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Ten future materials that could change the way we build

Following news that hemp could be used as a low-cost, low-carbon way of reinforcing concrete , here are 10 promising new construction materials including plastic that's stronger than steel and 3D-printed mushroom columns .

Researchers are developing materials that perform better or that tread more lightly on the planet – and ideally do both.

In the near future, natural materials including hemp and mycelium as well as synthetic ones such as carbon fibre and high-performance plastics could play a much bigger part in the construction process.

Here are ten innovative new materials from our archive:

Biochar cladding

German start-up Made of Air produces bioplastic from forest and farm waste that sequesters carbon and can be used to make objects including cladding.

Hexagonal panels dubbed HexChar were installed on an Audi dealership in Munich last year, marking the first time the product had been used on a building.

Find out more about biochar cladding ›

Carbon-fibre reinforced concrete

This newly developed type of concrete is strengthened with carbon-fibre yarn, so far less concrete is needed for a structure of the same strength.

Researchers at the Technical University of Dresden have been working with German architecture firm Henn to create the building made from this "carbon concrete", which will be named The Cube.

Find out more about carbon-fibre reinforced concrete ›

Super-strong plastic

Invented by Massachusetts Institute of Technology chemical engineers, 2DPA-1 is light and mouldable like all plastics, while being twice as strong as steel.

Synthesised using a new polymerisation process, it will first be used as an ultrathin coating to enhance the durability of objects, but could one day be developed into a structural reinforcement material for buildings.

Find out more about 2DPA-1 ›

3D-printed mycelium

There are many ways of using mycelium , which is the branching, vegetative part of a fungus, for construction.

One is Blast Studio's 3D-printing method, which the London practice used to make a two-metre-high column that can be used as a load-bearing architectural element. It also yields a mushroom crop.

Find out more about 3D-printed mycelium ›

Made of one of the world's most carbon-sequestering plants, hemp rebar is currently in development at the USA's Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

It aims to be a low-cost, low-carbon alternative to standard steel rebar that also avoids the problem of corrosion, extending the lifespan of concrete structures.

Find out more about hemp rebar ›

Carbon-sequestering Carbicrete

Canadian company Carbicrete has developed a method for sequestering carbon in concrete, claiming its product captures more carbon than it emits.

Instead of calcium-based cement, which is highly CO2 emitting, Carbicrete relies on waste slag from the steel industry plus carbon captured from industrial plants. It has been used to make concrete masonry units and precast panels.

Find out more about carbon-sequestering Carbicrete ›

K-Briq construction waste bricks

Invented by engineering professor Gabriela Medero at Edinburgh's Heriot-Watt University and launched through her startup Kenoteq, the K-Briq is made of 90 per cent construction waste and is unfired.

The low-carbon alternative to regular bricks is already available to order in standard or bespoke colours.

Find out more about K-Briq ›

Chipboard from potato peelings

London-based designers Rowan Minkley and Robert Nicoll created this eco-friendly alternative to single-use materials like MDF and chipboard.

Called Chip[s] Board, it is created from potato peelings and made without formaldehyde or other toxic resins, and can be used as a building material.

Find out more about chipboard from potato peelings ›

Green Charcoal loofah bricks

Engineered by researchers at the Indian School of Design and Innovation in Mumbai, these bio-bricks are made of soil, cement, charcoal and organic luffa fibres – better known as loofah, the plant commonly used for bath sponges.

The natural gaps in the loofah's fibrous network enable the bricks to double as a home for animal and plant life, increasing the biodiversity of cities.

Find out more about Green Charcoal loofah bricks ›

Waste paper construction board

Honext's construction board is made of paper that has already gone through several reuse cycles, meaning that the remaining cellulose fibres are too short to be bound together in order for it to be made into paper again.

Honext mixes together the waste cellulose fibres with water and enzymes to make the boards, which can be used for interior partitioning or cladding.

Find out more about waste paper construction board ›

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Explore the Top 10 Material Trends & Innovations in 2025

Delve into the world of novel materials & their role in enhancing productivity and sustainability across industries. Our extensive research covers the latest material trends, analyzing insights from 2453 companies. This includes key developments in green materials, nanotechnology, 3D printing, material informatics, and more!

The ongoing changes in the energy, automotive, logistics, manufacturing, and construction sectors, coupled with the advancements of Industry 4.0, are fueling the demand for novel materials. These material trends encompass a variety of solutions, including sustainability-focused materials, lightweighting, 3D printing applications, and surface engineering, as well as the creation of smart materials, nano-formulations, and advanced composites with superior properties.

Additionally, the widespread implementation of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and data management is empowering researchers to rapidly innovate and develop new materials. This significantly reduces the time it takes for emerging materials to reach the market, from several decades to just a few years.

This article was last updated in July 2024.

Innovation Map outlines the Top 10 Materials Trends & 20 Promising Startups

For this in-depth research on the Top Material Trends & Startups, we analyzed a sample of 2453 global startups & scaleups. This data-driven research provides innovation intelligence that helps you improve strategic decision-making by giving you an overview of emerging technologies in the materials industry. In the Material Industry Innovation Map, you get a comprehensive overview of the innovation trends & startups that impact your company.

What are the Trends in the Materials Industry (2025)?

• Sustainable Materials
• Smart & Responsive Materials
• Nanotechnology
• Additive Manufacturing
• Lightweighting
• Material Informatics
• Advanced Composites
• Graphene & 2D Materials
• Surface Engineering
• Materials Management 4.0

Want to explore all Materials innovations & trends?

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These insights are derived by working with our Big Data & Artificial Intelligence-powered StartUs Insights Discovery Platform , covering 4.7M+ startups & scaleups globally. As the world’s largest resource for data on emerging companies, the SaaS platform enables you to identify relevant technologies and industry trends quickly & exhaustively.

Tree Map reveals the Impact of the Top 10 Materials Industry Trends

Based on the Materials Innovation Map, the Tree Map below illustrates the impact of the Top 10 advanced materials technologies in 2025. Startups now develop sustainable, responsive, and smart materials that also offer improved physical properties. For example, biodegradable plastics, thermally adaptive fabric, and flexible displays. Novel formulations, including nanomaterials and biomaterials, impart new functionalities to existing materials while expanding the scope of innovation.

Additive manufacturing, advanced composites, and 2D materials also lead to the development of various lightweight materials. Along with materials informatics and management, surface engineering impacts several industries from energy, automotive, and construction, to biotechnology, healthcare, and textiles.

Click to download

Global Startup Heat Map covers 2453 Materials Startups & Scaleups

The Global Startup Heat Map below highlights the global distribution of the 2453 exemplary startups & scaleups that we analyzed for this research. Created through the StartUs Insights Discovery Platform , the Heat Map reveals that Europe & the US are home to most of these companies while we also observe increased activity in South-East Asia, Australia as well India.

Below, you get to meet 20 out of these 2453 promising startups & scaleups as well as the solutions they develop. These 20 startups were hand-picked based on criteria such as founding year, location, funding raised, and more. Depending on your specific needs, your top picks might look entirely different.

Top 10 Materials Industry Trends in 2025

1. sustainable materials.

The substantial waste generated during the use and production of materials has led governments to implement various environmental regulations. Industries across the board, including construction, automotive, packaging, and manufacturing, are reevaluating their processes in terms of material lifecycle.

To reduce their carbon footprint, these sectors are increasingly adopting sustainable materials, aiming to decrease the planet’s waste burden. Sustainable materials not only support circular systems but also facilitate the implementation of a circular economy .

MYNUSCo produces Biocompound Materials

Indian material technology startup MYNUSCo intends to assist the automotive, logistics, packaging, hospitality, and consumer goods industries with their sustainability objectives. The startup produces biodegradable and recyclable compounds based on agricultural waste and renewable resources.

Its products contribute to conserving natural deposits and forests while also ensuring scalability and adaptability for existing manufacturing processes.

Rematter makes Sustainable Floor Slabs

Rematter is a Swiss startup that manufactures sustainable floor slabs. They are constructed from a frame of solid timber beams with rammed earth infills and the connections are dry-joined or screwed. This allows for easy disassembly and re-use of components.

The slab material also features high mechanical characteristics like fire resistance and enhanced strength as well as has a lower carbon footprint. Rematter’s slabs enable builders to make sustainable buildings and ensure efficient material recovery at the end of life.

2. Responsive & Smart Materials

To meet specific industrial use case requirements, novel materials under development are being tailored with application-specific characteristics. Advances in materials science are enabling the creation of smart materials with programmable properties that react to external stimuli.

Startups are designing materials and products with diverse qualities, including thermo-, electro-, and photo-chromism, piezoelectricity, shape memory, self-healing , and phase-change attributes. The piezoelectric smart materials market, a segment of this field, is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 15.63% between 2024 and 2028, with the market size forecasted to increase by USD 39.49 billion, highlighting the rapid advancement and growing demand for smart materials.

Memetis offers High-Performace Actuators

German startup Memetis creates ultra-compact miniature actuators based on shape memory alloys. The startup enables a memory effect in its materials, which also sustain extreme deformations, and later revert to their original shape.

Its property supports the performance of the actuators even in small or dense installation spaces. Memetis offers solutions for consumer electronics, telecommunications, optical technology, mobility, and industry 4.0.

Sorex Sensors develops Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator (FBAR) Technology

Sorex Sensors is a UK-based startup developing high-sensitivity micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) sensors on silicon wafers using a thin-film piezoelectric material. The startup utilizes FBAR technology to create a piezoelectric effect.

The piezoelectric effect enables the startup to accurately detect temperature and mass changes on a femtogram scale. This allows small-scale devices with low-power requirements to respond to external stimuli. Some use cases of this solution include thin-film metrology as well as gas and particulate monitoring.

3. Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology advancements reveal that materials at the nanoscale exhibit different characteristics from their bulk counterparts. The emergence of nanofibers, nanotubes, allotropes, quantum dots, and other nanomaterials offers immense potential for value addition.

These nanomaterials enhance the performance of industrial products at an atomic level. Companies, especially in electronics, energy, mobility, and manufacturing, are leveraging nanomaterials to maintain a competitive edge.

Nanolumi makes Perovskite Nanocrystals

Singaporean material technology startup Nanolumi intends to overcome the weaknesses of QD technology for electronic displays with its reliable and safe perovskite nanocrystals. The startup combines cadmium-free origin, broad light spectrum coverage, purer color performance, and high-volume mass-production suitability. Nanolumi’s product also intends to supplant conventional perovskite nanocrystals and QDs for premium electronics.

BNNano provides Enhanced Boron Nitride Nanotubes

The US-based startup BNNano manufactures boron nitride nanotubes with superhydrophobic, high electrical insulation as well as high thermal and mechanical stability characteristics. The startup offers its nanomaterial as powders, master alloys, masterbatches, and custom mixes. It finds applications in the aerospace, automotive, defense, and textile industries as well as for radiation protection and thermal management.

4. Additive Manufacturing

Emerging additive manufacturing facilities are evolving beyond traditional thermoplastics, focusing on materials that offer greater flexibility, customization, functionality, and produce less waste. The advancement of 3D printing technologies is driving improvements in metals, alloys, ceramics, fibers, and their compounds. 3D printing is also fostering the development of new, durable polymer filaments with enhanced conductance, melting, and chemical resistance properties.

The 3D printing materials market is expected to reach USD 6.92 billion by 2029 . This growth reflects the increasing demand for innovative materials in additive manufacturing.

MAT3D offers Composite Polymeric Materials

Italian startup MAT3D is developing new polymeric materials for additive manufacturing that offer strengthened functional attributes. The startup’s materials replace high-performance plastics for metal 3D printing. Its solutions also include a variety of resins with increased electrical, magnetic, anti-bacterial, and thermo-mechanical properties for industrial markets.

Chromatic 3D Materials manufactures 3D Printed Polyurethanes

US-based startup Chromatic 3D Materials produces a set of durable high-performance polyurethane elastomers for 3D printing, which are simultaneously adaptable and resilient. The startup offers a great degree of customization and compatibility with additives while also ensuring the quality of the final products. Chromatic 3D Materials’ products cater to the automotive, manufacturing, and consumer goods markets, among others.

5. Lightweighting

Industries ranging from aerospace to mobility are seeking innovative ways to reduce excess weight, thereby enhancing fuel efficiency and handling. This has led to research into materials like aluminum, magnesium, titanium, high-strength plastics, and carbon fiber. These materials allow industries to lessen the environmental and operational impacts of heavier parts.

Additionally, lightweighting innovations in materials provide safety and reliability levels comparable to heavier alternatives. The global lightweight materials market size is expected to be valued at USD 276.4 Billion by 2030 at a CAGR of 8.3% during the forecast period (2023-2030).

TxV Aero advances Aerospace Composites Manufacturing

The US-based startup TxV Aero designs and engineers custom laminate materials and finished composite parts for applications in commercial aerospace. Using advanced technology, the startup fabricates lightweight thermoplastic assemblies with tailored features, including ply orientation, pad-ups, near-net shapes, and more. Further, TxV Aero works on retrofit aerospace applications to increase overall productivity.

Fibratech makes Composite Automotive Wheels

Polish startup Fibratech intends to overcome the lightweighting and performance limitations of aluminum in the mobility sector. It develops hybrid composite-metallic wheels for vehicles, augmented with carbon fiber. Fibratech’s material attains general mass reduction, stiffness increase, and design customization, compared to widely used forged aluminum wheels.

Learn How 10 Emerging Technologies Shape Your Industry!

6. Material Informatics

Large companies today are adopting a data-driven approach to materials, utilizing informatics, computational techniques, and machine learning (ML), and artificial intelligence (AI). This approach enables them to systematically organize and model materials data.

Material Informatics not only optimizes the extraction of scientific insights from complex materials data but also accelerates research and development (R&D) timelines, saving time and labor.

Kebotix provides a Self-Driving Material Discovery Lab

The US-based startup Kebotix develops a self-driving laboratory solution for materials research to accelerate new materials exploration. The startup leverages big data, AI-based decision-making, dedicated robotics, and a convenient interface to streamline cycles for scientists. Kebotix is particularly interested in tackling challenges in sustainability, public health, and hazardous industrial substances.

Matelligence enables AI-Based Materials Screening

Canadian startup Matelligence provides material science experts with data-driven tools for materials discovery. Its solution comprises computational techniques with patented AI algorithms to lower the number of required scientific experiments and expedite screening procedures. Matellligence’s platform primarily targets clean energy, electronics, and manufacturing, among other sectors.

7. Advanced Composites

Advanced composites, a significant trend in the materials industry, are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties. These composite solutions are known for their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and durability. Key benefits include enhanced performance, longevity, and lightweight properties, leading to energy efficiency and reduced environmental impact.

They find extensive applications across various industries, such as aerospace for aircraft components, automotive for lightweight and fuel-efficient vehicles, construction for robust and durable structures, and sports equipment for improved performance and durability. Their adaptability and superior properties make them a pivotal material choice in modern engineering and design. The global composites market is projected to reach USD 168.6 billion by 2027 , growing at a CAGR of 8.2% from 2022 to 2027.

AMP Industrial offers Continuous-Fiber Composites For Propellers

The US-based startup AMP Industrial fabricates advanced composites for unmanned aerial systems (UAS). The startup leverages unidirectional continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (CFR-TP) to make its composites. They feature a high strength-to-weight ratio and material toughness, as well as support customizable materials design for high-performance applications.

ARCEON creates High-Temperature Resistant Composites (HTRC)

Dutch startup ARCEON creates innovative high-temperature resistant composites for satellites, rockets, and engine parts. Its products withstand temperatures exceeding 1000 degrees Celsius, retain a low coefficient of thermal expansion, contain lightweight materials, and also reinforce mechanical robustness and durability.

8. Graphene & 2D Materials

Advancements in nanotechnology have enabled materials science companies to develop pathways for two-dimensional (2D) materials. These materials, known for their excellent thermal conductivity and mechanical strength, enhance the capabilities of various industrial applications. While most 2D materials like germanene, silicene, stanene, and phosphorene are still in the research phase, graphene stands out as the first successfully commercialized 2D material.

Graphene offers improved tensile strength , intra-sheet bonding, surface durability, electron mobility, flexibility, and thermal resistance. It finds applications in several industries, including electronic displays, supercapacitors, automotive, construction paints, and plastics manufacturing.

Ionic Industries makes Graphene Materials

Australian startup Ionic Industries aspires to bridge the gap between graphene research and developing its commercial applications. The startup incorporates expertise and patented processes of graphene and graphene oxide manufacturing. Ionic Industries specializes in graphene additives for water treatment and nanofiltration, as well as for energy storage.

Carbon Waters offers Graphene Dispersions

French startup Carbon Waters focuses on liquid graphene applications for a diverse range of markets. The startup’s graphene dispersions provide barrier coatings, lubrication, and anti-corrosion properties for industrial surfaces and mechanisms. In addition, the solution improves thermal management for electronics and semiconductors as well as electrical conductivity for manufacturing and consumer devices.

9. Surface Engineering

Industrial surfaces, constantly subjected to wear and tear, corrosion, UV radiation, and other detrimental elements, necessitate coatings that provide enhanced durability. Such coatings are crucial for safeguarding assets in the automotive, industrial, agricultural, marine, and manufacturing sectors, and they play a key role in boosting productivity.

Additionally, advancements in engineering have enabled the development of surfaces with hydrophobic, omniphobic, self-cleaning, and smoothing properties. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, surface engineers are intensifying their efforts to perfect antimicrobial coatings, aiming to provide more robust protection across both industrial and non-industrial environments.

SolCold develops Anti-Stokes Fluorescence Technology

Israeli startup SolCold develops a surface modification solution based on a nano filter and an active cooling paint. Using anti-stokes fluorescence technology, the startup transforms heat and radiation from the sun into a low-cost cooling system. The startup’s technology creates a reverse relationship between solar activity and heat transfer. This solution caters to the transportation, construction, agriculture, and textile industries.

OPUS Materials offers Bespoke Material Technology

UK-based startup OPUS Materials engineers innovative anti-soiling and self-cleaning coatings for the aerospace, mobility, marine, and renewable energy industries. The startup’s solution improves fuel consumption and airflow, reduces corrosion, and optimizes material efficiency. Additionally, OPUS Materials allows for creating coating materials by design and also supports the establishment of corresponding supply chains.

10. Materials Management 4.0

Industry 4.0 is driving the adoption of its methodologies in the management, handling, and processing of materials. This encompasses everything from autonomous mining and sophisticated automated fabrication to robotic handling and cloud computing, leading to swift digitization and interconnection within the materials sector. Consequently, the creation of new materials is occurring alongside their integration into the latest industrial technologies of the fourth industrial revolution.

Current SCM makes Material Management Software

Current SCM is a Canadian startup that develops material management software. It allows businesses to create virtual warehouses to easily store and track materials as well as leverage real-time inventory data. It also enables procurement teams to identify over and under scenarios and split orders based on current demand.

Further, the software provides a centralized spot for companies to track vendor information, validate order status, and material receiving. The startup’s software thus centralizes materials management by combining materials allocation, inventory tracking, material release and receiving, and grouping. This saves time and increases efficiency for industries like construction, energy, and agriculture.

Multiscale Technologies enables AI-powered Materials Innovation

Multiscale Technologies is a US-based startup that advances AI-powered materials innovation. The startup’s platform combines generative AI and a proprietary knowledge system for inverse materials design. This way, it enables high-throughput measurements with tiny samples.

The platform thus enables material manufacturers and researchers to reduce time to market, maximize cost savings, increase quality control, and enhance quality assurance. This way, it accelerates material design and optimizes manufacturing.

Discover all Materials Technologies & Startups

Swift progress in materials science is speeding up research and experimentation, improving the sustainability, lightweighting, nanomolecular, and programmable features of materials. Consequently, industries such as aerospace, automotive, manufacturing, energy, and packaging that quickly embrace these material trends are benefiting from these emerging innovations. Recognizing the advancements in materials innovations is crucial, given the extensive applications of new materials in industrial, commercial, and even household products.

The Materials Industry Trends & Startups outlined in this report only scratch the surface of trends that we identified during our in-depth research. Among others, sustainable and smart materials will transform the sector as we know it today. Identifying new opportunities and emerging technologies to implement into your business early on goes a long way in gaining a competitive advantage. Get in touch to easily and exhaustively scout relevant technologies & startups that matter to you.

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• Publications
• Cutting Edge Research

The Future of Engineering Materials: Multifunction for Performance-Tailored Structures

Author: Leslie A. Momoda

MIT Engineers Create the “Impossible” – New Material That Is Stronger Than Steel and As Light as Plastic

The new substance is the result of a feat thought to be impossible: polymerizing a material in two dimensions.

Using a novel polymerization process, MIT chemical engineers have created a new material that is stronger than steel and as light as plastic, and can be easily manufactured in large quantities.

The new material is a two-dimensional polymer that self-assembles into sheets, unlike all other polymers, which form one-dimensional, spaghetti-like chains. Until now, scientists had believed it was impossible to induce polymers to form 2D sheets.

Such a material could be used as a lightweight, durable coating for car parts or cell phones, or as a building material for bridges or other structures, says Michael Strano, the Carbon P. Dubbs Professor of Chemical Engineering at MIT and the senior author of the new study.

“We don’t usually think of plastics as being something that you could use to support a building, but with this material, you can enable new things,” he says. “It has very unusual properties and we’re very excited about that.”

The researchers have filed for two patents on the process they used to generate the material, which they describe in a paper published in Nature on February 2, 2022. MIT postdoc Yuwen Zeng is the lead author of the study.

Two Dimensions

Polymers, which include all plastics, consist of chains of building blocks called monomers. These chains grow by adding new molecules onto their ends. Once formed, polymers can be shaped into three-dimensional objects, such as water bottles, using injection molding.

Polymer scientists have long hypothesized that if polymers could be induced to grow into a two-dimensional sheet, they should form extremely strong, lightweight materials. However, many decades of work in this field led to the conclusion that it was impossible to create such sheets. One reason for this was that if just one monomer rotates up or down, out of the plane of the growing sheet, the material will begin expanding in three dimensions and the sheet-like structure will be lost.

However, in the new study, Strano and his colleagues came up with a new polymerization process that allows them to generate a two-dimensional sheet called a polyaramide. For the monomer building blocks, they use a compound called melamine, which contains a ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Under the right conditions, these monomers can grow in two dimensions, forming disks. These disks stack on top of each other, held together by hydrogen bonds between the layers, which make the structure very stable and strong.

“Instead of making a spaghetti-like molecule, we can make a sheet-like molecular plane, where we get molecules to hook themselves together in two dimensions,” Strano says. “This mechanism happens spontaneously in solution, and after we synthesize the material, we can easily spin-coat thin films that are extraordinarily strong.”

Because the material self-assembles in solution, it can be made in large quantities by simply increasing the quantity of the starting materials. The researchers showed that they could coat surfaces with films of the material, which they call 2DPA-1.

“With this advance, we have planar molecules that are going to be much easier to fashion into a very strong, but extremely thin material,” Strano says.

Light but Strong

The researchers found that the new material’s elastic modulus — a measure of how much force it takes to deform a material — is between four and six times greater than that of bulletproof glass. They also found that its yield strength, or how much force it takes to break the material, is twice that of steel, even though the material has only about one-sixth the density of steel.

Matthew Tirrell, dean of the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering at the University of Chicago , says that the new technique “embodies some very creative chemistry to make these bonded 2D polymers.”

“An important aspect of these new polymers is that they are readily processable in solution, which will facilitate numerous new applications where high strength-to-weight ratio is important, such as new composite or diffusion barrier materials,” says Tirrell, who was not involved in the study.

Another key feature of 2DPA-1 is that it is impermeable to gases. While other polymers are made from coiled chains with gaps that allow gases to seep through, the new material is made from monomers that lock together like LEGOs, and molecules cannot get between them.

“This could allow us to create ultrathin coatings that can completely prevent water or gases from getting through,” Strano says. “This kind of barrier coating could be used to protect metal in cars and other vehicles, or steel structures.”

Strano and his students are now studying in more detail how this particular polymer is able to form 2D sheets, and they are experimenting with changing its molecular makeup to create other types of novel materials.

Reference: “Irreversible synthesis of an ultrastrong two-dimensional polymeric material” by Yuwen Zeng, Pavlo Gordiichuk, Takeo Ichihara, Ge Zhang, Emil Sandoz-Rosado, Eric D. Wetzel, Jason Tresback, Jing Yang, Daichi Kozawa, Zhongyue Yang, Matthias Kuehne, Michelle Quien, Zhe Yuan, Xun Gong, Guangwei He, Daniel James Lundberg, Pingwei Liu, Albert Tianxiang Liu, Jing Fan Yang, Heather J. Kulik and Michael S. Strano, 2 February 2022, Nature . DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04296-3

The research was funded by the Center for Enhanced Nanofluidic Transport (CENT) an Energy Frontier Research Center sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, and the Army Research Laboratory .

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what is the melting point?

This is a highly crosslinked polymer, so it probably degrades before melting. Additionally, polyaramids like these tend to have higher phase transition points than most other polymers.

The fact that no one realizes they just created “vibraniun” 🤣

Super well written and easy to follow for armchair scientists like me. Thanks!

If the new material is truly stronger than steel I wonder how will manufacturers of various parts for cars, airplanes and cell phones for example be molded into specific shapes? What tools would be required to cut such material into the desired shapes for various consumer products? Or is the hardening polymer applied after the the material is already cut to its specific measurement?

Highly uninformed reporting to mislead general public who are not expected to know the mechanical properties of most materials. This is a shame on the part of the article’s author. Bad publicity. Ask the authors or read the Nature article. MIT should take steps against this kind of publication and the authors of such uninformed journalists.

Note that they reference A36’s value for the yield strength of structural steel for their comparison — this is a soft steel in comparison with some alloys and treatments of steel.

Oh, goody. More plastics.

My thoughts exactly. How do we * get rid of it* after it has served its intended use?

Well there is a term for that, Recycling. But western society needs to start using that term and implementing it and not trying to “recycle” our polymers back to China..

These plastics aren’t gonna be used for soda bottles or food containers. Did you even read the article?

So…plastics aren’t bad for the environment?

These plastics aren’t gonna be used for soda bottles or food containers. Did you even read the article?

The plot twist might be that for application as phone screens perhaps it might, on some of chance, be brittle as a plastic? Then, as with all amazing technologies such as every version of Corning’s gorilla glass, will break if you just accidentally drop your phone (assuming this material is used for the screen). Tee hee!

Plastic is not brittle its the far opposite of that, it’s too soft. Gorilla glass is glass, glass is very brittle but very hard, hence phone screens do not scratch easily. So if they want to use this as a screen, the issue will be in scratches and not shattering. Look up Motorola’s unbreakable screen.

Modulus of steel is 200 GPa compared to this material’s 12.8 GPa. High strength steels have yield strength in excess of 1400 MPa compared to this plastic’s 488 MPa. 2D materials like Graphene has modulus of >1 Terra Pa and strength of >100 GPa. How does the author of this article claim the superiority compared to existing materials? The authors of the Nature article does not claim what the article says.

nothing works when it -10 C

If nothing works at -10°C then why does the instrumentation on the Webb telescope work at -370°C? In fact they must be at that temperature because they are extremely sensitive in the infrared. There are some materials that are strong but not brittle at very low temperatures. Not sure but I think it’s called the ‘thermal tensile strength coefficient’. It’s one of the reasons barium was used for the construction of the primary mirror on the Webb. Barium has exceptionally stable properties at very low temperatures. I would expect, that if this material is what they claim, its properties are stable over a wide thermal range.

I agree, though I have one correction. The primary mirrors of the JWST are made of Beryllium, not Barium.

James Webb space telescope doesn’t use polymers…jeez!

Tired of stories that mean nothing. Use it or lose it.

Very Good. Exciting Development.

Isn’t Polymer Chemistry Fascinating! Polymers with cross linked Covalent Bonds (which are extremely Strong Bonds) will theoritically be stronger than the Ionic Bonding we are all highly familier with, like a mixture of Salt ( Sodium Chloride) and Potassium Bicarbonate and other Salts we mix with Water or Juice and give kids playing baseball in the sun, so they dont get dehydrated!!

This is very good at two dimensional level. Was wondering if such materials and polymers can be created at a one-dimensional level. I guess at a Zero Dimensionnal Level Matter would have been will have completely transformed into Energy. I wonder what are the phases in this One to Zero Dimensional Transformation and can we create completely indestructible Material as we approach the Zeroth Dimension. I was wondering if negative dimensions exist and what happens in these dimensions. Are Animatter Polymers Formed? Exendthe logic of Dimensional Matter to Antimatter!

Get a cross functional team together with Physics specialists, Quantum Chemistry & Phhysics Specialists, Nano Chemistry Experts, Biologists and other appropriate engineering and other talent together, to explore the implication, for Polymers like amino acid chains , protiens etc. The possibilities for Health and Medical ScienceProgress is endless.

After all except for the breath of Life, all the rest in a biological species is polymer chemistry at work.

Views expressed are personal and not binding on anyone.

Hemp forms a stronger bond than steel and a lighter weight than carbon fiber but here we are acting like Ford didn’t buy and bury those patents nearly 100 years ago..this is trash. Stop using toxic plastics and focus on organic materials.

If so those Patents are public knowledge and their protections would have expired decades ago.

Do not waste your time replying to someone saying Hemp is stronger than steel and then blaming a company that has nothing to do with steel production as the cause.

Perhaps he meant to say technologies were buried, rather than patents were buried. And I heard a version where Henry Ford was trying to use such a technology and others were responsible for crushing it. I’m not claiming to have evidence; just keep in mind that contradiction with your current worldview is also not negative evidence.

I’d be interested to see how it performs as an H2 tank liner coating.

I noticed you’re still working with polymers.

Dr. Nichols : “Still? What else would I be working with?”

Haha. I had the same thought. Could this be the “transparent aluminum” of Star Trek? Seriously, is this polymer transparent?

And what effect of a superstrong plastic have on our oceans, seafood, and air ? Considering the overall mass of nanoplastics on the environment, this must be studied, if not regulated.

If it super strong, as well as water and gas resistant, wouldn’t it be preferable to what we’re already throwing into the ocean?

Geez, I hope not.

Fungi are the cure for plastics in the environment. We the people just need to demand it from our fearless leaders…😁

Does this material mean we’ll soon have all plastic firearms?

Exactly! 3d printed guns at home that aren’t traceable oh my! 😜😜😜 The liberals are going to have a stroke..

I wonder whether this could be used to produce a new generation of spacesuits. Seems like it could be well suited to the task.

P.S. what’s with all the wackadoodle plastics-are-bad regressives in the comments section? Why do they even read articles about science and engineering if they’re so opposed to it? Just to make themselves angry? 🤦‍♂️

This is not new. They created JB Weld a long time ago.

Why don’t the entities that funded the research (US taxpayers) own the patents?

Same reason the Pharmaceutical industry makes billions and billions and leaves the public in the dark ages. Uber Capitalist propaganda and greed. The future is Smarter democracies and social-anarchist public owned and operated industry.

Because MIT received donations from big tech companies that want to use their research to make billions. Why do you think they want you to take the shot(we paid billions for) and not use ivermectin, valacyclovir, zinc and vitamin D?

So, MIT created storm trooper armor aka plastisteel? Excellent. Now find other applications for it. Will this stuff resist GCRs? Maybe it could be used by Nasa and space x for cheaper rockets, space suits, death stars? Or on ships? Imagine boats that don’t rust or submersibles that could withstand crush depths over 900 meters. Or maybe it could replace automotive sheet metal by a large percentage. Think Tesla plaid but faster. Or maybe prosthetic body parts. Or Darpa Petmen with skeletons made from this stuff? Get in touch with Dr. Rabenei at ncsu and collaborate on composite metal foam. Maybe the two technologies can be merged. Now get cracking I’m still waiting on evolved miracle materials. I needed poly mimetic alloy yesterday!

What company gets to work with the new material. ,Is it a new oddity that’s forming, Who has the right to patterns. Hoping since is taxpayer funding, we need little clarification.. thank you..

Dupont probably “donated” a couple million fed notes to MIT so they can use the technology and make billions. Same song and dance the pharmaceutical industry performs for things like COVID-19 immune system booster shots..

No mention of fatigue properties.

Even if they compare strength with A36 (1018) which is around 30-40K PSI in a not heat treated state, this translates to ~60K PSI… For plastic, that’s an incredible number! Teflone, for example, has 2K PSI strength. Polyurethane – up to 5K PSI only.

Can this material be used to produce energy? I would think material could be used to coat public roads to capture solar and produce energy and eliminate giant solar fields.

“MIT postdoc Yuwen Zeng is the lead author of the study.” Which means the CCP already has all of the research and data.

Good God, can you be more racist!

Chinese is a nationality. Not a race. Humans are a race.

Attacking whole cultural identity and grouping individuals into non-thinking non-feeling labels makes you a fascist Nazi. If you disagree you are just an ignorant mini tyrant. Who’d take you seriously? Only a Mother could pretend to accept such faults. Please 🙏 leave the comments section to better evolved persons.

Apparently you think the Chinese Communist Party is an Ally of the US and that they haven’t been sending students to gain education in the west for decades so they can steal our technologies..I’m not woke or have ill feelings against the Chinese, I just read about how they are stealing our technology from educational institutions.

Chinese is a nationality, Asian is a race, Human is a species, woke is a neuroses.

There isn’t a “race” section in taxonomy..

Further, he said CCP not “people of Chinese heritage”.

I swear these days you couldn’t throw a white guy far enough to avoid hitting someone looking for any possible angle to point and shout “racist” at you without even thinking it through.

It’s time they just declare “woke” a religion of neurotic white people at this point.

Pull your head out of woke behind. You are a fool if you believe that the Chinese Communist Party does not already know about, and have access to, the information and research discussed in this article.

Be sure there is no security to protect this so that China, Russia, and a other adversaries can steal this intellectual property and use it against us.

This may be the most important advancement a century. It literally changes everything.

I said that after every science/tech article I read for about five years before reality smacked me in the face and informed me that breathlessly exuberant articles about a breakthrough are essentially 1 in a 1000. Almost none of those thousands of articles have been a breakthrough for one piece of context or another.

Let’s just say it looks promising and has a lot of potential. 😉

Why so many Chinese involved in this polymer thing? Just asking for a friend.

Have your friend Google :”Thousand Talents Plan”

Aliens already did this..

Hope this isn’t made from Petroleum, the green fascists want to eliminate that.

Them ornamentals sure are clever.

Already stolen IPR by China,,,next.

I recall in Star Trek there is a scene where Scotty divulges the secret to making transparent aluminium. Science imitates art it would seem. Transparent steel is amazing.

MIT postdoc Yuwen Zeng……………

So the Chinese have already stolen it then, got it.

Is it going to be proprietary or is it going to be shared with the Chinese?

They already know..

Leftist will at first live it. Then a realization will set in. You can’t make this or any other plastic without oil. The cognitive dissonance will make their heads explode.

Can we just once please assure that this technology won’t be stolen by the Chinese?

Transparent aluminum, as was predicted in Star Trek III with the whales.

Star Trek referred to this as “transparent aluminum “

It’s an article celebrating a scientific breakthrough. This is not the place to post negative comments. Make your own website or blog if you insist on sharing your negative opinions. The bigotry is totally unacceptable. I am having difficulty understanding how the assumption that just because the main author of the research and some of the other researchers have Chinese names they are automatically sharing the research with China. That’s totally absurd. So based off of that logic nobody with a Chinese name has ever been born somewhere else other than China, and every person with a Chinese name has direct connection with the Chinese government and scientists in China just in case they are ever part of any ground breaking research, any scientific breakthrough, or any major scientific discovery that’s not made in China they can quickly share the information with China? And so what if the research is shared with China. God forbid that a Chinese scientist uses this research to develop some type of medical device that ends up saving the life of a parent, a child, or even your own.

Simmer down, Senor Chang.

The Chinese Communist Parties military is pretty excited about the many military uses this will have.

A 2D polymer?

Here’s hoping we get scaled up plastic-toy-car-strength in a full sized automobile.

Can it pass California regulation? How long before cancer develops?

OMG! “Everything” is probably cancerous in California…

‘ñuff said!

That’s what ET has been making their UFOs out of. They’re not going to be happy that we figured out how to make it.

Nice! Make one of these, please:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_airship

This could help with getting weapons through metal detectors. Love it!!!

Fantastic invention. Could be used for dental applications? Is there any future downside to 2DPA-1? Is it fileable? How would the appropriate people dispose of pieces of it? What could cause it to decompose to “go back to nature?” Just wondering about this new invention’s parameters.

Hmmmm, sounds like graphene oxide/graphene hydroxide. Nano size, can be added to a solution, self assemble and strong enough to withstand passing through a needle and the human body. Oh, and it’s indestructible. Good luck detoxing that shot!

If it is stronger than steel and does not degrade quickly, this could change a lot. Mostly if it can be molded. Possibly make cars lighter and yet safer, a better gas mileage. The lighter weight may allow the ability to make flying vehicles too.

“Yuwen Zeng is the lead author of the study.” I guess the Chinese will have this to market before us.

So, sounds like someone actually invented the plasteel from “Dune”…

Transparent aluminum

After the Democrats eliminate oil and gas production, where will they get the stuff to make this?

Can you make a large coil of the material and form and stamp parts in a press like steel? Or would it have to be like injection molding?

– TRANSPARENT ALUMINUM –

So, if the football team jumps through it after half time, how does that go?

Have the Chinese stole it yet?

if you read the article carefully, the lead scientist for this is a Chinese

I can’t help but suspect that none of the conspiracy touting xenophobic wackjobs have ever, in their whole life, made a productive contribution to society. But congratulations on being a white (European) immigrant, you have so much to be proud of. I didn’t realize being white gave me the authority to dismiss the rest of humanity.

Well…now you know.

Well then, make Masks for Politicians…Air Can’t penetrate, Good Job…

But does it cause cancer in California?

Just what we need. Xing ping to write home about it and Biden will willingly hand it over to the people’s republic

Confused about the hydrogen bonds that are mentioned since hydrogen only has one electron to bond with and if it’s part of a polymer it’s bonded to the carbon backbone. So you might be talking about van der Waals or weaker bonds I guess right? Many polymers use cross-linking for copolymers can be formed into a semi-crystalline material which is going to be much stronger than such bonds I think what you’re trying to say is this is if in film that has great strength and potential for impermeability but I don’t see how this could be a building block for a three-dimensional material without additional cross-linking or crystal entity from some other molecule. It’s all very interesting but I’m not sure if it’s contextualized accurately here.

The title of this article makes it sound like they invented Vibranium.

I like to know how resistant it is to UV (sunlight). Plastics, like my patio furniture, degrades over time in the sun.

Is this stuff recyclable?

Reverse engineering of uap technology this has been around since the 70s and just coming to surface 😂😂😂

Plastics can be made from hemp and / or bamboo, no petrochemicals needed. We need to start making tiny houses that can better withstand: floods, tornados, hurricanes, lightning, UV rays, etc. Making buildings out of plywood and 2×4’s coated in this stuff might make them as strong as concrete and steel.

I like how you avoid calling it was it is, plastic. Stop infoscamming people!

Great! Now how about a grease based”Graffiti” DISSOLVING paint for public buildings. Also, why cannot we learn from civilizations from the past and just stick to brick and mortar? I appreciate the strength of newly discovered materials for bridges etc. But the new materials being used to for new offices, living spaces look to weather and age horribly. I love brick and mortar. All shades.

Interesting that noones commented on the sponsoring. Namely the US military one. From which I find it highly unlikely that any participants weren’t rigorously classified before inclusion. So anyone saying that it’s Chinese by default of it’s scientists is ignorant. What should be concerning if not alarming is the military s desire for this technology’s creation

Calling dibs on “Poly-Impossibli-AshardasSteel-plastic”

read about this a few months ago its not even plastic….try more like graphite, but reduced to its simplest form then is able to connect for structure plus formed into shape by placing it into a polymer. so think about the new age of 3D printing just now since the world is going paperless now we have a use for all those pencils.

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The field of Materials Science & Engineering is evolving dramatically as we enter the 21st Century. What began as the study of metals and ceramics in the 1960s has broadened in recent years to include semiconductors and soft materials. With this evolution and broadening of the discipline, current research projects span multiple materials classes and build on expertise in many different fields. As a result, current research in Materials Science and Engineering is increasingly defined by materials systems rather than materials classes.

At Cornell, the Department of Materials Science & Engineering (MS&E) has adopted this new systems-based vision of the field by defining four strategic areas which are considered to be critical for today’s emerging research. The four strategic research areas are Energy Production and Storage, Electronics and Photonics, Bioinspired Materials and Systems, and Green Technologies.

Materials Science & Engineering is an exciting and vibrant interdisciplinary research field. Cornell MS&E draws upon its world-class faculty, innovative researchers, state-of-the-art facilities and highly collaborative research environment to respond to challenging technological and societal demands both in the present and the future.

Energy Production and Storage

Energy research will prove to be the most prosperous growth area for the department, the College and the University. The inevitability of an energy crisis and global climate change has intensified efforts in alternative energy research around the world. The excitement building around this sector is reminiscent of the early years of the information technology revolution. Among the many possible sources of alternative energy, the following areas are particularly aligned with the current materials research at Cornell as they play to our existing strengths:  photocatalysis, photovoltaics, thermoelectrics, phononics, batteries  and  supercapacitors .

Relevant Research Areas: 

• Energy Systems
• Advanced Materials Processing
• Materials Synthesis and Processing
• Nanotechnology
• Nonlinear Dynamics
• Polymers and Soft Matter
• Semiconductor Physics and Devices

Electronics & Photonics

The use of semiconductor devices and circuits will continue to play a major role in modern life. Therefore electronics and photonics are considered premier growth areas. As feature sizes decrease, incremental research based on current methods and materials is unlikely to enable Moore's Law to continue. New materials and processing techniques are needed. Advances in nanoscale fabrication have led to recent advances in this field. We have targeted the following areas: oxide semiconductors, 3D integration, materials beyond silicon, high K and low K dielectrics, plasmonics, spintronics, and multiferroics.

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• Computational Solid Mechanics
• Condensed Matter and Material Science
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Bioinspired Materials and Systems

Scientists and engineers are increasingly turning to nature for inspiration. The solutions arrived at by natural selection are often a good starting point in the search for answers to scientific and technical problems. Designing and building bioinspired devices or systems can tell us more about the original animal or plant model. The following areas are particularly aligned with the current materials research at Cornell:  bioinspired composites, engineered protein films for adhesion, lubrication and sensing applications , molecular tools for in-vitro and in-vivo imaging (C-Dots, FRET), as well as biomaterials for tissue engineering and drug delivery.

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Green Technologies

The 21st century has been called the "century of the environment." Neither governments nor individual citizens can any longer assume that social challenges such as pollution, dwindling natural resources and climate change can be set aside for future generations. Strategies for clean and sustainable communities need to be established now, community by community. A dawning era of creativity and innovation in "green technology" (also known as "clean technology") is bringing the promise of a healthier planet (as well as the prospect of growing businesses) that can sustain its health.  We have targeted green composites and new systems for CO2 capture and conversion as areas of future growth .

Millions of new materials discovered with deep learning

Amil Merchant and Ekin Dogus Cubuk

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AI tool GNoME finds 2.2 million new crystals, including 380,000 stable materials that could power future technologies

Modern technologies from computer chips and batteries to solar panels rely on inorganic crystals. To enable new technologies, crystals must be stable otherwise they can decompose, and behind each new, stable crystal can be months of painstaking experimentation.

Today, in a paper published in Nature , we share the discovery of 2.2 million new crystals – equivalent to nearly 800 years’ worth of knowledge. We introduce Graph Networks for Materials Exploration (GNoME), our new deep learning tool that dramatically increases the speed and efficiency of discovery by predicting the stability of new materials.

With GNoME, we’ve multiplied the number of technologically viable materials known to humanity. Of its 2.2 million predictions, 380,000 are the most stable, making them promising candidates for experimental synthesis. Among these candidates are materials that have the potential to develop future transformative technologies ranging from superconductors, powering supercomputers, and next-generation batteries to boost the efficiency of electric vehicles.

GNoME shows the potential of using AI to discover and develop new materials at scale. External researchers in labs around the world have independently created 736 of these new structures experimentally in concurrent work. In partnership with Google DeepMind, a team of researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has also published a second paper in Nature that shows how our AI predictions can be leveraged for autonomous material synthesis.

We’ve made GNoME’s predictions available to the research community. We will be contributing 380,000 materials that we predict to be stable to the Materials Project, which is now processing the compounds and adding them into its online database . We hope these resources will drive forward research into inorganic crystals, and unlock the promise of machine learning tools as guides for experimentation

Accelerating materials discovery with AI

About 20,000 of the crystals experimentally identified in the ICSD database are computationally stable. Computational approaches drawing from the Materials Project, Open Quantum Materials Database and WBM database boosted this number to 48,000 stable crystals. GNoME expands the number of stable materials known to humanity to 421,000.

In the past, scientists searched for novel crystal structures by tweaking known crystals or experimenting with new combinations of elements - an expensive, trial-and-error process that could take months to deliver even limited results. Over the last decade, computational approaches led by the Materials Project and other groups have helped discover 28,000 new materials. But up until now, new AI-guided approaches hit a fundamental limit in their ability to accurately predict materials that could be experimentally viable. GNoME’s discovery of 2.2 million materials would be equivalent to about 800 years’ worth of knowledge and demonstrates an unprecedented scale and level of accuracy in predictions.

For example, 52,000 new layered compounds similar to graphene that have the potential to revolutionize electronics with the development of superconductors. Previously, about 1,000 such materials had been identified . We also found 528 potential lithium ion conductors, 25 times more than a previous study , which could be used to improve the performance of rechargeable batteries.

We are releasing the predicted structures for 380,000 materials that have the highest chance of successfully being made in the lab and being used in viable applications. For a material to be considered stable, it must not decompose into similar compositions with lower energy. For example, carbon in a graphene-like structure is stable compared to carbon in diamonds. Mathematically, these materials lie on the convex hull. This project discovered 2.2 million new crystals that are stable by current scientific standards and lie below the convex hull of previous discoveries. Of these, 380,000 are considered the most stable, and lie on the “final” convex hull – the new standard we have set for materials stability.

GNoME: Harnessing graph networks for materials exploration

GNoME uses two pipelines to discover low-energy (stable) materials. The structural pipeline creates candidates with structures similar to known crystals, while the compositional pipeline follows a more randomized approach based on chemical formulas. The outputs of both pipelines are evaluated using established Density Functional Theory calculations and those results are added to the GNoME database, informing the next round of active learning.

GNoME is a state-of-the-art graph neural network (GNN) model. The input data for GNNs take the form of a graph that can be likened to connections between atoms, which makes GNNs particularly suited to discovering new crystalline materials.

GNoME was originally trained with data on crystal structures and their stability, openly available through the Materials Project . We used GNoME to generate novel candidate crystals, and also to predict their stability. To assess our model’s predictive power during progressive training cycles, we repeatedly checked its performance using established computational techniques known as Density Functional Theory (DFT), used in physics, chemistry and materials science to understand structures of atoms, which is important to assess the stability of crystals.

We used a training process called ‘active learning’ that dramatically boosted GNoME’s performance. GNoME would generate predictions for the structures of novel, stable crystals, which were then tested using DFT. The resulting high-quality training data was then fed back into our model training.

Our research boosted the discovery rate of materials stability prediction from around 50%, to 80% - based on MatBench Discovery , an external benchmark set by previous state-of-the-art models. We also managed to scale up the efficiency of our model by improving the discovery rate from under 10% to over 80% - such efficiency increases could have significant impact on how much compute is required per discovery.

AI ‘recipes’ for new materials

The GNoME project aims to drive down the cost of discovering new materials. External researchers have independently created 736 of GNoME’s new materials in the lab, demonstrating that our model’s predictions of stable crystals accurately reflect reality. We’ve released our database of newly discovered crystals to the research community. By giving scientists the full catalog of the promising ‘recipes’ for new candidate materials, we hope this helps them to test and potentially make the best ones.

Upon completion of our latest discovery efforts, we searched the scientific literature and found 736 of our computational discoveries were independently realized by external teams across the globe. Above are six examples ranging from a first-of-its-kind Alkaline-Earth Diamond-Like optical material (Li4MgGe2S7) to a potential superconductor (Mo5GeB2).

Rapidly developing new technologies based on these crystals will depend on the ability to manufacture them. In a paper led by our collaborators at Berkeley Lab, researchers showed a robotic lab could rapidly make new materials with automated synthesis techniques. Using materials from the Materials Project and insights on stability from GNoME, the autonomous lab created new recipes for crystal structures and successfully synthesized more than 41 new materials, opening up new possibilities for AI-driven materials synthesis.

A-Lab, a facility at Berkeley Lab where artificial intelligence guides robots in making new materials. Photo credit: Marilyn Sargent/Berkeley Lab

New materials for new technologies

To build a more sustainable future, we need new materials. GNoME has discovered 380,000 stable crystals that hold the potential to develop greener technologies – from better batteries for electric cars, to superconductors for more efficient computing.

Our research – and that of collaborators at the Berkeley Lab, Google Research, and teams around the world — shows the potential to use AI to guide materials discovery, experimentation, and synthesis. We hope that GNoME together with other AI tools can help revolutionize materials discovery today and shape the future of the field.

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Introduction to Engineering Materials

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Ken YoussefiSJSU, ME dept. 1 Material Selection Function MaterialShape Process Material selection and process cannot be separated from the shape and the.

Engineering materials

Manufacturing with Composite

Polymers and Composites

Romina Javadianfard Period: 3. Alloys Alloy is a solid combination of atoms of two or more metals. Alloy is a solid combination of atoms of two or more.

Material Science and Materials Processing (Day 1) Class

Selection Criteria Properties Availability Cost Manufacturability

Ceramics Mixture of metallic and non-metallic elements (clay products). Traditional: whiteware, tiles, brick, sewer pipe, pottery, and abrasive wheels.

Design For Engineering Materials Science 2006 Greg Heitkamp This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.

Types of Material IE 351 Lecture 3.

Materials - Metals Ken Youssefi PDM I, SJSU.

Forging new generations of engineers. Organics Metals and Alloys Polymers Ceramics Composites.

Fundamentals of Material Science and Engineering - Introduction Engr. Lina D. dela Cruz Chemical Engineering Department Technological Institute of the.

Inorganic, non-metallic compounds formed by heat. Examples:

Engineering Materials Dr. Berlanty Iskander. Types of Materials.

CE 241 MATERIALS SCIENCE Introduction

Categories of Materials Metals and Alloys Polymers Ceramics Composites.

Engineering Materials

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Creative engineering materials are continuously being developed, selected and used in all facets of industries, from consumer products to space exploration. Chemistry and physics are the backbone sciences in this field. Purposefully designed materials provide the means for modern products and tools to be built. Humanity has had a firm grasp of engineering materials and how to manipulate performance for centuries. However, until recently, we have not had the tools to fully understand the underlying mechanisms to such enhancements and provide optimized material solutions. Scientists and engineers develop and use basic principles to design new materials for different and ever-demanding applications. Materials design and behavior assessment is a function of mathematics, experimentation and a firm understanding of metallurgy and material science principles. Collaboratively, we are able to produce optimized materials that serve multiple functions within a given application and environment.

After this lesson, students should be able to:

• Describe basic structures of materials.
• Relate basic structures to four classes of materials.
• Identify modes of failure, mechanical behavior and relate to classes of materials.
• Explain materials development for engineering design requirements.
• Discuss various applications of materials and role in society.

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Basic chemistry or physics concepts, such as the effects of temperature on solubility, force concept and safe laboratory concepts.

(In advance, prepare to show students the 28-slide Introduction to Material Science and Engineering Presentation , a PowerPoint file, and gather materials to conduct a class demonstration. See materials and instructions, below. The presentation includes basic information regarding material classes, material applications, and material behavior and serves as a foundation for acquiring basic knowledge for the remainder of the lesson. Allow 20-30 minutes for the presentation. The class demo illustrates the different classes of materials and material behavior, and engages the students in a review of presentation content.)

What is material science? (Listen to student ideas.) If it weren't for material scientists and engineers, we would have never made it to the moon, nor would your laptop work!

What do I mean when I say "materials"? What are the different classes of materials? Why are they created? What are their characteristics? How do we test them? How are they used? That's what we're going to investigate today. Let's take a look.

(Show the attached PowerPoint presentation, or alternative teaching resources. Then conduct the class demo.)

Materials List for Class Demo

• 1 ceramic tile or small plate (example ceramic)
• 1 Popsicle stick (example composite)
• 1 paper clip or copper electrical wire/tube (example metal)
• 2 plastic bags (example polymer)
• Demo Worksheet , one per student

(Hand out the worksheets to students and instruct them to fill in the answers during the demo.)

(Show students the tile, Popsicle stick, paper clip and plastic bag.) Which class of materials does each of these materials belong to? (Wait for a response, then proceed.)

(Bend the Popsicle stick slightly and release.) What type of deformation has occurred? (Continue bending until the wooden stick breaks.) Describe the failure of this material on your worksheet. Is it ductile, brittle or a combination? Did any permanent deformation occur?

(Bend the paper clip or copper wire until there is permanent deformation.) Why didn't the paper clip or wire break? (Continue bending the wire until it breaks.) Record your observations. What type of failure occurred?

(Show the ceramic tile to students and try bending it.) Will the ceramic permanently deform when I hit it with a hammer, or break?

(Place the ceramic tile into a plastic bag and seal the bag making sure all air is evacuated. Use the hammer to smash the ceramic tile until it breaks. Show students the remains and have them describe the failure on their worksheets.) What type of failure occurred?

(Show students the other plastic bag.) What type of deformation, if any, will occur if the bag is stretched? (Briefly stretch the bag until a small amount of permanent deformation is visible.) What type of deformation occurred?

(Continue stretching the bag until it tears.) What type of failure occurred?

(Have students complete the remaining questions on the worksheet. Then conduct the associated activity.)

Lesson Background and Concepts for Teachers

Material science has evolved during the last 40 years as different classes of materials became more and more competitive with one another. The four primary general classes of materials are metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. What makes these classes of materials unique is their composition, bonding and structure. Additionally, these distinct characteristics govern the applications for using each class of material. Following is a general summary of the four classes. Additional readings are suggested in the References section.

Material science is defined as the relationship of properties to its chemistry (composition) and structure. Understanding these relationships involves interdisciplinary knowledge of chemistry, physics and metallurgy. Provided engineers and scientists understand the type of atoms present and their arrangement, many properties may be understood and optimized for practical use. Chemical composition is fundamental in understanding any material type. Composition is the amount of an individual element that makes up a material. For example, steel is composed of iron and carbon and glass is composed of silicon, calcium, sodium, aluminum and oxygen. The structure can be defined as the arrangement of such elements (atoms), micro-features and macroscopic features.

Atomic structure is, as the name suggests, a particular arrangement of atoms and the electron structure. From chemistry, three primary forms of bonding exist: metallic, covalent and ionic. It is the atomic structure and interaction between elements that dictates which type of bonding prevails. Of course, additional bonding, such as hydrogen and London dispersion forces (van der Waals) exist and become important for polymers. For instance, metal alloys are strictly metallic bonding. Two metal elements with incomplete valence shells combine, filling the sub-valence shells, with remaining electrons present as a cloud. Interestingly, this electron arrangement is why metals are good electrical conductors. Ceramics are primarily bonded by strong covalent bonds and a few ionic bonds. The difference between the two is a sharing of valence electrons and transfer of valence electrons, respectively. The nature of these bonding types is why most ceramics are electrical insulators. Additionally, the nature of bonding is the source for many physical material properties and eventual mechanical properties. Bond strength is highly correlated to melting point, elastic stiffness and thermal expansion—meaning, the stronger the bonds the larger driving force is needed to separate such atoms.

For most solid materials, these arrangements are periodic and possess long-range order, with the exception of polymers and amorphous glasses. These periodic structures are called crystal structures and are present in seven primitive arrangements: cubic, hexagonal, triclinic, monoclinic, trigonal, tetragonal, and orthorhombic. These "lattices" are what make up the microstructure. Also, additional packing sequences that exist within each primitive arrangement create a total of 14 unit cells; most notable are body-centered cubic (BCC) and face-centered cubic (FCC). In addition to atomic bonding, these long-range atomic arrangements dictate inherent physical/mechanical properties and differentiate materials. For instance, BCC iron is much less ductile than FCC copper. The microstructure also includes larger features such as an array of crystals or grains, or a multitude of different solid phases. These features can be viewed using optical methods that do not require diffraction techniques or high magnification.

The macrostructure is the length scale that is comprised of a collection of microstructure features that show distinct characteristics. For example, collections of grains in a metal can be viewed at low magnification (x10) and appear to be flow lines or stripes. This length scale can provide very important details and can influence mechanical behavior of materials. A banded structure of steel can provide insights to fabrication methods and material strength. All of these length scales and distinct material features collectively make a material strong, fracture resistant, corrosion resistant, temperature resistant and ductile. However, no one material can have all of these wonderful attributes.

Pure Metals and Metal Alloys: Metal alloys are mixtures of two or more metallic elements. As mentioned earlier, metals are unique in that they are excellent electrical and thermal conductors. These physical properties are due to the nature of metallic bonding. Some metals also possess magnetic properties. Metals also possess a large capacity of mechanical deformation (aka ductility). Some metal bars can be shaped easily at room temperature. Most metals also have distinct strength levels: a yield stress (YS), and ultimate stress (UTS) and a fracture stress (FS), which collectively add to an entire mechanical response known as stress-strain behavior. To facilitate strength manipulation, metals have the capacity to be altered through mechanical, thermal or thermal mechanical treatments to achieve desired properties. Steel heat treatment for a hammer is different from that of a nail.

Ceramics: Ceramics are typically covalent-bonded solids that have very high melting points and stiffness. However, typically these materials are regarded as brittle. In contrast to metals and alloys, ceramics typically do not have distinct YSs and UTSs, but do have FSs. Ceramics are also useful in super-high temperature and corrosive environments. One advantage to the chemical compositions and bonding nature of ceramics is their inertness to many different corrosive media and oxidation environments. High temperature applications are suitable because of high strength retention at operating temperatures. Typical metals are too soft to sustain any mechanical loads at temperatures greater than 0.5 the melting point. Because of high stiffness, most ceramics are inherently hard and therefore abrasion- and wear-resistant. The hardest materials known are high-directional, covalent-bonded ceramics.

Polymers: Polymers are combinations of long-chained, covalent-bonded atoms that are mutually attracted by weaker bonding forces. Classic examples of polymers—car tires, Ziploc® bags, Kevlar®, glue and plastic water bottles—show the range of polymers that are manufactured and the variety of mechanical properties. Typically, polymers vary from very flexible, ductile materials to very hard and brittle materials. Polymers and their structures are dependent on the chemical composition of the base material and any fillers, extenders and plasticizers. Additionally, chemical composition also determines the degree of crystallinity in polymers. Typically, polymer chains are completely random and tangled. Depending on the chemistry, additives and stress state, these chains can obtain some periodic arrangement. Although, this arrangement is not counted as long-range order, polymers may possess short-range order.

Composite Materials: Composites are very common and not as scientific as one would think. Since ancient times, clay and straw have been mixed together to improve brick strength. Concrete, plywood, fiberglass and steel rebar are all common materials that are categorized as composites. In general, functional engineering materials for specific applications involve making composites from metal-ceramic, ceramic-ceramic, polymer-metal and polymer-polymer combinations. Depending on the application and properties required, different types of composite are selected. Composites allow for engineers and scientists to achieve unique property combinations that individual materials could not achieve. For instance, embedding ceramic particles in an aluminum or copper matrix improves both flexural strength and wear resistance, while maintaining a particular degree of toughening. However, aluminum alone is not very wear resistant and the ceramic has poor toughness. These unique properties are attractive and may not be provided by conventional materials.

All classes of material collectively account for all tangible objects on Earth. The field of material science enables the understanding and improvement of existing and new materials with the potential to catapult humanity to new frontiers.

The wealth of information in this lesson is adequate to intrigue students to consider pursuing paths of study in material science. The introductory presentation introduces the general classes of materials, terminology and applications. In general, students enjoy watching things break, especially if hammers are involved. How perfect, then, to introduce them to material science through the demonstration, as a way to reinforce the concepts relating all four material classes. Conducting the associated activity, Battle of the Beams , provides students with more insight into composite structures, while they apply concepts, and fabricate and test beams.

Watch this activity on YouTube

amorphous: A solid state phase that lacks any long-range periodic order and may lack significant short-range order.

body-centered cubic: Closed packed cubic atomic arrangement in which atoms are located on each cube corner and one atom in cube center.

Bravais lattice: Three-dimensional geometric arrangement of atoms or molecules or ions composing a crystal.

brittle: Ability of a material to break, snap, crack or fail easily when subjected to external loads.

ductility: Ability of a material to undergo permanent deformation through cross-section reductions and elongation without fracture.

elastic deformation: Reversible alteration of the form or dimensions of a solid body under stress.

face-centered cubic: Closed packed cubic atomic arrangement in which atoms are located on each cube corner and one atom located at the cube face centers.

fracture strength: Strength of material at fracture.

mechanical behavior: Behavior of materials when subjected to external mechanical loads.

metallurgy: A branch of science that deals with the properties of metals.

plastic deformation: Irreversible alteration of the form or dimension of a solid body under stress.

strain: Describes displacement of particles in a deforming body. Commonly represented by ratio of length changed and initial length (engineering strain). delta L / L = e

stress: Description of force exerted on an object over a defined cross-sectional area. Stress = Force/Area

toughness: Able to withstand great strain without tearing or cracking.

ultimate tensile strength: Measured stress at the onset of necking. Graphically represents the highest stress on stress-strain curve.

yield strength: Measured stress at the onset of plastic deformation.

Young's modulus: Ratio of stress/strain. A measure of material stiffness.

Worksheet: During the teacher-led class demo, have students fill in the answers on the Demo Worksheet , and answer the remaining questions after the demo is over. Review students' answers to gauge their comprehension of the subject. Have students keep the worksheets handy for reference during the associated activity.

Post-Lesson Quiz: Administer the attached Material Science Quiz , composed of 18 multiple-choice questions covering the basic aspects of material science topics covered in this lesson. Alternatively, administer the quiz after students complete the associated activity. Review students' answers to gauge their comprehension of the subject.

Research Paper: Assign students to each select a material or material system from any of the four classes of materials, research the material and write four-page double-spaced reports about its uniqueness and relevant applications. Require papers to include the following (with corresponding points given):

• Selection of a real material or material system (5 pts)
• Accurate identification of material class (5 pts)
• List of pertinent physical and mechanical properties (20 pts)
• List of three relevant applications in which the selected material is used (20 pts)
• A discussion relating physical and mechanical properties to selected applications, including justifications for why the material is used (30 pts)
• Complete sentences and proper grammar (5 pts)
• Well organized with a continuous flow of thought (10 pts)
• Four pages long, double-spaced (5 pts)

Stronger-Smaller-Cleaner-Smarter: Making Stuff Activity Guide, Making Stuff: Education and Outreach. NOVA beta, PBS Online, WGBH Educational Foundation. Accessed March 22, 2012. (Author-recommended additional resources for material science reviews and introduction videos) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/making-stuff.html

Students explore the basic characteristics of polymers through the introduction of two polymer categories: thermoplastics and thermosets. During teacher demos, students observe the unique behaviors of thermoplastics.

Students create beams using Laffy Taffy and water, and a choice of various reinforcements (pasta, rice, candies) and fabricating temperatures. Student groups compete for the highest strength beam and measure flexure strength with three-point bend tests and calculations.

Over several days, students learn about composites, including carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers, and their applications in modern life. This prepares students to be able to put data from an associated statistical analysis activity into context as they conduct meticulous statistical analyses to evalua...

Carter, Giles F. and Donald E. Paul. Materials Science & Engineering . ASM International, December 2006.

Hertzberg, Richard W. Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials . 4th edition. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996.

Contributors

Supporting program, acknowledgements.

This digital library content was developed by the University of Houston's College of Engineering under National Science Foundation GK-12 grant number DGE-0840889. However, these contents do not necessarily represent the policies of the NSF and you should not assume endorsement by the federal government.

Last modified: February 25, 2020

The Ohio State University

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Research Topics

The department's more than 30 faculty members conduct a broad scope of research within the fields of materials science and engineering and welding engineering. Click to view faculty associated with a topic.

• Biomaterials Biomaterials focuses on the development of materials to replace or augment human tissues. Advances in tissue engineering integrate discoveries from biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, and materials science to produce three-dimensional structures that enable us to replace or repair damaged, missing or poorly functioning biological components.
• Ceramic Science and Engineering The MSE department has high profile research programs in ceramics, with an emphasis on functional ceramics (such as sensors, fuel cells, batteries, catalysis, photovoltaics and superconductors), spanning their processing, characterization, and properties. While most of the work carried out in the department focuses on metal oxides, there is also interest in carbides, sulfides, and other advanced ceramic materials within the several areas of research.

Extensive facilities for characterizing the properties and structure of materials are available to our students and faculty. This includes the capability to test both existing and theoretical materials for qualities such as strength, plasticity, and hardness as well as explore the microstructure that leads to these properties. 

At the core of this effort is the Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis (CEMAS) . CEMAS is the preeminent materials characterization hub for business and academia. The Center brings together multidisciplinary expertise to drive synergy and amplify our characterization capabilities, and thus challenge what is possible in electron microscopy. CEMAS is revolutionizing teaching and learning of advanced characterization techniques for students and researchers.

• Computational Materials Science and Engineering   Computational Modeling of Materials researches how advances in computing power and software offer the potential to design, synthesize, choose, characterize and test the expected performance of materials in a virtual setting. These capabilities enable accelerated development and optimization of new materials across a range of applications. This vision has produced one of the leading programs in computational materials science and engineering.  
• Corrosion Corrosion, the environmental degradation of materials, is a major area of research in materials science and engineering. In the MSE department, research conducted at the Fontana Corrosion Center (FCC) focuses on the study of corrosion in our effort to develop better methods to protect materials from the adverse impacts of the environment. 
• Electronic, Photonic, and Magnetic Materials With an ever-growing range of important applications, and need for an expanding palette of functionalities and properties, there is substantial interest in the synthesis, processing, and characterization of new electronic, optical/photonic, and magnetic materials. The Department of Materials Science and Engineering, often in cross-disciplinary collaboration, is taking the lead in developing a wide variety of these advanced materials, as well as the novel devices and systems that make use of them.

Energy Materials Energy is a central aspect of our daily lives, as well as a critical lynch pin in everything from climate change to the economy to national security. Materials science and engineering research plays a truly enabling role in the creation, understanding, and application of new and advanced materials for clean and renewable energy generation, storage, and efficient use.

• Mechanical Properties of Materials Research into the mechanical properties of materials includes testing both existing and theoretical materials for qualities such as strength, plasticity and hardness. Current programs range from simulating and modeling a variety of forming operations for metals to studying the wear behavior of composites. These investigations employ experimental techniques ranging from the atomic to industrial scale and their use in manufacturing operations. 

The demands of modern methods of transportation, structural systems, and manufacturing all require innovative alloys and processes of production. Our department, in collaboration with others at OSU and beyond, is uniquely structured to address these demands.

Our   materials modeling   capabilities, coupled with the advanced characterization facilities found in the   Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis (CEMAS) , allows for a drastic reduction in the concept-to-application timeframe for new alloys. The world-renowned   Fontana Corrosion Center (FCC)   predicts and studies the degradation of materials systems. The   Welding Engineering   program and the   Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence (CDME)   help industry meet production challenges found with the application of advanced metals.

Polymers Polymers research at The Ohio State University spans multiple departments. In the Materials Science and Engineering and Welding Engineering programs the study of polymers involves two broad areas, biomaterials and polymers joining. Our biomaterials faculty research the use of polymers as they interact with living systems. This can involve such applications as polymer mesh as scaffolds for living cells, flexible electronics, drug delivery systems, and more. Polymers joining is part of our Welding Engineering program and explores new and efficient means of bonding different polymers, as well as, how to join to non-polymers.

Processing and Manufacturing Expertise in materials science goes well beyond understanding the properties of materials and how those properties can be applied. Materials scientists must also be adept at developing cost-effective techniques to synthesize, process and fabricate advanced materials that can meet the demands of a rapidly changing commercial marketplace.

Sensor Materials and Technologies Working from the successes of the NSF   Center for Industrial Sensors and Measurements   (CISM), a wide range of on-going activity in sensor materials and devices is carried out in our department spanning ceramic, polymers, and biomaterials sensor technologies.  Research in the field of Sensor Materials and Technologies includes such topics as electrochemical sensors for environmental and high-temperature applications, bulk, nanowires, and heterostructures, chemical sensors for breath and skin, implantable biosensors, devices for artificial olfaction, and much more.

• Welding Engineering Welding Engineering is a complex engineering field requiring sound knowledge of a wide variety of engineering disciplines.  Following successful completion of standard engineering prerequisite courses, Welding Engineer students begin their welding engineering coursework. The broad range of topics covered include welding metallurgy of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys, fundamental principles of industrial welding processes including Solid-State, Laser, Resistance, Electron Beam, and Arc Welding, computational modelling, heat flow, residual stress and distortion, fracture mechanics, weld design for various loading conditions, and non-destructive testing methods.  Welding Engineering graduates are well-prepared for solving complex problems and making critical engineering decisions. The highly sought-after graduates take jobs in a wide variety of industry sectors including nuclear, petrochemical, automotive, medical, ship building, aerospace, power generation, and heavy equipment manufacturing.

Callister, Rethwisch:

Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 9th Edition

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Additive manufacturing of metal materials for construction engineering: an overview on technologies and applications.

1. Introduction

2. metal additive manufacturing technologies, 2.1. materials, 2.2. overview remarks, 2.3. features of 3d printing methods, 3. printing process parameters for metal am, 3.1. laser-related parameters, 3.2. scan-related parameters, 3.3. powder-related parameters, 3.4. temperature-related parameters, 3.5. printing directions and orientations, 3.6. effects of process parameters on the properties of 3d-printed metals, 4. metal additive manufacturing in construction, 4.1. optimized structural node by arup, 4.2. mx3d pedestrian bridge, 4.3. takenaka connector, 4.4. am steel reinforcement for concrete, 4.5. joining aluminium profiles, 4.6. future applications, 5. the potentials of metal am in topological optimization, 5.1. nonconventional geometries, 5.1.1. topology optimization.

Click here to enlarge figure

• SIMP method
• Level-Set method
• The application of topological optimization

5.1.2. Lightweight Components

5.2. use of am in repair of existing structures.

• Preparation stage. In the first step, considerations concern the cost-effectiveness of the repair/reinforcement of the degraded component. Next, a geometric check is performed between the worn elements and the nominal model. This comparison generates an error map, which highlights the errors between the two models. Finally, the repair area can be identified and judgements made on the extent of the damage.
• Production stage. In this stage, the previously identified area is repaired/reinforced through AM or hybrid manufacturing processes.
• Post-repair stage. In the final step, a geometric inspection is performed to verify the correct execution. In addition, the restored element can be mechanically characterised by means of material strength tests.

6. Conclusions

Author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Capasso, I.; Andreacola, F.R.; Brando, G. Additive Manufacturing of Metal Materials for Construction Engineering: An Overview on Technologies and Applications. Metals 2024 , 14 , 1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091033

Capasso I, Andreacola FR, Brando G. Additive Manufacturing of Metal Materials for Construction Engineering: An Overview on Technologies and Applications. Metals . 2024; 14(9):1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091033

Capasso, Ilaria, Francesca Romana Andreacola, and Giuseppe Brando. 2024. "Additive Manufacturing of Metal Materials for Construction Engineering: An Overview on Technologies and Applications" Metals 14, no. 9: 1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091033

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INTRODUCTION to ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Nov 21, 2014

6.44k likes | 12.93k Views

INTRODUCTION to ENGINEERING MATERIALS. TYPES of ENGINNERING MATERIALS All the Materials Used for Engineering Application can be put into Six basic Groups Pure Substance ( including Metals) Alloys (METALS & Non Metals) Polymers (Plastics and Rubber or Elastomers) Ceramics Composites

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INTRODUCTION to ENGINEERING MATERIALS TYPES of ENGINNERING MATERIALS All the Materials Used for Engineering Application can be put into Six basic Groups • Pure Substance ( including Metals) • Alloys (METALS & Non Metals) • Polymers (Plastics and Rubber or Elastomers) • Ceramics • Composites • Miscellaneous Materials (Organic and Inorganic) • Some Recent Advances: Shaper Memory Materials, Nano-materials

Figure 3.1: Some of the Metallic and Non-Metallic MaterialsUsed in a Typical Automobile

Mechanical properties determine a material’s behavior when subjected to mechanical stresses • Properties include Elastic modulus, Ductility, Hardness, and various measures of Strength

Strength: Ability to Bear a Load Before Fracture Ductility:Extent of Permanent or Plastic Deformation that a Material Undergoes Before Fracture. Two Measures of Ductility: % Elongation, % Reduction in Area Elasticity: Ability to Restore to Original Shape and Size after Removal of External Deforming Loads Stiffness: Resistance to ELASTIC (or RECOVERABLE) Deformation .Young’s Modulus is the Measure of Elasticity Hardness: Resistance to PLASTIC (or PERMANENT) Deformation which Includes Indentation, Scratching, or Marking Toughness: Resistance to both ELASTIC and PLASTIC Deformation Fatigue: Permanent Deformation and/or Failure of a Component when Subjected to Fluctuating (Both in Magnitude and Direction) Loads i.e. Gear Teeth, Aircraft Wings, Crankshaft of an Automobile Fracture: Splitting of a Component into at Least Two Halves Creep: Permanent Deformation and/or Failure of a Component when Subjected to High Stresses at High Temperature i.e. Turbine Disk and Blades

Stress‑Strain Relationships • Three types of static stresses to which materials can be subjected: • Tensile - tends to stretch the material • Compressive - tends to contract the material • Shear - tends to cause adjacent portions of material to slide against each other • Stress -strain curve - basic relationship that describes mechanical properties for all three types

Tensile Test Most common test for studying stress‑strain relationship, especially metals In the test, a force pulls the material, elongating it and reducing its diameter Figure 3.1 Tensile test: (a) tensile force applied in (1) and (2) resulting elongation of material

Tensile Test Specimen ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) specifies preparation of test specimen Figure 3.1 Tensile test: (b) typical test specimen

Tensile Test Setup

Tensile Test Sequence • Figure 3.2 Typical progress of a tensile test: (1) beginning of test, no load; (2) uniform elongation and reduction of cross‑sectional area; (3) continued elongation, maximum load reached; (4) necking begins, load begins to decrease; and (5) fracture. • If pieces are put back together as in (6), final length can be measured.

Engineering Stress • Defined as force divided by original area: where e = engineering stress, F = applied force, and Ao = original area of test specimen

Engineering Strain • Defined at any point in the test as where e = engineering strain; L = length at any point during elongation; and Lo = original gage length

Typical Engineering Stress-Strain Plot Figure 3.3 Typical engineering stress‑strain plot in a tensile test of a metal.

Two Regions of Stress‑Strain Curve • The two regions indicate two distinct forms of behavior: • Elastic region – prior to yielding of the material • Plastic region – after yielding of the material

Elastic Region in Stress‑Strain Curve • Relationship between stress and strain is linear • Material returns to its original length when stress is removed Hooke's Law: e = E e where E = modulus of elasticity • E is a measure of the inherent stiffness of a material • Its value differs for different materials

Yield Point in Stress‑Strain Curve • As stress increases, a point in the linear relationship is finally reached when the material begins to yield • Yield pointY can be identified by the change in slope at the upper end of the linear region • Y = a strength property • Other names for yield point = yield strength, yield stress, and elastic limit

Plastic Region in Stress‑Strain Curve • Yield point marks the beginning of plastic deformation • The stress-strain relationship is no longer guided by Hooke's Law • As load is increased beyond Y, elongation proceeds at a much faster rate than before, causing the slope of the curve to change dramatically

Tensile Strength in Stress‑Strain Curve • Elongation is accompanied by a uniform reduction in cross-sectional area, consistent with maintaining constant volume • Finally, the applied load F reaches a maximum value, and engineering stress at this point is called the tensile strengthTS (ultimate tensile strength) TS =

Ductility in Tensile Test • Ability of a material to plastically strain without fracture • Ductility measure = elongation EL where EL = elongation; Lf = specimen length at fracture; and Lo = original specimen length Lf is measured as the distance between gage marks after two pieces of specimen are put back together

True Stress • Stress value obtained by dividing the instantaneous area into applied load where  = true stress; F = force; and A = actual (instantaneous) area resisting the load

True Strain • Provides a more realistic assessment of "instantaneous" elongation per unit length

True Stress-Strain Curve Figure 3.4 ‑ True stress‑strain curve for the previous engineering stress‑strain plot in Figure 3.3.

Strain Hardening in Stress-Strain Curve • Note that true stress increases continuously in the plastic region until necking • It means that the metal is becoming stronger as strain increases This is the property called strain hardening

Compression Test Applies a load that squeezes the ends of a cylindrical specimen between two platens Figure 3.7 Compression test: (a) compression force applied to test piece in (1) and (2) resulting change in height.

Compression Test Setup

Engineering Stress in Compression As the specimen is compressed, its height is reduced and cross‑sectional area is increased e = - where Ao = original area of the specimen

Engineering Strain in Compression Engineering strain is defined Since height is reduced during compression, value of e is negative (the negative sign is usually ignored when expressing compression strain)

Stress-Strain Curve in Compression Shape of plastic region is different from tensile test because cross section increases Calculated value of engineering stress is higher Figure 3.8 Typical engineering stress‑strain curve for a compression test.

Testing of Brittle Materials • Hard brittle materials (e.g., ceramics) possess elasticity but little or no plasticity • Often tested by a bendingtest(also called flexure test) • Specimen of rectangular cross‑section is positioned between two supports, and a load is applied at its center

Bending Test • Figure 3.10 Bending of a rectangular cross‑section results in both tensile and compressive stresses in the material: (1) initial loading; (2) highly stressed and strained specimen; and (3) bent part.

Testing of Brittle Materials • Brittle materials do not flex • They deform elastically until fracture • Failure occurs because tensile strength of outer fibers of specimen are exceeded • Failure type: cleavage - common with ceramics and metals at low temperatures, in which separation rather than slip occurs along certain crystallographic planes

Transverse Rupture Strength • The strength value derived from the bending test: where TRS = transverse rupture strength; F = applied load at fracture; L = length of specimen between supports; and b and t are dimensions of cross-section

Shear Properties • Application of stresses in opposite directions on either side of a thin element Figure 3.11 Shear (a) stress and (b) strain.

Shear Stress and Strain • Shear stressdefined as where F = applied force; and A = area over which deflection occurs. • Shear strain defined as where  = deflection element; and b = distance over which deflection occurs

Hardness • Resistance to permanent indentation • Good hardness generally means material is resistant to scratching and wear • Most tooling used in manufacturing must be hard for scratch and wear resistance

Hardness Tests • Commonly used for assessing material properties because they are quick and convenient • Variety of testing methods are appropriate due to differences in hardness among different materials • Most well‑known hardness tests are Brinell and Rockwell • Other test methods are also available, such as Vickers,Knoop, Scleroscope, and durometer

Brinell Hardness Test Widely used for testing metals and nonmetals of low to medium hardness A hard ball is pressed into specimen surface with a load of 500, 1500, or 3000 kg Figure 3.14 Hardness testing methods: (a) Brinell

Brinell Hardness Number Used for metals or non metals of low to medium hardness Hardened steel (or cemented carbide) balls 10 mm dia. ball is pressed into the surface of a specimen using load of 500,1500 or 3000 Kg. Brinell Hardness Number (BHN) = Load divided by indentation area where HB = Brinell Hardness Number (BHN), F = indentation load, kg; Db = diameter of ball, mm, and Di = diameter of indentation, mm

Rockwell Hardness Test • Another widely used test • A cone shaped indenter is pressed into specimen using a minor load of 10 kg, thus seating indenter in material • Then, a major load of 150 kg is applied, causing indenter to penetrate beyond its initial position • Additional penetration distance dis converted into a Rockwell hardness reading by the testing machine

Rockwell Hardness Test Figure 3.14 Hardness testing methods: (b) Rockwell: (1) initial minor load and (2) major load.

Effect of Temperature on Properties Figure 3.15 General effect of temperature on strength and ductility.

Hot Hardness Ability of a material to retain hardness at elevated temperatures Figure 3.16 Hot hardness ‑ typical hardness as a function of temperature for several materials.

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Research New Molecular Engineering Technique Allows for Complex Organoids

Press Release No. 100/2024 6 September 2024

EMBARGO: Monday, 9 September 2024, 11:00 (CEST)

Interdisciplinary research team uses DNA microbeads to control the development of cultivated tissue

A new molecular engineering technique can precisely influence the development of organoids. Microbeads made of specifically folded DNA are used to release growth factors or other signal molecules inside the tissue structures. This gives rise to considerably more complex organoids that imitate the respective tissues much better and have a more realistic cell mix than before. An interdisciplinary research team from the Cluster of Excellence “3D Matter Made to Order” with researchers based at the Centre for Organismal Studies and the Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University, the university’s BioQuant Center as well as the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg developed the technique.

Organoids are miniature, organ-like tissue structures derived from stem cells. They are used in basic research to gain new insights into human development or to study the development of diseases. “Until now it wasn’t possible to control the growth of such tissue structures from their interior,” states Dr Cassian Afting, a Physician Scientist at the Centre for Organismal Studies (COS). “Using the novel technique, we can now determine precisely when and where in the growing tissue key developmental signals are released,” emphasizes Tobias Walther, a biotechnologist and doctoral candidate at the Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg.

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The new technique for creating more complex organoids was developed in the Cluster of Excellence “3D Matter Made to Order”, which is operated jointly by Heidelberg University and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. The research work was funded by the European Research Council (ERC) within the framework of an ERC Starting Grant for Kerstin Göpfrich, and the German Research Foundation. A paper with the research results was published in the journal “Nature Nanotechnology”.

Original publication

C. Afting, T. Walther, O. M. Drozdowski, C. Schlagheck, U. S. Schwarz, J. Wittbrodt, K. Göpfrich: DNA microbeads for spatio-temporally controlled morphogen release within organoids. Nature Nanotechnology (9 September 2024).

• DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01779-y

Further information

Kerstin göpfrich research group, joachim wittbrodt research group, cluster of excellence 3dmm2o, pictorial material (available until 7 oktober 2024).