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Physical Education Class 12 Notes

Teachers and Examiners ( CBSESkillEduction ) collaborated to create the Physical Education Class 12 Notes . All the important Information are taken from the NCERT Textbook Physical Education (048) class 12 .

The CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Revision Notes and comprehensive study material created by experienced teachers using the latest edition of NCERT textbooks and Syllabus. The aim is to help students achieve better grades in the board exams. The notes contain for all chapters of the Physical Education course and serves as a revision guide for Class 12 students. These notes have been converted into a more concise and accessible format for easy learning.

We hope the Chapter-by-Chapter Quick Revision Notes and Key Points for Class 12 Physical Education notes will helpful to you. Please leave a comment below if you have any questions about the Class 12 Physical Education Notes, and we will respond as soon as possible.

• Chapter 1 : Management of Sporting Events
• Chapter 2 : Children & Women in Sports
• Chapter 3 : Yoga as preventive measure for Lifestyle Disease
• Chapter 4 : Physical Education & Sports for CWSN (Children with Special Needs – Divyang)
• Chapter 5 : Sports and Nutrition
• Chapter 6 : Test and Measurement in Sports
• Chapter 7 : Physiology and Injuries in Sports
• Chapter 8 : Biomechanics and Sports
• Chapter 9 : Psychology and Sports
• Chapter 10 : Training in Sports

1. What is Physical Education class12?

Answer – Physical education is the growth and maintenance of the body, ranging from easy exercises to a programme of study that teaches gymnastics, hygiene, and how to play and manage sports.

2. How many chapters are there in class 12 Physical Education?

Answer – There are 10 chapters in class 12 Physical Education.

3. Is there any Ncert books for Physical Education class 12?

Answer – Yes, NCERT has provided a physical education book for class 12.

Download complete CBSE class 12 Physical Education Notes pdf

Cbse class 12 physical education notes pdf.

Date: 18th Sep 2024

CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Notes pdf are provided here for class 12 students so that they can prepare and score high marks in their CBSE Class 12 Physical Education exam 2025.

These Class 12 Physical Education Notes pdf are created by subject experts based on the latest CBSE syllabus and exam pattern. It also lays the foundation of many concepts which are commonly asked in exams and in many competitive exams.

We have provided complete Class 12 Physical Education handwritten notes pdf for students to enhance more knowledge about the subject and to score better marks in their Class 12 Physical Education exam 2025.

These CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Notes Chapter-wise pdf will help students tremendously in their preparation for cbse class 12 Physical Education exam 2025.

To score high marks in your CBSE class 12 Physical Education exam, you have to regularly practice Class 12 Question Papers with Solutions , Class 12 Sample Papers , Class 12 Notes , Class 12 NCERT Books , Class 12 NCERT Solutions , Class 12 Exemplar and Class 12 Syllabus 2025 .

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Class 12 Notes PDF

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• Class 12 Physical Education Notes
• Class 12 Physics Notes
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Class 12 Previous Year Question Papers

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Biomechanics And Sports | Chapter 8 Notes 2024

Last updated on July 22nd, 2024 at 09:55 pm

Biomechanics in Sports

Biomechanics is the science concerned with the analysis of the mechanics of human movement. It explains how and why the human body moves.

It is the study of the function and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems.

Biomechanics tells us how our muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments work together to produce movement.

It gives us a detailed analysis of any sports movements, which helps to minimize the risk of injury and improve sports performance. 

Importance Of Biomechanics In Sports

Improves sports performance : Biomechanics tells us the right techniques for effective and efficient results by using minimum muscular force and getting maximum results.   

Improvement in technique : Biomechanics helps to improve new techniques, which helps us to get more results 

Helps to develop the best sports equipment : Biomechanics helps us to make correct and scientifically proven equipment.

Improvement in training : Coaches can give the best training to athletes on the basis of scientific knowledge. He can analyze the player’s movement in a better way.

Prevents injuries : It helps us to know the forces that can lead to the injuries during the game situation. 

Knowledge of safety principles : Biomechanics gives the understanding to analyze different safety movements 

Helps in research work : It helps to impart scientific teaching and learning processes. 

Creates confidence in players : Players come to know the correct techniques to execute the movement. Thus it improves the confidence of the player. 

Click Below To Learn Other Chapter Notes

• Class 12 Physical Education Syllabus 
• Chapter 1: Management of Sporting Events
• Chapter 2: Children and women in sports
• Chapter 3: Yoga and lifestyle 
• Chapter 4: Physical Education and sports for CWSN
• Chapter 5: Sports & Nutrition
• Chapter 6: Test and measurement in sports
• Chapter 7: Physiology and Injuries in sports
• Chapter 8: Biomechanics and sports
• Chapter 9: Psychology and sports 
• Chapter 10: Training in Sports

Newton’s Law of Motion & Its Application in Sports

Man is said to be the man of action. So, movements are involved everywhere. For every moment there is motion. Therefore everything that moves is governed by the ‘Laws of motion’.

These laws of motion were formulated by Sir Isaac Newton in 1687. He explained and investigated that every motion is under the impact of following laws of motion

First Law of Motion

The first law is also named as Law of Inertia. This law states that an object at rest will remain at rest or an object in motion will remain at motion at constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force. 

In other words, an object will remain in a stationary position or remain in motion unless an external force is applied to move or stop.

Application in Sports

A football placed at a penalty point will remain at rest unless a player kicks the ball to score a goal, Or that same football will continue to move at a constant velocity unless a force acts on it to slow it down (e.g. wind resistance) or change its direction (e.g. gravity).

Second Law of Motion

The Second Law of motion is also named the ‘Law of Acceleration’.

According to this law, the rate of change in the velocity of an object is directly proportional to the force applied and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. 

The greater the force applied the faster the velocity and more displacement. If less force is applied then the displacement and acceleration are also less 

If unequal forces are applied to objects of equal mass the greater force will cause more acceleration. If equal forces are applied to objects with unequal mass, the object with mass has less acceleration

A Volleyball player pushes the ball slowly for a drop, whereas hits the ball hard for a smash.

Thus drop is slow because there is less force applied, whereas smash is very fast as there is a great force applied.

In the shot put event, a player who exerts more force and tosses the shot put at the correct angle has greater displacement.

Third Law of Motion

This law is also known as the ‘Law of Action and Reaction’

This law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

In swimming, if a swimmer pushes the water backward, in return he is pushed forward by the water.

When a person walks he presses the ground in the backward direction and the ground pushes him in the forward direction with an equal force.

Types of Levers and Their Applications in Sports

Types of Levers

First-class lever:

Fulcrum positioned between the effort and the load.

Examples in sports: See-saw in gymnastics, and overhead barbell press in weightlifting.

If the fulcrum is positioned closer to the load, less effort is needed to move the load over a shorter distance. Conversely, if the fulcrum is closer to the effort, more effort is required to move the load over a greater distance. Examples of first-class levers include a teeter-totter, a seesaw, and a chisel. First-class levers are effective for lifting large loads with minimal effort

Second-class lever:

Load positioned between the effort and the fulcrum.

Examples in sports: Calf raises in fitness training, and pushing off the starting blocks in track and field.

When the load is positioned closer to the fulcrum than the effort, less force is needed to move the load. However, when the load is positioned further from the fulcrum than the effort, more force is required to move the load. Examples of second-class levers include a wheelbarrow, a bottle opener, and a nutcracker. Second-class levers are designed to amplify force to move heavy loads.

Third-class lever:

Effort is positioned between the fulcrum and the load.

Examples in sports: Bicep curls in weightlifting, rowing strokes in rowing sports.

If the fulcrum is positioned closer to the load than to the effort, less force is needed but the load moves a shorter distance. If the fulcrum is positioned closer to the effort, more force is needed but the load moves a greater distance. Examples of third-class levers are a pair of tweezers, a baseball bat, and your arm when lifting something. Third-class levers are useful for moving loads over greater distances with more effort.

Applications in Sports

First-class levers:

• In gymnastics, the use of a see-saw as a training aid helps athletes develop balance and coordination.
• Weightlifters use a first-class lever motion for overhead barbell presses, targeting various muscle groups.

Second-class levers :

• Fitness training often includes calf raises to strengthen the calf muscles and improve jumping abilities.
• Athletes in track and field utilize a second-class lever action when pushing off the starting blocks for explosive starts.

Third-class levers:

• Weightlifters engage in bicep curls to build strength and muscular endurance in the biceps.
• Rowing sports depend on a third-class lever motion during rowing strokes, enhancing the pulling power.

Understanding the different types of levers and their applications in sports can help athletes and coaches optimize their training techniques and improve athletic performance.

Equilibrium

Equilibrium is defined as a state of balance or stable situation, where opposite forces cancel each other out and where no changes are occurring.

When a body or a system is in equilibrium there is no net tendency to change. In mechanics, equilibrium has to do with the forces acting on a body. 

When no force is acting to make a body move in a line the body is in translational equilibrium, when no force is acting to make the body turn the body is in rotational equilibrium. However, a state of equilibrium does not mean that no forces act on the body but only that the forces are balanced.

Types of Equilibrium

• Dynamic Equilibrium
• Static Equilibrium

Dynamic Equilibrium : Dynamic equilibrium is the balance of the body during movement 

Static Equilibrium : It is the balance of the body during rest or in a stationary position.

The fundamental human movement is 7 in number. These basic movements that the human body can perform are pulled, push, squat, lunge, hinge, rotation, and gait. All other movements are variations or combinations of these. 

Stability principles give sportsmen the rule about being in balance while running. They offer guidance to trainers for improving a sportsperson’s ability to achieve static balance and dynamic balance.

Guiding Principles To Determine Degree of Equilibrium (stability)

1. The broader the base, the greater the stability: For greater stability, increase the area of the base and lower the center of gravity as much as is consistent with the activity involved. 

This is the reason why a golfer will take a wide stance before swinging at the golf ball or volleyball players while offering defense, and spreading their feet wide.

2. Lower the center of gravity, higher the stability: For an accelerated start, we need to keep the center of gravity as low as possible and as near as possible to the edge of the base nearest to the direction of intended motion. This is the reason racers crouch at the start of the race and the racing cars have very low floors.

3. When the body is free in the air, if the head and feet move down, then the hips move up and vice versa: While performing a high jump, this principle comes into play. 

The players tend to lift up their heads and thrust one foot as high as possible. Once the head and one leg clear the bar, they are dropped which raises the hips to clear the bar. 

As the hips are lowered, the opposite leg is raised to clear the bar. Pole vault, and diving while competing in swimming and hurdle races are also sports where this principle is of paramount importance.

4. Body weight is directly proportional to stability : The heavier the sportspersons, the more stable they are. It is obvious that a lighter person can be moved far more easily than a heavier person. 

This is the reason why sports like wrestling, boxing, judo, etc., are organized according to different weight groups.

Equilibrium (Stability) Principles

1. To maintain balance while being stationary, the athletes must maintain their center of gravity over the base of support. Thus, to begin a free weightlifting movement, the lifter needs to hold a standing position and then go into a squat and stand again.

2. If the balance is lost, an athlete needs to enlarge the base of support and make sure that the center of gravity is over it. Like, by keeping the feet wider to prevent falling after being pushed helps recover balance.

3. While carrying any object, one needs to shift the body weight so that balance is maintained. We do this by leaning in the opposite direction when carrying heavy weights or equipment.

4. Ensure that the center of gravity is over the center of the base of support. Like, while performing a handstand, the hips need to remain towards the center of the base which is formed by the hands.

5. Stability improves when we lower the center of gravity. This is the reason why during shot-put, the follow-through involves bending the knees.

6. The greater the friction between the supporting surface and the athlete’s body, the greater the ability to maintain balance. This is the reason why sports persons wear specialized shoes that prevent excessive sliding on a playing surface.

7. Shifting the center of gravity towards an approaching force increases an athlete’s ability to maintain balance. This explains why a football lineman shifts weight toward the opposing line prior to the snap.

8. An opponent can be forced to lose balance if pushed or pulled in the direction where the center of gravity is closest to the edge of the base of support. Boxers use this principle to create a loss of balance by shifting the weight on the heels.

9. For positions of readiness, if the distance is shorter then the center of gravity must move to the base of support, the more rapidly the body can be put in motion in that direction. for example, sprinters in the “set” position shift their weight in the direction of the race.

Center Of Gravity

The Center of gravity is the point in a body or system around which its mass or weight is evenly distributed or balanced and through which the force of gravity acts.

The center of gravity is fixed, provided the size and shape of the body do not change.

An athlete’s center of gravity is the exact middle of the body and can rotate freely in any direction and where weight is balanced on all opposite sides. 

It exists at a point along the midline of the body at about 55% of the athlete’s height. Core stability enables athletes to control their body position, generate optimum power, and transfer force along the kinetic chain.

The human body is made up of individual body parts with their own weight. So, our total body weight is the sum of individual weights of organs such as our arms, legs, etc. 

The point, about which the distribution of these individual weights is symmetrical, is the center of gravity of the body. Thus, if a body has more mass distributed in its upper part, the center of gravity will be at the top of the body. 

This applies to humans, as the center of gravity of an average person is located approximately at a height of one meter, thus being above the waist. 

There are two properties of the center of gravity that have a great impact on sports. First of all, its location is dependent on the shape of the body. 

So if the same body is to take a different shape, the position of the center of gravity will shift. An athlete that bends his/her legs will lower his/her center of gravity position.  amongst other things, will result in greater stability, something especially important in sports such as wrestling. 

Projectile In Sports

Projectile: When an object is thrown into space either horizontally or at an acute angle under the action of gravity is called a projectile. Or, 

It refers to the motion of an object projected into the air at an angle. The path followed by a projectile is known as a trajectory.

In sport, there are many examples of projectiles e.g. putting the shot, throwing a hammer, discus, and javelin in athletics.

Factors affecting the projectile trajectory

When an object is projected through space, three forces influence the course of the flight

(i) Propelling Force: 

The initial force produces certain effects depending upon its point and direction of application. If the application is directly through the projectile’s center of gravity, only linear motion results from the force. 

As the object is moved further from the center of gravity, the rotator motion of the object increases at the expense of linear motion. If the force is below the object’s center of gravity, the backspin is the result. 

Forward spin results when the force is above the center of gravity. When the force is off-center to the left, a clockwise spin results, and when it is off-center to the right, a counterclockwise spin occurs.

(ii) Force of Gravity :

As soon as contact is broken with a projected object, the force of gravity begins to finish the upward velocity of the object. 

Finally, gravity overcomes the projectile’s motion and the object begins to descend. The factors that determine how soon gravity will cause the object to descend are –

(a) Weight (mass) of the object

(b) Amount of force driving it upward

(c) The effect of air resistance on the object.

(iii) Effect of Air Resistance :

As the speed of an object increases, air resistance has a greater retarding effect. The more surface area an object presents in the direction of movement, the greater will be the effect of air resistance.

(iv) Angle of Release :

The angle between the initial trajectory and the horizontal determines the shape of the parabola described in flight by the object or body. The optimum angle for the maximum horizontal distance of flight is 45°. 

The steepness or shallowness of the curve will depend on the angle of projection, with angles greater than 45° producing steeper curves and angles less than 45° producing shale-lower curves.

(v) Height of Release :

The next factor that affects the trajectory of a projectile in sport is the height of the point of projection or release in relation to the landing surface of the object or body. 

There are examples from sports where the height of the projection is both above and below the landing surface. For example, in the shot put, the optimum angle is less than 45° because the point of release is well above the land surface

Friction & Sports

Friction is a force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other. It generally creates an obstruction to moving objects.

It is created whenever two surfaces move or try to move across each other. It opposes the motion of one surface across another surface.

Friction depends on the texture of both surfaces and on the amount of contact force pushing the two surfaces together.

Types of Friction

There are two types of friction 

Static Friction:   It occurs when a body is forced to move along a surface but movement does not start. This friction is present between two or more solid objects that are not moving relative to each other.

Without static friction, your feet would sleep out and it makes it difficult to walk. 

Dynamic/kinetic friction : It occurs when two objects are moving relative to each other and work together. Further, it is of two types 

      Sliding Friction : It is a kind of friction that acts on the object when it slides or rubs over the surface. It is weaker than static friction. Sliding friction causes wear and tear 

     Rolling friction :  It is a force that slows down the motion of a rolling object. It acts on objects when they are rolling over a surface.

Advantages of friction

It helps to move: Frictional force helps to move the object, e.g. running, or walking with the friction of feet and surface.

Stop the moving object : It helps to stop the moving object through friction 

Hold or grip object : With the help of friction, our fingers and palms enable us to grasp and hold objects. 

Keep the objects at their position : Friction can hold the object at its position. 

Disadvantages of friction  

Makes movement difficult : Friction can make the movement difficult. For example, excess friction can make a box difficult to slide on the floor. 

Waste of energy : Excess friction means extra energy, so extra energy is wasted because of friction. 

Types Of Movements

It describes a bending movement that decreases the angle between two body parts, that is bones of the limb at a joint. Flexion refers to movement in the anterior direction.

It happens when muscles contract and move your bones and joints 

Example: Elbow flexion is decreasing the angle between the radius and the humerus. Knee flexion is decreasing the angle between the femur and tibia.

Flexion of the shoulder or hips refers to the movement of the arm or leg forward.

It is the opposite of flexion, it is a movement that increases the angle between two body parts.

Extension refers to movement in the posterior direction.

Extension at the elbow is to increase the angle between the ulna and the humerus. Extension of the knee is to increase the angle between the tibia and the femur.

Abduction  

Abduction is a movement that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body. The muscles which create this type of motion are known as an abductor.

Abduction of the wrist is also known as radial deviation.

Swinging the arms laterally from the side of the body up to the shoulder or moving the legs away from the midline is abduction are some examples. 

It refers to the movement that pulls apart towards the midline. When the arms straight out at the shoulders bring down to their sides is adduction.  

Arms closing towards the chest, bringing the knees together, bringing all the fingers or toes together, and the thumb back to the normal position are some of examples of adduction.

• Chapter 3: Yoga and Lifestyle 

Biomechanics in sports chapter 8 CBSE, class 12 Physical Education notes. This CBSE Physical Education class 12 note has a brief explanation of every topic that the NCERT  syllabus has.

You will also get ncert solutions, CBSE class 12 Physical Education sample paper, and CBSE Physical Education class 12 previous year paper.

Frequently Asked Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

• The Law of inertia is

a. First Law of motion

b. Second Law of Motion

c. Third law of motion

2. A volleyball player hitting the ball hard for a smash, is an example of

a. First Law of Motion

b. The second law of motion

3. Which is not a type of movement

b. Adduction

c. Contraindication

d. Abduction

4. Moving an art away from the midline is

b. Extension

c. Abduction

d. Adduction

5. The Second Law of motion is

a. Law of inertia

b. Law of acceleration

c. Law of gravity

d. Law of action-reaction

Final Words

From the above article, you must have learned about ncert CBSE class 12 Physical Education notes of chapter 8 Biomechanics in sports. We hope that these crisp and latest Physical Education class 12 notes will definitely help you in your exam.

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CBSE Class12 Notes and Key Points

• CBSE Revision notes (PDF Download) Free
• CBSE Revision notes for Class 12 Physical Education PDF
• CBSE Revision notes Class 12 Physical Education – CBSE
• CBSE Revisions notes and Key Points Class 12 Physical Education
• Summary of the NCERT books all chapters in Physical Education class 12
• Short notes for CBSE class 12th Physical Education
• Key notes and chapter summary of Physical Education class 12
• Quick revision notes for CBSE board exam

CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Chapter-wise Revision Notes PDF

• Chapter 1 – Planning in Sports
• Chapter 2 –  Adventure  Sports and Leadership Training
• Chapter 3 –  Sports and Nutrition
• Chapter 4 –  Postures
• Chapter 5 –  Children and Sports
• Chapter 6 –  Women and Sports
• Chapter 7 –  Test and Measurement in Sports
• Chapter 8 –  Physiology and Sports
• Chapter 9 –  Sports Medicine
• Chapter 10 –  Biomechanics and Sports
• Chapter 11 –  Psychology and Sports
• Chapter 12 –  Training in Sports

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Planning in Sports Class 12 Notes PDF (Handwritten & Short Notes)

The Planning in Sports class 12 notes are prepared so that students can perform well in the questions related to the chapter. As in the class 12 notes of Planning in Sports, all topics are explained in a brief way so that students don’t face any difficulty in preparation. The concepts of Planning in Sports are explained in such a way that it improves innovative skills of students.

The Planning in Sports class 12 notes can be useful for both teachers and students as it helps them to be organised. Organised preparation can help both students and teachers to complete Planning in Sports quickly. Organisation can also help students to overcome unnecessary distractions while completing the chapter Planning in Sports. 

Planning in Sports Notes PDF

The Chapter Planning in Sports may be considered as complicated for some students so it needs to be revised properly. For proper revision, students can go through the Planning in Sports notes PDF. The Class 12 Notes of Planning in Sports are created by our subject matter experts with proper research. Through these, students can attempt the questions related to Planning in Sports in a creative way. 

Where Can Students Find Planning in Sports Class 12 Notes?

Students can find the Planning in Sports class 12 notes from the Selfstudys website, steps to download are clearly explained on the page: 

• Visit the Selfstudys website. 
• Click the navigation bar, select NCERT Books & Solutions from the list. 
• A drop down menu will appear, select NCERT notes from the given list.  

• A new page will appear, select class 12 from the list of classes. 
• Click Physical Education from the list of subjects.

• Again a new page will appear, select the chapter Planning in Sports. 

Characteristics of Planning in Sports Class 12 Notes

Before preparing Planning in Sports class 12 notes, students need to know about the characteristics of it so that they can improve their confidence level: 

• Important Points are Given: Important points of the chapter Planning in Sports are explained in the class 12 notes so that students can obtain the summary of the chapter.  
• Flow Diagrams are Provided: A flow diagram generally depicts the definitions; some of the concepts are explained through flow diagrams in Planning in Sports class 12th notes. With the help of flow diagrams, students can improvise their efficiency for Planning in Sports.  
• Have Eye Catching Format: Content explained in the Planning in Sports notes have a very attractive format as it provides many diagrams so that students can improvise their creativity. Accordingly, students can attempt the Planning in Sports questions in a creative way.  
• According to Latest Syllabus: The topics and concepts in Planning in Sports are arranged and explained according to the latest syllabus. Through this, students can have updated knowledge of the subject Physical Education. 
• Topics are Covered: Each and every topic of Planning in Sports in the Physical Education Class 12 Notes are covered in short ways so that students can take a look while revising. 

Why Should Students Consider Planning in Sports Class 12 Notes?

Students should consider the Planning in Sports notes as it provides many benefits, those benefits are: 

• Provides Better Visual Learners: Some students have the habit of visualising the topics and concepts while completing the chapter; class 12 students can improve their visualising skills through the Planning in Sports class 12th notes.  
• Provides Factual Information: Factual information is that information which focuses on accurate facts and theories; notes of Planning in Sports class 12 provides factual information. As the class 12 notes of Planning in Sports provides accurate information, students can easily trust the resources.  
• Helps in Consistency: Being consistent for a student means to focus on the topics while preparing; students can improve the consistency with the help of notes of Planning in Sports.  
• Improves Attentiveness: It is very important for students to be alert and attentive while preparing for the Physical Education exam; students can improve their attentiveness with the help of class 12 Planning in Sports notes. 
• Saves Time: Time is considered to be the most precious one for a student to score good marks in class 12 Physical Education, they can save the time for searching good resources through the Planning in Sports notes.  

How to Complete Planning in Sports With The Help of Notes? 

It is necessary for students to create their own strategy plan to complete the chapter Planning in Sports with the help of class 12 notes, those important strategies are: 

• Go Through the NCERT Textbook: First, students need to complete the chapter Planning in Sports through the class 12 NCERT textbook.  
• Prioritise High Weightage Topics: It is advisable for students to prioritise with high weightage topics of the chapter Planning in Sports. Students can get an idea about the high weightage topics with the help of Planning in Sports class 12 notes. Accordingly, students can score well in those questions which are related to the chapter Planning in Sports.  
• Try to Replicate the Exam Scenario: While practising questions of the Planning in Sports, students are advised to replicate the exact exam scenario. Through this, students can reduce the anxiety while attempting the class 12 Physical Education board exam.  
• Complete the Subjective Practise: Practise more and more subjective questions: MCQ, short type questions of Planning in Sports. Students can complete the subjective questions with the help of Planning in Sports notes. 
• Try to Develop Time Management Skills: No work can’t be done without proper time management. Students can improve their time management skills while completing Planning in Sports by following the study plans, achieving the daily goals, etc. Students can also increase their time management skills with the help of notes of Planning in Sports. 
• Revise: Revising topics is very important for students to remember the important points, students can easily revise the chapter with the help of notes of Planning in Sports. 
• Don’t Skip a Day: While preparing for the Planning in Sports, it is advisable for students to not skip a day in preparation. Like, students need to be very consistent in covering the topics included in notes of Planning in Sports class 12. 

How to Boost the Preparation Level With the Help of Planning in Sports Class 12 Notes? 

Students can boost their preparation level with the help of Planning in Sports class 12 notes, tips to boost the preparation level are: 

• Avoid Cramming: With the help of Planning in Sports class 12th notes, students can avoid cramming: to learn a large amount of information. By avoiding cramming, students can boost their preparation level for Planning in Sports.  
• Can Grasp Better: The Planning in Sports notes can help students to grasp better that is to learn and understand topics and concepts in a better way. Accordingly students can boost their preparation level for class 12 Physical Education chapter: Planning in Sports.  
• Improves Comprehension Skills: The notes of Planning in Sports class 12 can aid students to improve their comprehension skills: enables them to present solutions in the best way possible. Through this students can improvise their preparation strategy to complete Planning in Sports. 
• Can Create Their Own Strategy: Students can create their own strategy plan with the help of notes of Planning in Sports, accordingly they can enhance their preparation level. Enhanced preparation can help students to score well in the questions related to Planning in Sports. 
• Provides New Ideas: The class 12 notes of Planning in Sports can help students to provide new ideas to understand the concepts, accordingly they can form relevant answers to questions. This can help students to elevate their preparation level for the chapter Planning in Sports. 

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Class 12 Physical Education Notes Chapter 4 Physical Education and Sports for CWSN

January 18, 2024 by Kalyan

CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Notes Chapter 4 Physical Education and Sports for CWSN – Children with Special Needs : Divyangs is part of Physical Education Class 12 Notes for Quick Revision. Here we have given NCERT Physical Education Class 12 Notes Chapter 4 Physical Education and Sports for CWSN – Children with Special Needs : Divyangs.

Physical Education Class 12 Notes Chapter 4 Physical Education and Sports for CWSN – Children with Special Needs : Divyangs

4.1 Concept of Disability and Disorder Disability and disorder are two separate terms that stand for different types of physical and mental conditions.

Concept of Disability The term disability means any kind of impairment or permanent reduction in physical or mental capacity. The reduction can be related to any kind of physical loss, mental illness, intellectual impairment or reduction in the use of sense organs. This may be present from birth or occur during a person’s lifetime. This affects a person’s participation in different areas of life and reduces the full use of body structures and functions. Definition – “A disability is defined as a condition or function judged to be significantly impaired relative to the usual standard of an individual or group,”

Concept of Disorder Disorder is any ailment that disturbs the health of a person, hinders a person’s performance and diminishes his/her efficiency. Disorder grows inside a person, they are small in the beginning but may become serious and grow into a disability. There are many kinds of disorders like mental disorder, neurological disorder, hyper activity disorder, eating disorder, addiction disorder, attention disorder etc. Definition – “Disorder can be defined as a blip in the usual functioning of a person.”

4.2 Types of Disability, Its Causes and Nature Disability is conceptualised as being a multidimensional experience as it may affect the organs and body parts which hampers a person’s life in many ways.

Types of Disability There are three types of disabilities which are as follows

[i] Cognitive Disability The nature of this disability is mental since cognitive domain is related to using mental abilities and achieving results from it. It is related to impairments in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour. Intellectual functioning means person’s ability to plan, comprehend and reason while adaptive behaviour refers to applying social and practical skills in everyday life. Children suffering from dyslexia, learning difficulties, speech disorders, problem in solving math calculations, short span of attention and short of memory are said to have cognitive disability. Causes of cognitive disability are as follows

• Cognitive impairment may be present at birth and may be genetic or chromosomal or result from complications of pregnancy.
• Chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome.
• Genetic abnormalities such as phenylketonuria, Hunter syndrome etc.
• Prenatal drug and infections and exposure to alcohol.
• Lack of oxygen during labour pain or birth.

[ii] Intellectual Disability The nature of this disability is also mental since the intellectual domain is related to using the capacity of the mind. It is a disability characterised by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behaviour. This is characterised by low intelligence quotient score (under 70) and significant problems in the ways learners adapt to new situations. It is different from cognitive because cognitive is a broad concept while intellectual disability is specific in nature. Causes of intellectual disability are as follows

• Genetic Conditions These include things like Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome.
• Problems during Pregnancy This can interfere with fetal brain development.
• Alcohol or Drug Use may also cause intellectual disability.
• Problems during Childbirth Like if a baby is deprived of oxygen during childbirth or born extremely premature.
• Illness or Injury Infection like meningitis, whooping cough or measles can lead to intellectual disability. Extreme malnutrition, infections in the brain, exposure to toxic substances such as lead, and severe neglect or abuse can also cause it.

[iii] Physical Disability The nature of this disability is physical since it relates to physical functioning of the body parts including sense organs. This refers to the limitation on a person’s physical functioning, mobility, dexterity or stamina. This includes upper or lower limb loss, poor manual dexterity, visual impairment, hearing loss or disability in coordination with different organs of the body. Apart from these, respiratory disorders, epilepsy and sleep disorders are also considered physical disability. Causes of physical disability are as follows

• Illnesses like cancer, heart attack or diabetes cause the majority of long-term disabilities.
• Back pain, injuries and arthritis are also significant causes.
• Lifestyle choices and personal behaviour that lead to obesity are also becoming major contributing factors.
• Musculoskeletal disorders also cause disabilities. Examples include spine/joint disorders, fibromytis etc.
• Genetic causes like gene inheritance can cause this disability.

4.3 Types of Disorder, Its Causes and Nature A disorder is referred to as a disturbance in physical or mental health or functions that causes dysfunction. Some types of disorder are discussed below

ADHD [Attention Deficit’ Hyperactivity Disorder] The nature of this disorder is related to . behavioural changes or disorders. About 10% of school going kids suffer from ADHD, Boys are more suspectible to this disorder than girls. The common symptoms of this disorder are hyperactivity, trouble focusing on a task, very short span of attention and missing details. . Children with ADHD may understand what’s expected of them but have trouble following the instructions required to complete the task. ‘ Young children mostly act in this way when they are excited or anxious but the difference with ADHD is that these symptoms are present over a longer period of time and take place in different settings. The ADHD disorder affects a child’s academic performance as well as social behaviour. Causes of ADHD are .

• Genes and Heredity Genetic inheritance and abnormalities in genes may cause this disorder.
• Brain Injury and Epilepsy Children who have had traumatic brain injuries or who have epilepsy can often have ADHD-like symptoms.
• Environmental Causes Prenatal exposure to smoke, exposure to high levels of lead as a toddler and preschooler is possible contributor.

SPD [Sensory Processing Disorder] This is a condition in which the brain has trouble in receiving and responding to information that comes in through the senses. The SPD is related to mental nature. There the sensory inputs are not organised by the brain in an appropriate manner. The common symptoms are showing heightened reactivity to sound, touch or movement. Under-reactive in certain situations example not noticing when name is called, lethargic, disinterested, poor motor skills, lack of attention, impulsive behaviours etc. The SPD interferes with the children’s normal everyday functioning. They also have delayed communication and social skills. SPD also impacts on a person’s ability to interact with different environments. Causes of SPD are as follows

• Genetic or hereditary factors such as having a family history of autism, SPD.
• Have been understimulated during critical periods of neurological development.
• Have been exposed to variety of environmental toxins.
• Have food allergies.
• Having developmental delays and other , neurological disorders.

ASD [Autism Spectrum Disorder] The nature of this disorder is related to mental illness which then changes the behaviour. It is a complex .developmental disorder that affects normal brain development. The symptoms of ASD are difficulty in communication and interaction with people. They also have repetitive behaviour patterns like flicking a light switch repeatedly, smelling everything, flipping objects etc.

Children with ASD also have sensory sensitivities such as not using eye contact, confused by language, repeating a word etc. Here the brain does not function in the typical’way due to which they face developmental challenges.. Children and adults with ASD do not acquire good social skills and face many behavioural problems. They often stare at a particular person or object, like a few foods, get over excited by certain sounds etc. Causes of ASD are as follows

• ASD can be the result of heredity factors, genetic differences and genetic mutations.
• It can also cause through abnormal mechanisms of brain development and other neurobiological factors.
• Environmental factors related to exposure to drugs, toxins like lead, insecticides, hydrocarbons and dietary factors may cause ASD.

ODD [Oppositional Defiant Disorder] The nature of this disorder is related to social behaviours. This behaviour disorder usually takes place in early teens. Apart from teens, ODD also affects young children especially boys. In children it begins from the age of 8 years. About 2-16% of children are affected by ODD. The main symptoms of ODD are similar patterns of anger, irritable mood, saying hateful things, flaring up at trivial matters, seeking revenge etc.

Here children in their early teens try to defy authority every now and then, they express their defiance by arguing, disobeying, talking back to parents, teachers and other adults. Though this type of behaviour is normally seen among all the teenagers but the difference in ODD is that the behaviour lasts more than 6 months and is excessive in comparison to other children of the same age. This kind of behaviour often disrupts the child’s normal daily activities and hampers academic performance. Causes of ODD are as follows

• Genetics A child’s natural disposition or temperament and possible neurobiological differences in the way nerves and the brain function may cause ODD.
• Environment Problems with parenting that may involve a lack of supervision, inconsistent or harsh discipline, or abuse or neglect also cause ODD.

OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder] The nature of this disorder is related to mental illness. This usually takes place in people of middle ages. Males and females both are equally affected by OCD. About 15-20% of the people experience OCD in mild forms. The symptoms of this disorder are people doing repetative behaviours, performing routine tasks over an over again or having certain thoughts repeatedly.

Some examples of this type of disorder are frequent or excessive hand washing, counting to things repeatedly, checking if a door is locked again and again. These activities occur to such a degree that it affects a person’s life negatively. The OCD can become serious and may cause other problems related to mental illness. Causes of OCD are as follows

• Familial Disorder The disorder may run in the family, therefore close relatives of people with OCD are likely to develop it.
• Behavioural Causes The behavioural theory suggests that people with OCD associate certain objects or situations with fear and learn to avoid those things or learn to perform rituals in order to help reduce the fear or the stress related to that situation.
• Cognitive Causes This happens when people misinterpret their thoughts like the feeling of dirty hands even when they are cleaned many times.
• Environmental Causes This means stressful situation present in the environment such as within the family or society that triggers OCD in people.

4.4 Disability Etiquettes Disability etiquettes is a set of guidelines to deal with the people facing physical or mental disabilities. It was started as a clinical play on existing rule sheets, written for non-disabled audiences that were seen as demeaning by civil rights activists in 1970s. The term serves to communicate people with disabilities more respectfully in all types of situations. It refers to educate people regarding disabilities. It involves treating people with disabilities with respect and care, and try to bring them into a normal life.

Disability Etiquettes in General

• Always respect the dignity of a disabled person, individuality and desire for independence.
• Treat a person with disability in the same manner and with the same respect and courtesy as with others.
• Speak directly to the person rather than through the friend, attendant or sign-language interpreter who may also be present.
• Never speak about the person as if they are invisible, can’t understand what is being said. .
• Don’t put people with a disability on a pedestal or talk to them in demeaning terms.

Disability Etiquette Guidelines

[i] ill Persons with Speech Difficulties

• Give attention to the person who has difficulty in speaking.
• Keep manner to encourage rather than correcting.
• Give extra time for the conversation and be patient.
• If you have difficulty in understanding, don’t pretend that you do. Repeat as much as you do understand.

[ii] Person with Hearing Loss

• Get the person’s attention with a wave of the hand, or a tap on the shoulder. Speak clearly and slowly, but without exaggerating your lip movements or shouting.
• Many persons with hearing loss read lips. Place yourself facing the light source and keep hands, cigarettes and food away from your mouth when talking in order to provide a clear view of your face.
• When an interpreter accompanies a person, direct your remarks to the person rather than to the interpreter.
• Look directly at the person and speak expressively.
• Use sign language if you and the person are both familiar with it.

[iii] Persons with Vision Loss

• When enter the room, indicate who is there. Let the person know when leaving the room.
• When talking to a person with a visual impairment, begin to identifying yourself by name and that you are speaking to them.
• When offering your assistance, do not grab the person’s cane or arm.
• If you are walking with a person who is blind, offer your arm for him/her to hold.
• Walk at the norma! pace. It is helpful to speak casually and naturally about the environment, objects and buildings you are passing as you walk.
• Not all visually impaired people read Braille. Ask the person what alternative format they prefer.

(iv) Persons with Cognitive / Language Impairments

• Use a calm voice and be comfortable. Use simple and short sentences.
• Do not argue with the person.
• Treat each person as an individual with talents and abilities deserving of respect and dignity.
• Give extra time for the person to process what: you are saying and to respond. Look for signs of stress and/Or confusion:

The rules of etiquettes and good manners to deal with people with disabilities are generally the same as the rules for good etiquettes in society. These guidelines address.specific issues which frequently arise for people with disabilities; Since everyone is different, these guidelines only hold true for most individuals most of the time.

4.5 Advantage of Physical Activity for Children with Special Needs Physical Activity According to the Department of Health and Human Services, USA, physical activity generally refers to movement that enhances health. It means the movement of the body that uses energy. Walking, running, dancing, swimming, yoga and gardening are a few examples of physical activity. For health benefits, physical activity should be moderate or vigorous intensity. Exercise is a type of physical activity that’s planned and structured. Lifting weights, taking an aerobics class and playing on a sports team are examples of exercise.

Advantage of Physical Activity for Children with Special Needs Regular physical activity is good for everyone but it’s particularly important for children with special needs. These are most important for their growth and development. There are numbers of advantages of physical activities. These are as follows

• It strengthens the heart muscle thereby improving cardiovascular efficiency, lung efficiency and exercise endurance. This helps in controlling repetative behaviours among disabled children.
• Besides improving fitness, physical activity develops social relationships with other children, teammates and teachers.
• This brings positive changes in the social behaviour of these children.
• It helps to improve energy level in the body. Regular physical activity often makes children more energetic, allows them to become active.
• It regulates blood pressure, cholesterol level and diabetes. Physical activity reduces stress level.
• It helps to control weight. The children with disabilities are not physically active or may have deficit of calories, which takes fat away and lowers weight and regular exercises help in regulating weight.
• Physical activities help in improving muscle strength, coordination and flexibility among disabled children.
• This also improves motor skills, brings better balance and body awareness which is lacking in these children.
• Physical exercise finds an outlet to channelise the physical energy which helps these children to cope with stress, anxiety and depression.
• Physical activity enhances the metabolism of brain in the children. It leads to cognitive improvement in children with special needs allowing them to acquire new skills, learn new things and focus on specific goals.
• Physical activity decreases anxiety, reduces depression, and improves mood and outlook in children. In addition, their
• quality of sleep is also improved.

4.6 Strategies to Make Physical Activities Accessible for Children with Special Need The various strategies or ways by which physical activities can be made accessible for children with special needs are as follows

• Inclusive Classrooms It means development of education laws in such a way that children with special needs get education within the normal classrooms along with other children so that they are well accepted in society.
• Assistive Technology It refers to creating devices, tools or equipments that help children with special needs to participate in learning activities like bigger balls, balls with bells, balls attached to strings to bring it back to the students etc.
• Adaptive Physical Education Depending on student’s disability, a separate, adaptive class or modifications within a game, changing the rules of the game or sport to some extent can help the students in a big way.
• Creating Specific Environment Students with special needs can be provided with specific play area with special requirements as needed by them. Loud music, glaring lights often cannot be tolerated by these children, so a lot of natural lighting should be there.
• Positive Behaviour In physical education classes, teachers should show positive behaviour and healthy interactions and prevent negative behaviours. The method is to “Prevent, Teach, Reinforce”. This means class material taught through positive interactions, lesson reinforced by referring back to behavioural expectations and evaluating progress.
• Focus on Creative Games Instead of competitive games and physical activities, the strategy is to develop creative games. This helps in team building and cooperation and prevents unnecessary competition and boosts the confidence of these children.
• Accomodations and Modification Since the individual needs of the children with special needs ard different^ it is essential for . the teachers to modify the teaching strategies in order to accommodate the children with disabilities. Therefore constant modification and accommodation is required.
• Professional Courses Developing more professional courses and teacher certification programs for teaching physical education to children with special needs is essential to popularise the adaptive physical education programme.

We hope the given CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Notes Chapter 4 Physical Education and Sports for CWSN – Children with Special Needs : Divyangs will help you. If you have any query regarding NCERT Physical Education Class 12 Notes Chapter 4 Physical Education and Sports for CWSN – Children with Special Needs : Divyangs, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.

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