse and a kamcha (whip) to a 6-7-year-old boy. This ceremony marks the boy's proclamation as a jigit (a young man). During this event, the child receives blessings from the elders, and the parents usually arrange a small celebration in honor of their son.

Aitys is an essential part of any Kazakh holiday program. It is a poetic-musical competition where Kazakh singers-improvisers participate.

During aitys, the performers sit or stand in front of each other and engage in a song dialogue, passing the word to each other and continuing the theme started by the opponent. Aitys can be held on any arbitrary theme. The winner is chosen based on the competition's results, with a jury consisting of distinguished people or guests of the festival who evaluate not only the musicality and performing talent but also the skill in parrying the arguments of the opponent, humor, and ingenuity.

Aitys is somewhat similar to modern rap battles, with a similar performance order and evaluation of participants. While several akyns  (singers) can participate in aitys, paired performances are more traditional. Aitys is often held between a man and a woman. For instance, in 1946, Kazakh composer Mukan Tulebayev wrote the opera «Birzhan and Sarah» based on aitys between famous akyns of the XIX century Birzhan-sal and Sarah Tastanbekkyzy.

Nauryz Holiday

Nauryz is a wonderful tradition that dates back to the ancient pre-Islamic times of the history of the Kazakh people. It is a holiday that celebrates spring, the renewal of nature, the beginning of a new year, and new life. According to Tengrian beliefs, Nauryz is considered the beginning of the New Year and is celebrated on March 22, on the day of the vernal equinox.

Nauryz consists of many small rituals and customs. The holiday begins at dawn, when all the inhabitants of the village or aul come out together to plant trees under the guidance of aksakals. After the trees are planted, everyone gathers for the celebration. People have fun, congratulate each other on New Year's Eve, and wish each other peace, prosperity, richness, and happiness. Songs composed especially for this holiday, called Nauryz Zhyr , are performed. Sports competitions, such as kures (wrestling) and baiga (horse races), are held. Often in the middle of the village, there are big swings for children and youth. There are also intellectual contests for solving poetic riddles and contests in short sayings.

After the holiday, each family in each house sets a festive table. The meal is usually held at noon. Before and after the meal, the invited mullah reads prayers in honor of the ancestors. At the end of the meal, the eldest of those present gives a blessing ( bata ) to keep the family intact year after year. In this ritual, we can see the fusion of pagan and Muslim traditions.

During the Nauryz holiday, the number seven was considered significant as it represents the seven days of the week, which is the unit of time of universal eternity. As part of the tradition, seven bowls of a special festive drink called Nauryz-kozhe , prepared from seven types of cereals, were placed before the aksakals. The dastarkhan, the traditional Kazakh table, also had seven different treats.

The Nauryz celebration typically ended with an aitys. The competition continued until sunset, which was believed to be the moment when good conquered evil. Afterward, a fire was lit, and people with torches lit from it danced and sang as they went around all the neighborhoods of the village, completing the holiday of spring renewal and equinox.

Traditional Kazakh games and entertainment: 

• Kazakh traditional hunting with a golden eagle.  The golden eagle has been used since ancient times for hunting hares, corsacs, foxes, etc. Trained berkutchi hunters are engaged in the breeding and training of hunting birds.
• Kazakh traditional hunting with tazy. Kazakh  tazy is an ancient breed of hunting hounds, belonging to the intangible heritage of UNESCO. With Tazy, Kazakhs hunt small game and steppe antelopes.
• Kures  is Kazakh wrestling. Competitions are usually held during festivals. Other peoples of Central Asia also have analogies to this sport.
• Toguz Qumalaq . is a table game that is based on the number 9. It appears to be a simple game, but it is actually a complex logical game that is often referred to as the «algebra of shepherds». This game was a popular pastime among nomads and was used to brighten up their leisure time.
• Asyq is a children's street game, which has now become the national sport in Kazakhstan. The country even holds Asyq tournaments.
• Bastangy is a kind of party for young people, which was usually held after parents' departure.

Read more about national games and sports in this article .

Helping neighbors and the community

• Asar is a Kazakh tradition of helping someone with the whole family or generation, or even the entire village. This may involve building a house or cattle sheds, among other things. At the end of the work, a dastarkhan is held for the helpers.
• Zhylu is a similar tradition to Asar. In this case, people come together to help those who have suffered from natural disasters, such as fires or floods. Anyone, regardless of their status or tribe, can help the victims to the best of their ability. Donations can include cattle, building materials, clothes, money, and labor.

Indeed, experiencing the traditions and customs firsthand is the best way to truly appreciate and understand their significance. Kazakhstan is a country with a rich cultural heritage, and its festivals and holidays provide a unique opportunity to witness and participate in age-old customs and practices. From the vibrant colors and music of the traditional costumes and instruments to the warm hospitality and delicious food, there is something for everyone to enjoy. Whether it's attending a lively aitys competition, planting trees during Nauryz, or simply enjoying the festive atmosphere, a trip to Kazakhstan during its traditional holidays is sure to be an unforgettable experience.

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Top five historical sites and monuments of Kazakhstan

KHOJA AHMED YASAWI MAUSOLEUM

The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi is one of the most popular historical sites of Kazakhstan and a masterpiece of medieval architectural art in the territory of Central Asia.

The Mausoleum was built in the XIV century under the direction of Amir Timur and is believed to be a sacred place for the Kazakh nation. The remains of 24 khans and sultans, 57 batyrs and 18 biis were buried near this monument.

The height of the Mausoleum, which was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, is 39 meters. The structure consists of 35 rooms connected with each other by different corridors. In the central room, there is an ancient relic - Taikazan.

TANBALY COMPLEX

The ancient stones of Tanbaly are one of the most important objects of Kazakhstan’s historical heritage. This is the first rock art monument in Central Asia, included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The petroglyphs of the Tanbaly complex have a 4000-year history. The total number of drawings is around 5,000.

Rock carvings show how people in ancient times perceived the world around them and demonstrate their progressive worldview. Petroglyphs are lined up as per a special system and philosophical principle.

AKYRTAS PALACE

Akyrtas Palace full of mysteries was built in the VIII-XII centuries. The weight of each stone block in its walls is about a ton. The weight of some stones exceeds 10 tons.

Some scholars believe that the Akyrtas complex is the medieval city Kasribas, which stood once on the Great Silk Road.

The complex, which covers the area of 2.5 hectares, consists of about 70 rooms, 15 galleries with columns, entrance gates and an open area in the center.

Akyrtas Palace was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

ZHARKENT MOSQUE

Zharkent Mosque is the pearl of Zhetysu region and another magnificent work of architectural art. The mosque, built without a single nail, was erected between 1887 and 1892.

Construction works were carried out under the guidance of Chinese engineer Hong Pik from Beijing.

The complex includes the main gates, a small mosque, a madrasah, a large Friday mosque and a fence built of burnt blue bricks.

AISHA BIBI MAUSOLEUM

Aisha Bibi Mausoleum is a historically significant monument of the XI-XII centuries. Few traditional memorial monuments can compare with it in terms of beauty and variety of carved patterns.

The Mausoleum attracts tourists not only with its special architecture, but also with the story of boundless love between Aisha-Bibi and Karakhan Batyr. According to legend, the beautiful Aisha died from a snakebite on her way to her lover.

There are more than 25 thousand monuments of historical and cultural heritage in Kazakhstan, 10 of them are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, and 12,463 sites have the status of a historical and cultural monument of republican and local importance. The Ministry of Culture and Sport plans to include six more historical sites in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

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Ecotourism in Kazakhstan: balancing humans and nature

June 26, 2023.

Ecotourism in Kazakhstan is becoming increasingly popular. Nowadays,  tourist routes and trails , as well as virtual tours, are being developed in the country, sustainable business models are introduced, and  the legislative framework is being improved to reflect these changes.

With a rich variety of natural landscapes, flora and fauna, Kazakhstan is making efforts to balance the interests of the nature preservation with the interests of the local communities. The country’s national parks play a key role in the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems – their development has a positive effect on employment and economic growth of the regions.

Katon-Karagai National Park is the largest park in Kazakhstan. It is located in the east of the country and covers an area of more than 640,000 hectares

Katon-Karagai and Kolsai Koldery National Parks are not only two of the largest national parks in Kazakhstan, they are the most favorite places for travelers to visit. The parks are included in  the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves . They impress with their picturesque landscapes, mountains and forests, high-altitude lakes and waterfalls. These parks are home to rare Red List animals and endemic plant species.

Today, the development of national parks and, in general, specially protected natural areas (protected areas) is not possible without the use of high technologies. Among the new IT solutions are virtual tours, which were developed and implemented in Katon-Karagai and  Kolsai Koldery National Parks in 2022.  Thanks to virtual tours, people have new opportunities to travel. Although, modern solutions cannot completely replace a person's stay in nature, they help national parks become more accessible to tourists from all over the world, positively influencing the sustainable tourism development in protected areas.

Kolsai Koldery, the National Nature Park, is located in the south-east of Kazakhstan and it is one of the most visited protected areas of the country

In recent years, Kolsai Koldery National Park has become a center of attraction not only for local tourists, but also for travelers from abroad. The park is the most visited in Kazakhstan. Over the past 10 years, the number of tourists has increased 10 fold – almost 200,000 people visited the national park in 2022.

Hamit Akhmetov has been working in the tourism and environmental education fields for more than 24 years and is a researcher at Kolsai Koldery National Park. He points out that the park has no shortage of visitors today, but an uneven recreational load on tourist routes and trails has to be urgently addressed in his opinion. At the moment, there are seven tourist routes in the national park, but only two are the busiest — Lower Kolsai Lake and Kaiyndy Lake. The tourism specialist is confident that with the help of a virtual tour technology, the national park will be able to reduce the burden on these routes.

Hamit Akhmetov is working on the development of ecotourism in Kolsai Koldery National Park

"90 percent of the national park visitors only visit the Lower Kolsai Lake and unfairly bypass the Middle and Upper Lakes, which are most beneficial from the point of view of the human psychocomfort. On the Kurmetty and Saty gorges’ routes, tourists can retire into the wilderness, and enjoy the singing of the birds, the murmur of streams, and the picturesque landscapes. Virtual tours introduce people to the diversity of the national park’s nature and inspire the interest of potential tourists in visiting other routes," said Hamit Akhmetov.

If in Kolsai Koldery National Park the virtual tours help to decrease the load on popular routes, then in Katon-Karagai National Park they are intended to attract new visitors.

Serik Konurbaev, a tourism specialist in Katon-Karagai National Park, notes that virtual tours play an important role in promoting protected areas not only among local tourists, but also among foreign tourists, who currently represent only 5 percent of the total number of visitors in Katon-Karagai Park.

"The tourist season in the Katon-Karagai National Park is extremely short – from June to September. However, due to virtual tours, anyone can take a virtual walk in picturesque places and plan a future trip to the national park more thoroughly," said Serik Konurbayev.  

Serik Konurbaev, a tourism specialist at Katon-Karagai National Park, is confident that virtual tours will help in the promotion and development of the national park

He also notes that the number of travelers from abroad primarily depends on the level of safety measures in place and the quality of services provided. New information about guest houses, transportation and other services is gradually added to the National Park’s website and posted on its social networks. Concurrently, work is underway to develop new routes and trails. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of tourists in Katon-Karagai: 7,040 people visited the park in 2022. It is expected that this trend will continue this year.

"We invite tour operators to cooperate with us, and we also work with an international partner from Mongolia, thanks to which more and more foreign tourists learn about Katon-Karagai National Park," added Serik Konurbayev.

The park’s leadership hopes that these measures will help attract not only a large number of tourists, but also solve the problem of shortage of staff in the national park.

Katon-Karagai National Park

The development and implementation of virtual tours to nature reserves and national parks of Kazakhstan is implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) with the support of the Global Environment Facility (GEF). To date, within the framework of the project, virtual tours have been developed for the five protected areas of the country:  West Altai Nature Reserve ,  Katon-Karagai , Sairam-Ugam , Tarbagatai and  Kolsai Koldery National Parks.

Tours are an interactive presentation with 3D panoramic images and aerial panoramas, and contain information about tourist routes and trails that allow the user to move in the selected space, creating a sense of presence. To develop virtual tours, UNDP specialists took pictures at 79 locations in pilot protected areas.

Certainly, the development of ecotourism in national parks and reserves is not possible without interaction with local communities. For several years, the development of sustainable tourism in Kazakhstan has been carried out within the framework of the UNDP-GEF project, one of the key tasks of which is to expand opportunities for the local communities to engage in the provision of services in the field of ecotourism.

Today, there are about 80 guest houses in Saty Village, which is only 5 km from Kolsai Koldery National Park. Entrepreneurs from this rural community offer travelers accommodation, catering, horseback riding, transportation services, as well as various master classes. In recent years, yurt houses have been particularly popular among the most sophisticated travelers, allowing them to experience the culture and customs of the Kazakh people. 

Yurt guest houses in Kolsai Koldery National Park

Aliya Temirova is the owner of yurt guest houses, the business she started in 2022. The entrepreneur acquired three Kazakh yurts as part of  Eco Damu preferential lending program and installed them near Kolsai Lakes. Tourists are offered the opportunity to not only rent yurts for their stay, but also to get acquainted with the Kazakh national dishes.

"Yurt is a traditional dwelling of our ancestors, and today they are in the greatest demand among foreign tourists. Now we are promoting our services through social networks, we also plan to be placed on international booking sites in order to attract travelers from abroad," said Aliya.

Aliya Temirova, a businesswoman from a village near Kolsai Koldery National Park

Aliya runs her business with her husband and her brother, who graduated with a tourism major. The entrepreneur shares that the well-established infrastructure of the national park helps rural residents build sustainable businesses and develop ecotourism in the region.

"We plan to increase the number of yurts and promote Kazakh culture", - the woman shares.

There aren’t many guest houses in Katon-Karagai National Park – only five, but the region is famous for folk artisans who skillfully work with eco-friendly materials – felt and wood.

Bakytbek Jalymbekov, a resident of the village of Katon-Karagai, has been engaged in wood carving for 10 years. In his workshop, he makes souvenirs and products in the national style. The craftsman admits that the work brings him pleasure and notes that the products are primarily focused on safety and environmental friendliness.

Bakytbek Jalymbekov is a well-known artisan in the East Kazakhstan region. He has been engaged in wood carving for about 10 years

"Our ancestors loved to work with wood, creating real works of art – animal figurines, dishes and musical instruments. I believe that this craft teaches people to interact with nature, because it does not harm the environment," says Bakytbek Jalymbekov.

In 2019, the entrepreneur became one of the 15 participants of the training of Qazaq- Oner the Handicraft Center , organized with the support of the UNDP. Today Bakytbek Alymbekov successfully applies these skills in the development of his own business, which helps him earn income and provide for his family. Thanks to the development of tourism in the region, the entrepreneur receives private orders for the wood products, and his souvenirs and products are in demand among the visitors to Katon-Karagai National Park.

In his small workshop, the artisan creates products using eco-friendly materials

Bakytbek believes that natural areas have great potential for the development of ecotourism, so that local communities have the opportunity not only to do business, securing a decent future for themselves, but also to contribute to the preservation of biodiversity.

Nowadays, national parks and nature reserves of Kazakhstan represent a model for the development of a sustainable future: people and nature get along on their land, and the use of high technologies changes the traditional beliefs about traveling in the wild, promoting the development of eco-tourism and local communities.

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Kazakhstan Sees Record Tourism Indicators in 2023

By Saniya Sakenova in Business , Editor’s Picks , Tourism on 14 May 2024

ASTANA – Last year, Kazakhstan fully recovered from the pandemic and has reached an all-time high in key tourism indicators, Minister of Tourism and Sports Yermek Marzhikpayev said at a May 14 government meeting chaired by Prime Minister Olzhas Bektenov.

Tourist is walking climb in the mountain valley with snowy peaks at sunset cloudy sky background in Central Asia, Kazakhstan. Photo credit: Shutterstock.

In 2023, foreign tourist arrivals in Kazakhstan doubled to 9.2 million from 4.7 million recorded in 2022. Meanwhile, the number of domestic tourists exceeded 9.6 million.

Services provided to tourists at accommodation sites reached 230 billion tenge (US$521.1 million), contributing 450 billion tenge (US$1 billion) in tax revenues to the treasury.

Investments in fixed assets surged by 53% to 787 billion tenge (US$1.7 billion). In the first quarter of 2024, investments in the tourism sector increased threefold to 177 billion tenge (US$401 million).

Bektenov instructed governors of the Atyrau, Karagandy, Pavlodar, Akmola, West Kazakhstan, and Zhetisu regions to comprehensively resolve infrastructure issues and enhance service quality, as these areas have not fully realized their tourism potential, recording a decrease in the rate of investment attraction.

“We have a lot of beautiful places that are extremely difficult to reach,” he said. “Take, for example, Eastern Kazakhstan or lakes Balkhash and Alakol. There are no proper roads and access routes, parking at attractions, or campsites.”

The Prime Minister necessitated providing infrastructure in tourist areas and creating attractive conditions for investors, given that foreign nationals currently face overpriced services due to low competition in the market.

Despite visa-free entry for citizens of 82 countries and international flights to 29 countries on 108 routes, foreign visitors encounter visa issuance challenges due to technical problems.

To address this, the government is considering introducing a modern Neo Nomad Visa, offering long-term stays in Kazakhstan with an expected annual economic impact exceeding 3 billion tenge (US$6.7 million).

Bektenov highlighted Kazakhstan’s enormous potential for ecological, cultural, pilgrimage, and health tourism, urging the development of agro-rural and ecotourism projects, completion of infrastructure projects in recreational areas, an increase in the number of trains, and improved pricing for air tickets.

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The Interpreter

Why a Tactic Used by Czars Is Back With a Vengeance

Authoritarian governments have long sought to target dissidents abroad. But the digital age may have given them stronger motives, and better tools, for transnational repression.

By Amanda Taub

Reporting from London

Diplomatic tensions are rising here in London. On Tuesday, the British foreign ministry summoned the Chinese ambassador for an official reprimand. The day before, the police charged three men with aiding the Hong Kong intelligence service and forcing entry into a residential address.

In a statement, the Foreign Office criticized “the recent pattern of behavior directed by China against the U.K,” and cited, among other things, Hong Kong’s issuing of bounties for information on dissidents who have resettled in Britain and elsewhere.

I’m not going to speculate on whether the three men are guilty or innocent, as their court case is ongoing. But the arrests have drawn attention to the phenomenon of “transnational repression,” in which autocratic governments surveil, harass or even attack their own citizens abroad. Last month, following a string of attacks on Iranian journalists, Reporters Without Borders proclaimed London a “hot spot” for the phenomenon.

Although transnational repression is an old practice, it appears to be gaining prevalence. Globalization and the internet have made it easier for exiles to engage in activism, and have also increased autocracies’ desire — and ability — to crack down on political activity in their diasporas.

“Everyone is online,” said Dana Moss, a professor at Notre Dame who coedited a recent book about transnational repression. “And we all have tracking devices called smartphones in our pockets.”

Is transnational repression on the rise, or does it just feel like that?

“This is a very old phenomenon,” said Marlies Glasius, a professor of international relations at the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands. “We know that the czarist regimes, for instance, kept tabs on Russian dissidents in Paris.”

The Russian secret police even staged provocations in Paris to make dissidents seem dangerous and persuade French authorities to crack down on them. “The most notorious provocation occurred in Paris in 1890, when Arkadiy Harting (a.k.a. Abraham Gekel’man or Landezen) organized a well-armed team of bombthrowers and then betrayed them to the Paris police,” the C.I.A. historian Ben B. Fisher wrote in a 1996 analysis of the Paris operation.

The Soviet leader Joseph Stalin famously had his political rival Leon Trotsky murdered in exile in Mexico in 1940. In 1976, Chile’s military government killed Orlando Letelier, a prominent opponent of Augusto Pinochet, in a Washington car bombing. In 1984, gunmen from the Libyan Embassy in London opened fire on a protest against Muammar el-Qaddafi, wounding 11 demonstrators and killing a British policewoman.

While we know a lot about the most high-profile attacks, we don’t know how widespread or effective transnational repression has been through history, partly because it was not specifically tracked or measured until recently.

But it is certainly a popular tool today. A Human Rights Watch report published last February documented 75 cases of transnational repression reportedly committed by more than 20 countries, including Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belarus, Cambodia, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, South Sudan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan and the United Arab Emirates.

Iranian journalists in London have experienced death threats, online abuse, targeted burglaries, surveillance and even a stabbing. Chinese students have described living in a “climate of fear” while studying abroad in Europe or North America because of threats, stalking, surveillance and other harassment that they believe was overseen by the Chinese government, Amnesty International reported on Monday.

And last year Hong Kong’s leader, John Lee, said that a group of pro-democracy activists living overseas would be “pursued for life” as he issued $128,000 bounties for information leading to their arrest. The dissidents are accused of violating Hong Kong’s so-called national security law.

Why don’t governments just leave political exiles alone?

Centuries ago, sending a difficult political opponent into exile could be an effective way to squash their influence and silence their message. Today, smartphones and social media mean that a dissident abroad can communicate with extraordinary reach.

“It’s become much more possible for people who have moved abroad, whether they did so for political reasons or not, to continue to influence and be part of the public sphere in their home countries,” Glasius said.

To autocrats, that feels threatening. “Because of the Arab Spring,” Moss said, “a lot of them learned the lesson, unfortunately, that what ordinary citizen activists do online or offline can really matter in terms of galvanizing public support.”

Many researchers initially viewed transnational democratic activism as a positive force that would help spread democratic ideas and accountability around the world. But perhaps that was too optimistic: The backlash from autocratic governments has meant more resources than ever are being devoted to repressing activism and dissent abroad.

And over time, autocrats have learned from each other’s techniques. “We do see that regimes are also sharing sort of their so-called ‘best-practices’ in repression, and doing more of this on a collaborative scale, which puts more people at risk,” Moss said.

What, if anything, can host countries do?

Host countries, caught in the middle between activists who have sought refuge on their soil, and another nation intent on pursuing them, face a thorny and sometimes unwelcome challenge.

Will they devote police resources to protect activists, and how much? Do they risk damaging diplomatic relations with the other country to publicly challenge acts of transnational repression?

In the United States, the F.B.I. has created “threat intimidation guides” offering guidance to people who have been victims of transnational repression on U.S. soil about how to seek protection from law enforcement. And there have been multiple federal prosecutions and indictments of people accused of plotting against journalists, activists and others.

“Governments are starting to collect data on it, there’s starting to be bipartisan legislation,” Moss said, “because they’re very worried about China and Iran. But that could also protect dissidents from places like Saudi and elsewhere.”

Experts say one of the most effective forms of defense would be to make asylum, residency and citizenship easier to obtain. “The more secure you are in having residential status, or, better still, citizenship of your host country, that gives you more recourse, makes you feel more secure, makes you less vulnerable,” Glasius said.

Amanda Taub writes the Interpreter , an explanatory column and newsletter about world events. She is based in London. More about Amanda Taub

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Home » Home » Timur Kulibaev: Biography and Career in Kazakhstan of a Businessman and Philanthropist

Timur Kulibaev: Biography and Career in Kazakhstan of a Businessman and Philanthropist

By Space Coast Daily  //  May 15, 2024

Kulibaev Timur: Education

In 1983, Timur Kulibaev graduated from a science-focused school in the Kazakh SSR. The school was established in 1972, modeled after other institutions in various cities aimed at identifying and educating talented children from both major cities and provincial areas. Admission was based on passing entrance exams, and the faculty included notable scientists.

In 1988, Timur Askarovich Kulibaev graduated from Lomonosov MSU, earning a degree in national economy planning. Eleven years later, he defended his dissertation, having conducted a study of management mechanisms for companies in the oil production sector. Timur Kulibaev has also authored several scientific papers that have been published. He is fluent in several languages, including his native Kazakh and English.

Timur Kulibaev and the Start of His Career in Kazakhstan Title: Timur Kulibaev

In the late 1980s, Timur Kulibaev biography included a brief period work at various scientific institutions. He initially joined the Scientific Research Institute of Economic Planning and Standards, and then spent about two years leading a center focused on the development of science, technology, and a broad range of other socially significant issues in Kazakhstan.

In 1992, Kulibaev Timur became the head of Altyn-Alma (renamed ALMEX in 1996). The holding company consolidated businesses involved in investment, insurance, and banking activities. Timur Kulibaev left his position as the head of the Group in 1995.

Later, he and a group of partners opened a new financial institution, ATF Bank. Kulibaev Timur Askarovich was part of the management team until 2000. During this time, the bank entered the top tier of the most reliable banks operating to international standards, obtained a license for transactions with pure precious metals, and was awarded a long-term B rating.

In 1999, ATF Bank, in collaboration with an American financial services company, began facilitating personal financial transfers to 170 countries around the world. Notably, sending funds did not require opening a bank account. The financial institution founded by Timur Kulibaev also collaborated with international banks, issued payment cards, and provided loans to small companies. Additionally, customers could purchase cast gold bullions branded with the financial institution’s logo.

Timur Kulibaev: Biography in the Kazakhstani Oil and Gas Sector 

In 1997, Timur Kulibaev assumed the position of Deputy Head of Financial and Economic Activities at Kazakhoil. Over the course of several years, Kazakhstan’s national oil and gas companies consolidated and formed increasingly stable structures capable of competing with foreign organizations. The idea of creating a unified company originated from the Kazakhstani government. Timur Askarovich Kulibaev was one of the strategists behind the development of Kazakhoil. The company integrated organizations that were not privatized and helped them navigate through the economic crises of the 1990s with minimal losses.

In 2002, by a presidential decree, the national company KazMunayGas was established, with the second-highest executive position held by Timur Kulibaev. Biography of the national company is marked by events that have advanced the evolution of the oil and gas sector, positioning it as a confident player on the international market. KazMunayGas consolidated enterprises involved in the extraction and transportation of valuable natural resources. Today, it includes more than 20 subsidiaries.

Kulibaev Timur recalls that the company’s productivity was also boosted by a well-crafted staffing policy established from its inception. For example, new employees initially familiarized themselves with the production processes at one of the branches before starting work at the central office. Thanks to this approach, as noted by Timur Kulibaev, biography of each head office employee included practical knowledge gained on the production floor.

Thanks to the efforts of the leadership of the national company, profitable relationships were established with partners from neighboring countries. Kulibaev Timur Askarovich shared that the national company’s reputation as a reliable partner on the international market had to be earned. The top management undertook significant efforts to acquire assets and revamp the gas transport system. Timur Askarovich Kulibaev recalls that the capacity of just the Atyrau-Samara oil pipeline increased by over 5 million tons per year. Subsequently, new routes were constructed.

Additionally, according to Timur Kulibaev, unity in the strategy to increase industry profits also played a significant role. The relevant Ministry assisted by adopting necessary legislative initiatives, while corporate management took on asset management. This later helped the national company become an active participant in major transactions that protected Kazakhstan’s interests.

Kulibaev Timur also highlights successes in international negotiations, which allowed the republic to increase its volumes of transit oil. In 2009, a decree was signed by the government of the RF guaranteeing annual shipments of Kazakhstani oil through its territory. Over the course of five years, from 2010 to 2015, these volumes were increased by 18 million tons, notes Timur Kulibaev.

The top manager left his executive position at KazMunayGas in 2005, but subsequently served as the chairman of its board of directors until 2012, except for the period from 2007 to 2009. During this time, the company completed several deals with the participation of Timur Kulibaev. Biography of KazMunayGas was supplemented by the acquisition from an international company of a stake in the North Caspian project. Additionally, innovations were implemented that contributed to an increase in oil production, such as the application of new technologies for enhancing oil recovery from reservoirs.

In 2006, when Timur Askarovich Kulibaev was chairing the board of directors of KazMunayGas, the company, including its subsidiaries and affiliates, contributed 233 billion tenge in taxes and payments to the Kazakhstani budget. That same year, it acquired a third of the shares in PetroKazakhstan Inc. And launched a new oil pipeline towards China. 

In 2007, KazMunayGas acquired a terminal at one of the seaports on the Black Sea coast, completed several large deals to purchase new assets, secured an interim loan, and increased its consolidated revenues by 5.1% compared to the previous year.

In the 2008 KazMunayGas annual report, Kulibaev Timur Askarovich noted that 80% of the transported oil and half of the republic’s oil processing capacities were attributable to the company. At that time, the group was also an active participant in the social life of Kazakhstan, investing $100 million in this area. KMG was also involved in implementing innovative projects. For example, it established the first integrated gas chemical complex and the production of aromatic hydrocarbons.

Kulibaev Timur: Society and Business

From 2005 to 2023, Timur Askarovich Kulibaev led Kazenergy, a non-profit association consolidating representatives from Kazakhstan’s oil and gas sector. It was formed in the autumn of 2005 and initially brought together several of the largest companies involved in the extraction, transportation, and processing of oil and gas. Over time, 60 organizations joined the association, including service and energy companies, as well as two specialized universities.

Kulibaev Timur, who stood at the very foundation of the association, managed not only to establish a strong backbone for the community during nearly two decades of his leadership, but also successfully facilitated productive cooperation between the industry and government bodies and coordinated mutual support among business structures for collective progressive development. As noted by Timur Kulibaev, biography of the association is marked by successful efforts aimed at establishing international partnerships with foreign states and investors.

In 2006, to enhance the effectiveness of the fuel and energy sector at the international level, the association launched the Eurasian Forum—its flagship project for representing the republic’s interests in the global community of energy sector experts. Kulibaev Timur Askarovich was among the creators of this project, which quickly became the largest industry event in the Central Asian region and beyond. The forum has helped position Kazakhstan among the world’s most significant energy nations. Each year, the event attracts over 2,500 experts and top managers from around 50 countries, alongside dozens of international organizations and about 300 relevant companies.

At the forum, Timur Kulibaev has raised issues regarding the need for transformation within the energy sector. From his perspective, the most crucial solutions should involve increasingly efficient resource-saving technologies and the extensive use of alternative energy, particularly from renewable sources. According to Timur Askarovich Kulibaev, energy stability and security are becoming priorities for humanity. He also notes the growing importance of the Caspian region in the global energy balance.

Timur Kulibaev, biography of whom includes about two decades in the leadership of Kazenergy, actively promoted the interaction of industry enterprises with governmental structures. As a result of such cooperation, Kazakhstan’s legislative framework was improved. Oil and gas companies benefited from more transparent and orderly regulatory documents, enhancements to laws on subsoil use, optimized tariffs, and stabilized taxes. Kulibaev Timur Askarovich also played a role in creating fundamentally new industry strategies, primarily aimed at increasing energy efficiency and the widespread application of resource-saving technologies.

In 2013, Kazakhstan saw the establishment of the national Chamber of Entrepreneurs Atameken. Timur Kulibaev, biography of whom by the early 2010s already included successful cases in consolidating business circles, was appointed head of the organization. Atameken’s primary goal is to address key issues facing the business community, including through the improvement of national legislation. Kulibaev Timur also focused on establishing effective international links for Kazakhstan’s entrepreneurial community, which expanded the foreign economic activities of Kazakhstani businessmen.

Timur Kulibaev focused on the comprehensive development of the association. Under his leadership, the Chamber established a body to combat corruption and the shadow economy. At the initiative of Kulibaev Timur, in 2018, an expert group was formed within the association to facilitate enterprise collaboration on public-private partnership projects. Additionally, a specialized women’s business council was organized to enhance the business activity of women in regions across Kazakhstan.

Leveraging his extensive experience in interacting with the entrepreneurial community, Timur Askarovich Kulibaev became one of the pioneers in introducing digital document management. He also played a role in implementing measures to normalize Kazakhstan’s fiscal policy. Timur Kulibaev led the non-profit organization until 2022. During his tenure, the Chamber united over a million Kazakhstani businessmen.

Kulibaev Timur Askarovich and Sports Organizations

In 2009, Kulibaev Timur became the head of the Kazakhstan Boxing Federation. His leadership policies yielded commendable results, as athletes performed well at the Olympic Games held in London.

In 2012, Timur Kulibaev took a leadership position in the association of national boxing federations. Under the organization’s auspices, boxing matches are conducted at various amateur tournaments. Additionally, the International Boxing Association is also implementing changes to organizational processes. For instance, in 2012, a new scoring system was introduced to reduce the likelihood of manipulation in the outcome of matches.

In 2015, Kulibaev Timur Askarovich became the president of the National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan. He held this position until the end of February 2024. The organization supports the development of professional sports in the republic and represents the interests of its citizens in international competitions. Over the 30 years of the NOC’s existence, Kazakhstani athletes have won 79 Olympic medals. The top manager has also held various leadership positions in associations related to other sports.

Timur Askarovich Kulibaev: Interests, Awards

Timur Kulibaev biography also encompasses various charitable initiatives. For example, he serves as a trustee of the Halyk Charity Fund, which provides regular social support to citizens. The fund constructs children’s sports and play areas, football fields, and finances major infrastructure projects. In 2023, Halyk allocated 3.55 billion tenge for these purposes, and over the last two years, the fund’s founders have directed more than 43 billion tenge to various charitable initiatives across the country.

Timur Askarovich Kulibaev has various hobbies, including golf and cycling. The top manager and philanthropist has received numerous awards. For example, in 2014, he was awarded the Order of Barys, First Class, for his exceptional services to the Republic of Kazakhstan.

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The day I returned home after being kidnapped by Islamic terrorists

Beth Rodden is a professional rock climber who, along with three other climbers, was kidnapped and held hostage by Islamic militants in 2000 while on a climbing trip in Kyrgyzstan. The following is excerpted from her new memoir, “A Light Through the Cracks,” about the day she returned home to the U.S. 

Amsterdam, August 2000

By the time my boyfriend, Tommy Caldwell, and I made it to Amsterdam’s gleaming, sterile airport, we had been passed along a half dozen times, like an important but increasingly well-worn package. Military helicopters had brought us and our other two climbing partners from base to base. We’d endured a surreal ride on a private jet from the last military base to the capital, Bishkek, traveling alongside the tipsy and jovial president of Kyrgyzstan. He’d patted us on the shoulders like a grandfather and claimed us long enough for a photo op and a speech to local media in a language we couldn’t understand. Then he handed the four of us off to the American embassy, which scrambled to find us flights home. A few days later, Tommy and I drove across the Kazakhstan border, in a hired car with a diplomatic escort, to the international airport in Almaty, and finally a commercial jet took us from Central Asia to the edge of the Atlantic. Now we had just one more flight to go.

Our tickets were a last-minute mess, and we needed to check on our connection. As we crossed the terminal, I carried a brown paper gift bag from the airport candy shop — despite what we’d been through, I still wanted to bring my older brother a present from this trip. I watched the families clustered around the gates, the lone business travelers perched at the bars, scanning each face around me. I’d been on edge through practically every step of the journey: The embassy in Bishkek had felt almost safe, but at the hotel where they’d sent us to get some sleep, I’d felt vulnerable and stayed vigilant.

In the airport, I was hungry again. When we’d made it to the second army base, the one that felt like a cluster of portable classrooms set down on a vast brown plain, we’d stuffed ourselves with barley and warm buttered bread, but I could not stay full. I had just eaten two chocolate croissants. Still, my stomach felt like a cavern. My brother didn’t really need a present, did he?

I ate half the chocolate in the bag before we got to our gate.

The line at the KLM Royal Dutch Airlines counter felt so orderly. The whole airport did. Just existing there felt like getting a big, soothing hug. When we’d boarded the flight in Kazakhstan, the passengers had formed no line. Everybody just pushed in a scrum toward the plane. Tommy and I stood frozen, like the good, shocked scouts that we were, and got lost in the flood. I felt so fragile, so extremely fragile, and so resigned to that fragile state.

We weren’t safe. That was obvious to me. No line, no order, no rule of law. I loved rules. People smoked openly on that first plane.

“Next,” the flight attendant said as we arrived at the counter. Her voice was as professionally cheerful as her uniform: light blue skirt, light blue jacket, white blouse underneath.

“We’re here to check in for our flight,” I said.

“Wonderful. May I please have your boarding passes?”

I mumbled something apologetic and handed her a few crumpled, dirty sheets of paper. “I think we have to get our seats and stuff from you.”

She pinched her brow as she read our mess of documents. She typed vigorously. I was sure this meant we weren’t going to make it home.

“Can you wait one second?” she asked, flashing a strained smile. She disappeared behind a wall.

I looked at Tommy. He stared into the blank space where the woman had just been. I couldn’t tell if he was as scared as I was, if he was also monitoring the people pooling and flowing around us for any threat. I felt like I had grown an invisible antenna that vibrated continually, never at rest. Never letting me rest. A memory tried to surface inside me: a body in silhouette, sailing off a dark cliff. A crunch, and an exhale. I forced it back down.

Two blond attendants now appeared where there had been one.

“Can you tell me: Was it something KLM did?” the new flight attendant asked.

I looked back at Tommy. Did he know what she was talking about? Did she know what had happened? Tommy shrugged.

“Wait, what?” I said. “What was something . . . ?”

“Well, um, how to say this,” the flight attendant said. “It says on your tickets, ‘Emotionally distressed passengers, please take care.’ So, we are just wondering if it’s something KLM did.” She looked concerned and defensive in her caring, like a hospital billing manager. She didn’t want to know the answer, but she had to ask.

I didn’t want a stranger to try to comfort me, but I did feel the need to comfort her. So I said, “Oh no, definitely not. We were just kidnapped and we want to go home.”

I couldn’t believe how easily the sentence came out. We were just kidnapped . . . I’d never said it so plainly before.

The flight attendant exhaled all her breath at once, stunned and relieved. “Well, good,” she said.

Well, good?

“KLM does our best. How about business-class seats for you two?” She printed our fresh, flat boarding passes. Tommy and I boarded the plane.

We ate every meal and every snack that was offered to us on the long ride home. My hunger was like a portal opened into a galaxy — infinite, absolute. When I was in middle school, I used to watch my older brother, David, eat, stunned by the mountain of food he could consume. Now, it felt strangely freeing to eat with that type of abandon. I hadn’t done that since ninth grade, when I became obsessed with climbing.

I could eat, but I still couldn’t sleep. My anxiety kept me wide awake, and my wakefulness in turn meant I had nothing but space and time for the anxiety to spin itself tighter in my body. I kept wondering if the plane would crash. That seemed possible, maybe even probable, given how the rest of our trip had gone. An appropriate ending, in a way. I wondered if I’d be scared. What would Tommy say to me before impact? Would it hurt? Our backpack, stuffed at our feet, was filled with souvenirs purchased in a blur during our strange interlude in Bishkek, between our flight with the president and our diplomatic drive across the border. I had stuffed the paltry remains of the airport chocolate into our bag alongside the rest of the things we’d acquired: a hand-carved wooden chess set, a wool hanging. Proof that we’d done something major and been somewhere cool. What were we thinking?

The backpack that sat at our feet had been lost in transit when we’d first landed in Kyrgyzstan, full of hope for our climbing adventure, and was waiting for us, perversely intact, at the hotel in Bishkek after our escape. We’d left San Francisco with 20 expedition duffels, and all I had left was this backpack filled with trinkets from a country to which I’d never return. Maybe that was why we’d bought them, with the money Tommy had wadded up in his sock just before we were marched away from our camp at gunpoint. Maybe it was some attempt to fabricate a decent memory of the place.

My hands trembled the whole 12 hours to San Francisco. I knew I needed sleep, but if the plane did crash, wasn’t I supposed to be awake for that? I had no idea how to act, what to do or say or who to be when we saw our parents. I’d left as a 20-year-old girl full of herself, ready for the world, sure I was doing something extraordinary. I was living out the dream I’d stared at in the posters I hung on my bedroom wall: climbing to incredible heights in far-off places. My mother had hardly traveled, certainly not by my age. I’d felt so awfully superior as I’d walked down the jetway when we left. I didn’t even turn back to wave.

My parents had given me everything — pride, freedom, confidence. They trusted me. They trusted my decisions. They trusted the world. Now I was returning home a broken mess. I’d spoken to them a few times from the embassy in Bishkek, the words mainly drowned in my tears. I wanted to be small again, so small I could crawl through the phone into their arms, where they’d hold me and shush me and stroke my head. I wanted my mother to say, “Mama’s here, Mama’s here,” just like she always did when I was a girl. I wanted to shrink back into that little-girl body and lay my head in her lap and cry.

How was I supposed to carry myself getting off the jetway? Was the idea to act strong, like I was fine? I was weirdly good at that. Or should I literally run into their arms?

Now — how to do this? How was I supposed to carry myself getting off the jetway? Was the idea to act strong, like I was fine? I was weirdly good at that. Or should I literally run into their arms, like I had been dreaming of doing for the past eight days? I’d never spoken easily with my parents about feelings. They were so kind, so present, and gently but firmly on my team. But inside, I always felt nervous, like there was a line I was afraid to cross, like I needed to be tougher, solid, unbreakable. And even if I could lay my head in my mother’s lap and have her say, “Mama’s here,” would that still work to soothe me? I was not the same person I had been when I left. My thoughts flapped like the loose end of a film in an old-fashioned movie projector, the front reel spinning empty.

I looked over at Tommy. Maybe he’d know what to do. His head was slumped at a 45-degree angle to his chest, his mouth dropped open, snoring. He was sick. His brain was more lucid and less spastic than mine, but his body was breaking down. He had a fever. I envied Tommy’s oblivion. I felt so alone.

We landed. My palms were sweating, but Tommy’s hands felt strong. That felt like a plan: I’d hold his strong hand and we’d present a united front, though I hadn’t told him about my looping, flapping mind. I was trying to stay composed — for him, for me, maybe for my parents too. We collected our bag of souvenirs from under the airplane seats. The souvenirs promised our trip was normal. We were normal. I grabbed a free chocolate bar and a package of cookies from the plane’s galley as we exited. I never did anything like that, but now instead of saying, “Don’t eat that, Rodden,” I thought, “Just in case we don’t have any other food.”

I didn’t race off the plane like I had seen people do in movies, straight into their loved ones’ arms. Instead I walked so slowly that other passengers started passing us. I was desperate to return home, to the narrow twin bed in my parents’ house, on our quiet block filled with minivans and white Honda sedans, to replant myself in the flat farmland around Davis, California, to recommit to the safe wide sidewalks. I just didn’t know how. I wondered if people could tell we’d changed: if we walked differently or stood slightly less straight, if we’d absorbed so much fear and terror that we now emitted it.

Excerpted from “A Light Through the Cracks: A Climber’s Story,” by Beth Rodden. © 2024 Published by Little A Books, May 1, 2024. All Rights Reserved.

Beth Rodden is the author of “A Light Through the Cracks: A Climber’s Story,” out May 2024. 

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