a presentation about pollution

Plastic Pollution

A global overview from our world in data.

These slides provide a global overview of plastics production, waste, and pollution of our oceans. They are designed to provide a summary of the plastics challenge and what this tells us about how to address it. A more detailed exploration of this topic can be found at our topic page on Plastic Pollution

• How much plastic does the world produce?
• What is the fate of our plastics?
• How much plastic waste do we produce & how much ends up in the ocean?
• Where does plastic waste come from?
• How much plastic waste is traded?
• How do we tackle plastic pollution?

Annual global production of plastics has increased more than 200-fold since 1950.

In 2019 the world produced more than 450 million tonnes of plastic.

By 2019 cumulative plastic production was around 9.5 billion tonnes.

This is equivalent to more than one tonne of plastic for every person alive today.

Of the global plastic produced over the period from 1950 to 2015:

• 55% straight to landfill
• 30% was still in use
• 8% was incinerated
• 6-7% was recycled

Of 5.8 billion tonnes of plastic no longer in use, ~9% was recycled.

You can explore how the trend in global recycling, incineration and landfill has changed over time here .

Whilst recycling is preferable to incineration or landfill by displacing new plastic production, most plastic can be recycled only once or twice .

This means that most recycled plastic eventually ends up in landfill or incineration.

"Recycling delays, rather than avoids, final disposal" (Geyer et al. 2017)

The world produces around 350 million tonnes of plastic waste each year.

Estimates vary, but studies suggest that 1 to 2 million tonnes enter the oceans annually.

That means 0.5% of plastic waste ends up in the ocean.

We can answer this in multiple ways:

• By land-based and marine sources
• By country or region

Packaging is the largest contributor to plastic waste.

Plastic waste can arise from land (via coastlines and rivers) and from marine sources (such as fishing nets, ropes, lines and abandoned vessels).

How significant is each source for ocean plastics?

However, in certain locations, marine sources can be more significant. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch has more than half (52%) from marine sources due to intensive fishing activity in the Pacific Ocean.

To identify the main geographical contributors to plastic pollution, we need to explore these figures in several steps:

• How much total plastic waste is generated by country
• How much plastic waste is generated by coastal populations - this is plastic which is most at risk of entering the ocean
• How much of coastal plastic waste is mismanaged (open, dumped or not enclosed) and can therefore enter waterways.

This interactive map shows the total plastic waste generation by country in 2010.

Here we see that the largest producers (China, USA, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Pakistan, Nigeria) span all continents.

But to understand the largest contributors to plastic pollution, we must correct for:

• coastal populations (taken as populations within 50km of a coastline)
• how much of this plastic is 'mismanaged'

Mismanaged plastic waste is waste which is inadequately managed (seen in the chart opposite), plus littered waste (seen here ).

High-income countries tend to have effective waste management systems and therefore low levels of inadequately managed waste.

Once we correct for these factors we can understand the geographical distribution of plastic waste at high risk of entering the ocean.

Here we see very strong regional dominance particularly across Asia.

When we aggregate by region we see the majority of plastic at risk of entering the ocean arises from Asia and Africa, with the Americas playing a notable role.

Global trade of plastics has changed a lot in the last few years.

Historically, China has been the largest plastic importer. But in 2017, it banned imports of non-industrial plastic waste.

A number of other middle-income countries have done the same.

We can see this income group's share of global plastic imports has fallen dramatically

You can also see that the amount of plastic waste that rich countries export has fallen.

This is because middle-income countries are less willing to trade.

“If we all do a little, we’ll only achieve a little”

David mackay (sustainable energy without the hot air), high-impact immediate priorities:, development of effective waste management infrastructure in all countries.

Most ocean plastic arises from countries with poor waste management infrastructure.

Cease plastic trade from rich to low or middle-income countries without sufficient investment in waste management infrastructure

The largest plastic exporters are some of the world's richest countries.

Rich countries should handle waste domestically & cease trade of plastic trade unless sufficient infrastructure is in place. A tax for exporting countries is one suggested method of raising funds for waste management services.

Strict legislation and management of fishing activity and waste

Marine plastics can be a major source of ocean pollution (most notably the Great Pacific Garbage Patch ).

Fishing activity should be better-regulated and managed to limit these sources.

Longer-term shifts in consumption models

• How essential plastic is in many aspects (e.g. preventing food losses & waste, sterile environments, construction, medical supplies)
• Plastic alternatives often have other environmental impacts . There are usually trade-offs
• To be globally effective, must be scalable and cheap

Explore this topic in detail at our:

Main topic on plastic pollution.

About the author: Hannah Ritchie is a scientist at the University of Oxford. She is a Researcher at the Oxford Martin Programme on Global Development . About Our World in Data: Our World in Data is an online publication that shows how living conditions are changing. The aim is to give a global overview and to show changes over the very long run, so that we can see where we are coming from, where we are today, and what is possible for the future. www.ourworldindata.org | @HannahRitchie02

Air Pollution 101

What is air pollution? Learn how greenhouse gases, smog, and toxic pollutants effect climate change, and human health.

Conservation, Earth Science, Climatology, Geography, Physical Geography

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PRESENTATION ON POLLUTION

Jul 22, 2014

2.27k likes | 5.42k Views

PRESENTATION ON POLLUTION. POLLUTION. Man’s First Environmental Problem. POLLUTION. Is the introduction by man into the environment of contaminants that contains harmful substances. Introduction by man, waste matter or

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Presentation Transcript

POLLUTION Man’s First Environmental Problem

POLLUTION • Is the • introduction by • man • into the • environment of • contaminants • that contains • harmful substances • Introduction by man, • waste matter or • surplus energy into • the environment, • which directly or • indirectly causes • damage to man and • his environment

POLLUTANT • A substance or effect which • adversely alters the environment by • changing the growth rate of species, • interferes with the food chain, is toxic, • or interferes with health, comfort • amenities or property values of people.

EFFECTS ON BIOSPHERE • Damage to human health by specific • chemical substances present in the air, food, • water and radioactive material • Damage to natural environment affecting • vegetation, animals, crops, soil and water • Damage to visual quality by smoke, fumes, • dust, noise and waste. • Damage by carcinogens, radioactive • materials and excessive noise.

TYPES OF POLLUTION • Water Pollution • Air Pollution • Land Pollution • Noise Pollution • Waste pollution • Thermal Pollution • Visual Pollution

WATER POLLUTION Water pollution is a large set of adverse effects upon water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities.

CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION • Water ( about 99%) • Solids • Carbohydrates • Proteins (These are referred to as • Fat “organic material”.) • Nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) • Microorganisms. (On average there are about 10 • million per ml of wastewater. Many are pathogens)

sources of WATER POLLUTION • Throwing trashes in water. • Throwing low batteries in • water , lakes , rivers and etc. • The chemicals from factories • that might flow to rivers

AIR POLLUTION • Air pollution is the modification of the natural • characteristics of the atmosphere by a chemical • particulate matter are biological agent. • The atmosphere is a complex ,dynamic natural • gaseous system is that is essential to support • life on the planet earth . • Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution • has long been recognized as a threat to human • health as well as to the earth ecosystem.

EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION • Humans • Animals • Vegetation • Materials • Global warming • Ozone depletion • Acid Rain • Various respiratory • illnesses.

LAND POLLUTION Urbanization and Concentration of Population Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Waste and Hazardous Waste Uncontrolled .Land Treatment. Burning open dumps and forest fires Deforestation Mining and Erosion

NOISE POLLUTION Noise pollution or environmental noise is displeasing human or machine created sound that disrupts the activity or happiness of human or animal life. A common form of noise pollution is from transportation, principally motor vehicles. The word "noise" comes from the Latin word nausea meaning "seasickness", or from a derivative (perhaps Latin noxia) of Latin noceō = "I do harm", referring originally to nuisance noise.

EFFECT OF NOISE POLLUTION • No one on earth can escape the sounds of noise- • an unwanted, disturbing sound that causes a • nuisance in the eye of the beholder. • There are numerous effects on the human • environment due to the increase in noise • pollution. • Major sources of noise can be airplanes at • takeoff and landing, and a truck just off the • assembly line, yet we seem accept and enjoy • countless other sounds, from hard rock music to • loud Harley Davidson motor cycles.

WASTE POLLUTION Waste, rubbish, trash, garbage, or junk is unwanted or undesired material. "Waste" is the general term; though the other terms are used loosely as synonyms, they have more specific meanings: rubbish or trash are mixed household waste and including paper and packaging; food waste or garbage (North America) is kitchen and table waste; and junk or scrap is metallic or industrial material. There are other categories of waste as well: sewage, ash, manure, and plant materials from garden operations, including grass cuttings, fallen leaves, and pruned branches.

THERMAL POLLUTION • Thermal pollution is the degradation of • water quality by any process that changes • ambient water temperature. • A common cause of thermal pollution is • the use of water as a coolant by power • plant and industrial manufacturers. • When water used as a coolant is returned • to the natural environment at a higher • temperature, the change in temperature • (a) decreases oxygen supply, and • (b) affects ecosystem composition.

VISUAL POLLUTION • Visual pollution is the term given to unattractive • and man-made visual elements of a vista, • a landscape, or any other thing that a person • does not feel comfortable to look at. • Visual pollution is an aesthetic issue, • referring to the impacts of pollution that • impair one's ability to enjoy a vista or view. • The term is used broadly to cover visibility, • limits on the ability to view distant objects, as • well as the more subjective issue of visual clutter.

POLLUTION MANAGMENT Pollution can be controlled by proper choice of preventive and remedial measures

WASTEWATER TREATMENT Preventive Curative Physical Biological Volume reduction Strength reduction Chemical

WASTEWATER PROCESSING Wastewater Airemissions Water Primary Treatment Secondary Treatment Tertiary Treatment Primarysludge Secondary Sludge Tertiary Sludge

PHYSICAL METHOD Objective: Remove solid or liquid pollutants based on density difference or other physical property (eg. SS or floating solids) • Solvent extraction • Evaporation • Distillation • Filtration • Reverse Osmosis • Electro dialysis • Adsorption

BIOLOGICAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT • Aerobic treatment • Anaerobic treatment • The organic load is defined by the • Biological Oxygen demand (BOD). • In aerobic systems the water is aerated with • compressed air (in some cases oxygen). • Anaerobic systems run under oxygen free • conditions -biogas is a useful product.

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 80% of the air pollution load is contributed by the transport sector • Use tall stacks • Source reduction by process and raw • material changes (eg. Improved furnace • design and low S fuel) • Recover valuable material (eg. Hg) • Bag filters, scrubbers, ESP, cyclone separators • Absorption, adsorption, combustion and • catalytic reaction

LAND POLLUTION CONTROL • Integrated Solid Waste Management • Good agricultural practices • Remediation of polluted soils • Prevention of erosion and silting • Containment of hazardous waste and • waste water treatment using land treatment • techniques.

NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL • Control noise at source by proper • choice of equipment, design modification , • mounting and proper layout. • Isolation or use of baffles. • Use of ear protection devices.

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Pollution PPT | 30+ Best Pollution PPT Collection Download Free

Pollution ppt.

• Air Pollution PPT
• Water Pollution PPT
• Environmental Pollution PPT
• Marine Pollution PPT
• Thermal Pollution PPT
• Types of Pollution PPT
• Land Pollution PPT
• Plastic Pollution PPT
• Control of Air pollution PPT
• Air prevention and control of Pollution act 1981 PPT
• Industrial Pollution PPT
• Water Act 1974 PPT
• Groundwater pollution PPT
• Types of air pollution PPT
• Air pollution case study PPT

Noise Pollution PPT

• Photochemical Smog PPT
• Causes of Water Pollution PPT
• Indoor Air Pollution PPT
• Light Pollution PPT
• Prevention of Noise Pollution PPT
• Noise Pollution Act of 2000 PPT
• Visual Pollution PPT
• Air Quality PPT
• Effects of water pollution on human health PPT
• Soil Pollution PPT
• Oil Pollution PPT
• Ganga River Pollution PPT
• Ocean Pollution PPT
• Yamuna Pollution PPT
• Microplastic Pollution PPT

Pollution PPT

• DEFINITION OF POLLUTION
• Types of Pollution
• Air Pollution
• Water Pollution
• Noise Pollution
• Land Pollution
• Radio Active Pollution
• thermal pollution
• What is Atmosphere
• Pollution In Facts and Figures
• Pollution Control Measures
• The PPC Division
• Enforcement Mechanisms
• Causes of air pollution
• Effects of air pollution
• How to avoid air pollution
• Definition and causes and effects of water pollution
• Water pollution pictures
• How to avoid water pollution
• Noise pollution (causes, effects, and prevention)
• How to avoid noise pollution
• Definition, causes, and prevention of land pollution
• Land pollution pictures

Air pollution PPT

• What is air
• List of major air pollutants
• Sources and effects of air pollutants
• What is air pollutants?
• Six major air pollutants
• Major sources of pollutants
• Greenhouse gases
• What is air pollution
• Wildlife affected by air pollution
• Ozone layer
• Greenhouse effect
• Global warming
• Air problems caused by incineration of waste materials
• Controlling air pollution

Water pollution PPT

• Human and natural pollutants
• Sources of water pollution
• How do we measure water quality?
• Quantitative water quality tests
• Qualitative water tests
• What are some indicator species of water pollution 
• Is the water safe to drink?
• What have developed countries done to  reduce stream pollution
• What have developed countries done to reduce stream pollution
• Who reports on drinking water
• Clean water act 1972
• Safe water drinking act 1974
• Water purification
• What is water pollution?
• Types of water pollution
• Causes of water pollution
• Effects of water pollution
• What you can do
• Classification of water pollutant
• Common water-borne diseases

Water act 1974 PPT

• Introduction
• Salient provisions of water act (1974) 
• Objectives & scope
• Powers and functions of boards
• Prevention and control of water pollution
• Penalties and procedure
• Miscellaneous
• Application and commencement
• Functions of the central board (sec. 16)
• Functions of the state board
• Ganga action plan ( gap)
• Water quality board actions

Environmental pollution PPT

• Degradable pollution
• Non-degradable  pollution 
• Types of pollution ( noise,air,water,land ,soil,thermal,nuclear)
• Air pollution
• Composition of air
• Types of pollutants
• Sources of air pollution
• Ozone depletion
• Water pollution ( meaning, types, definition, sources, causes and control and measures)
• Soil pollution
• Causes of soil degradation
• Marine pollution
• Causes, effects, control, and measure of marine pollution
• Control measures for oil pollution
• Noise pollution
• Levels of noise and vibration
• Decibel levels of common sounds DB
• Ambient noise levels DB
• Safe time exposure in DB
• Effects of noise pollution
• Control techniques
• Thermal pollution
• Nuclear hazards
• Effects of nuclear pollution
• Control measures
• Role of an individual in prevention of pollution

Environmental pollution PPT 2

• Types of pollution
• Water pollution
• Municipal wastewater
• Industrial waste
• Inorganic pollutants
• Organic pollutants
• Agricultural wastes
• Consequences of air pollution
• Land pollution
• Causes of land pollution
• Sources of noise pollution
• Solutions for noise pollution
• Ways to stop pollution
• Global warming and the greenhouse effect
• Difference between global warming and the greenhouse effect
• Some proof of global warming

Light pollution PPT

• What is light pollution?
• Types of light pollution
• Consequences
• Causes effect solution

Photochemical smog PPT

• Photochemical smog
• Air pollutant
• How photochemical smog is formed
• The process involving the formation of photochemical smog
• Effect on human health and plants
• Sources and effect of photochemical smog
• Factors affecting the formation of photochemical smog
• Mitigation measures for photochemical smog
• How to save the environment by preventing smog

Plastic pollution ppt

• What is pollution?
• What is plastic?
• What is plastic pollution?
• History of plastic
• Plastic pollution
• Chemicals in plastic
• Types of plastic products
• Sources of plastic pollution
• Causes of plastic pollution
• Effects of plastic pollution
• Solutions to plastic pollution
• Steps taken by govt
• Initiatives on plastic pollution
• Case studies
• Ways to mitigate plastic pollution
• Scary facts about plastic

Marine pollution PPT

• Types of marine pollution
• Causes & effects of marine pollution
• Prevention and control
• What is a pollution?
• What is marine pollution??
• Causes of marine pollution
• Major impacts of marine pollution
• The health of marine life
• Some examples of marine pollution
• Ways of pollutant inputs 
• Human impacts on marine environments
• How to protect marine life?
• Oil pollution
• Garbage pollution
• Accidental loss or discharge of fishing gear
• Plan to reduce and store your garbage
• Garbage waste management onboard        shore facilities
• Marine pollution threats and biodiversity conservation
• Ocean world
• Marine life and resources
• Marine ecosystem
• Marine biodiversity
• Marine pollution threats
• Pollutants types & sources
• Impact of marine pollution
• Coastal ecology
• Coastal regulation zone (crz)
• Aquaculture: the blue revolution?
• How to solve environmental pollution
• Role of marine biotechnology on environmental pollution
• Suggestions to protect marine environments
• World environmental day- June 5
• Policies and acts for the protection

Thermal pollution PPT

• Diagramatic representation
• Causes of thermal pollution
• Effects of thermal pollution
• Control of thermal pollution
• The Bentley manufacturing company
• Freeze fish breeding in Macquarie river
• Thermal pollution and the Hudson river
• Impacts of thermal pollution
• Thermal pollution causes and consequences

Land pollution PPT

• What is land pollution? 
• Causes of land pollution
• Effects of land pollution
• Prevention of land pollution
• Solutions for land pollution
• WHAT IS NOISE POLLUTION
• Health Effects
• Sources of Noise Pollution
• Solutions for Noise Pollution

Agricultural pollution PPT

• What is agricultural pollution
• Types of agricultural pollution
• Main causes of agricultural pollution
• Effects of agricultural pollution
• Challenges of agricultural pollution
• Ways to reduce agricultural pollution
• Types of the mechanism of agricultural pollution
• Leaching and groundwater poisoning
• Water runoff
• Eutrophication
• Challenges or managements problems of  agricultural pollution
• Prevention and techniques of agriculture pollution
• A figure showing irrigation drainage

Agriculture water pollution PPT

• Agriculture as a cause
• Sources of awp
• Impacts 

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Lawyers to Plastics Makers: Prepare for ‘Astronomical’ PFAS Lawsuits

At an industry presentation about dangerous “forever chemicals,” lawyers predicted a wave of lawsuits that could dwarf asbestos litigation, audio from the event revealed.

By Hiroko Tabuchi

The defense lawyer minced no words as he addressed a room full of plastic-industry executives. Prepare for a wave of lawsuits​ with​ potentially “astronomical” costs​. Speaking at a conference earlier this year, the lawyer, Brian Gross, said the coming litigation could “dwarf anything related to asbestos,” one of the most sprawling corporate-liability battles in United States history.

Mr. Gross was referring to PFAS, the “forever chemicals” that have emerged as one of the major pollution issues of our time. Used for decades in countless everyday objects — cosmetics, takeout containers, frying pans — PFAS have been linked to serious health risks including cancer. Last month the federal government said several types of PFAS must be removed from the drinking water of hundreds of millions of Americans .

“Do what you can, while you can, before you get sued,” Mr. Gross said at the February session, according to a recording of the event made by a participant and examined by The New York Times. “Review any marketing materials or other communications that you’ve had with your customers, with your suppliers, see whether there’s anything in those documents that’s problematic to your defense,” he said. “Weed out people and find the right witness to represent your company.”

A spokesman for Mr. Gross’s employer, MG+M The Law Firm, which defends companies in high-stakes litigation, didn’t respond to questions about Mr. Gross’s remarks and said he was unavailable to discuss them.

A wide swath of the chemicals, plastics and related industries are gearing up to fight a surge in litigation related to PFAS, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, a class of nearly 15,000 versatile synthetic chemicals linked to serious health problems.

PFAS chemicals have been detected almost everywhere scientists have looked: in drinking water, in rain falling over the Great Lakes , even in Antarctic snow . They are thought to be present in the blood of nearly every American . Researchers have linked exposure to PFAS to testicular and kidney cancers, developmental delays in children, decreased fertility, liver damage and thyroid disease. The man-made chemicals are so long-lasting that scientists haven’t been able to reliably identify how long it might take for them to break down.

PFAS-related lawsuits have already targeted manufacturers in the United States, including DuPont, its spinoff Chemours, and 3M. Last year, 3M agreed to pay at least $10 billion to water utilities across the United States that had sought compensation for cleanup costs. Thirty state attorneys general have also sued PFAS manufacturers, accusing the manufacturers of widespread contamination.

But experts say the legal battle is just beginning. Under increasing scrutiny are a wider universe of companies that use PFAS in their products. This month, plaintiffs filed a class-action lawsuit against Bic, accusing the razor company for failing to disclose that some of its razors contained PFAS.

Bic said it doesn’t comment on pending litigation, and said it had a longstanding commitment to safety.

The Biden administration has moved to regulate the chemicals, for the first time requiring municipal water systems to remove six types of PFAS . Last month, the Environmental Protection Agency also designated two of those PFAS chemicals as hazardous substances under the Superfund law, shifting responsibility for their cleanup at contaminated sites from taxpayers to polluters.

Both rules are expected to prompt a new round of litigation from water utilities, local communities and others suing for cleanup costs.

“To say that the floodgates are opening is an understatement,” said Emily M. Lamond, an attorney who focuses on environmental litigation at the law firm Cole Schotz. “Take tobacco, asbestos, MTBE, combine them, and I think we’re still going to see more PFAS-related litigation,” she said, referring to methyl tert-butyl ether, a former harmful gasoline additive that contaminated drinking water. Together, the trio led to claims totaling hundreds of billions of dollars.

PFAS were an industrial marvel when chemists at Dupont in the 1940s synthesized the material, a remarkably durable compound resistant to water, stains, heat and grease. It quickly became a mainstay in DuPont’s Teflon nonstick pans and 3M’s Scotchgard fabric protector. A powerful fire suppressant, it helped firefighters battle flames. Today, they are used for everyday items as varied as microwave popcorn bags, shampoos, raincoats and firefighting foam.

But the very qualities that have made PFAS so valuable have also prevented them from breaking down naturally in the environment. As PFAS entered the environment from factories, products and landfills, the chemicals have started to accumulate in water, air and soil.

Industry documents released through litigation show that manufacturers found adverse health effects from PFAS exposure as early as 1961 . But it wasn’t until the early 2000s that questions increasingly emerged in public about their safety. In 2005, the E.P.A. fined DuPont $10 million , at that time the largest administrative fine ever levied by the agency, for failing to disclose PFAS’s adverse effects.​​

All that has set the stage for a potential legal storm. Unlike tobacco, used by only a subset of the public, “pretty much every one of us in the United States is walking around with PFAS in our bodies,” said Erik Olson, senior strategic director for environmental health at the Natural Resources Defense Council. “And we’re being exposed without our knowledge or consent, often by industries that knew how dangerous the chemicals were, and failed to disclose that,” he said. “That’s a formula for really significant liability.”

Sandy Wynn-Stelt of Belmont, Mich., brought one early case. A year after she lost her husband to liver cancer in 2016, she discovered that the Christmas tree farm in front of her home, which had seemed such an idyllic setting, had been a dumping ground for PFAS-laden tannery waste from Wolverine World Wide, the maker of Hush Puppies shoes.

Wolverine had been among the first to license 3M’s Scotchgard for its waterproof footwear. Mrs. Wynn-Stelt got her blood tested, and found PFAS levels hundreds of times the norm. In 2020, she was diagnosed with thyroid cancer.

She sued Wolverine and 3M, and reached a settlement in 2021. Separately, nearly 2,000 local residents settled a class-action lawsuit against Wolverine. The region’s water source remains polluted with PFAS.

“Those lawyers are exactly right. This is going to be huge, now that people are starting to hold companies accountable,” Mrs. Wynn-Stelt said.

Wolverine declined to comment. 3M said it continued to “address PFAS litigation by defending itself in court or through negotiated resolutions.”

Much of the course of future litigation hinges on the evidence over PFAS’s health risks. There is broad scientific consensus that certain PFAS chemicals are harmful. “There’s a weight of evidence,” said Linda Birnbaum, a toxicologist and the former director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. “Multiple studies by different investigators, and in different populations.”

Max Swetman, another MG+M partner who presented with Mr. Gross at the February industry conference, addressed the research in his remarks to the group. “There’s a whole lot of new science being created,” he said. “It’s not the best for us.”

Still, some of the research could be vulnerable to criticism, he said. Getting the right experts to testify was crucial, he said. “Epidemiologists, if you get the right one, is always going to be your best expert in trial.”

Mr. Swetman was unavailable to comment on his remarks, according to his law firm.

One challenge facing medical research lies in the sheer number of different PFAS chemicals that have now entered the environment, each of which can have slightly different health effects, said Steph Tai, associate dean at the University of Wisconsin’s Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies and an expert in the use of science in environmental protection and litigation.

“The other thing, too, is that it takes a long time for health effects to show up,” Dr. Tai said, so the only way that scientists have been able to assess those effects is through long-term studies. Researchers must essentially look for what is referred to as “natural experiments,” according to Dr. Tai, comparing people who are naturally less exposed to PFAS with those who are more exposed. That inevitably leads to some uncertainties.

The industry has scored some major victories. Last November, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit tossed out a lawsuit that would have covered every Ohio citizen in a major case over exposure to PFAS, ruling that a firefighter who brought the lawsuit failed to prove that the PFAS found in his blood specifically came from the companies he sued.

3M phased out most uses of two of the most widely used PFAS chemicals, PFOS and PFOA, in the early 2000s, and DuPont in 2015 stopped using PFOA. 3M has said it will phase out the manufacturing of PFAS chemicals by the end of next year. The company will also work to discontinue their use in products, though that’s contingent on the company finding substitutes.

“As the science and technology of PFAS, societal and regulatory expectations, and our expectations of ourselves have evolved, so has how we manage PFAS,” 3M said.

DuPont referred inquiries to Chemours, the company that was spun off in 2015. Chemours declined to comment.

A long and difficult cleanup is beginning. President Biden’s 2021 infrastructure law provides $9 billion to help communities address PFAS contamination, and the E.P.A. has said $1 billion of that money would be set aside to help states with initial testing and treatment. Meantime, new kinds of PFAS are still being released into the environment. Scientists are working to learn more about them.

Hiroko Tabuchi covers the intersection of business and climate for The Times. She has been a journalist for more than 20 years in Tokyo and New York. More about Hiroko Tabuchi

The Proliferation of ‘Forever Chemicals’

Pfas, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are hazardous compounds that pose a global threat to human health..

For the first time, the U.S. government is requiring municipal water systems to detect and remove PFAS from drinking water .

A global study found harmful levels of PFAS  in water samples taken far from any obvious source of contamination.

Virtually indestructible, PFAS are used in fast-food packaging and countless household items .

PFAS lurk in much of what we eat, drink and use, but scientists are only beginning to understand how they affect our health .

Though no one can avoid forever chemicals entirely, Wirecutter offers tips on how to limit your exposure .

Scientists have spent years searching for ways to destroy forever chemicals. In 2022, a team of chemists found a cheap, effective method to break them down .

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