presentation of evidence example

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How to Introduce Evidence: 41 Effective Phrases & Examples

Research requires us to scrutinize information and assess its credibility. Accordingly, when we think about various phenomena, we examine empirical data and craft detailed explanations justifying our interpretations. An essential component of constructing our research narratives is thus providing supporting evidence and examples.

The type of proof we provide can either bolster our claims or leave readers confused or skeptical of our analysis. Therefore, it’s crucial that we use appropriate, logical phrases that guide readers clearly from one idea to the next. In this article, we explain how evidence and examples should be introduced according to different contexts in academic writing and catalog effective language you can use to support your arguments, examples included.

When to Introduce Evidence and Examples in a Paper

Evidence and examples create the foundation upon which your claims can stand firm. Without proof, your arguments lack credibility and teeth. However, laundry listing evidence is as bad as failing to provide any materials or information that can substantiate your conclusions. Therefore, when you introduce examples, make sure to judiciously provide evidence when needed and use phrases that will appropriately and clearly explain how the proof supports your argument.

There are different types of claims and different types of evidence in writing. You should introduce and link your arguments to evidence when you

• state information that is not “common knowledge”;
• draw conclusions, make inferences, or suggest implications based on specific data;
• need to clarify a prior statement, and it would be more effectively done with an illustration;
• need to identify representative examples of a category;
• desire to distinguish concepts; and
• emphasize a point by highlighting a specific situation.

Introductory Phrases to Use and Their Contexts

To assist you with effectively supporting your statements, we have organized the introductory phrases below according to their function. This list is not exhaustive but will provide you with ideas of the types of phrases you can use.

Although any research author can make use of these helpful phrases and bolster their academic writing by entering them into their work, before submitting to a journal, it is a good idea to let a professional English editing service take a look to ensure that all terms and phrases make sense in the given research context. Wordvice offers paper editing , thesis editing , and dissertation editing services that help elevate your academic language and make your writing more compelling to journal authors and researchers alike.

For more examples of strong verbs for research writing , effective transition words for academic papers , or commonly confused words , head over to the Wordvice Academic Resources website.

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Presentation of Evidence, Research Paper Example

Pages: 2

Words: 655

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Introduction

In a very real sense, the entire criminal justice system is completely dependent upon evidence. Without the factor of evidence, a meaningful application of justice is virtually impossible, for evidence establishes, at its most effective, proof of the identity of the criminal.

“The principles of good evidence are standard across all legal forums and disciplines” (Ireland, Fisher, 2010, p. 109.) Unfortunately, just what constitutes “good” evidence is an area open to continually fresh interpretation, as well as what technology may reveal. As crucial as the component of evidence is, so too is its integrity usually the most contested part of any trial.

Forms and Applications 

People typically think of evidence as tangible realities, such as murder weapons, surveillance results, fingerprints, and the like. Simple witness testimony, however, is the most commonly applied evidence there is, and is by its very nature subject to intense scrutiny. Laws have evolved which placed extreme parameters on witness testimony, and reflect both modern concerns for human rights as well as ancient codes of conduct. For example, regarding the latter, a spouse may not be compelled to testify against his or her spouse. This law is debated in today’s courts; its standing sets marital obligations above the needs of the people, and this is a striking exception in any republic’s legal framework.

Then, “hearsay” remains a problematic form of evidence, where a second party reports on conversations or activities known in a removed way. With all witness testimony, uncertainty usually prevails. “Honest witnesses may sometimes give evidence that is inaccurate; mistaken evidence of identification by eyewitnesses is a classic example” (Gabbay, 2010, p. 304).

Physical evidence is introduced in a trial when the evidence of testimony is occurring, to substantiate or refute the witness’ claims. This is carefully watched. Absolutely conclusive proof of a crime may be thrown out by the court if the evidence has been obtained illegally. Then, there are strict guidelines set down, that the opposing counsel must be made privy to what the other side is intending to produce.  Both sides do their utmost to obtain valuable evidence, relying on the police crime scene teams: “The reconstructionist at the crime scene will see relationships that can quickly lead to other evidence” (Mozayani, 2010, p. 114)

Evidence in Action

In 1989, and after years of serving time and undergoing multiple arrests, a man named Gary Dotson became the first person declared to be innocent because of DNA testing. Dotson’s legal history is, again, lengthy and disturbing; in 1977,  a young woman named Cathleen Crowell asserted that she had been raped upon leaving her job in a Chicago suburb, and she identified Dotson as the assailant from police mug shots. At the trial, both the girl and the state police forensic scientist were unequivocal in their certainty that Dotson had been the rapist. He was convicted to a sentence of not less than twenty-fours years.

Some years later, the girl confessed that she had fabricated the rape story. There were also disclosures made as to the veracity of the forensic evidence, but what ultimately freed Dotson was his attorney’s having read an article about innovations in DNA testing. The court approved the procedure and “…on August 15, 1988, the governor was informed that the…tests conclusively excluded Dotson…” (Krimsky, Simoncelli, 2010, p. 126).

Despite the many difficulties brought on by determining the rightness of evidence, it is the cornerstone of the legal system. Evidence, in any form, both provides counsel with substance, and fuels the adversarial process by demanding thorough examinations as to its integrity and relevance.

Gabbay, D. M. (2010.) Approaches to Legal Rationality. New York, NY: Springer.

Ireland, C. A., and Fisher, M. J. (2010.) Consultancy and Advising in Forensic Practice: Empirical and Practical Guidelines. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Krimsky, S., and Simoncelli, T. (2010.) Genetic Justice: DNA Data Banks, Criminal Investigations, and Civil Liberties. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Mozayani, A. (2010.) The Forensic Laboratory Handbook Procedures and Practice: Second Edition. New York, NY: Springer.

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