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Dissertation Topics in Law for LLM Students

• Updated on  
• May 9, 2023

The last academic challenge before the completion of your postgraduate degree is a dissertation or thesis. Many students pursuing LLM are often confused while deciding the correct topic for the dissertation as it requires a lot of research. To help you with the dissertation this blog contains ideal law dissertation topics for LLM in India. Keep reading to know more!

This Blog Includes:

How to choose the best dissertation topic, advantages of choosing a good dissertation topic, criminal law dissertation topics, international law dissertation topics, family law dissertation topics, employment law dissertation topics, international commercial law dissertation topics, law dissertation topics india, intellectual property law topics in dissertation, constitutional law topics in dissertation, sports law topics in dissertation, medical law topics in dissertation, commercial law dissertation topics, company law dissertation topics, tort law dissertation topics, eu law dissertation topics, the english legal system and constitutional and administrative law dissertation topics.

A lot of research and hard work is required to decide what is a correct and valuable topic for the dissertation or thesis. It is seen in various students that before graduation the dissertation is the last hurdle in the way. It is advised to pursue a topic after valuable research and most importantly that goes with the student’s interests.

Also Read: Dissertation Topics

There are an array of benefits when you choose a good and valuable dissertation topic. These advantages include:

• This helps you in the analysis of the topic and deep research.
• Present you with a program to enhance your investigative skills.
• In explaining your subject option, you should be prepared to show how your previous research experiences ended up with great knowledge. 
• You can find a degree of education useful for postgraduate research.

Also Read: Law Entrance Exams: India & Abroad

Criminal law is the body of law regulating crime and criminal activities in India. This proves to be an important topic and is interesting as well. Some of the criminal law dissertation topics are:

• A Significant Study of Struggle against Girls in India
• Case Debate on business trial in India
• An Analysis on Terrorism and Lawlessness Against Infants in India
• A survey on Legislation against private terrorism in India
• Significant Evaluation Of Death Cost In India
• An Analysis of Juvenile Justice System and Order in India
• The appearance of the group is in the criminal law process
• The Root Elements of the Infant Mergers
• White-Collar Crime Law in India
• Criminology and Criminal Justice

Also Read: How to Write a Dissertation?

International law dissertation is another amazing topic where you can add your relevant thoughts. Some of the unique international law dissertation topics are:

• What are the significant aspects of collective civil obligations in now’s global order?
• What are the causes that cause application of foreign order at the state standard also complex?
• Figure out the very important issues encountered by establishing universal rules.
• What are the effects of accelerated market restraints on people? Can such a thing be explained?
• What are global challenges encountered by international businessmen, when installing service projects in third group societies?
• What are the effects of letting offenders continue to their native land for action?
• How seeing abuse as a foreign war case will change the position of African people?
• What are the important challenges encountered by companies that are coming in the global travel industry from the ocean.
• What universal rules regulate copy? How should this case be corrected?
• Which governmental law of the UK is sufficiently sufficient to be carried out universally?

Also Read: What is a Dissertation? Meaning, Projects, Report Work

Some of the most important and unique family law dissertation topics are:

• Separation case for father and female representatives of the group, makes it favour any particular gender or is it merely a sense
• Matrimonial Act and how it affects women who join without their permission. What is the attitude of decisions about made mergers and how can one explain it in the court of decision
• Residential part by stepmothers and offspring, how goes on the case provide everybody has their got right and place
• Youth insurance problems in the unified kingdom, which of the state shows to have very trouble with such arguments and why is it so
• Adolescent abuse-is it important to discipline your children and youths? What is the perimeter between youth abuse and correcting your children for setting their limits
• Internal disorder and its effect on the boy and female representatives personally, which of them picks up a greater claim in the mind of order and how can we get rid of that biasness
• Protection problems for separated mothers, how goes on it go and what goes on the statute have to do about the protection of the child for each mother
• How looks at the proper form thing if a man is incapable to provide and provide his house owing to lack or scarcity of means
• Long-distance communications and their fair significance cut off from the spiritual and artistic attitudes
• Minor job- what are we looking at to abolish it and how goes on our constitutional process set limits and provide that they are found

Employment law dissertation enables you to craft perfect research on your thesis or dissertation. Some of the employment law dissertation topics are:

• The link between trade and morality in the UK. An academic context.
• A study of the relationship between sports departments and their service contracts.
• The effect of variation in the business decisions of the UK after starting the EU.
• The task of infant employment regulations in the UK. How does the judiciary remain fighting developing youth employment?
• The influence of civil responsibility service in UK regulations.
• A study of the market association in the UK study of the business requirements and principles.
• A provisional review of business decisions in the station waggon part of the UK and EU. Who gets the first job benefit and rights insurance systems?
• An in-depth study of justice fees in the validities of UK legislation.

Some of the international commercial law dissertations you can choose from are:

• An assessment of the enemy-pollution bill in the UK. Its origins and effects on the state leaders.
• A strategic study of the joint cloak and how the decision can pass through it.
• The performance of UK legislation in affecting joint difficulties while preserving major human rights.
• A symposium on the differences enveloping the purview of field 33 groups do 2006 in the UK
• The effects of setting reasonable requirements for the principal’s needs. How does the organisation do well under this?
• An in-depth assessment of economic regulation programs at attending institutions in the UK.
• The effect of UNCITRAL’s performance on the unification of universal economic legislation in the UK.

Also Read: How to Write Acknowledgement for Dissertation?

Some of the Indian legal topics you can choose for your dissertation are:

• Handgun Case in India: Provision of a Different Structure
•  Animal investigation: Order in India
• Wire advertising and constitutional structure
•  Joint Civil Power and change
• Moral Orders and Cases in producing societies
• Men Investigations and Indian constitutional practice
•  Improvement of infants and proper conflict

Some of the catchy and interesting dissertation topics that you can choose as a dissertation topic for law assignment:

• Scientific advances and present IP rule in India
• IP rules and the safety of/on Internet
•  New patent statutes and digitalisation

Also Read: University of Law: Eligibility, Application, Courses & More

Here are some of the finest dissertation or thesis topics for constitutional law dissertation topics are:

• Accident plans in India: A study
• Legal exploitation and its interest: An assessment
• Application of International Cases in Indian Legal Structure
• Able expression in virtual life and Indian Custom

Also Read: Dissertation vs Thesis

A constantly fascinating subject, sports provides a large range of fields and issues to judge from to create your analysis report. It can deal with universal order, national order, carrying out parties, power, and often better.

Here are some of the finest dissertation (thesis)points on Sports law:

• Doping and Sports: National and International fair innuendo
• Legalisation of speculating in India: Law and Cons
• Handling sports organisations and their constitutional ramifications
• Transgender animals and Indian Custom

Medical law dissertation is another great topic you can choose from, some of the medical law dissertation topics are:

• Member retention: Fair experts and cons
• Miscarriage in India: A global review
• Made fertilisation: Provision of primary training to find out these matters
• Supported suicide: Fair, honest and therapeutic ethics
• Animal torture: A fair claim research

Also Read: Law Courses

Commercial Law is one such topic where a wide area of study is to be covered because it cannot be described within a single legal jurisdiction. A commercial law dissertation often involves comparisons with other countries. Listed below are some topics for Commercial Law Dissertation:

• A critical assessment of the international commercial arbitration system as a cost-effective and efficient means to administer justice in commercial disputes
• An assessment of security over personal property when it comes to the matter of possessory and non-possessory forms of security and other legal devices
• An investigation of the emergence of new manifestations of international commercial law
• A critical assessment of the passing of risk in the commercial law in England and Wales
• A critical assessment of the Future of consumer protection in England and Wales in the post-Brexit era

There is a great scope of producing an effective Company Law Dissertation as it provides you with potential sources. From the Companies Act 2006 to corporate governance, you have a lot of options to choose from. Listed below are some great Company Law Dissertation Topics:

• A critical analysis of the shareholder versus stakeholder basis of corporate governance
• Arguments for and against ‘stakeholder theory’ and to what extent are they still valid?
• Should the OECD’s Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2010 be ratified into UK Law?
• To what extent has Environmental Law merged together Vicarious and Corporate Liability
• Is the English maintenance of the “internal management” model failing to bring company law in the 21st Century?

The word Tort comes from the Latin term torture which means “Wrong”. In simple terms, Tort Law is supposed to address the civil wrongs done to a person, accidentally or incidentally. The victim/injured/aggrieved party is provided with compensation for the damages.

This area of law is one of the most important aspects of law study as it demonstrates the circumstances through which an individual is held accountable for another party’s injury either done intentionally or omissions or even by accident. Listed below are some topics for a Tort Law Dissertation to make it easier for you to draft an effective dissertation:

• Importance of foreseeability and policy in establishing a duty of care
• Analysis of the rules regarding the recovery of economic losses in tortious actions
• When it comes to matters of occupiers’ liability under the Occupiers Liability Acts of 1957 and 1984 respectively, when is a trespasser, not a trespasser?
• Wrongful Restraint of a man’s Liberty: Meaning, Defense and Remedy
• Why might the duty of care afforded to children be considered to be a step too far regarding the recognition of tortious liability?

Also Read: All About PhD Thesis

EU Law is considered as an expandable area of academic interest, particularly due to the UK’s recent Brexit from the Union. There is a wide range of dissertation topics you can consider for an EU Law Dissertation, from UK’s Brexit to the superiority of EU Law. Listed below are some great dissertation topics to start with your EU Law Dissertation:

• Critical Analysis of the UK’s Separation from the EU.
• Brexit and EU economy: How the UK’s decision has affected EU trade.
• An argument: Is EU Law actually superior?
• Importance of the enforcement actions against EU Member States as part of the European law-making process.
• How has the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 contributed to the recognition of human rights internationally?

The English Legal System and Constitutional and Administrative Law may be classified into 3 key areas-

• The nature of the Constitution may be considered in areas including, but not limited to, the recognition and application of conventions and the rule of law. 
• Evaluation of the roles of the legislature, executive and parliament in the context of the recognition of the separation of powers, which could include legislation’s passage through Parliament, the delegation of legislation, the relationship between Parliament, the crown and the Royal Prerogative, and the executive, legislative and judiciary’s relationship.
• Judicial Review includes the basis for intervention, such as ultra vires and illegality, procedural irregularity, irrationality, proportionality, and the nemo judex rule.

A number of areas can be covered in this dissertation as the English Legal System and Constitutional and Administrative Law is quite different from other legal systems as the role of the judge differs in an adversarial system. The major difference is in how a trial is pursued. Some topics for an English Legal System and Constitutional and Administrative Law Dissertation are as mentioned below:

• The Role of natural justice  in the UK Constitution
• Are conventions still a valid part of the UK Constitution?
• Is the Royal Prerogative an essential part of the British Constitution?
• Are the current models of statutory interpretation fit for purpose, especially as the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) infer a more active approach for judges?
• In what ways will the relationship between constitutional and administrative law in England and Wales be affected by Brexit?

The following are the popular law universities in the world: Harvard University Columbia University Stanford University

Here are some of the finest dissertation or thesis topics for constitutional law dissertation topics are: Accident plans in India: A study Legal exploitation and its interest: An assessment Application of International Cases in the Indian Legal Structure Able expression in virtual life and Indian Custom

The average salary of a lawyer in India is 3.5 Lakh per year.

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LLM in International Business Regulation, Litigation and Arbitration

Focus on settling transnational disputes in a global capital of business and commerce as a part of the nation's leading international law program.

Watch: Minna Mumma LLM ‘22 on the International Business Regulation, Litigation and Arbitration specialization

Outstanding international law and business law professors are joined by faculty who teach securities regulation, banking and financial services, transnational litigation, international commercial and foreign investment arbitration, comparative and international antitrust regulation, international bankruptcy, trade law, civil procedure, and business-related subjects. Their collective expertise is integrated with the diverse social and economic issues that policymakers consider. You also can take classes with  NYU Stern School of Business professors and leading practitioners in New York City's law firms and corporations.

Core professors in this specialization:

Two-part core.

In the two-part core curriculum, you'll find the scope you need to combine regulatory and business law courses with international litigation and arbitration courses, or to focus more in one area. You also will choose from a selection of related courses and be able to take additional classes from across the entire Law School curriculum or law-related classes at NYU Stern.

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Workshop Your Thesis

You will take International Business Transactions in the fall and spring , and produce an original piece of scholarship by the end of the year. As you develop your research in stages, you'll complete a short paper by the end of the fall, and choose a thesis topic and outline it by the start of the spring. Then, you'll write your thesis throughout the spring, developing your ideas in response to feedback you receive from other students in a supportive workshop format.

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In this specialization, you'll meet informally with practitioners in the field, some of whom are invited by the Law School's Center for Transnational Litigation, Arbitration, and Commercial Law  for short-term stays in our community as  Scholars-in-Residence . These scholars participate in class sessions and events, and act as commentators on students' presentations in the second semester of the International Business Transactions course. Students, academics and practitioners also convene in the Arbitration Forum to discuss current topics.

Advanced Certificate in Law and Business

The  Advanced Certificate in Law and Business  from NYU's Stern School of Business gives you tools to understand the finance and accounting underlying transactions. You can complete it with your LLM degree.

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A number of our centers and institutes convene conferences and events with real-world practitioners and policymakers that focus on cross-border issues that arise in a transnational business setting. You also can join student groups and journals that take an interdisciplinary perspective to these issues.

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King's College London

International business law llm pathway.

Led by a team of distinguished academics and practitioners, the King’s LLM in International Business Law will provide you with an edge in the practice of international business law. With a focus on international trading and business and international financial transactions, you may also choose to learn about the resolution of international business disputes through international litigation and arbitration. The modules will provide you with a practitioner perspective and related skills and equip you to practice with a major law firm or multinational corporation.

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• This pathway offers a unique student experience by taking advantage of our outstanding and wide-ranging academic reputation in this field, with emphasis on innovative and problem-solving teaching methods as well as our comparative and international outlook.
• Designed to maximise students’ intellectual potential, it also keeps you grounded by drawing on the real-world experiences of staff and other practitioners.
• This pathway focuses on international trading, financial/banking and energy transactions and the resolution of international business disputes through arbitration and/or business litigation. It is strongly oriented towards legal practice in these fields and therefore has a support group of relevant comparative law modules that are regarded as being useful to working in this area.

What you will study

Once enrolled on the General LLM at King’s, students can choose modules to follow the International Business Law pathway and achieve a specialist LLM in International Business Law. Full-time students who complete the programme in one year will normally take modules totalling 180 credits.  *Prerequisite – students must also take Law of International Finance 1. To graduate with an International Business Law LLM at least 120 credits must be taken within the pathway. This can be optional modules alone or a combination of optional modules and a writing project, providing its content is relevant to the pathway.    The range of International Business Law LLM optional modules may typically include:  

• Banking Law (30 credits)
• Corporate Governance (15 credits)
• Green Finance (15 credits)
• Insurance Law 1 (15 credits)
• International and Comparative Trust Law (30 credits)
• International Commercial Arbitration (15 credits)
• International Investment Law (15 credits)
• Law of International Finance 1 (30 credits)
• Taxation of Business Enterprises (30 credits)
• The Law and Politics of Economic Regulation (15 credits)
• World Trade Law (15 credits)

In addition, all students are required to take one of the following writing projects, detailed further on the General LLM prospectus page: 

• Dissertation (45 credits)
• Dissertation (60 credits)
• 10,000 word practice or research module (45 credits)

To follow the International Business Law pathway, you must first apply for the General LLM at King's. After enrolment you will select your pathway modules.

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Professor Djakhongir Saidov

Director of the Professional Law Institute

Professor Djakhongir Saidov is the International Business Law pathway course lead. Professor Saidov specialises in international commercial law. His research interests lie in the law of sale of goods, international commercial law instruments and law relation to international oil and gas operations.

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Master of Law

A Master of Laws (LLM) is master’s degree awarded for a postgraduate programme in law.

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Course overview

This course is designed to immerse you in a deep understanding of the global economy and the interconnected legal aspects that shape international business and commerce.

Introduction

Teaching on our International Business and Commercial Law LLM is research-connected. It allows you to engage in current and cutting-edge research-informed modules led by leading experts in the field.

At the core of this course is the unique module, ‘Law, International Business, and Society.’ This module will introduce you to International Business and Commercial Law and to our research ethos and expertise in this area. You will delve into the complex relationships between law, business, and society. Exploring three key domains—international economic governance (including sustainable trade and investment regimes), corporate governance and financial regulation, and the legal foundations of the knowledge economy (such as creations, inventions, and technology)— you will analyse how law and social justice intersect in these areas.

This course enables you to tailor your studies based on your interests and professional goals, whether focused on international trade and economic law, corporate law and regulation, or the legal aspects of the knowledge economy, creativity, and technology.

All students are given our specialised Legal Research Training as preparation for writing their dissertation. The module covers advance legal research, legal writing, as well as theoretical perspectives and research methodologies.

Upon completion of this course, you’ll emerge a graduate capable of meeting the requirements of an increasingly specialised employment market, both within and outside the legal professions.

Who is this course for?

This LLM is suitable for graduates of Law or a relevant degree subject area such as business, economics, political science, history, criminology, sociology, international relations etc.

What you'll learn

• Advanced study in a range of subjects within the specialist field of international business and commercial law
• A well-rounded understanding of international business and commercial law within the broader context of global relations, history, economics, politics, social policy, and modern society
• A range of skills required for any professional environment (e.g. communication, problem solving)
• How to apply legal knowledge to a practical situation and draw reasoned conclusions supported by legal authority
• Digital fluency

Course content

Discover what you'll learn, what you'll study, and how you'll be taught and assessed.

Semester one

Compulsory modules, credits: 20 / semester: semester 1.

The module offers you the opportunity to explore the key tenets of a complex framework governing the relationships between law, international business and society. At the heart of the module are globalization processes which have led to the internationalisation of economy and finance, the expansion of technologies and significant changes in the role of nation-states. Challenges raised by these economic and political transformations frequently converge on a question of how to reconcile and align corporate and business practices with societal well-being. This module will explore how law and social justice issues intersect in three principal domains: international economic governance (including sustainable trade and investment regimes); corporate governance and financial regulation; and law and the foundations of knowledge economy (creations, inventions, and technology).

Optional modules

Credits: 20 / semester: semester 2.

In today’s technologically astute society, the way in which crime is conducted is evolving at an ever-increasing rate. Dark Web crime is the latest, most evolved, strain of cybercrime. It involves criminals accessing a hidden part of the internet, the Dark Web, in order to facilitate and commit a range of illegal activities including drug trafficking, the sale of firearms and personal information, terrorist financing, and money laundering. In so doing. Dark Web criminals utilise a range of privacy enhancing software (Tor, VPNs, and cryptocurrencies) with the aim of evading law enforcement detection. In this module, students will learn about the fundamental characteristics of the Dark Web, the challenges it presents to the law and law enforcement across a range of different criminal offences, and recent legal attempts to intervene in this space.

Contemporary societies, including civil and criminal judging are increasingly relying on digital technologies. The use of these technologies and gradual turn to digital justice will only increase over time. New technologies range from basic video-conferencing tools to complex big data profiling and surveillance. Implementation of technical solutions does not only improve the ability of legal systems to achieve their aims but can also lead to significant challenges in various areas of law. This module will look at how new technologies and digital justice are implemented in law and what consequences they might have. Students will benefit from deeper understanding of the cutting-edge digital technologies applied in law and learn the limits of such application.

International Law and Foreign Investment explores investment treaty law and investment arbitration practice. During the course of the module, students will be able to develop a range of fundamental and advanced legal and transferable skills, embedded in the knowledge of international legal rules on the protection of foreign business actors. The module will be delivered via weekly two-hour seminars. The module will be of interest to students wishing to specialise in international business and international economic law as well as to those who would like to deepen their knowledge of international law in general.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for almost 70% of all deaths worldwide. Almost three quarters of all NCD deaths, and 82% of the 16 million premature deaths, occur in low- and middle-income countries. NCDs have devastating consequences for individuals, families, and communities; they threaten to overwhelm health systems; and they hinder development. The international community has acknowledged the scope of the problem and undertaken to act to reduce the availability, acceptability and affordability of tobacco products, alcoholic beverages and unhealthy food. However, state efforts to regulate the tobacco, alcohol and food industries to prevent NCDs and promote public health have given rise to expensive challenges anchored in international trade and investment law, as illustrated by recent claims challenging tobacco control legislation in Australia and Uruguay. The regulation of alcoholic beverages and unhealthy food could face similar challenges under international trade and investment law as the food and alcohol industries become more regulated. This raises important and timely questions about how international trade and investment law can affect state regulatory autonomy in designing and implementing measures for preventing NCDs

The module will explore the institutional aspects of WTO, its dispute settlement mechanism, and rules on goods, services, subsidies and dumping, intellectual property, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, safeguards, and dispute settlement. It will also examine the societal and political implications of the WTO trade regime (trade and human rights, development, environment, and sovereignty).

This module will introduce you to Intellectual Property Law and equip you with a body of essential knowledge of various intellectual property rights in a national, regional and international context. You will explore a range of important, contemporary issues affecting IP Law, such as intellectual property rights and the public interest; the emergence of patent trolls, and the protection of computer implemented inventions. Completion of the module will enable you to develop a set of intellectual tools necessary to critically engage with current debates at the intersection of law, regulation, and business. If you have previously studied any branch of intellectual property law, the module will enhance your existing knowledge, skills and understanding but the module does not presuppose any prior knowledge and is equally suited to students who are new to the subject.

Semester Two

Competition law is an increasingly popular and exciting area of law whose aim is to make free markets work to consumers’ benefit. As markets develop and change rapidly, the implementation of competition law raises challenging questions that are vital for the effective functioning of markets and the protection of citizen welfare. These questions include: how can competition law be implemented in fast changing technology markets without stifling innovation? How can competition and intellectual property rules coexist without reducing the effectiveness of either? Can individuals working in gig economy organise to protect their interests without triggering competition rules? These are some of the questions we will tackle in this module. In terms of the substantive content, the module will focus on, among others, the main rules of competition in the UK and the EU legal systems, including rules against anti-competitive agreements, monopolisation/abuse of dominance, anticompetitive mergers and public and private enforcement of competition rules. The module will be taught through discursive seminars leading to an extensive understanding of the operation of competition rules. The module will be assessed by coursework.

Should insolvent companies be rescued for the benefit of stakeholders such as employees, suppliers, local industry and local livelihoods? Or in the alternative should the insolvent company be allowed to wither and die through liquidation as part of what Schumpeter has called ‘Gales of Creative Destruction” of capitalism? In short, should we prioritise creditors or community with our corporate rescue and insolvency laws?

The ‘Corporate Rescue and Insolvency’ LLM module critically examines the legal rules, policy, and theoretical underpinnings that exist to deal with insolvent companies through a lens of corporate rescue.

The corporate rescue regimes (administration, company voluntary arrangements (CVAs), moratoriums, Part26A restructuring, schemes of arrangement) that facilitate rescue of the company are critically examined in the module. The focus of the module is on rescue as opposed to terminal procedures such as liquidation and striking off.

The rescue culture is examined from a theoretical perspective. We examine the main international theories of corporate rescue and restructuring (e.g. Jackson, Warren, Korobkin, Gross) to place corporate rescue in theoretical context. There is a strong focus on bankruptcy communitarianism in the module to reflect the idea that an insolvency law should exist for the benefit of numerous stakeholders, not just creditors. This approach engenders our social justice activity as a law department.

Students will leave the module with a thorough theoretical and policy grasp of corporate rescue.

A global company is technically insolvent. The company’s registered office is in one jurisdiction, England and Wales. However, the company has subsidiaries in numerous other jurisdictions across the globe. The company also has assets and creditors in those multiple jurisdictions. How should this troubled company be dealt with by corporate insolvency law? Should each jurisdiction keep the assets in that jurisdiction and only distribute them to creditors in that jurisdiction? Or in the alternative should the assets be remitted to other jurisdictions with different and perhaps stronger creditor claims? Should judges co-operate across borders to resolve insolvency issues? In short how should we deal with the theoretical and technical difficulties thrown up by cross-border insolvency? This LLM module attempts to answer these questions in a critical manner against the backdrop of a number of approaches which have been developed over time in a number of different jurisdictions. These approaches have included common law, statutory, and international solutions to the interesting and complex area of cross-border insolvency. The module engages in the main theoretical and policy techniques for dealing with cross-border insolvency, including territorialism and universalism. Recent case law developments such as Cambridge, HIH and Rubin are critically examined together with academic comment by leading cross-border insolvency commentators such as Chan Ho, Mevorach and Fletcher.

This module provides an introduction to the mechanisms and methods of international dispute settlement. It examines the nature of international disputes and the law, techniques and institutions of dispute settlement. The module also explores comparatively the key procedural issues that have been addressed before different international courts and tribunals. In addition, the module examines the major challenges and controversies in international adjudication, stemming from the multiplication of international adjudicative bodies, the so-called fragmentation of international law, from judicial law-making, and from the impact of politics on the functioning of international courts and tribunals. Finally, as the focus is on disputes in which at least one party is a state entity, the module discusses litigation by non-state actors, especially foreign investors against states and the role of international dispute settlement in economic governance.

Financial crime is a trillion dollar industry. Its methods, like its effects, are many and varied, ranging from relatively simple frauds, to sophisticated criminal operations traversing national boundaries and taking advantage of emerging and established technologies and professionals. This module introduces students to some of the key issues in legal and regulatory fight against financial crime drawing on examples from a range of case studies, including anti-money laundering, terrorist financing, bribery and corruption and fraud. The module is internationally focused addressing the relevant law from international, European, and domestic perspectives

Blockchain and cryptocurrencies are increasingly popular technological constructs that are discussed widely in popular and traditional media due to their fundamental implications on the operation of financial markets and monetary policies. In reality, these constructs offer potential implications for the operation of the law that goes beyond the limited areas of finance and monetary policy. In turn, it is a particular challenge to effectively regulate these fluid concepts due to their abstract nature. In this module, students will learn about the fundamental characteristics of blockchain and cryptocurrencies, their relationship with the law and the most recent international attempts to regulate them.

Corporate governance remains a critical topic of public interest in the 21st Century, an era which has seen the power of institutional investors increase, governance scandals and executive remuneration dominate headlines, and debates around shareholder activism come to the fore, all whilst the global impact of corporations has grown. However, ideas about how corporations should be governed vary widely and there is disagreement on such issues as the purpose of the corporation, the role of boards of directors, the rights of shareholders, and the proper way to measure corporate performance. The issue of whose interests should be considered in corporate decision making is particularly contentious, with some authorities giving primacy to shareholders’ interest in maximizing their financial returns and others arguing that shareholders’ other interest, e.g. in corporate strategy, executive compensation, and environmental policies, etc and the interests of other stakeholders must be respected as well. This module examines these contentious areas of corporate governance and directors’ duties through doctrinal and theoretical lenses. The module engages with the latest literature and thought to provide a critical discussion forum to enlighten understanding of these complex and engaging issues.

Final Project

Your course concludes with a 60-credit supervised research project (dissertation) undertaken following completion of the taught modules.

Credits: 60 / Semester: semester 2

This module consists of preparing a dissertation which is researched and written during the Summer. The dissertation is on an approved topic, in the field of the relevant specialism in case of students opting for a specialised LLM (as opposed to the general LLM). The module is worth 60 credits (a third of the entire LLM programme) and is a prerequisite for the award of an LLM. The process of preparing the dissertation is supported by legal research and library training in semester 1, by a dissertation workshop in semester 2, and by individual supervision during the Summer.

How you'll learn

Teaching methods depend upon the module, but most modules are taught via in-person seminars on campus.

Independent study is an important part of your learning at this level, and you’ll be expected to prepare in advance through guided reading and independent learning activities.

Your weekly seminars prioritise collaborative discussion and group work based on the reading and learning tasks you’ll be asked to complete before the seminar. This allows you to apply your skills, knowledge and understanding, enabling your tutor to provide immediate feedback on the tasks.

How you're assessed

You will usually study six modules, three modules in each of the first two terms. In the third term, over the Summer, you will complete a dissertation.

The assessment of our LLM courses takes different formats according to the module’s learning objectives. This includes research-focused coursework, direct written papers, group presentations and seen examinations. For semester one modules, the formal assessment period is January; for semester two modules, the assessment period is May-June.

Your 12,000-word dissertation will be completed during Semester 3 (July to September). We provide legal research training, and you will have an allocated expert supervisor so you are properly prepared and have support and guidance each step of the way.

Liverpool Hallmarks

We have a distinctive approach to education, the Liverpool Curriculum Framework, which focuses on research-connected teaching, active learning, and authentic assessment to ensure our students graduate as digitally fluent and confident global citizens.

Learn more about our Liverpool hallmarks.

Our curriculum

The Liverpool Curriculum framework sets out our distinctive approach to education. Our teaching staff support our students to develop academic knowledge, skills, and understanding alongside our graduate attributes :

• Global citizenship

Our curriculum is characterised by the three Liverpool Hallmarks :

• Research-connected teaching
• Active learning
• Authentic assessment

All this is underpinned by our core value of inclusivity and commitment to providing a curriculum that is accessible to all students.

Your experience

The Liverpool Law School has a proud tradition and over a century’s experience of inspiring and challenging its students to reach their potential.

We have developed excellent longstanding relationships, links and collaborations with the local community, international partners, policymakers and practitioners in the fields of law and social justice.

Explore where you'll study

Supporting your learning

From arrival to alumni, we’re with you all the way:

• Careers and employability support , including help with career planning, understanding the job market and strengthening your networking skills
• A dedicated student services team can help you get assistance with your studies, help with health and wellbeing, and access to financial advice
• Confidential counselling and support to help students with personal problems affecting their studies and general wellbeing
• Support for students with differing needs from the Disability advice and guidance team . They can identify and recommend appropriate support provisions for you.

An exciting place to study law

• Dedicated to small group teaching
• Taught by leading researchers in the field
• Access to a vibrant programme of extra-curricular activities, including visiting lecture programme
• A friendly and fun student community with supportive staff
• Excellent links with employers and employability opportunities including the possibility of participation in our own award-winning Law Clinic.

Chat with our students

Want to find out more about student life? Chat with our student ambassadors and ask any questions you have.

Match with an ambassador

Careers and employability

Our LLM programme is designed to enhance your academic profile and to ensure that you leave us with highly marketable skills, whatever you decide that market to be.

We offer extra-curricular networking, skills and research events, plus access to our full range of Law Extra events. We will arrange specific visits from professionals and researchers working in the field, and you will also be encouraged to actively participate in the activities of the department’s Corporations, Law and Society research unit.

Career support from day one to graduation and beyond

Career planning.

Our Careers Studio and career coaches can provide tailored support for your future plans.

From education to employment

Employability in your curriculum for a successful transition

Networking events

Make meaningful connections with like-minded professionals

Our campus Career Studio is a space for students and graduates to drop into and talk to a career coach. Career coaches are highly trained to help no matter what stage you are at in your career planning. You can access support to find and apply for full-time and part-time roles, placements, internships and graduate schemes. You will also find the help you need if you have a start-up idea or want to create a business plan. You can explore the world of work, prepare for job interviews, and access careers events and workshops. The Career Studio is open Monday to Friday from 10am-5pm, simply drop in at a time that works for you.

We develop our programmes with employers in mind. You will be supported to enhance your long-term employment prospects as you learn. We do this by exposing you to professionals, a variety of sectors and supporting you to work collaboratively with others to develop transferable skills. You are equipped with a clearer view of what to focus on in your area of interest, and to reflect on your studies. Our digital employability tools give you a tech-enhanced curriculum experience and make it easy for you to prepare for the world of work. You can use tools like the Handshake platform to connect with employers and message the Career Studio 24/7.

You can start building good professional networks by attending events and employability activities. Our events are designed to develop your skills and expose you to many different employers, as well as to help you make contacts in your field. We help you improve your confidence when speaking to employers and give you access to unique opportunities. Our networking events also boost your understanding of the competencies and skills that employers are looking for in their recruitment process, giving you a competitive edge.

Your future

An LLM in International Business and Commercial Law provides rigorous training in legal analysis and promotes critical thinking, independent research and project management skills. As such, it is excellent preparation for pursuing a career in legal practice and developing knowledge and skills in matters of contemporary importance in international business and commercial law.

Graduates will be able to pursue careers in areas of trade, investment, financial, or regulatory legal interest, including international organisations, government, or industry.

For those interested in the political and social dimensions of global economic regulation and responsible business, third-sector organisations such as NGOs or charities. The LLM also serves as an entry into post-doctoral studies.

Fees and funding

Your tuition fees, funding your studies, and other costs to consider.

Tuition fees

Tuition fees cover the cost of your teaching and assessment, operating facilities such as libraries, IT equipment, and access to academic and personal support.

• You can pay your tuition fees in instalments .
• All or part of your tuition fees can be funded by external sponsorship .
• International applicants who accept an offer of a place will need to pay a tuition fee deposit .

If you're a UK national, or have settled status in the UK, you may be eligible to apply for a Postgraduate Loan worth up to £12,167 to help with course fees and living costs. Learn more about paying for your studies. .

Additional costs

We understand that budgeting for your time at university is important, and we want to make sure you understand any course-related costs that are not covered by your tuition fee. This could include buying a laptop, books, or stationery.

Find out more about the additional study costs that may apply to this course.

Additional study costs

Find out more about additional study costs.

Scholarships and bursaries

We offer a range of scholarships and bursaries to provide tuition fee discounts and help with living expenses while at university.

Check out our Liverpool Bursary , worth up to £2,000 per year for eligible UK students. Or for international students, our Undergraduate Global Advancement Scholarship offers a tuition fee discount of up to £5,000 for eligible international students starting an undergraduate degree from September 2024.

Check out our Undergraduate Global Advancement Scholarship . This offers a tuition fee discount of up to £5,000 for eligible international students starting an undergraduate degree from September 2024. There’s also the Liverpool Bursary which is worth up to £2,000 per year for eligible UK students.

Discover our full range of undergraduate scholarships and bursaries

Entry requirements

The qualifications and exam results you'll need to apply for this course.

English language requirements

You'll need to demonstrate competence in the use of English language, unless you’re from a majority English speaking country .

We accept a variety of international language tests and country-specific qualifications .

You'll need to demonstrate competence in the use of English language, unless you’re from a majority English speaking country.

We accept a variety of international language tests and country-specific qualifications.

International applicants who do not meet the minimum required standard of English language can complete one of our Pre-Sessional English courses to achieve the required level.

You'll need to demonstrate competence in the use of English language, unless you’re from a majority English speaking country

About our entry requirements

Our entry requirements may change from time to time both according to national application trends and the availability of places at Liverpool for particular courses. We review our requirements before the start of the new application cycle each year and publish any changes on our website so that applicants are aware of our typical entry requirements before they submit their application.

We believe in treating applicants as individuals, and in making offers that are appropriate to their personal circumstances and background. Therefore the offer any individual applicant receives may differ slightly from the typical offer quoted on the website.

More about life in Liverpool

Discover more about the city and University.

Why Liverpool?

Liverpool bursts with diversity and creativity which makes it ideal for you to undertake your postgraduate studies and access various opportunities for you and your family.

Accommodation

To fully immerse yourself in the university experience living in halls will keep you close to campus where you can always meet new people. Find your home away from home.

Fees and Finance

Discover what expenses are covered by the cost of your tuition fees and other finance-related information you may need regarding your studies at Liverpool.

Have a question about this course or studying with us? Our dedicated enquiries team can help.

• Chat with us
• Phone: +44 (0) 151 794 5927
• Liverpool Law School

Last updated 1 March 2024 / See what's changed / Programme terms and conditions

Changes to International Business and Commercial Law LLM

See what updates we've made to this course since it was published. We document changes to information such as course content, entry requirements and how you'll be taught.

International Business Law LLM

Year of entry 2025, sign up for masters updates.

Receive the latest information on events, scholarships, important deadlines and subject information. Sign up now

Course overview

Develop a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the legal frameworks governing business activity within the United Kingdom, Europe and globally.

The LLM in International Business Law distinguishes itself through its extensive focus on the legal aspects of international business activities, encompassing a broad spectrum of legal issues.

You’ll gain the professional skills necessary for leadership roles in international business while developing a comprehensive understanding of the laws regulating international business, including their application to real-world and hypothetical scenarios.

You’ll critically evaluate legal rules and policies, undertake independent research, and effectively articulate your arguments, while developing transferable skills such as critical thinking, time management, and advanced communication abilities.

The course provides you with a unique opportunity to delve into the complexities of international business law, thereby preparing you for advanced research degrees or professional roles in legal and business sectors.

Research excellence and professional insight

The course is offered within the dynamic  Centre for Business Law and Practice  (CBLP) with all the facilities that a leading research-led university offers. This includes opportunities for extra-curricular activities that enhance transferable skills and develop your knowledge of the law and its impact on the wider world.

The CBLP offers a wide range of experience and expertise in several fields. It has links to the business community through, for example, the Advisory Board, which includes practitioners amongst its members. Industry and professional speakers regularly participate in conference and seminar events, which you’re encouraged to attend.

The Centre includes among its members internationally renowned researchers, and teaching staff who are qualified in the legal profession.

Studying in the School of Law

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Course details

The course’s structure consists of a combination of compulsory and optional modules, offering you a wide range of specialisations, including financial, corporate, competition, tax, trade, and investment law.

As a compulsory module, Postgraduate Legal Research Skills enables you to develop your legal research and writing skills, culminating in an independent piece of research on your chosen topic, the Dissertation.

This modular structure provides you with the flexibility to pursue specific areas of interest within the realm of international business law.

Our School-based Skills Team will help you to develop the key academic skills necessary to thrive on your course. Through one-to-one appointments, we offer individual skills development advice for your module assessments, dissertation and wider studies.

Our workshop series also offers training in key skills areas including critical thinking, researching, planning, time management and editing. These skills will help you both during your studies and in the workplace. 

Course structure

The list shown below represents typical modules/components studied and may change from time to time. Read more in our terms and conditions.

For more information and a full list of typical modules available on this course, please read International Business Law LLM in the course catalogue

Year 1 compulsory modules

Year 1 optional modules (selection of typical options shown below)

You will choose 105 credits from the below:

Learning and teaching

At Leeds we use a variety of teaching and learning methods to help you make the most of your studies and develop the specialist skills that will become indispensable in your career.

These include a range of smaller group seminars, lectures, and online learning. Support for the dissertation is provided in group sessions, one-to-one meetings and comments on draft work.

Independent study is integral to this course – not just to prepare for classes but to develop research and other critical skills.

On this course you’ll be taught by our expert academics, from lecturers through to professors. You may also be taught by industry professionals with years of experience, as well as trained postgraduate researchers, connecting you to some of the brightest minds on campus.

Assessment is undertaken by a variety of methods but typically involves the writing of an essay at the end of each module. We assess the dissertation through your submission of a written piece of work of up to 10,000 words.

Entry requirements

A bachelor degree with a 2:1 (hons) or equivalent in law or a related subject such as banking, finance, economics, or business.

We accept a range of international equivalent qualifications.

Please note that meeting the entry requirements of this course doesn't guarantee an offer of a place.

English language requirements

IELTS 6.5 overall, with no less than 6.0 in any component. For other English qualifications, read English language equivalent qualifications .

Improve your English

International students who do not meet the English language requirements for this programme may be able to study our postgraduate pre-sessional English course, to help improve your English language level.

This pre-sessional course is designed with a progression route to your degree programme and you’ll learn academic English in the context of your subject area. To find out more, read  Language for Law (6 weeks) and Language for Social Sciences and Arts: Law (10 weeks) .

We also offer online pre-sessionals alongside our on-campus pre-sessionals.  Find out more about our six week online pre-sessional .

You can also study pre-sessionals for longer periods – read about our postgraduate pre-sessional English courses .

How to apply

Application deadlines

We operate a staged admissions process for this course with selection deadlines throughout the year.

If you do not receive an offer in a particular round, you will either be notified that your application has been unsuccessful, or we will carry your application forward to be considered in the next round.

Please see our How to Apply page for full details and the application deadlines for each stage.

The ‘Apply’ link at the top of this page takes you to information on applying for taught programmes and to the University's online application system.

If you're unsure about the application process, contact the admissions team for help.

Documents and information you will need include:

• original or certified copies of your transcripts in English and the original language
• original or certified copies of your degree certificate in English and the original language
• original or certified copy of your IELTS/TOEFL results (if English is not your first language) or an equivalent English language test.

Read about visas, immigration and other information in International students . We recommend that international students apply as early as possible to ensure that they have time to apply for their visa.

Admissions policy

University of Leeds Admissions Policy 2025

This course is taught by

School of Law

School of Law Postgraduate Admissions Office

Email: [email protected] Telephone:

UK: £13,750 (Total)

International: £28,250 (Total)

Read more about paying fees and charges .

For fees information for international taught postgraduate students, read Masters fees .

Additional cost information

There may be additional costs related to your course or programme of study, or related to being a student at the University of Leeds. Read more on our living costs and budgeting page .

Scholarships and financial support

If you have the talent and drive, we want you to be able to study with us, whatever your financial circumstances. There may be help for students in the form of loans and non-repayable grants from the University and from the government.  Find out more at Masters funding overview .

The School of Law usually offers a number of scholarships each year. Find out more on the School’s scholarship page.

Career opportunities

From day one, we encourage you to think beyond your time at Leeds and reflect on a meaningful career.  

This course will help enhance your career prospects, not only in terms of the legal profession, but in any career where analysis, initiative, problem-solving and an understanding of legal concepts and rules within the business environment are desirable.

Recent graduates have gone on to pursue successful careers in the UK and overseas in a range of organisations including law firms, investment companies and banks.

International Business Law LLM also provides a stepping stone to further research projects. Students can choose to pursue further study by commencing PhD research.

Careers support

The School of Law offers career and personal development support through the School’s dedicated Employability Officers. You can book one-to-one appointments with our Employability Officers throughout the year to discuss your career aspirations and get advice on how to make the most of your time at Leeds.

The School also arranges a number of  community engagement  (pro bono) and work experience opportunities, career development workshops, guest speaker events and careers fairs throughout the year. These opportunities will allow you to develop new skills, enhance your career prospects and network with prospective employers.

Find out more about how we support your career development.

In addition to the School-specific careers support, you’ll also have access to the University’s award-winning Careers Centre. It offers one-to-one appointments, advice on starting your own business, careers events, mentoring schemes and support with your CV, applications and interviews.

Find out more about the Careers Centre

We encourage you to prepare for your career from day one. That’s one of the reasons Leeds graduates are so sought after by employers.

The Careers Centre and staff in your faculty provide a range of help and advice to help you plan your career and make well-informed decisions along the way, even after you graduate. Find out more about Careers support .

Related courses

Intellectual property law llm, international banking and finance law llm, international corporate law llm, international trade law llm, law and finance msc, rankings and awards, top 100 in the world for law.

QS World University Rankings 2022

Top 20 in the UK for Law

The Complete University Guide 2025

Master of Laws

Llm international business law online.

An online Master of Laws (LLM) in International Business Law, offered by The University of Law, is a postgraduate degree designed for law and non-law graduates to enhance your academic legal knowledge. This internationally recognised Master’s focuses on developing an in-depth knowledge of International Business Law and can open up pathways to careers such as business owner, shipping industry specialist, legal specialist, maritime governance, and more. We have developed this course to put legal business practices into the context of the global marketplace, giving you the knowledge and skills to work effectively within international corporations.

Entry requirements

Minimum second class honours Degree

Course requirements ➔

Duration options

12 months (full-time)

21 months (part-time September)

Next start date

September 2024.

Apply for this course directly with the University of Law.

Apply now ➔

The law in context

Gain essential in-depth knowledge and insight in your chosen area of law and understand the importance of legal rules as they are applied in the real world.

Our Employment Stats

• 94% of postgraduates were in employment or further study 15 months after graduating (2021/22 Graduate Outcomes data). Contains HESA Data: Copyright Jisc 2024.

Taught by subject experts

Taught by a combination of former and current practitioners, as well as research and teaching academics who are focussed on legal practice, not just theory.

Course Details

The LLM International Business Law Online is an innovative, flexible programme designed for law and non-law graduates who would like to gain essential detailed knowledge of international trade and business from a legal perspective.

This online course will introduce you to the five main areas of international trade law: international sales of goods; e-commerce; financing and insurance; the transportation of cargo; and dispute resolution. You will explore international sales law with particular reference to the 1980 Convention on the International Sale of Goods and standard trade terms such as INCOTERMS; the UNCITRAL Model Law on E-Commerce, harmonisation, electronic transactions and security issues; letters of credit; and choice of law.

Whether you want to progress within your current career, have plans to join a global corporation or simply want to know more about international business law in practice, this programme will provide you with the knowledge to help you achieve your ambitions.

When you study the LLM International Business Law Online with us you will:

• Be taught by our expert lecturers , including subject matter specialists, former and current practitioners, and research and teaching focused academics. 
• Benefit from strategic partnerships with firms, regulators and accreditation bodies, which inform our programme development.
• Improve your employability by gaining important transferable skills and mapping your career with our careers team.
• Strengthen your network - connect with other students, faculty and industry professionals on an international scale, and seek out opportunities for future placements and job opportunities.
• Increase your earning potential - the 2023 Graduate Labour Market Statistics found that postgraduates on average earn £5,000 more than their graduate counterparts.
• Get ahead of the competition - gain in-depth knowledge of your topic of interest and become a subject expert, which will provide you with a competitive edge in the job market.
• Prepare for the future of Legal Technology – study modules in legal technology and gain insight into this emerging area of law.
• Flexible study – studying at our online campus gives you the opportunity to work at your own pace and around your other commitments, within given deadlines, and at your preferred time of day. Our online workshops are taught live by our expert lecturers, but if you're unable to attend then you can catch-up with recorded sessions at a time to suit you.
• Our online programmes will save you the time and money on commuting to and from campus and allow you to study anywhere, across devices, however you can be reassured that the course won’t be compromised on quality or be less demanding than our on campus courses.

Take a look at our Centre of Excellence for International Trade and Commerce , for more information about how you can benefit from our specialist programmes, strategic partnerships, expert teaching and resources to help you succeed in the fields of international trade and commerce.

Please note that, due to Home Office regulations, students who require a Student Route visa to study with us are not permitted to study online and can only choose face-to-face taught modules.

Upcoming Application Deadlines

It's not too late to apply for our September 2024 intake. The application deadline is Monday 23 September 2024.

Course Structure

Terms 1-2 (full-time) or 1-4 (part-time).

In addition to a general induction to the programme, there is a two-week induction covering the Key Principles of the English Legal System. This is compulsory for non-law students, but also open to students wanting a refresher in the fundamentals of the law of England and Wales. This would be useful for any student who has taken a considerable break from legal education.

Compulsory modules include:

• International Trade Law
• Research Methods Training to help you prepare for your dissertation

You may then choose three from the list of elective modules* which includes modules such as:

• Construction Law
• International Commercial Law
• Maritime Law

View the elective module guide

*All elective modules are subject to availability.

Term 3 (full-time) or 5-6 (part-time)

Dissertation in International Business Law

Course Start Dates

• Full-time: Online
• Part-time: Online

February 2025

Make an enquiry, course requirements.

The course demands show you the requirements, prior knowledge and commitments our course will involve.

Find out more ➔

Study On Campus

You can also study these courses at one of our campuses across the UK. If you’re looking for a more traditional university experience, why not consider studying on campus?

Course Information

• Course dates

Application and booking deadlines vary by intake - take a look at our key  application and enrolment deadline dates  for more information.

With so many options for studying this course, you can be sure to find a start date and study option to suit your needs.

Modules are assessed by a three hour unseen written examination or 4,500 word coursework assignment.

All assessments are conducted online.

The dissertation module will be assessed by submission of a thesis (15,000 words), and provides an opportunity for sustained, in-depth and intensive investigation into, and reflection upon, your chosen specialist area.

This online course has an innovatively flexible structure, with specific assessments that are conducive to effective learning.

The approach to learning and teaching on the Master of Laws programmes is predominantly learner-centred, with live workshops taught by our expert lecturers to encourage conversation and discussion. However, if you're unable to attend then you can catch-up with recorded sessions at a time to suit you. 

Each taught module is divided into a number of Units which are presented using the Prepare, Engage, Consolidate approach.

Prepare : this represents all the work the student needs to complete before attending the relevant workshop. Traditional lecture content will be presented in short bite-sized segments of approximately 10 minutes to better engage the modern student. Guided independent research and reading will be expected as part of a student’s preparation.

Engage: this represents the interactive element of the Unit. This could be a face to face workshop, a synchronous online workshop or an asynchronous online activity.

Consolidate: this represents the final part of the Unit and can be used by students to check their understanding of the Unit immediately after their Engage activity or as part of their revision for the module or both.

Employability We Set You Up For Success

We care about your career, which is why we offer support with job applications and other work experience opportunities as soon as you accept your place.

Find a career that suits you

Fees and applying.

• How to Apply
• Fees and Funding
• International

You can apply for this course directly with the University.

These courses cannot be chosen to study alongside our Legal Practice Course (LPC). For more information on the choice of Master's to study alongside our LPC, please visit the  LPC page .

Please note: Our Master of Laws (LLM) programmes are not a direct route to qualification as a Barrister or Solicitor in the UK.

2024/25 Course Fee (for courses starting on or after 1 July 2024):

Online: £11,900 (or £11,400 including a £500 International Bursary*)

* Terms and Conditions apply

By studying a Master's degree you could be eligible for a Postgraduate Loan .

If you’re a ULaw alumnus, you may be eligible to receive our £1000 Academic Master's Alumni Discount .

We also have a range of scholarships and bursaries available which make studying with us more affordable than ever. 

We have students from over 120 different countries throughout our campuses, with a dedicated team to help international students.

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Law Thesis Topics

This page provides a comprehensive list of law thesis topics , designed to assist students in navigating the broad and intricate field of legal studies. Choosing the right thesis topic is crucial for every law student, as it not only contributes to their academic success but also helps in shaping their future career paths. The list encompasses a wide range of specialized areas within the law, including but not limited to administrative law, corporate law, criminal justice, and human rights law. Each category is rich with potential research questions that reflect current challenges and emerging trends in the legal landscape. This resource aims to inspire and support students by providing them with a vast array of topics, thereby facilitating an informed and focused approach to their thesis writing endeavors.

1000 Law Thesis Topics and Ideas

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Get 10% off with 24start discount code, browse law thesis topics:, administrative law thesis topics, banking and finance law thesis topics, commercial law thesis topics, competition law thesis topics, constitutional law thesis topics, contract law thesis topics, corporate law thesis topics, criminal law thesis topics, cyber law thesis topics, environmental law thesis topics, european union law thesis topics, family law thesis topics, health law thesis topics, human rights law thesis topics, immigration law thesis topics, intellectual property law thesis topics, international law thesis topics, labor law thesis topics, legal ethics thesis topics, maritime law thesis topics, media law thesis topics, property law thesis topics, public international law thesis topics, sports law thesis topics, tax law thesis topics.

• The impact of administrative reforms on government efficiency in the 21st century.
• Examining the role of public consultation in administrative decision-making processes.
• The effectiveness of ombudsman institutions in resolving public grievances: A comparative study.
• Legal challenges in implementing electronic governance and digitalization of administrative services.
• The influence of political change on administrative law reforms.
• Judicial review of administrative actions: Balancing government discretion and citizen rights.
• The evolution of administrative law under the pressure of emergency health responses (e.g., COVID-19).
• Privacy rights versus state security: Where should the line be drawn in administrative policies?
• The role of administrative law in combating climate change: Case studies from around the world.
• The effectiveness of administrative penalties in regulating corporate behavior.
• Transparency and accountability in public procurement processes.
• Comparative analysis of administrative law systems in federal and unitary states.
• The role of administrative law in shaping public health policies.
• Administrative law and its impact on minority rights protections.
• The challenge of maintaining administrative justice in times of political instability.
• Legal mechanisms for citizen participation in the administrative rule-making process.
• The future of administrative litigation: Trends and predictions.
• Impact of international law on national administrative law procedures.
• Administrative law’s response to socio-economic disparities.
• The use of artificial intelligence in administrative decision-making: Legal and ethical implications.
• Balancing efficiency and fairness in administrative adjudication.
• The role of administrative agencies in environmental conservation.
• Regulatory challenges in the administration of emerging technologies.
• The impact of globalization on national administrative law practices.
• Administrative law as a tool for social reform.
• Corruption and administrative law: Safeguards and pitfalls.
• Administrative discretion and its limits in democratic societies.
• The intersection of administrative law and human rights.
• The administrative burden of tax law enforcement and compliance.
• Public access to information: Evaluating legal frameworks in different jurisdictions.
• The role of whistleblowers in the administrative state: Protection versus persecution.
• Outsourcing government services: Legal ramifications and oversight.
• Legal standards for emergency powers of administrative agencies.
• Administrative law and the management of public lands.
• Challenges in regulatory enforcement against multinational corporations.
• The impact of administrative decisions on small businesses.
• Legal remedies for administrative injustices: Are they sufficient?
• The influence of lobbying on administrative rule-making.
• The role of the judiciary in shaping administrative law.
• The future of public administration: Predicting changes in law and policy.
• The legal implications of blockchain technology in banking and finance.
• An analysis of regulatory approaches to cryptocurrency in major global economies.
• The role of law in preventing financial crises: Lessons learned from past financial collapses.
• Legal challenges in implementing digital currencies by central banks.
• Consumer protection in online banking: Evaluating current legal frameworks.
• The impact of Brexit on the banking and finance laws in the UK and EU.
• Regulatory responses to financial innovation: Balancing innovation and consumer protection.
• Legal strategies for combating money laundering in the international banking sector.
• The influence of international sanctions on banking and financial transactions.
• Legal issues surrounding the securitization of assets.
• The role of legal frameworks in fostering sustainable banking practices.
• The enforcement of banking regulations against systemic risk.
• Legal aspects of banking insolvencies and their impact on the global economy.
• The evolution of consumer credit laws and their impact on the banking industry.
• The effectiveness of anti-corruption regulations in the banking sector.
• Legal considerations in the management of cross-border banking operations.
• The regulation of shadow banking systems and their legal implications.
• Legal challenges faced by fintech companies in the banking sector.
• The role of law in addressing disparities in access to banking services.
• Legal frameworks for banking privacy and data protection in the age of digital banking.
• The impact of artificial intelligence on regulatory compliance in banking.
• Legal aspects of risk management in banking: Current practices and future directions.
• The legalities of banking for high-risk clients: Balancing business and regulatory requirements.
• The enforcement of Basel III standards in developing countries.
• Legal issues related to bank mergers and acquisitions.
• The regulation of international investment and its impact on banking laws.
• Legal challenges in microfinancing: Protecting both lenders and borrowers.
• The implications of non-performing loans on banking law and policy.
• Banking dispute resolution: The effectiveness of arbitration and mediation.
• The legal framework for Islamic banking and finance: Comparison with Western banking laws.
• The role of the judiciary in shaping banking laws and practices.
• The future of banking regulation: Predicting changes post-global pandemic.
• Legal frameworks governing venture capital and its role in economic development.
• Regulatory challenges in mobile and electronic payment systems.
• The impact of interest rate regulations on banking profitability and lending practices.
• Legal approaches to combat insider trading in the banking sector.
• The role of legal systems in shaping corporate governance in banks.
• Legal provisions for the protection of minority shareholders in banks.
• Regulatory frameworks for derivatives: Balancing risk and innovation.
• The role of international law in governing global banking practices.
• The impact of global trade agreements on domestic commercial laws.
• Legal challenges in e-commerce: Consumer rights and seller responsibilities.
• The enforcement of international commercial contracts: Comparative legal analysis.
• Intellectual property rights in the digital age: Protecting innovations while fostering competition.
• Legal frameworks for cross-border e-commerce transactions.
• The role of commercial law in supporting small and medium enterprises (SMEs).
• Arbitration vs. court litigation: Choosing the right path for commercial disputes.
• The evolution of commercial law with the rise of artificial intelligence and robotics.
• Legal strategies for protecting brand identity and trademarks internationally.
• The impact of anti-monopoly laws on corporate mergers and acquisitions.
• Legal aspects of supply chain management and logistics.
• The enforcement of non-disclosure agreements in international business deals.
• Consumer protection laws in the context of misleading advertising and sales practices.
• The role of commercial law in regulating online payment systems.
• Contract law for the modern entrepreneur: Navigating contracts in a digital world.
• The influence of cultural differences on international commercial negotiations and laws.
• Legal challenges in franchising: Protecting franchisors and franchisees.
• Commercial leasing disputes and the law: Trends and resolutions.
• Corporate social responsibility and commercial law: Legal obligations and implications.
• Legal implications of Brexit for European trade and commercial law.
• Regulation of commercial drones: Privacy, safety, and commercial uses.
• Legal issues surrounding the gig economy and contract employment.
• Protecting consumer data in commercial transactions: Legal obligations and challenges.
• Legal aspects of marketing and advertising in digital media.
• Impact of environmental laws on commercial practices: From compliance to competitive advantage.
• Legal remedies in commercial law: Exploring efficient dispute resolution mechanisms.
• Insolvency and bankruptcy: Legal strategies for rescuing troubled businesses.
• The legal consequences of business espionage: Protecting commercial interests.
• The role of trademarks in building and maintaining brand value.
• Corporate governance in the modern corporation: Legal frameworks and challenges.
• Comparative analysis of commercial guaranties across different legal systems.
• Legal issues in the export and import of goods: Navigating international regulations.
• The regulation of commercial insurance: Balancing stakeholder interests.
• Legal challenges in real estate development and commercial property investments.
• Impact of digital currencies on commercial transactions.
• International taxation and its impact on multinational commercial operations.
• The regulation of unfair competition in a globalized market.
• Legal strategies for managing commercial risks in unstable economies.
• The role of law in innovative financing methods like crowdfunding and peer-to-peer lending.
• Contractual liability and risk management in international commercial projects.
• The impact of digital market platforms on traditional competition law frameworks.
• Analyzing the effectiveness of antitrust laws against tech giants in the digital economy.
• Comparative analysis of competition law enforcement in the US and EU.
• The role of competition law in regulating mergers and acquisitions in the healthcare sector.
• Challenges in applying competition law to free-of-charge services on the internet.
• Legal strategies for combating price fixing in international markets.
• The impact of Brexit on competition law and policy in the UK.
• Competition law and its role in managing market dominance by multinational corporations.
• Evaluating the need for reform in competition law to adapt to global economic changes.
• The enforcement of competition law against patent abuse and anti-competitive practices in the pharmaceutical industry.
• The role of competition authorities in promoting innovation through enforcement policies.
• Analyzing the intersection of competition law and consumer protection.
• The effectiveness of leniency programs in uncovering and deterring cartel activity.
• Impact of competition law on small and medium-sized enterprises: Protection or hindrance?
• The influence of artificial intelligence on competitive practices and regulatory responses.
• The role of economic evidence in competition law litigation.
• Globalization and its effects on national competition law policies.
• The challenges of enforcing competition law in digital advertising markets.
• Network effects and lock-in as challenges for competition law in the IT industry.
• Legal remedies for anti-competitive practices in the energy sector.
• The dynamics of competition law in developing economies: Case studies from Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
• The implications of cross-border competition law enforcement in multinational operations.
• Consumer welfare and the debate over the goals of competition law.
• The regulation of joint ventures under competition law: A critical analysis.
• Vertical restraints and competition law: Balancing market efficiencies and anti-competitive concerns.
• The role of competition law in sports, media, and entertainment industries.
• Competition law and policy in the era of globalization: Protecting domestic industries while encouraging innovation.
• The future of competition law enforcement in a post-pandemic world.
• The effectiveness of competition law in curbing monopolistic practices in the telecom industry.
• Balancing national security interests and competition law.
• The role of whistle-blowers in competition law enforcement.
• Assessing the impact of public sector monopolies on competition law.
• Competition law as a tool for economic development in emerging markets.
• The challenges of proving intent in anti-competitive practices.
• The application of competition law to the agricultural sector and its impact on food security.
• Reform proposals for more effective competition law enforcement.
• The role of state aid and subsidies in competition law.
• Competition law implications of blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies.
• The balance between intellectual property rights and competition law.
• The use of machine learning algorithms in predicting and analyzing market competition.
• The evolving concept of constitutionalism in the digital age.
• Analysis of constitutional changes in response to global pandemics.
• The role of the judiciary in upholding constitutional rights in times of political turmoil.
• Comparative study of free speech protections under different constitutional regimes.
• The impact of migration crises on constitutional law frameworks in the EU.
• Gender equality and constitutional law: Examining legal reforms across the globe.
• The constitutional implications of Brexit for the United Kingdom.
• Federalism and the balance of power: Lessons from the United States Constitution.
• The enforceability of social and economic rights under constitutional law.
• The influence of international human rights treaties on national constitutional laws.
• The right to privacy in the era of mass surveillance: A constitutional perspective.
• The role of constitutions in managing ethnic and religious diversity.
• Constitutional law and the challenge of climate change.
• The legality of emergency powers under constitutional law in various countries.
• The impact of artificial intelligence on constitutional rights and liberties.
• Same-sex marriage and constitutional law: A comparative analysis.
• The constitutionality of the death penalty in the 21st century.
• Age and constitutional law: The rights and protections afforded to the elderly.
• Constitutional reforms and the evolution of democratic governance in Africa.
• The role of the constitution in combating corruption within government institutions.
• Gun control and constitutional rights: A critical analysis.
• The balance between national security and individual freedoms in constitutional law.
• The effectiveness of constitutional courts in protecting minority rights.
• The constitution as a living document: Interpretation and change in judicial review.
• Assessing the constitutional frameworks for federal and unitary states.
• The impact of populism on constitutional democracy.
• Constitutional law in the face of technological advancements: Regulation and rights.
• The role of constitutional amendments in shaping political stability.
• Analyzing the separation of powers in newly formed governments.
• Indigenous rights and constitutional law: Case studies from North America and Australasia.
• Constitutional law and public health: Legal responses to health emergencies.
• The constitutionality of affirmative action policies in education and employment.
• Political party bans and democracy: A constitutional analysis.
• The role of the constitution in economic policy and regulation.
• Constitutional challenges to the regulation of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies.
• The implications of judicial activism for constitutional law.
• The constitution and the right to a clean and healthy environment.
• The intersection of constitutional law and international diplomacy.
• Protection of children’s rights within constitutional frameworks.
• The future of constitutional governance in virtual and augmented reality environments.
• The enforceability of electronic contracts in international commerce.
• The impact of AI on contract formation and enforcement.
• Comparative analysis of contract law remedies in different jurisdictions.
• The legal implications of smart contracts in blockchain technologies.
• The role of contract law in regulating freelance and gig economy work.
• The challenges of cross-border contract enforcement in the digital age.
• Contractual risk management in international construction projects.
• The doctrine of frustration in contract law: Contemporary issues and challenges.
• Consumer protection in online contracts: A critical analysis.
• The influence of cultural differences on international commercial contracts.
• Force majeure clauses in contracts during global crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
• The evolution of contract law with technological advancements.
• Legal issues surrounding the termination of contracts: A comparative study.
• The role of contract law in sustainable development and environmental protection.
• Misrepresentation in contract law: A review of current legal standards.
• The legal status of verbal agreements in a digital world.
• Contractual obligations and rights in the sharing economy.
• The interplay between contract law and intellectual property rights.
• The effectiveness of liquidated damages clauses in commercial contracts.
• Unconscionability in contract law: Protecting the vulnerable party.
• The enforcement of non-compete clauses in employment contracts.
• The legality of automatic renewal clauses in consumer and business contracts.
• The impact of contract law on consumer rights in financial agreements.
• Standard form contracts and the imbalance of power between parties.
• The role of mediation in resolving contract disputes.
• Contract law in the sale of goods: The challenges of e-commerce.
• The future of contract law in regulating virtual and augmented reality transactions.
• The concept of ‘good faith’ in contract negotiation and execution.
• Legal implications of contract breaches in international trade.
• The application of contract law in healthcare service agreements.
• The enforceability of penalty clauses in different legal systems.
• Contract modifications: Legal implications of changing terms mid-agreement.
• The legal challenges of subscription-based contract models.
• Contract law and data protection: Obligations and liabilities.
• The impact of insolvency on contractual relationships.
• The regulation of crowdfunding agreements under contract law.
• Consumer contracts and the right to withdraw in the digital marketplace.
• Ethical considerations in contract law: Duties beyond the written document.
• The use of contract law in combating human rights violations.
• The effectiveness of international conventions in harmonizing contract law across borders.
• Corporate governance and its impact on shareholder activism.
• The role of corporate social responsibility in modern business practices.
• Legal strategies to combat corporate fraud and enhance transparency.
• Comparative analysis of corporate bankruptcy laws and their effectiveness.
• The influence of global corporate regulations on multinational mergers and acquisitions.
• The impact of environmental regulations on corporate operations and compliance.
• Legal challenges and opportunities in corporate restructuring processes.
• Corporate liability for human rights violations in international operations.
• The effectiveness of anti-money laundering laws in the corporate sector.
• The role of ethics in corporate law: How legal frameworks shape business morality.
• The impact of technology on corporate governance: Blockchain and beyond.
• Legal aspects of venture capital funding in startups and SMEs.
• Corporate law in the digital age: Challenges and opportunities for digital enterprises.
• The role of minority shareholders in influencing corporate decisions.
• Legal frameworks for corporate whistleblowing and the protection of whistleblowers.
• Corporate insolvency procedures: A comparative study of the US and EU frameworks.
• The evolution of corporate personhood and its legal implications.
• The role of stock exchanges in enforcing corporate law.
• Legal issues surrounding corporate espionage and competitive intelligence gathering.
• Comparative analysis of corporate governance codes across different jurisdictions.
• Legal frameworks for handling conflicts of interest in corporate boards.
• The regulation of corporate political contributions and lobbying activities.
• Corporate taxation laws and their impact on international business strategies.
• The regulation of joint ventures under corporate law: Balancing interests and sharing control.
• The challenges of maintaining corporate compliance in a global market.
• Corporate law and the protection of intellectual property rights.
• The effectiveness of corporate penalties in deterring corporate misconduct.
• Legal aspects of employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs).
• Corporate law implications for artificial intelligence integration in business practices.
• The legal challenges of managing cyber risk in corporate entities.
• Corporate law’s role in managing and disclosing financial risks.
• The impact of corporate law on the governance of nonprofit organizations.
• Legal responsibilities and liabilities of corporate directors and officers.
• The role of international treaties in shaping corporate law practices.
• Corporate law and its influence on strategic business alliances and partnerships.
• Legal aspects of sustainable investment in corporate decision-making.
• The regulation of private equity and hedge funds under corporate law.
• Legal challenges in corporate branding and marketing strategies.
• Corporate law considerations in the management of supply chains.
• The impact of corporate law on mergers and acquisitions in emerging markets.
• The impact of forensic science advancements on criminal law and procedure.
• Analyzing the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs in reducing recidivism rates.
• The role of mental health assessments in criminal sentencing.
• Legal challenges in prosecuting international cybercrimes.
• The evolution of laws against domestic violence and their enforcement.
• The effectiveness of death penalty deterrence: A critical analysis.
• Legal frameworks for combating human trafficking: Global perspectives.
• The influence of social media on criminal behavior and law enforcement.
• Racial disparities in criminal sentencing: Causes and legal remedies.
• The application of criminal law to acts of terrorism: Balancing security and civil liberties.
• Juvenile justice: Reforming the approach to underage offenders.
• The legal implications of wrongful convictions: Prevention and compensation.
• Drug policy reform: The shift from criminalization to harm reduction.
• The impact of body-worn cameras on policing and criminal justice.
• Legal and ethical considerations in the use of DNA evidence in criminal trials.
• The role of the insanity defense in criminal law: A comparative study.
• Legal strategies for addressing gang violence within urban communities.
• The criminalization of poverty and its impact on justice.
• Analyzing the effectiveness of sexual assault legislation.
• The role of public opinion in shaping criminal law reforms.
• Legal approaches to combating corruption and white-collar crime.
• The challenges of protecting victims’ rights in criminal proceedings.
• The impact of immigration laws on criminal justice practices.
• Ethical and legal issues in the use of undercover policing tactics.
• The effects of legalizing marijuana on criminal justice systems.
• The role of international cooperation in combating cross-border criminal activities.
• The use of restorative justice practices in criminal law systems.
• Challenges in the enforcement of wildlife protection laws.
• Legal issues surrounding the use of force by law enforcement.
• The implications of emerging technologies for criminal law and justice.
• Legal definitions of terrorism and their impact on law enforcement.
• The impact of social movements on criminal law reform.
• Addressing elder abuse through criminal statutes and protections.
• The role of forensic psychology in criminal investigations.
• Legal consequences of financial crimes in different jurisdictions.
• Challenges in prosecuting war crimes and genocide.
• The legal aspects of electronic monitoring and surveillance in criminal investigations.
• The implications of international extradition in criminal law.
• Addressing the challenges of witness protection programs.
• The intersection of criminal law and human rights in detention and interrogation.
• Legal frameworks for data protection and privacy in the digital age.
• The implications of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on global internet governance.
• Cybersecurity laws: National strategies and international cooperation.
• The legality of government surveillance programs under international cyber law.
• Intellectual property challenges in the era of digital media.
• Legal issues surrounding the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning.
• The enforcement of cybercrimes: Challenges and strategies.
• Rights and responsibilities of individuals and corporations under cyber law.
• Cyberbullying and online harassment: Legal remedies and limitations.
• The role of cyber law in managing online misinformation and fake news.
• Legal challenges in the regulation of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology.
• The impact of cloud computing on privacy and data security legal frameworks.
• Legal aspects of e-commerce: Consumer protection online.
• The digital divide: Legal implications of unequal access to technology.
• Regulation of digital advertising and its implications for privacy.
• Jurisdictional issues in cyberspace: Determining liability in a borderless environment.
• Legal considerations for Internet of Things (IoT) devices in consumer and industrial applications.
• The role of anonymity in the internet: Balancing privacy and accountability.
• Cyber law and its impact on the creative industries: Copyright issues in digital content creation.
• Legal frameworks for combating online trade of illegal goods and services.
• The enforcement of digital rights management (DRM) technologies.
• Cyber law and online education: Intellectual property and privacy concerns.
• The regulation of social media platforms under cyber law.
• Legal remedies for victims of online identity theft.
• The implications of autonomous vehicles on cyber law.
• Legal strategies to address online child exploitation and protection.
• The impact of telemedicine on health law and cyber law.
• Challenges in enforcing online contracts and resolving disputes.
• Cyber law in the context of national security: Balancing civil liberties.
• Legal frameworks for software development and liability issues.
• The influence of international treaties on national cyber law policies.
• Legal aspects of cyber espionage and state-sponsored cyber attacks.
• Ethical hacking: Legal boundaries and implications.
• The regulation of online gaming: Consumer protection and cyber law.
• Cyber law and digital accessibility: Rights of differently-abled persons.
• Legal implications of biometric data processing in cyber law.
• The future of robotic automation and law: Ethical and legal considerations.
• The role of cyber law in the governance of digital health records.
• Managing online content: Legal issues around censorship and freedom of expression.
• Cyber law implications for digital banking and fintech.
• The effectiveness of international agreements in combating climate change.
• Legal strategies for biodiversity conservation in international and domestic contexts.
• The impact of environmental law on sustainable urban development.
• Comparative analysis of water rights and regulations across different jurisdictions.
• Legal mechanisms for controlling plastic pollution in marine environments.
• The role of environmental impact assessments in promoting sustainable projects.
• Legal and regulatory challenges of renewable energy implementation.
• The effectiveness of air quality laws in reducing urban smog.
• Environmental justice and its impact on marginalized communities.
• The role of the judiciary in shaping environmental policy.
• Corporate accountability for environmental degradation: Legal remedies.
• The regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their environmental impact.
• Legal frameworks for the protection of endangered species and habitats.
• Climate refugees: Legal challenges and protections under international law.
• The intersection of environmental law and human rights.
• Challenges in enforcing environmental laws against multinational corporations.
• Legal aspects of carbon trading and emissions reduction schemes.
• The impact of agricultural practices on environmental law and policy.
• Mining and environmental degradation: Legal responses and remedies.
• The use of environmental law to combat deforestation.
• Legal issues related to energy storage and its environmental impacts.
• Regulatory challenges of nanotechnology and environmental health.
• Legal strategies for water management in drought-prone areas.
• The regulation of noise pollution in urban environments.
• The role of public participation in environmental decision-making.
• Legal frameworks for dealing with hazardous waste and its disposal.
• Environmental law as a tool for green building and construction practices.
• Legal challenges in protecting wetlands through environmental laws.
• The enforceability of international environmental law.
• The impact of environmental laws on traditional land use and indigenous rights.
• The role of local governments in environmental governance.
• Environmental law and the regulation of pesticides and chemicals.
• Legal responses to environmental disasters and recovery processes.
• The implications of deep-sea mining for environmental law.
• The role of environmental NGOs in shaping law and policy.
• Legal tools for the conservation of marine biodiversity.
• Challenges of integrating environmental concerns in corporate governance.
• Legal implications of artificial intelligence in environmental monitoring.
• The role of litigation in enforcing environmental norms and standards.
• Trends and challenges in the enforcement of transboundary environmental laws.
• The impact of EU law on national sovereignty of member states.
• Brexit and its legal implications for both the UK and EU.
• The effectiveness of the EU’s data protection regulation (GDPR) in a global context.
• The role of the European Court of Justice in shaping EU policies.
• Legal analysis of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and its impacts.
• The EU’s approach to antitrust and competition law enforcement.
• Human rights protection under the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.
• Legal challenges in the implementation of the EU’s Digital Single Market.
• The EU’s role in international trade: Legal frameworks and challenges.
• The influence of EU environmental law on member state legislation.
• Consumer protection laws in the EU and their effectiveness.
• Legal mechanisms of the EU banking union and capital markets union.
• The regulation of pharmaceuticals and healthcare within the EU.
• Migration and asylum laws in the EU: Challenges and responses.
• The role of lobbying in EU lawmaking processes.
• Legal aspects of the EU’s energy policy and its impact on sustainability.
• The enforcement of intellectual property rights within the EU.
• The EU’s legal framework for dealing with cyber security threats.
• Analysis of EU labor laws and their impact on worker mobility.
• Legal bases for EU sanctions and their impact on international relations.
• The EU’s legal strategies against terrorism and organized crime.
• The effectiveness of the EU’s regional development policies.
• Legal and ethical issues in AI regulation within the EU.
• The EU’s approach to regulating blockchain technology.
• The challenges of EU enlargement: Case studies of recent accession countries.
• The role of the EU in global environmental governance.
• The impact of EU laws on the rights of indigenous populations.
• Legal analysis of EU sports law and policy.
• The EU’s framework for consumer digital privacy and security.
• The regulation of biotechnology in agriculture within the EU.
• EU tax law and its implications for global corporations.
• The role of the European Ombudsman in ensuring administrative justice.
• The influence of EU copyright law on digital media and entertainment.
• Legal frameworks for public procurement in the EU.
• The impact of EU maritime law on international shipping and trade.
• EU chemical regulations: REACH and its global implications.
• Legal issues surrounding the EU’s external border control policies.
• The EU’s role in shaping international aviation law.
• The impact of EU law on public health policy and regulation.
• The future of the EU’s constitutional framework and its legal challenges.
• The impact of cultural diversity on family law practices.
• Legal challenges in the enforcement of international child custody agreements.
• The effectiveness of mediation in resolving family disputes.
• The evolution of child support laws in response to changing societal norms.
• Comparative analysis of divorce laws across different jurisdictions.
• Legal implications of surrogacy: Rights of the child, surrogate, and intended parents.
• The impact of social media on family relationships and legal proceedings.
• Legal rights of cohabiting couples: A comparative study.
• The role of family law in addressing domestic violence.
• The legal recognition of LGBTQ+ families in different countries.
• The effect of parental alienation on child custody decisions.
• Adoption laws and the challenges of cross-border adoption.
• Legal issues surrounding elder care and guardianship.
• The role of genetic testing in family law (paternity disputes, inheritance rights).
• The impact of immigration laws on family unification policies.
• The rights of children with disabilities in family law proceedings.
• The influence of religious beliefs on family law decisions.
• The legal challenges of blended families: Rights and responsibilities.
• The role of children’s rights in family law: Voice and protection.
• Legal frameworks for dealing with family assets and financial disputes.
• The impact of addiction (substance abuse, gambling) on family dynamics and legal outcomes.
• The enforcement of prenuptial agreements: A critical analysis.
• Legal responses to teenage pregnancy and parental responsibilities.
• The effect of military service on family law issues (divorce, custody).
• The challenges of maintaining privacy in family law cases.
• The impact of mental health on parental rights and child custody.
• The role of the state in family planning and reproductive rights.
• Comparative study of same-sex marriage laws before and after legalization.
• The evolution of father’s rights in family law.
• The legal complexities of artificial reproductive technologies.
• Family law and its role in preventing child marriages.
• The impact of economic downturns on family law issues (alimony, child support).
• Legal strategies for protecting domestic violence survivors through family law.
• The role of international conventions in shaping family law.
• Gender biases in family law: A critical analysis.
• The regulation of family law advertising and its ethical implications.
• The influence of international human rights law on family law.
• The challenges of transnational families in navigating family law.
• Legal and ethical issues in the involuntary sterilization of disabled individuals.
• The future of family law: Predicting changes in legislation and practice.
• The legal implications of telemedicine and remote healthcare services.
• Regulation and liability of artificial intelligence in healthcare.
• The impact of healthcare laws on patient privacy and data protection.
• Legal issues surrounding the right to die: Euthanasia and assisted suicide.
• The enforcement of mental health legislation and patient rights.
• Legal challenges in the regulation of pharmaceuticals and medical devices.
• The role of health law in managing infectious disease outbreaks, such as COVID-19.
• Ethical and legal considerations of genetic testing and genome editing.
• Comparative analysis of health insurance models and their legal implications.
• The impact of health law on underserved and marginalized populations.
• Legal aspects of medical malpractice and healthcare provider liability.
• The regulation of stem cell research and therapy.
• Legal frameworks for addressing obesity as a public health issue.
• The role of law in combating healthcare fraud and abuse.
• Ethical issues in the allocation of scarce medical resources.
• Legal challenges in child and adolescent health care consent.
• The influence of global health initiatives on national health law policies.
• Legal issues related to the development and use of biobanks.
• Health law and its impact on emergency medical response and preparedness.
• Legal and ethical challenges in the treatment of psychiatric patients.
• The rights of patients in clinical trials: Informed consent and beyond.
• The regulation of medical marijuana and its impact on healthcare systems.
• Health law’s role in addressing non-communicable diseases.
• Legal strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance.
• The legal implications of sports medicine and athlete care.
• The protection of vulnerable groups in healthcare settings.
• Legal frameworks governing organ donation and transplantation.
• The role of health law in reproductive rights and technologies.
• The impact of bioethics on health law policy and practice.
• Legal considerations of global health diplomacy and international health law.
• The regulation of alternative and complementary medicine.
• Legal challenges in providing healthcare in rural and remote areas.
• The impact of nutrition and food law on public health.
• Legal responses to aging populations and elder care.
• Health law and its impact on vaccination policies and enforcement.
• The legal implications of patient literacy and health education.
• Regulatory challenges in health information technology and mobile health apps.
• Legal and ethical issues in cosmetic and elective surgery.
• The role of whistleblowers in improving healthcare quality and safety.
• The legal implications of healthcare marketing and consumer protection.
• The impact of international human rights conventions on domestic laws.
• The role of the International Criminal Court in enforcing human rights standards.
• Legal remedies for victims of war crimes and genocide.
• The enforcement of human rights in areas of conflict and post-conflict societies.
• The legal implications of refugee and asylum seeker policies.
• The right to freedom of expression in the digital age.
• Human rights challenges in the context of global migration.
• Legal protections against discrimination based on gender, race, and sexuality.
• The impact of cultural practices on the enforcement of human rights.
• Legal frameworks for protecting children in armed conflicts.
• The role of non-governmental organizations in promoting and protecting human rights.
• Human rights and environmental law: the right to a healthy environment.
• The legal aspects of economic, social, and cultural rights.
• Protecting the rights of indigenous peoples: international and domestic approaches.
• Human rights implications of counter-terrorism laws and practices.
• The role of national human rights institutions in promoting human rights.
• Legal challenges in combating human trafficking and modern slavery.
• The rights of disabled individuals under international human rights law.
• Legal strategies to combat racial and ethnic profiling.
• The protection of human rights defenders in hostile environments.
• The impact of globalization on labor rights and working conditions.
• The role of the media in promoting human rights awareness and protection.
• Human rights law and its intersection with gender-based violence.
• The right to education and legal measures to enforce it.
• Legal responses to the crisis of statelessness.
• Human rights issues surrounding the management of natural disasters.
• The role of human rights law in regulating private military and security companies.
• The right to privacy in the surveillance era.
• Legal measures to address economic inequality and ensure human rights.
• The challenge of protecting human rights in authoritarian regimes.
• Human rights in medical law: issues of consent and autonomy.
• The right to food and water as fundamental human rights.
• Legal frameworks for the rights of the elderly in different countries.
• The role of human rights law in addressing issues of domestic violence.
• Human rights considerations in the development and enforcement of immigration laws.
• The impact of intellectual property laws on access to medicines.
• The enforcement of the rights of LGBT individuals globally.
• Human rights law and its application to internet governance.
• The legal rights of prisoners and the conditions of detention.
• The role of human rights in shaping international trade and investment policies.
• The impact of immigration laws on national security in various countries.
• Comparative analysis of asylum procedures across different jurisdictions.
• The role of immigration law in shaping multicultural societies.
• Legal challenges faced by refugees and asylum seekers during resettlement.
• The effectiveness of skilled migrant programs and their impact on the economy.
• Legal and ethical considerations in the detention of immigrants.
• The influence of international human rights law on national immigration policies.
• The impact of Brexit on immigration laws in the UK and the EU.
• The role of international agreements in managing migration crises.
• Legal strategies to combat human trafficking within the immigration system.
• The rights of undocumented immigrants and access to legal aid.
• The enforcement of immigration laws and the rights of migrant workers.
• The legal implications of family reunification policies.
• Analysis of deportation procedures and their compliance with international law.
• The effect of climate change on migration patterns and immigration law.
• Legal measures to protect immigrants against labor exploitation.
• The role of local governments in immigration enforcement.
• The legal aspects of border management technologies.
• Immigration law and its impact on education for immigrant children.
• The challenges of integrating immigrants into host societies legally.
• Comparative study of investor immigration programs.
• The effects of cultural bias in immigration law enforcement.
• Legal remedies for immigrants subjected to discrimination.
• The intersection of immigration law and public health policies.
• The legal consequences of overstaying visas on future immigration applications.
• The role of consulates and embassies in the immigration process.
• Legal frameworks for addressing statelessness in the context of immigration.
• Immigration law’s response to temporary protection statuses.
• The impact of international sports events on immigration laws and policies.
• The role of non-governmental organizations in shaping immigration law.
• The use of biometric data in immigration control.
• Legal perspectives on the economic impact of immigration.
• Challenges in protecting the rights of elderly immigrants.
• The influence of immigration on national identity and cultural policies.
• Legal implications of global demographic shifts on immigration policies.
• The regulation of international student visas and their impact on higher education.
• Legal challenges faced by immigrants in accessing healthcare services.
• The dynamics of urban immigration and legal integration strategies.
• Legal issues concerning expatriation and renunciation of citizenship.
• The future of immigration law in the face of global political changes.
• The impact of artificial intelligence on copyright and patent law.
• Comparative analysis of trademark laws in the digital age across different jurisdictions.
• The role of intellectual property rights in fostering or hindering innovation.
• Legal challenges in the protection of software under intellectual property law.
• The enforcement of intellectual property rights in online platforms.
• The balance between intellectual property rights and the public domain.
• The implications of 3D printing technologies on intellectual property rights.
• Intellectual property issues in the music industry: Streaming and digital rights.
• The effectiveness of international intellectual property treaties like WIPO and TRIPS.
• Intellectual property strategies for biotechnological inventions.
• The role of patents in the pharmaceutical industry and access to medicine.
• The impact of intellectual property rights on traditional knowledge and cultural expressions.
• Copyright law and its adaptability to new forms of media like virtual reality.
• The intersection of intellectual property law and competition law.
• Legal frameworks for managing intellectual property in joint ventures and collaborations.
• The role of intellectual property in the fashion industry and combating counterfeits.
• Trademark dilution: A comparative study between the U.S. and EU approaches.
• Legal challenges associated with celebrity rights and their management under IP law.
• Intellectual property rights and their impact on small and medium-sized enterprises.
• The protection of design rights in industrial models and drawings.
• Intellectual property and corporate governance: Policy, compliance, and enforcement.
• The challenges of enforcing intellectual property rights in the global south.
• The evolution of copyright law in protecting digital ebooks and publications.
• Intellectual property law in the advertising industry: Challenges and perspectives.
• Ethical considerations in intellectual property law.
• The role of intellectual property in the development of artificial organs and bioprinting.
• Challenges in patenting genetic material and the moral implications thereof.
• Intellectual property considerations in cross-border mergers and acquisitions.
• Intellectual property rights in the context of augmented reality technologies.
• The role of intellectual property in the semiconductor industry.
• The impact of open-source licensing on intellectual property law.
• Legal issues surrounding the protection of data and databases under intellectual property law.
• The role of intellectual property in sports marketing and merchandise.
• Intellectual property issues in cloud computing and data storage.
• Copyright disputes in the film industry: Case studies and legal insights.
• The protection of plant varieties and agricultural innovation under IP law.
• Intellectual property and its role in promoting or restricting access to educational materials.
• Trade secrets law: Comparative approaches and key challenges.
• The impact of geographical indications on local economies and protection strategies.
• Intellectual property law and its enforcement in the age of the internet of things.
• The effectiveness of the United Nations in resolving international disputes.
• The role of international law in governing the use of force by states.
• Legal frameworks for international cooperation in combating climate change.
• The implications of sovereignty and state responsibility in international law.
• The enforcement of international human rights law in conflict zones.
• Legal strategies for addressing international cybercrime and digital warfare.
• The regulation of international trade under the World Trade Organization (WTO).
• Legal challenges in the management of global migration and refugee crises.
• The impact of international sanctions on global diplomacy and law.
• The legal status and rights of stateless individuals under international law.
• The application of international law in the Antarctic and other common areas.
• The protection of cultural heritage in times of war under international law.
• The role of international courts and tribunals in enforcing maritime law.
• Comparative analysis of regional human rights mechanisms (e.g., European, African, American).
• The jurisdiction and reach of the International Criminal Court (ICC).
• The legal implications of territorial disputes on international relations.
• The influence of international law on national legislation regarding environmental protection.
• The legal treatment of indigenous peoples’ rights at the international level.
• The development of international norms for corporate social responsibility.
• Legal and ethical considerations in international medical research and healthcare.
• The regulation of international finance and its impact on economic development.
• The challenges of enforcing intellectual property rights at the international level.
• The legal frameworks governing the use and regulation of drones in international airspace.
• The impact of bilateral and multilateral treaties on domestic legal systems.
• International legal standards for the treatment of prisoners and detainees.
• The role of diplomatic immunity in contemporary international law.
• Legal issues surrounding international sports events and the governance of international sports bodies.
• The use of international law in combating terrorism and protecting national security.
• Legal measures against international trafficking of drugs, arms, and human beings.
• The role of non-state actors in international law (NGOs, multinational corporations, etc.).
• Legal considerations in the preservation of biodiversity under international conventions.
• The international legal ramifications of artificial islands and reclaimed territories.
• The dynamics of negotiation and implementation of international peace treaties.
• The intersection of international law and global public health policies.
• The legal challenges in regulating outer space activities and celestial bodies.
• The enforcement of international labor standards and their impact on global trade.
• Legal implications of global electronic surveillance by states.
• The regulation of international nuclear energy and nuclear weapons.
• The role of international law in addressing issues of global poverty and inequality.
• The future of international law in a multipolar world order.
• The impact of globalization on labor rights and standards.
• Legal challenges and protections for gig economy workers.
• Comparative analysis of minimum wage laws across different jurisdictions.
• The role of trade unions in modern labor markets.
• Legal frameworks governing telecommuting and remote work arrangements.
• Enforcement of anti-discrimination laws in the workplace.
• The impact of artificial intelligence and automation on labor laws.
• Legal protections for migrant workers in host countries.
• The effectiveness of occupational safety and health regulations.
• The role of labor law in managing economic crises and labor market shocks.
• Gender equality in the workplace: Assessing legal approaches.
• The regulation of child labor in developing economies.
• Legal implications of employee surveillance practices.
• Rights and legal protections for part-time, temporary, and seasonal workers.
• Collective bargaining challenges in the public sector.
• The legal status of unpaid internships and volunteer work.
• Legal responses to workplace bullying and psychological harassment.
• The enforceability of non-compete clauses in employment contracts.
• Legal issues related to employee benefits and pensions.
• The impact of labor laws on small businesses and startups.
• Labor rights in the informal economy.
• Legal strategies for conflict resolution in labor disputes.
• The influence of international labor standards on national laws.
• The role of labor law in promoting sustainable employment practices.
• The effectiveness of mediation and arbitration in labor disputes.
• Legal protections against wrongful termination.
• The challenges of enforcing fair labor practices across multinational corporations.
• The rights of disabled workers under labor law.
• Labor law and its adaptation to the changing nature of work.
• The regulation of labor in industries with high risk of exploitation (e.g., textiles, mining).
• The impact of labor law on industrial relations in the healthcare sector.
• Legal aspects of wage theft and its enforcement.
• Labor laws related to shift work and overtime regulations.
• The legal consequences of labor strikes and lockouts.
• Employee privacy rights versus employer’s right to monitor.
• The role of labor law in economic development and poverty reduction.
• Legal frameworks for employee representation in corporate governance.
• The challenges of labor law compliance in the retail sector.
• Labor law issues in the entertainment and sports industries.
• Future trends in labor law: Anticipating changes in legislation and workplace norms.
• The ethical implications of attorney-client confidentiality.
• Ethical challenges in pro bono legal work.
• The role of personal morality in legal judgments.
• Ethical dilemmas faced by defense attorneys in criminal cases.
• The influence of ethics on legal decision-making processes.
• Conflicts of interest in legal practice: Identification and management.
• Ethical considerations in legal advertising and client solicitation.
• The impact of technology on ethical practices in law.
• Ethical issues in the representation of minors and incapacitated clients.
• The enforcement of ethical standards in the judiciary.
• Ethical challenges in corporate legal departments.
• The ethics of legal outsourcing and the use of non-lawyers.
• Ethical considerations in mediation and alternative dispute resolution.
• The implications of ethical misconduct on legal careers.
• The duty of lawyers to the court vs. client loyalty.
• Ethical issues in cross-border legal practices.
• The responsibility of lawyers in preventing money laundering.
• The ethical dimensions of legal education and training.
• The balance between justice and efficiency in legal ethics.
• Ethical considerations in the use of artificial intelligence in law.
• The ethics of plea bargaining and its impact on justice.
• Ethical issues in the management of legal trusts and estates.
• The role of ethics in environmental law.
• Professional responsibility in managing legal errors and omissions.
• Ethical dilemmas in bankruptcy law.
• The impact of personal ethics on public interest law.
• Ethical considerations in the competitive practices of law firms.
• Ethics in legal research: Ensuring accuracy and integrity.
• The moral obligations of lawyers in promoting human rights.
• The ethics of lawyer activism in political and social movements.
• Challenges of maintaining ethical standards in high-pressure legal environments.
• Ethical issues in the intersection of law and politics.
• The professional ethics of tax lawyers.
• Ethical challenges in the prosecution of complex financial crimes.
• The ethical dimensions of elder law and representation of the elderly.
• The role of moral philosophy in legal ethics curricula.
• Ethical considerations in capital punishment cases.
• Lawyers’ ethical responsibilities in handling classified information.
• The impact of ethical lapses in corporate scandals.
• Future directions in legal ethics: Preparing lawyers for emerging moral challenges.
• The legal frameworks governing international maritime boundaries.
• Liability issues in the event of oil spills and maritime environmental disasters.
• The regulation of piracy under international maritime law.
• Legal challenges in the Arctic maritime routes and territorial claims.
• The effectiveness of maritime safety regulations in preventing accidents at sea.
• Legal aspects of maritime insurance: Coverage, claims, and disputes.
• The role of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in global shipping regulations.
• Arbitration and dispute resolution in international maritime contracts.
• Legal implications of autonomous ships on international maritime law.
• The enforcement of maritime security measures against terrorism.
• Ship registration and flag state responsibilities under international law.
• The impact of climate change on maritime boundaries and fishing rights.
• Legal strategies for combating illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing.
• Maritime lien and ship arrest procedures across different jurisdictions.
• The regulation of crew rights and labor conditions aboard international vessels.
• Comparative analysis of salvage law and the law of finds.
• Legal issues surrounding the abandonment of ships.
• Port state control and its impact on international shipping.
• The rights and legal protection of seafarers under international maritime law.
• The application of maritime law to underwater cultural heritage.
• The challenges of enforcing maritime law in high seas governance.
• Legal frameworks for the management of maritime natural resources.
• Collision regulations and legal liability at sea.
• The impact of technology on maritime law: Satellite and GPS issues.
• The legalities involved in the financing and construction of vessels.
• Legal issues related to maritime transport of hazardous and noxious substances.
• The role of maritime law in the global supply chain and logistics.
• Legal implications of maritime blockades during armed conflict.
• The interface between maritime law and marine biodiversity conservation.
• The legality of maritime security operations by private companies.
• Insurance law as applicable to maritime piracy and armed robbery.
• The regulation of the international cruise industry under maritime law.
• Challenges in maritime jurisdiction: Enforcement and compliance issues.
• Legal aspects of maritime cybersecurity threats and data protection.
• The impact of maritime law on the offshore oil and gas industry.
• Legal issues in maritime search and rescue operations.
• The role of national courts in maritime law enforcement.
• Trends in maritime law: Emerging issues and future directions.
• Maritime law and its adaptation to the shipping of liquefied natural gas (LNG).
• The influence of maritime law on international maritime education and training.
• Legal challenges posed by digital media platforms to traditional copyright laws.
• The impact of social media on privacy rights and legal implications.
• Regulation of fake news and misinformation: Legal frameworks and effectiveness.
• Legal aspects of media censorship in authoritarian regimes.
• The role of media law in protecting journalistic sources and whistleblowers.
• Copyright infringement in the digital age: Streaming services and legal responses.
• Legal standards for advertising and marketing in digital and traditional media.
• The influence of media law on freedom of expression and public discourse.
• The right to be forgotten in the age of the internet: Legal and ethical considerations.
• Defamation law in the digital era: Challenges and new developments.
• Legal responses to cyberbullying and online harassment through media platforms.
• Intellectual property rights in the creation and distribution of digital content.
• Legal issues surrounding user-generated content on online platforms.
• The role of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in regulating broadcast media.
• Legal frameworks for handling sensitive content: Violence, sexuality, and hate speech.
• The regulation of political advertising and its impact on elections.
• The legal implications of artificial intelligence in content creation.
• Data protection laws and their enforcement on media platforms.
• The balance between national security and press freedom.
• Legal strategies for combating deepfake technology and its implications.
• Media ownership laws and their impact on media diversity and pluralism.
• The enforcement of media ethics and law in the age of global digital platforms.
• Legal challenges in cross-border media operations and jurisdictional issues.
• The role of legal frameworks in managing public relations crises.
• The impact of telecommunications law on media dissemination and access.
• Legal considerations for media mergers and acquisitions.
• Regulation of satellite and cable TV in the digital landscape.
• Legal issues related to podcasting and other emerging media formats.
• The protection of minors in media consumption: Legal frameworks and challenges.
• The legal ramifications of media during public health emergencies.
• Accessibility laws related to media content for persons with disabilities.
• The role of the law in combating racial and gender stereotypes in media.
• Media law and consumer protection: Misleading advertisements and consumer rights.
• The impact of GDPR and other privacy regulations on media operations in Europe.
• The legal implications of virtual and augmented reality technologies in media.
• Legal disputes involving music licensing and rights management.
• The challenges of regulating live streaming services under existing media laws.
• Legal issues surrounding the archiving of digital media content.
• The intersection of media law and sports broadcasting rights.
• Future trends in media law: Preparing for new challenges in media and communication technologies.
• Comparative analysis of property rights and land tenure systems across different cultures.
• The impact of eminent domain on property rights and fair compensation.
• Legal challenges in the administration of estates and trusts.
• Intellectual property rights in the digital age: Balancing creators’ rights and public access.
• The role of property law in environmental conservation.
• Legal frameworks governing the leasing and renting of property.
• The evolution of property rights in response to urbanization.
• Property disputes and their resolution: Case studies from land courts.
• The effect of zoning laws on property development and urban planning.
• Legal aspects of real estate transactions and the role of property lawyers.
• Property law and its impact on economic development in emerging markets.
• Legal challenges of property ownership in communal and indigenous lands.
• The influence of property law on agricultural practices and rural development.
• Legal responses to squatting and adverse possession.
• Property rights in marital and family law contexts.
• The implications of blockchain technology on property transactions and record keeping.
• Legal and ethical considerations in the foreclosure process.
• Water rights and property law: Managing conflicts and ensuring sustainability.
• The impact of natural disasters on property law and homeowner rights.
• Property rights and the challenges of gentrification in urban areas.
• Legal considerations in the conversion of property for commercial use.
• The implications of property law for renewable energy projects (e.g., wind farms, solar panels).
• Historical perspectives on property law and their modern-day relevance.
• The regulation of property within gated communities and homeowners associations.
• Legal issues related to the inheritance of digital assets.
• The role of property law in resolving boundary disputes.
• Property law and the regulation of timeshares and vacation ownership.
• The intersection of property law and bankruptcy proceedings.
• Legal frameworks for managing property during divorce or separation.
• Property rights and the management of shared or common resources.
• Legal challenges in property transactions involving foreign investors.
• Property law in the context of historic preservation and cultural heritage.
• Regulatory issues surrounding the development of commercial properties.
• The role of property law in the sharing economy (e.g., Airbnb, Uber).
• Legal issues in property development and construction.
• The impact of tax law on property ownership and transfer.
• Property law and its implications for homelessness and affordable housing.
• Legal approaches to combating land degradation and promoting sustainable use.
• The role of artificial intelligence and technology in property law enforcement.
• Future trends in property law: Predicting changes and legal needs.
• The role of international law in managing global pandemics and health emergencies.
• Legal frameworks governing the use of force and intervention by states.
• The effectiveness of international sanctions as a tool of diplomacy.
• The implications of sovereignty in the digital age for international law.
• The enforcement mechanisms of international human rights law.
• The legal challenges of climate change negotiations and treaty implementation.
• The jurisdiction and effectiveness of the International Criminal Court (ICC).
• The role of international law in governing outer space activities.
• Legal issues related to the protection of refugees and stateless persons.
• The development and enforcement of international environmental law.
• The impact of international law on maritime disputes and ocean governance.
• The legal basis and implications of unilateral declarations of independence.
• Legal strategies to combat international terrorism within the framework of public international law.
• The role of soft law in international relations and its legal significance.
• International legal aspects of economic sanctions and their impact on trade.
• The resolution of territorial disputes through international courts and tribunals.
• The regulation of armed conflict and the laws of war.
• International law and the regulation of cyberspace and cybersecurity.
• The legal challenges and implications of artificial intelligence on international norms.
• The enforcement of international anti-corruption measures.
• The role of international organizations in global governance.
• Legal issues surrounding the management of international waters.
• The impact of cultural heritage protection under international law.
• International legal standards for labor and their enforcement.
• The relationship between international law and indigenous rights.
• The influence of global financial regulations on international law.
• The compatibility of regional trade agreements with the World Trade Organization (WTO) law.
• Legal protections for investors under international investment agreements.
• International law and its role in addressing global inequality.
• The legal challenges of managing international migration.
• The application of international law in diplomatic relations.
• International legal considerations in the disposal of hazardous wastes.
• The role of public international law in combating human trafficking.
• Legal frameworks for international cooperation in disaster relief and emergency response.
• International law and the challenges of sustainable development.
• The regulation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) under international law.
• Legal issues surrounding global telecommunications regulations.
• International law and the use of drones in warfare and surveillance.
• The implications of emerging technologies on arms control agreements.
• The future of public international law in a multipolar world.
• Legal implications of doping in sports: An international perspective.
• The enforceability of sports contracts: Analysis of player agreements.
• Intellectual property rights in sports: Branding, trademarks, and image rights.
• Legal aspects of sports broadcasting rights in the digital age.
• The role of arbitration in resolving sports disputes.
• Gender equality in sports: Legal challenges and advancements.
• Legal issues surrounding the organization of international sporting events.
• Sports governance: The impact of legal structures on global sports bodies.
• The application of labor laws to professional athletes and sports leagues.
• The protection of minors in professional sports.
• Anti-discrimination laws and their enforcement in sports.
• Legal considerations in the commercialization of sports.
• Sports injury and liability: The role of law in protecting athletes.
• Ethical and legal considerations in sports betting and gambling.
• The implications of technological advancements on sports law (e.g., VAR, goal-line technology).
• Contract negotiation and dispute resolution in sports.
• The impact of COVID-19 on sports contracts and legal liabilities.
• Legal issues in e-sports: Regulation and recognition.
• Ownership rights and financial regulations in sports clubs.
• Privacy laws and their application to athletes’ personal data.
• The legal framework for anti-doping regulations across different sports.
• The role of sports agents: Legal responsibilities and ethical considerations.
• Disability sports and legal challenges in inclusivity.
• Sports tourism and the law: Legal issues in hosting international events.
• Legal challenges in sports marketing and sponsorship agreements.
• The regulation of sports medicine and legal liabilities.
• The role of national courts in sports law.
• Safeguarding child athletes: Legal obligations and policies.
• The legality of sanctions in sports: Case studies from football and athletics.
• The intersection of sports law and human rights.
• Sports law in collegiate athletics: Compliance and regulation.
• The regulation of violent conduct in sports.
• Legal issues surrounding the use of performance-enhancing technology.
• Sports, media rights, and freedom of expression.
• Legal challenges in managing sports facilities and event safety.
• The impact of sports law on international relations.
• Sports law and the challenge of match-fixing.
• The role of international sports law in the Olympic Movement.
• The governance of water sports and maritime law intersections.
• Future trends in sports law: Emerging issues and legal needs.
• Comparative analysis of international tax treaties and their impact on global trade.
• The legality of digital taxation and its implications for multinational corporations.
• Legal challenges in implementing a global minimum tax for corporations.
• The role of tax law in economic development and foreign direct investment.
• Tax evasion and avoidance: Legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms.
• The impact of tax incentives on renewable energy investments.
• Estate and inheritance tax laws: A comparative study.
• The effectiveness of VAT systems in developing economies.
• Legal issues surrounding tax havens and offshore financial centers.
• The application of tax laws to cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology.
• The role of taxation in public health policy (e.g., taxes on sugary drinks, tobacco).
• Taxation of the gig economy: Challenges and policy options.
• Legal frameworks governing charitable giving and tax deductions.
• The implications of property tax laws on urban development.
• Transfer pricing regulations and their impact on international business operations.
• The enforcement of sales taxes in the e-commerce sector.
• Tax compliance burdens for small and medium-sized enterprises.
• The legal aspects of tax reforms and policy changes.
• Taxation and privacy: Legal issues in the collection and sharing of taxpayer information.
• Comparative analysis of capital gains tax regulations.
• The role of artificial intelligence in tax administration and compliance.
• The legal challenges of implementing environmental taxes.
• Tax disputes and litigation: Strategies and outcomes.
• The regulation and taxation of financial derivatives.
• Tax law and its impact on charitable organizations and non-profits.
• The interplay between tax law and bankruptcy law.
• Legal strategies used by states to combat tax avoidance and profit shifting.
• The influence of tax policy on housing markets.
• Legal implications of tax credits for family and dependents.
• Taxation of expatriates and non-resident citizens.
• The constitutionality of tax laws and challenges in the courts.
• Tax law as a tool for social equity and redistribution.
• The impact of tax laws on consumer behavior.
• Taxation in the digital media and entertainment industries.
• The role of tax law in regulating pensions and retirement savings.
• Tax policy and its effect on agricultural practices and land use.
• The challenges of harmonizing state and federal tax laws.
• Tax law and the regulation of the sports industry.
• The taxation of international shipping and maritime activities.
• Future trends in tax law: Anticipating changes in global tax policies.

We hope this extensive collection of law thesis topics sparks your intellectual curiosity and aids in pinpointing a subject that resonates with your academic interests and career aspirations. Each topic presented here has been chosen to challenge your understanding and to encourage a deeper exploration of the legal landscape. As you prepare to embark on your thesis journey, consider these topics not just as mere titles, but as gateways to developing a nuanced understanding of the law in various contexts. Utilize this resource to craft a thesis that not only fulfills your academic requirements but also contributes meaningfully to the discourse in your chosen area of law.

The Range of Law Thesis Topics

Exploring the vast expanse of law thesis topics provides a unique opportunity for law students to delve into specific legal issues, refine their understanding, and contribute to the ongoing development of legal scholarship. As students embark on this crucial phase of their academic journey, selecting the right thesis topic is essential. This article aims to illuminate the range of potential law thesis topics, highlighting current issues, recent trends, and future directions. By examining these topics, students can better understand the legal landscape’s complexities and identify areas where they can make a significant academic impact.

Current Issues in Law

As we navigate through the complexities of contemporary society, numerous current issues in law emerge that are critical for law students to explore in their theses. These topics not only reflect ongoing legal challenges but also set the stage for developing effective solutions that uphold justice and societal norms. Delving into these law thesis topics allows students to engage with live issues that impact various facets of the legal system, from privacy laws and civil rights to corporate governance and environmental regulations.

• Privacy and Data Protection: In today’s digital age, the issue of privacy and data protection has come to the forefront. With the proliferation of digital data, the legal frameworks designed to protect personal information are constantly tested. Law students could explore the adequacy of existing laws like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) in the United States, considering the rapid advancements in technology and the increasing global nature of data processing.
• Civil Rights in the Modern Era: As societies evolve, so too do their understandings and implementations of civil rights. Current legal discussions often focus on issues such as police brutality, LGBTQ+ rights, and the protections afforded to individuals under new healthcare regulations. Thesis topics may examine how legal responses are adapting in light of these challenges, particularly in terms of legislative and judicial actions intended to protect marginalized groups.
• Corporate Compliance and Governance: With the global economy becoming more interconnected, the importance of corporate compliance and governance has been magnified. Law thesis topics could investigate how businesses are expected to operate ethically while maximizing shareholder value, especially in industries that have significant impacts on the environment or human rights. Additionally, the legal liabilities of corporate officers and directors for breaches of fiduciary duties remain a hot topic in legal research.
• Environmental Law and Climate Change: Environmental law continues to be a pressing area of legal concern as the effects of climate change become more evident. Law students can explore topics related to the enforcement of environmental regulations, the role of international treaties in combating global warming, and the legal responsibilities of nations and corporations in ensuring sustainability. The recent shifts towards renewable energy sources and their legal implications offer a rich field for exploration.
• Immigration Law: Immigration law remains at the forefront of political and legal debates in many countries. Thesis topics could address the legality of border enforcement practices, the rights of refugees and asylum seekers, and the impact of new immigration policies on families and communities. Additionally, the intersection of immigration law with human rights provides a compelling area for legal research and discussion.
• Intellectual Property in the Innovation Economy: As innovation drives economic growth, intellectual property (IP) law plays a crucial role in protecting inventions, brands, and creative works. However, the tension between IP protection and the public interest, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry and technology sector, presents a complex scenario for legal analysis. Law students might explore the balance between encouraging innovation through patents and copyrights and ensuring public access to essential medicines and technologies.

Each of these areas presents unique challenges and opportunities for law students to contribute to their fields through rigorous analysis and innovative thinking. Addressing these current issues in law not only enhances their academic portfolio but also prepares them to enter the legal profession with a comprehensive understanding of the issues at the forefront of legal practice today. By focusing on these law thesis topics, students can position themselves at the cutting edge of legal research and development.

Recent Trends in Law

The dynamic nature of legal systems worldwide ensures that the landscape of law is perpetually evolving. Recent trends in law have been shaped by technological advancements, societal shifts, and global events that have prompted significant legal developments and debates. These trends provide fertile ground for law thesis topics, offering students a chance to explore the cutting-edge issues that are shaping modern legal doctrines and practices.

• Technology and Law: One of the most pervasive influences on recent legal trends is technology. From the rise of fintech and blockchain technology affecting financial regulations to the challenges posed by artificial intelligence in privacy and intellectual property law, technology is reshaping legal boundaries. Law students could examine topics such as the regulation of autonomous vehicles, legal responses to cybersecurity threats, or the implications of AI in criminal justice systems, including predictive policing and decision-making algorithms.
• Global Health and Law: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical role of health law on a global scale. Recent legal trends have focused on public health law’s response to pandemics, including emergency powers, vaccination mandates, and quarantine measures. Thesis topics might analyze the balance between individual rights and public health safety, the legal implications of global vaccine distribution, or the role of the World Health Organization in shaping international health regulations.
• International Trade and Law: Recent shifts in international trade agreements and policies, such as Brexit and changes in the United States’ trade policies, have significant legal implications. Law students have the opportunity to delve into issues surrounding trade negotiations, tariffs, and the role of international bodies like the World Trade Organization in mediating global trade disputes. Additionally, the rise of protectionist policies and their legal ramifications offers a rich area for scholarly investigation.
• Social Justice and Law: Recent years have seen a marked increase in legal initiatives focused on social justice, including movements towards criminal justice reform, police accountability, and the decriminalization of certain activities. Law thesis topics could explore the legal frameworks surrounding prison reform, the abolition of cash bail systems, or the legalization of cannabis and its social, economic, and legal impacts.
• Environmental and Energy Law: With the urgent need for environmental sustainability, recent legal trends have increasingly focused on environmental and energy law. Topics for exploration include the transition to renewable energy sources, legal strategies for reducing carbon footprints, and the enforcement of international environmental agreements like the Paris Accord. Law students could also investigate the legal aspects of green technology patents and their role in promoting eco-friendly innovations.
• Corporate Responsibility and Ethics: There is a growing trend towards ensuring that corporations operate more transparently and ethically, particularly in relation to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria. This shift has led to new regulations and legal standards, offering thesis topics on corporate governance reforms, the legal liabilities of ignoring climate change impacts, and the integration of corporate social responsibility into business operations.

These recent trends in law reflect a world where legal systems are rapidly adapting to external changes and internal pressures. For law students, engaging with these law thesis topics not only provides an opportunity to contribute to scholarly discourse but also to influence future legal practices and policies. As these trends continue to evolve, they will undoubtedly shape the legal landscape for years to come, providing ongoing opportunities for impactful legal research.

Future Directions in Law

The legal landscape is continually evolving, driven by shifts in technology, societal norms, and global dynamics. Identifying and understanding future directions in law is crucial for law students as they consider thesis topics that not only address current legal challenges but also anticipate upcoming legal trends. This exploration provides insights into potential legal reforms, the emergence of new legal fields, and the adaptation of law to future societal needs.

• The Expansion of Cyber Law: As digital technology becomes even more integrated into daily life, the future of law will increasingly hinge on addressing cyber-related issues. Future law thesis topics might explore regulations for the Internet of Things (IoT), legal responses to virtual realities, and the implications of quantum computing on data security and encryption. Additionally, the legalities of digital personhood and AI’s rights and responsibilities will challenge traditional legal frameworks and require innovative legal thinking.
• Climate Change Legislation: Climate change continues to be an urgent global issue, necessitating robust legal frameworks that promote environmental sustainability and mitigate harm. Future legal scholars might focus on international climate agreements, the development of national laws that enforce global climate goals, and the legal responsibilities of countries and corporations in reducing their carbon footprint. The role of law in promoting green technologies and sustainable urban planning will also be critical areas for research.
• Global Legal Cooperation: In an interconnected world, the future of law lies in global cooperation, particularly in areas like human rights, international trade, and public health. Law students could examine the potential for new international treaties, the evolution of supranational legal institutions, and the ways legal systems can work together to address issues such as migration, pandemics, and international crime.
• Legal Implications of Biotechnology: As biotechnological advancements continue, so too will their legal implications. Future thesis topics may include the regulation of genetic editing techniques, bioethics, bioprinting of human organs, and the patenting of biotechnological inventions. The balance between innovation and ethical considerations will be a significant focus, as will the protection of genetic data.
• Reforming Justice Systems: There is an ongoing need for justice system reform, particularly concerning equity, efficiency, and accessibility. Future directions in law could involve examining alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, the decriminalization of certain offenses, and reforms in sentencing practices. Additionally, the adoption of technology in the justice system, such as virtual courtrooms and AI in legal decision-making, presents both opportunities and challenges.
• The Future of Labor Law: The nature of work and the workplace is changing rapidly, prompted by technology and evolving business models. Future law thesis topics might include the legal status and rights of gig economy workers, the use of AI in workplace management, and the implications of remote work for labor law. Legal scholars will need to consider how labor laws can adapt to continue protecting workers’ rights in this new landscape.
• Protecting Rights in a Digital World: As personal and societal activities increasingly move online, protecting individual rights becomes more complex and essential. Future legal research could focus on digital identity, the right to digital privacy, and freedom of expression online. Legal frameworks will need to evolve to protect these rights adequately while balancing them against national security concerns and societal norms.

These future directions in law offer a glimpse into the potential challenges and areas of growth for the legal profession. For law students, engaging with these topics not only helps push the boundaries of current legal thought but also prepares them to play an active role in shaping the future of the legal landscape.

The exploration of law thesis topics is more than an academic requirement; it’s a chance to engage deeply with the legal issues that shape our society and influence our daily lives. As we have seen, the scope of potential topics spans from traditional legal analyses to emerging legal challenges brought about by technological and social changes. Whether addressing longstanding issues or anticipating future legal shifts, students equipped with the right thesis topic can contribute meaningfully to the discourse within their chosen field. Encouragingly, the breadth of law thesis topics offers endless possibilities for investigation and innovation, promising a rich tapestry of legal knowledge that will evolve with the changing world.

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Business Law Dissertation Topics

Published by Owen Ingram at January 3rd, 2023 , Revised On July 18, 2024

International business operations have steadily expanded the boundaries of business law over the years.

In general, business law regulates the legal rights, conducts, and relationships of individuals with businesses engaged in trade, commerce, or other commercial activities. The subject covers a broad range of ideas that fall under the business law scope, making it one of the most critical areas of law.

Ensuring businesses are run lawfully and fairly protects customers from illegal business practices and enables businesses to resolve disputes and understand their rights and responsibilities. The framework also provides a stable operating environment for businesses.

Students expected to write a dissertation in business law must choose an appropriate business law dissertation topic before they can get started with the dissertation.

Check our  free example dissertations and free business and business management dissertation examples to get an idea of how to structure your dissertation .

Types of Business Law

Such laws govern contracts and employee rights to taxes and intellectual property. Some common types of business law are the following:

Contract law is used when a company or individual enters into an agreement with another company or individual. In these agreements, each party’s responsibilities are outlined and how disputes will be handled.

Employee Rights

Employee rights include how employers should treat employees and what workers can expect from their employers, such as the hours worked per day/week/month.

Academic Resource: Employment Law Topics

It varies depending on which business entity you are and covers topics such as calculating gross income and deducting expenses.

Academic Resource: Taxation Dissertation Topics .

Intellectual property

This includes any creative work, artwork, literature, music, or trademarked product. The legal ownership of this type of work ensures that no one can claim authority over it.

Academic Resource: Intellectual property dissertation Topics .

Other Resources

• International Development Dissertation Topics
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• Business Management Dissertation Topics
• Business Psychology Dissertation Topics
• Project Management Dissertation Topics
• Business Dissertation Topics
• HRM Dissertation Topics
• Management Dissertation Topics
• Operations Management Dissertation Topics

List Of Business Law Dissertation Topics

Finding the best business law topic is essential to producing the best business law dissertation as a law student. To help you, we’ve listed some business law topics below:

Topic:1 Employment law

Research Aim: Studying the relationship between workers and employees along with the laws and rules that imply to businesses.

Topic:2 Labour law

Research Aim: Dive deep into the factories act, 1934 covering all the employee laws applicable in the country up to 18 years.

Topic:3 Immigration law

Research Aim: Take an in-depth look at the immigration law that covers the study of immigration of citizens to other countries to understand their culture, practices, locations, and rules.

Topic:4 Consumer good sales law

Research Aim: Covering the total retail sales of consumer goods with deep insight into the physical commodity and different income ongoing and outgoing for production in companies.

Topic:5 Content Drafting

Research Aim: As the name says, content drafting is the study of drafting all the laws and regulations of several legal matters.

Topic:6 Antitrust

Research Aim: Antitrust lawyers is a famously known topic written about economic and legal matters of the country that revolves around federal laws applied to businesses.

Topic:7 Intellectual property laws

Research Aim: Intellectual property laws are the field of study where students study the intellectual properties designed to assist businesses, individuals, and organizations. The topic of taxes covers all the local, regional and national taxes that promote overall social security and Medicare.

Topic:8 Bankruptcies

Research Aim: In the bankruptcy subject, we study the typical reasons, effects, and results of bankruptcies on employees and organizations in the long run.

Topic:9 Bank Formation

Research Aim: This topic discusses the factors that influence business formation and the entire process from starting a business to becoming successful.

Topic:10 Lawsuits

Research Aim: Lawsuit is an attorney-related subject in which individuals study the importance of attorneys to reduce the damage and losses in your business with the help of day-to-day negotiations to make a business effective.

Topic:11 Public Law

Research Aim: Studying the relationships between businesses and legal organizations to run peacefully in the country.

Topic:12 Execution of business laws

Research Aim: Understanding the nature of businesses with different work sectors

Topic:13 Classification of business laws

Research Aim: Classifying business laws based on their sources, approaches, and purpose of implying.

Topic:14 Business law morality

Research Aim: Studying the moral values of businesses for the betterment of society.

Topic:15 Business law consultation

Research Aim: The subject of business law consultation is where students create relevancy with different legal laws to authorise  the legislation process.

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Select a top business law dissertation topic from the list above to start your research as a business law student.

The topics covered by a business law degree can range from taxation and contracts to intellectual property and international trade. Internships and externships will provide students with practical experience, research skills, and research methods related to the legal process. Furthermore, a business law degree can lead to a successful career as a lawyer, corporate counsel, or government lawyer.

Students who want to study business law are needed to fit this criterion.

• Candidates who choose the five-year integrated BBA-LLB program must have graduated from a recognised high school and passed the university’s entrance exam.
• If a student at the PG level applies for a business law course, they must have either finished the five-year integrated course or earned a three-year LLB degree.

Business law encompasses all legal issues necessary to operate a business, such as copyright laws, workplace safety rules, contract laws, financial laws, intellectual property laws, and tax laws. As a business lawyer, you can establish, run, close, and sell a business to third parties in compliance with all legal requirements.

As businesses on a global scale change rapidly, they seek employees with creative skills to advance their organisations. A background in management and law can make you a problem solver, an analytical thinker, and an innovative manager capable of providing organisations with the edge over their rivals and staying relevant in a constantly changing market.

If you need help with the complete dissertation writing process, you may want to additionally read about our  proposal writing service  and the full  dissertation writing service .

Frequently Asked Questions

How to find business law dissertation topics.

To find business law dissertation topics:

• Explore recent legal developments.
• Analyze industry challenges.
• Research emerging business models.
• Consider regulatory gaps.
• Examine global perspectives.
• Select a topic aligning with your expertise and career objectives.

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Tourism is the world’s second most important economic sector. In many countries, tourism contributes to the GDP of the country as one of the leading industries.The more tourists visiting a country.

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LLM International Business and Commercial Law

Year of entry: 2025

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We require a UK bachelor's degree with a First or Upper Second (2.1) classification or the overseas equivalent in Law. Candidates should demonstrate a strong background in Law modules relevant to the course, including Public Law and Contract Law and achieve scores of 2.1 or above in relevant modules.  

When assessing your academic record, we consider the grades you have achieved and the standing of the institution where you studied your qualification.

Full entry requirements

Course options

Course overview

• Develop your interest in the laws governing international business, commerce and trade.
• Take the opportunity to study topical issues such as the implications of the recent financial crisis.
• Receive professional training for a career in corporate and commercial law.

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These are an opportunity to find out about the course, meet students and staff, and tour the campus and facilities.

If you receive an offer, we will invite you to a visit day where you learn about the School, teaching and learning, study opportunities and student life.

Fees for entry in 2025 have not yet been set. For reference, the fees for the academic year beginning September 2024 were as follows:

• LLM (full-time) UK students (per annum): £15,500 International, including EU, students (per annum): £28,500

Further information for EU students can be found on our dedicated EU page.

The fees quoted above will be fully inclusive for the course tuition, administration and computational costs during your studies.

All fees for entry will be subject to yearly review and incremental rises per annum are also likely over the duration of courses lasting more than a year for UK/EU students (fees are typically fixed for International students, for the course duration at the year of entry). For general fees information please visit: postgraduate fees . Always contact the department if you are unsure which fee applies to your qualification award and method of attendance.

Self-funded international applicants for this course will be required to pay a deposit of £1,000 towards their tuition fees before a confirmation of acceptance for studies (CAS) is issued. This deposit will only be refunded if immigration permission is refused. We will notify you about how and when to make this payment.

Policy on additional costs

All students should normally be able to complete their programme of study without incurring additional study costs over and above the tuition fee for that programme. Any unavoidable additional compulsory costs totalling more than 1% of the annual home undergraduate fee per annum, regardless of whether the programme in question is undergraduate or postgraduate taught, will be made clear to you at the point of application. Further information can be found in the University's Policy on additional costs incurred by students on undergraduate and postgraduate taught programmes (PDF document, 91KB).

Scholarships/sponsorships

Manchester Alumni Scholarship Scheme

The Manchester Alumni Scholarship Scheme offers a £3,000 reduction in tuition fees to University of Manchester alumni who achieved a first-class bachelor's degree and are progressing to a postgraduate taught master's course.

Manchester Humanities International Excellence Scholarship

The University of Manchester is proud to offer scholarship awards to exceptional international students.

Manchester Master's Bursary

The University of Manchester is committed to widening participation in master's study and allocates 75 awards of £4,000 each year.

Postgraduate loans for master's students

If you're coming to Manchester this year to begin postgraduate study, you could qualify for a loan from the UK government.

For more information on our awards, see fees and funding or search the University's postgraduate funding database .

• Commonwealth Scholarships and Fellowships Plan (CSFP) General Scholarship

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Courses in related subject areas

Use the links below to view lists of courses in related subject areas.

Entry requirements

Academic entry qualification overview, english language.

Applicants whose first language is not English should meet the following language requirements:

• IELTS Academic test score of 7 overall, including 7 in writing with no further component score below 6.5
• TOEFL IBT 100 with 25 in writing and no further score below 22 in each section. TOEFL code for Manchester is 0757
• Pearson Test of English (PTE) score of 76 overall, with 76 in writing and no further score below 70

Pre-Sessional English Courses

We will consider applicants who do not meet these scores but you will be required to complete a pre-sessional English language course at the University of Manchester prior to the start of the course.

To be considered for a pre-sessional English language course for this programme we require the following minimum IELTS (Academic) scores:

6 Week Pre-Sessional Course : IELTS 6.5 overall with 6.5 in writing and no more than one sub-skill of 6.0.

10 Week Pre-sessional Course : IELTS 6.0 overall with 6.0 or above in each sub-skill 

If you have not yet completed your current academic study and are interested in studying a pre-sessional course, you must hold an IELTS for UKVI (Academic) test certificate to ensure that you are eligible for a separate visa for the English language course.

English language test validity

Some English Language test results are only valid for two years. Your English Language test report must be valid on the start date of the course.

Applicants from Majority English-speaking countries

If you are a national of a   majority English-speaking country   (or have studied for a full bachelor's degree or higher from one of these countries) you may be exempt from submitting further evidence of English language proficiency.

Other international entry requirements

We accept a range of qualifications from across the globe. To help international students, the university provides specific information for many individual countries. Please see our   country-specific information page   for guidance on the academic and English language qualifications which may be accepted from your country.

Application and selection

How to apply, advice to applicants.

As there is a high demand for our courses we operate a staged admissions process with selection deadlines throughout the year. Due to the competition for places and high quality of applications that we receive, we give preference to students from high ranking institutions and with grades above our minimum entry requirements.

Please ensure you submit all supporting documentation with your application before the application deadline to avoid a delay in processing.

Applications for 2025 entry:

Stage 1: Application received by 7th December 2024 ; Application update by 21st February 2025

Stage 2: Application received by 2nd March 2025 ; Application update by 1st May 2025

Stage 3: Application received by 4th May 2025 ; Application update by 5th June 2025

Stage 4: Application received by 1st July 2025 ; Application update by 25th July 2025

Whilst we aim to give you a decision on your application by the deadline date, in some instances due to the competition for places and the volume of applications received, it may be necessary to roll your application forward to the next deadline date.

Applications received after our final selection deadline will be considered at our discretion if places are still available.

Please note: All places are subject to availability and if you apply at one of the later stages, some courses may already be reaching capacity or be closed to further applications. We, therefore, recommend that you apply early in the cycle to avoid disappointment.

Tuition fee deposits

If you are successful in receiving an offer, you will be required to pay a tuition fee deposit of £1,000 by the deadline stated in your offer letter to confirm your place. We ask for the deposit as competition for places is high and there is limited availability. The deposit amount is then deducted from your tuition fees when you register on the course.

Overseas (non-UK) applicants

Re-applications, course details, course description.

The LLM in International Business and Commercial Law offers you the opportunity to develop an advanced understanding of the law governing commerce and finance in today's international market.

Multinational companies must regularly overcome a wide range of legal and governance issues in order to do business worldwide. This course encourages you to explore the legal challenges faced by international business and analyse the fundamental legal framework for dealing with them.

You will study areas such as corporate governance, international trade transactions and competition law.

• Develop a thorough knowledge of the legal fundamentals of international commerce and finance.
• Gain deeper insight into specific problems and critical issues faced by international business today and the international legal frameworks in dealing with them.
• Develop an understanding of the legal framework for business and commerce within regional economic blocs, such as the European Union.
• Understand relevant academic debates and new developments in law.

Special features

The Law School works in partnership with institutions outside the higher education sector to enable you to produce research with a wider relevance and to develop your knowledge and expertise.

We are dedicated to shaping policy-making and practice in diverse areas; from national healthcare guidelines, to influencing police procedures in countries such as Norway, Australia and Brazil.

Teaching and learning

Our taught postgraduate courses include classes and a programme of assessed work.

These are particularly suitable if you want to gain specialist knowledge in your chosen subject area.

You may continue your studies in order to pursue an academic career, or go on to pursue your chosen field.

Coursework and assessment

All course units are assessed by either one unseen written examination, or one coursework essay, or a combination of these two methods of assessment.  

The course will be 180 credits in total and has a compulsory research component. 120 credits will be taught modules and the remainder 60 credits in the form of a 12,000 word dissertation.  

Your dissertation must be within the area of one unit you have chosen. The research element of the course is supported by weekly research methodology lectures delivered throughout semesters one and two designed to improve your legal writing and research skills.  

For specialised streams, dissertation topic must be within those streams while for general LLM dissertation topics must be within one of the modules chosen by the student.

Course unit details

The LLM course typically offers around 30 different course units in any one year, and will always reflect a wide range of subjects across the legal spectrum.

There will usually be course units offered on diverse topics, such as:

• international trade and corporate law;
• financial services regulation;
• European law;
• international economic law;
• intellectual property law;
• human rights law;
• corporate governance;
• law and finance in emerging markets.

Course units are worth 15 or 30 credits each. You will be required to select course units to a total of 120 credits, and so must choose a minimum of four course units or a maximum of eight course units.

The course also has a compulsory research component. You will complete a 60 credit dissertation of 12,000 words.

Your dissertation must be within the area of one unit you have chosen and will be supported by weekly research methodology lectures delivered throughout semesters one and two. These are designed to improve your legal writing and research skills. For specialised streams, dissertation topic must be within those streams.

Course unit list

The course unit details given below are subject to change, and are the latest example of the curriculum available on this course of study.

Scholarships and bursaries

The School offers a number of awards for students applying for master's study.

To find our more, please visit our master's funding opportunity search page.

What our students say

You will be supported by the first-class resources of a top law school.  

In addition to the networked study spaces at the Williamson Building, you can access a specialist moot courtroom, enabling you to hone your debating skills in a realistic court setting. 

You may also access The University of Manchester Library , which houses a substantial collection of law books and periodicals, as well as texts to support all the degrees we offer.

Disability support

Career opportunities.

This course will prepare you for a career in law with specialisation in international business. 

It also allows the development of research skills for those wishing to pursue an academic career in international business law.

The University has its own dedicated Careers Service that you would have full access to as a student and for two years after you graduate. At Manchester you will have access to a number of opportunities to help boost your employability .

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International business law llm.

Part of: Law

As businesses increasingly cross borders, the practice of law must equally develop and change. If you intend to pursue and develop a career in business law, it is vital to understand the complexities of transnational business interactions. The International Business Law LLM will prepare you for a career in global business.

• Gain knowledge of regulation affecting business in different jurisdictions
• Choose from a wide range of modules to tailor your LLM to your planned career path
• Your fellow students will come from the UK and more than 80 other countries, each able to draw on prior academic and professional experience from different jurisdictions
• Take part in a wide range of academic, networking and social events
• Have the opportunity to attend events organised by the School of Law and be part of a vibrant research community

Study options

• Full-time September 2025 | 1 year

What you'll study

The LLM covers many aspects of Business Law, including company law, competition law, corporate governance, dispute resolution, energy law, finance law, insurance law, intellectual property, international trade law, market regulation, shipping law and tax law. Please note that not all modules will be available in any one year.

You will be offered a varied selection of taught modules and a voluntary dissertation from which you can choose, enabling you to gear your qualification to set you on your desired career trajectory. You do not have to choose your modules until you have had the opportunity to learn about them in greater detail during your comprehensive induction period.

You will have voluntary access to an excellent series of lectures in Critical Thinking and Writing in Law to help you to improve your writing and research in law skills.

We only allow one application from our range of LLM programmes so please ensure you apply for your main programme of interest. Please note you can request to change programme at offer stage via your MYSIS admissions portal and also request this after enrolment via the School of Law Taught Programme office.

Join  the Queen Mary Network and speak to our community about this programme.

You will need to complete 180 credits in total.

Full year programme:

• 180 credits of taught modules (this can include a 30 credits elective dissertation)

Please see the academic year plan for an idea of the structure of the full-time programme and key periods of assessment.

Postgraduate Open Event

Join us online for our next Postgraduate Open Event on Thursday 24 October 2024 where you can find out more about student life and study at Queen Mary.

View the full list of modules available on this programme .

• You will be assessed by a range of methods combining examinations and coursework which will be fully explained in your student pack available during induction.
• For any elective dissertation, you will undertake self-directed research and writing with the support of an allocated supervisor.

Read our  FAQs for more information about applying to us .

You will be taught by a mixture of formal lectures and small group seminars. The seminars are designed to generate informed discussion around set topics, and may involve student presentations and group exercises as well as open discussion.

You will have a team of advisers to support you, including the LLM and Programme Academic Directors, your module convenors and, for an elective dissertation, your dissertation supervisor.

Professor Peter Alldridge

LLB (Lond), LLM (Wales)

Professor Alldridge has served as a Specialist Adviser to joint Parliamentary Committees and is a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences. He has published widely in the areas of criminal law, evidence, legal education, law and information technology, medical law, and law and disability.

Mr Nick Bernard

BA DEA Maitrise (Universite Paris XI)

Mr Bernard’s research interests are in the field of European Union law, especially EU governance and internal market regulation. In addition to his book Multilevel Governance in the European Union, Mr Bernard has written widely on various aspects of EU law.

Professor Eyad Maher Dabbah

LLB (Wales) LLM PhD (Lond), Barrister (Middle Temple); Ordinary Member UK Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT)

Professor Dabbah specialises in the field of antitrust and competition. He has published widely in this field and is the author and editor of several books dealing with national, regional and global competition law and policy.

Professor Debbie De Girolamo

PhD (LSE); LLM in Alternative Dispute Resolution (Osgoode Hall Law School); LLB (University of Windsor); BA Hons. (University of Toronto); Barrister and Solicitor (Ontario, Canada)

Professor De Girolamo is the Programme Director for the Art, Business and Law LLM at Queen Mary. She teaches and researches on dispute resolution and cultural values at CCLS. Her current areas of research include aspects of social order, negotiation interactions and outcomes, mediation in civil justice and cultural property/heritage disputes. Debbie has published on negotiation, mediation, on law and society issues, and cultural property/heritage disputes.

Professor Alan Dignam

BA (Trinity College Dublin) PhD (DCU)

Professor Dignam’s major research interests are company law, corporate governance, the application of constitutional rights/human rights to corporations and the impact of artificial intelligence on corporations. He has written widely in law journals on company and commercial law matters.

Professor Janet Dine

LLB, PhD (London), AKC

Professor Dine’s current research concerns the interaction of human rights law and international trade law. She specialises in company law, corporate governance and globalisation and is concerned with poverty, international trade and power issues.

Dr Gail Elizabeth Evans

BA (Hons), Dip.Ed., LLB, SJD (University of Sydney)

Dr Evans’s research concerns the impact of economic globalisation on the law of international trade and intellectual property. She is engaged in consultancy and capacity building work, most recently as a member of the UN Economic commission for Europe Team of Specialists on Intellectual Property.

Dr Andromachi Georgosouli

PhD and LLM (CCLS, Queen Mary University of London); LLB (Democritus University of Thrace, Greece)

Dr Georgosouli’s research is policy-oriented and focuses on institutional and legal aspects of financial crisis prevention and management. She is the co-editor of Systemic Risk and the Future of Insurance Regulation (Routledge/INFORMA, Lloyd’s Insurance Law Library series).

Professor Miriam Goldby

BA LLD (Malta) LLM (LSE) PhD (UCL)

Dr Miriam Goldby is Professor of Shipping, Insurance and Commercial Law. She authored Electronic Documents in Maritime Trade: Law and Practice (OUP), and has published extensively in the fields of shipping, insurance and financial law.

Professor Christiana HJI Panayi

Professor Panayi has published extensively in the area of EU and international tax law. She has designed and conducted workshops on international and EU tax law for Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs, the UK Treasury and various European organisations and accounting firms.

Where you'll learn

• Free access to online databases and collections including: LexisNexis, Westlaw, Justis, Eur-lex, Hein-Online and many more
• The Postgraduate School of Law Centre in Lincoln's Inn Fields and the Graduate Centre at Mile End
• Queen Mary’s excellent Law Library and European Documentation Centre
• Access to the University of London’s Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (IALS) and the Library at Senate House

Teaching is primarily based at the School of Law's postgraduate centre, the Centre for Commercial Law Studies (CCLS), located in   Lincoln's Inn Fields . This area is home to numerous barristers’ chambers and law firms and is a short walk from the Royal Courts of Justice. Our academics and students interact with leading legal professionals, many of whom regularly teach and take part in our seminars and conferences.

Depending on the modules you choose, you may also have classes at the  Mile End Campus   or at one of the Queen Mary central campus locations ( Charterhouse Square   or   West Smithfield ).

Administration for this programme is based at Lincoln's Inn fields.

About the School

The school of law.

The School of Law is part of Queen Mary University of London, a member of both the University of London and the  Russell Group.   The School was ranked 7th in the UK and 32nd in the world by QS World University Rankings by Subject 2023 , and 10th in the UK  and 50th in world in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024 by subject .

The School of Law has consistently been ranked in the top 10 law schools in the UK for the quality of our research and teaching, and many of our internationally recognised staff act as advisers to governments, industry and NGOs, both nationally and internationally.

The School's central focus is on the role of law and its institutions in contemporary international society. The School of Law is divided into two organisational units: the Department of Law and the Centre for Commercial Law Studies (CCLS). The School of Law hosts the largest and most diverse LLM programme in the UK.

School of Law

• Tel: +44 (0)20 7882 8223

Career paths

This programme will enhance your career options by allowing you to specialise in the highly sought after interdisciplinary areas of law, economics and finance. There is a very high rate of employment of our students within six months of graduation. We have specialist career advisers who organise events and assist with finding internship opportunities a top UK and international law firms.

Graduates of the LLM have gone on to become:

• A practicing lawyer working within the Rwandan Ministry of Justice
• A lawyer at Baker & McKenzie Amsterdam (Litigation department)
• An International Arbitration Professional at BCLP LLP

After graduating from Queen Mary, you join our network of alumni from over 100 countries , and get access to exclusive benefits and networking opportunities.

During my undergraduate study, I participated in some pro bono activities, but qLegal offered me the best legal volunteering experience, which I believe will benefit me for many years. — Jinjun Chen, International Business Law LLM (2021).  Read more  testimonials from the International Business Law LLM .

Fees and funding

Fees will be announced in September 2024

There are a number of ways you can fund your postgraduate degree.

School of Law scholarships

The School of Law offers a range of scholarships for Law Masters programmes each year, including the new School of Law Postgraduate Scholarships . Full details are made available on the law funding page from October – November each year.

Other sources of funding

• Scholarships and bursaries
• Postgraduate loans (UK students)
• Country-specific scholarships for international students

Our Advice and Counselling service offers specialist support on financial issues, which you can access as soon as you apply for a place at Queen Mary. Before you apply, you can access our funding guides and advice on managing your money:

• Advice for UK and EU students
• Advice for international students

Entry requirements

Degree requirements.

Law graduates with a 2:2 honours degree who also have other legal qualifications and/or substantial professional legal experience may also qualify.

Other routes

Non-law graduates with a minimum second class honours degree, that have also obtained a Merit (or 60 per cent) in the Common Professional Examination (CPE) or Graduate Diploma in Law (GDL) recognised by the UK professional bodies, may also qualify. Non-law graduates may also be considered on the basis of exceptional professional experience (of at least five years) in a legal area or an area directly related to their programme of study.

Find out more about how to apply for our postgraduate taught courses.

International

Afghanistan We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Master Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 90%; or GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: 80%; or GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: 70%; or GPA 2.4 out of 4.0

Albania We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 9.5 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 8 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 7 out of 10

Algeria We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Licence; Diplome de [subject area]; Diplome d'Etudes Superieures; Diplome de Docteur end Pharmacie; or Diplome de Docteur en Medecine from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 16 out of 20 UK 2:1 degree: 14 out of 20 UK 2:2 degree: 12 out of 20

Angola We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Grau de Licenciado/a (minimum 4 years) from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: 17 out of 20 UK 2:1 degree: 15 out of 20 UK 2:2 degree: 13 out of 20

Argentina We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Titulo/ Grado de Licenciado/ Titulo de [subject area] (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 9 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 7.5 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 6.5 out of 10

Armenia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree or Specialist Diploma from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 87 out of 100 UK 2:1 degree: 75 out of 100 UK 2:2 degree: 61 out of 100

Australia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 3 years) or Bachelor Honours degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: High Distinction; or First Class with Honours UK 2:1 degree: Distinction; or Upper Second Class with Honours UK 2:2 degree: Credit; or Lower Second Class with Honours

Austria We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 1.5 out of 5.0 UK 2:1 degree: 2.5 out of 5.0 UK 2:2 degree: 3.5 out of 5.0

The above relates to grading scale where 1 is the highest and 5 is the lowest.

Azerbaijan We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree or Specialist Diploma from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 90%; or GPA 4.7 out of 5 UK 2:1 degree: 80%; or GPA 4 out of 5 UK 2:2 degree: 70%; or GPA 3.5 out of 5

Bahamas We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 3 years) from the University of West Indies. UK 1st class degree: First Class Honours UK 2:1 degree: Upper Second Class Honours UK 2:2 degree: Lower Second Class Honours

Bahrain We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.7 out of 4.0; or 90 out of 100 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 4.0; or 80 out of 100 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.3 out of 4.0; or 74 out of 100

Bangladesh We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 4 years) from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.2 to 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.0 to 3.3 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.3 to 2.7 out of 4.0

Offer conditions will vary depending on the institution you are applying from.  For some institutions/degrees we will ask for different grades to above, so this is only a guide. 

Barbados We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from the University of West Indies, Cave Hill or Barbados Community College. UK 1st class degree: First Class Honours*; or GPA 3.7 out of 4.0** UK 2:1 degree: Upper Second Class Honours*; or GPA 3.0 out of 4.0** UK 2:2 degree: Lower Second Class Honours*; or GPA 2.4 out of 4.0**

*relates to: the University of West Indies, Cave Hill.

**relates to: Barbados Community College.

Belarus We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree or Specialist Diploma (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 9 out of 10; or 4.7 out of 5 UK 2:1 degree: 7 out of 10; or 4 out of 5 UK 2:2 degree: 5 out of 10; or 3.5 out of 5

Belgium We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (180 ECTS credits) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 80% or 16/20*; or 78%** UK 2:1 degree: 70% or 14/20*; or 72%** UK 2:2 degree: 60% or 12/20*; or 65%**

*Flanders (Dutch-speaking)/ Wallonia (French-speaking) **German-speaking

Belize We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 3 years) from the University of West Indies. UK 1st class degree: First Class Honours UK 2:1 degree: Upper Second Class Honours UK 2:2 degree: Lower Second Class Honours

Benin We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Maitrise or Masters from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 16 out of 20 UK 2:1 degree: 14 out of 20 UK 2:2 degree: 12 out of 20

Bolivia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Titulo de Bachiller Universitario or Licenciado / Titulo de [subject area] (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 85%* or 80%** UK 2:1 degree: 75%* or 70%** UK 2:2 degree: 65%* or 60%**

*relates to: Titulo de Bachiller Universitario

**relates to: Licenciado / Titulo de [subject area] 

Bosnia and Herzegovina We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 3 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 9.5 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 8.5 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 7.5 out of 10

Botswana We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 5 years) or Master Degree from the University of Botswana. UK 1st class degree: 80% UK 2:1 degree: 70% UK 2:2 degree: 60%

Brazil We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Título de Bacharel / Título de [subject area] or Título de Licenciado/a (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 8.25 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 7.5 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 6.5 out of 10

The above grades assumes that the grading scale has a pass mark of 5.

Brunei We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Honours degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: First Class Honours UK 2:1 degree: Upper Second Class Honours UK 2:2 degree: Lower Second Class Honours

Bulgaria We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 5.75 out of 6.0 UK 2:1 degree: 4.75 out of 6.0 UK 2:2 degree: 4.0 out of 6.0

Burundi We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Diplome d'Etudes Approfondies from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 85%; or 16 out of 20 UK 2:1 degree: 75%; or 14 out of 20 UK 2:2 degree: 60%; or 12 out of 20

Cambodia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Masters Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 80%; or GPA 3.5 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: 70%; or GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: 60%; or GPA 2.35 out of 4.0

Cameroon We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree; Licence; Diplome d'Etudes Superieures de Commerce; Diplome d'Ingenieur de Conception/ Travaux; Doctorat en Medecine/ Pharmacie; or Maitrise or Master 1 from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: 16 out of 20; or GPA 3.6 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: 14 out of 20; or GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: 12 out of 20; or GPA 2.5 out of 4.0

Canada We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree or Bachelor Honours Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.6 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.2 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.5 out of 4.0

Chile We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Grado de Licenciado en [subject area] or Titulo (Professional) de [subject area] (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 6.5 out of 7 UK 2:1 degree: 5.5 out of 7 UK 2:2 degree: 5 out of 7

China We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 4 years) from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: 85 to 95% UK 2:1 degree: 75 to 85% UK 2:2 degree: 70 to 80%

Offer conditions will vary depending on the institution you are applying from.  

Colombia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Licenciado en [subject area] or Titulo de [subject area] (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 4.60 out of 5.00 UK 2:1 degree: 4.00 out of 5.00 UK 2:2 degree: 3.50 out of 5.00

Congo, Dem. Rep. of We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Diplome d'Etudes Approfondies or Diplome d'Etudes Speciales from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 16 out of 20; or 90% UK 2:1 degree: 14 out of 20; or 80% UK 2:2 degree: 12 out of 20; or 70%

Congo, Rep. of We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Diplome d'Etudes Superieures or Maitrise from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 16 out of 20 UK 2:1 degree: 14 out of 20 UK 2:2 degree: 12 out of 20

Costa Rica We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachiller or Licenciado from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 9 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 8 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 7.5 out of 10

Croatia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree or Advanced Diploma of Higher Education Level VII/1 (Diploma - Visoko obrazovanje) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 4.5 out of 5 UK 2:1 degree: 4 out of 5 UK 2:2 degree: 3 out of 5

Cuba We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Titulo de Licenciado/ Arquitecto/ Doctor/ Ingeniero from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 4.7 out of 5 UK 2:1 degree: 4 out of 5 UK 2:2 degree: 3.5 out of 5

Cyprus We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 8 out of 10; or GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: 7.0 out of 10; or GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: 6.0 out of 10; or GPA 2.5 out of 4.0

Czech Republic We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (180 ECTS credits) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 1.2 out of 4 UK 2:1 degree: 1.5 out of 4 UK 2:2 degree: 2.5 out of 4

The above relates to grading scale where 1 is the highest and 4 is the lowest.

Denmark We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 12 out of 12 (2007 onwards); or 11 out of 13 (before 2007) UK 2:1 degree: 7 out of 12 (2007 onwards); or 8 out of 13 (before 2007) UK 2:2 degree: 4 out of 12 (2007 onwards); or 7 out of 13 (before 2007)

Dominican Republic We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Licenciado/ Titulo de [subject area] (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 95/100 UK 2:1 degree: 85/100 UK 2:2 degree: 78/100

Ecuador We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Titulo de Licenciado / Titulo de [subject area] (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 90%; or 9/10; or 19/20; or GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: 80%; or 8/10; or 18/20; or GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: 70%; or 7/10; or 14/20; or GPA 2.4 out of 4.0

Egypt We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: 85%; or GPA 3.7 out of 4 UK 2:1 degree: 75%; or GPA 3.0 out of 4 UK 2:2 degree: 65%; or GPA 2.5 out of 4

El Salvador We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Licenciado/ Titulo de [subject area] (minimum 5 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 8.5 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 7.5 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 6.5 out of 10

Eritrea We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Masters Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.4 out of 4.0

Estonia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree; University Specialist's Diploma; or Professional Higher Education Diploma from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 4.5 out of 5 UK 2:1 degree: 3.5 out of 5 UK 2:2 degree: 2 out of 5

The above grades assumes that 1 is the pass mark. 

Eswatini We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Masters Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 80% UK 2:1 degree: 70% UK 2:2 degree: 60%

Ethiopia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Masters Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.5 out of 4.0

Fiji We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 3 years) from one of the following institutions: Fiji National University, the University of Fiji, or the University of South Pacific, Fiji. UK 1st class degree: GPA 4.0 out of 5.0*; or overall grade A with High Distinction pass**; or GPA 4.0 out of 4.5*** UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.33 out of 5.0*; or overall grade B with Credit pass**; or GPA 3.5 out of 4.5*** UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.33 out of 5.0*; or overall grade S (Satisfactory)**; or GPA 2.5 out of 4.5***

*relates to Fiji National University

**relate to the University of Fiji

***relates to the University of South Pacific, Fiji

Finland We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree/ Kandidaatti/ Kandidat (minimum 180 ECTS credits) from a recognised institution; or Bachelor degree (Ammattikorkeakoulututkinto/ Yrkeshögskoleexamen) from a recognised University of Applied Sciences. UK 1st class degree: 4.5 out of 5; or 2.8 out of 3 UK 2:1 degree: 3.5 out of 5; or 2 out of 3 UK 2:2 degree: 2.5 out of 5; or 1.4 out of 3

France We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Licence; Grade de Licence; Diplome d'Ingenieur; or Maitrise from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 14 out of 20 UK 2:1 degree: 12 out of 20 UK 2:2 degree: 11 out of 20

Gambia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Masters Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 80%; or GPA 4.0 out of 4.3 UK 2:1 degree: 67%; or GPA 3.3 out of 4.3 UK 2:2 degree: 60%; or GPA 2.7 out of 4.3

Georgia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree or Specialist Diploma (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 91 out of 100; or 4.7 out of 5 UK 2:1 degree: 81 out of 100; or 4 out of 5 UK 2:2 degree: 71 out of 100; or 3.5 out of 5

Germany We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (180 ECTS credits) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 1.5 out of 5.0 UK 2:1 degree: 2.5 out of 5.0 UK 2:2 degree: 3.5 out of 5.0

Ghana We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: First Class UK 2:1 degree: Second Class (Upper Division) UK 2:2 degree: Second Class (Lower Division)

Greece We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Degrees from recognised selected institutions in the University sector or Degrees (awarded after 2003) from recognised Technological Educational Institutes. UK 1st class degree: 8 out of 10*; or 9 out of 10** UK 2:1 degree: 7 out of 10*; or 7.5 out of 10** UK 2:2 degree: 6 out of 10*; or 6.8 out of 10**

*Relates to degrees from the University Sector. **Relates to degrees from Technological Educational Institutes.

Grenada We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 3 years) from the University of West Indies. UK 1st class degree: First Class Honours UK 2:1 degree: Upper Second Class Honours UK 2:2 degree: Lower Second Class Honours

Guatemala We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Licenciado / Titulo de [subject area] (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 90% UK 2:1 degree: 80% UK 2:2 degree: 70%

The above grades assumes that the pass mark is 61% or less.

Guinea We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Master; Maitrise; Diplome d'Etudes Superieures; or Diplome d'Etudes Approfondies from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 16 out of 20 UK 2:1 degree: 14 out of 20 UK 2:2 degree: 12 out of 20

Guyana We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Graduate Diploma (Postgraduate) or Masters degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.4 out of 4.0

Honduras We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Titulo de Licenciado/a / Grado Academico de Licenciatura (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 90%; or 4.7 out of 5; or GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: 80%; or 4.0 out of 5; or GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: 70%; or 3.5 out of 5; or GPA 2.4 out of 4.0

Hong Kong We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Honours Degree from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: First Class Honours UK 2:1 degree: Upper Second Class Honours UK 2:2 degree: Lower Second Class Honours

Hungary We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor degree (Alapfokozat) or University Diploma (Egyetemi Oklevel) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 4.75 out of 5 UK 2:1 degree: 4 out of 5 UK 2:2 degree: 3.5 out of 5

Iceland We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor degree (Baccalaureus or Bakkalarprof) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 8.25 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 7.25 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 6.5 out of 10

India We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 3 years) from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: 75% to 80% UK 2:1 degree: 60% to 70% UK 2:2 degree: 50% to 60%

Offer conditions will vary depending on the institution you are applying from.  For some institutions/degrees we will ask for different grades to above, so this is only a guide.  

For India, offers may be made on the GPA scale.

We do not consider the Bachelor of Vocation (B. Voc.) for Masters entry.

Indonesia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Sarjna I (S1) Bachelor Degree or Diploma IV (D4) (minimum 4 years) from selected degree programmes and institutions. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.6 to 3.8 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.0 to 3.2 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.67 to 2.8 out of 4.0

Offer conditions will vary depending on the institution you are applying from and the degree that you study.

Iran We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 17.5 to 18.5 out of 20 UK 2:1 degree: 15 to 16 out of 20 UK 2:2 degree: 13.5 to 14 out of 20

Iraq We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 85 out of 100 UK 2:1 degree: 75 out of 100 UK 2:2 degree: 60 out of 100

Ireland We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Honours Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: First Class Honours UK 2:1 degree: Second Class Honours Grade I UK 2:2 degree: Second Class Honours Grade II

Israel We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 90% UK 2:1 degree: 80% UK 2:2 degree: 65%

Italy We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Laurea (180 ECTS credits) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 110 out of 110 UK 2:1 degree: 105 out of 110 UK 2:2 degree: 94 out of 110

Cote D’ivoire (Ivory Coast) We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Diplome d'Ingenieur; Doctorat en Medicine; Maitrise; Master; Diplome d'Etudes Approfondies; or Diplome d'Etudes Superieures Specialisees from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: 16 out of 20 UK 2:1 degree: 14 out of 20 UK 2:2 degree: 12 out of 20

Jamaica We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 3 years) from the University of West Indies (UWI) or a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.7 out of 4.0; or First Class Honours from the UWI UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 4.0; or Upper Second Class Honours from the UWI UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.4 out of 4.0; or Lower Second Class Honours from the UWI

Japan We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: S overall* or A overall**; or 90%; or GPA 3.70 out of 4.00 UK 2:1 degree: A overall* or B overall**; or 80%; or GPA 3.00 out of 4.00 UK 2:2 degree: B overall* or C overall**; or 70%; or GPA 2.3 out of 4.00

*Overall mark is from the grading scale: S, A, B, C (S is highest mark) **Overall mark is from the grading scale: A, B, C, D (A is highest mark)

Jordan We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 85%; or GPA of 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: 75%; or GPA of 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: 70%; or GPA of 2.5 out of 4.0

Kazakhstan We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree or Specialist Diploma from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 3.8 out of 4.0/4.33; or 4.7 out of 5 UK 2:1 degree: 3.33 out of 4.0/4.33; or 4.0 out of 5 UK 2:2 degree: 2.67 out of 4.0/4.33; or 3.5 out of 5

Kenya We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: First Class Honours; or GPA 3.6 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: Second Class Honours Upper Division; or GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: Second Class Honours Lower Division; or GPA 2.4 out of 4.0

Kosovo We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 9.5 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 8.5 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 7.5 out of 10

Kuwait We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.67 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.67 out of 4.0

Kyrgyzstan We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree or Specialist Diploma (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 4.7 out of 5; or GPA 3.7 out of 4 UK 2:1 degree: 4.0 out of 5; or GPA 3.0 out of 4 UK 2:2 degree: 3.5 out of 5; or GPA 2.4 out of 4

Laos We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Masters Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.4 out of 4.0

Latvia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (awarded after 2002) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 9.5 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 7.5 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 6 out of 10

Lebanon We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree; Licence; or Maitrise from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 90% or Grade A; or GPA 3.7 out of 4.0; or 16 out of 20 (French system) UK 2:1 degree: 80% or Grade B; or GPA 3.0 out of 4.0; or 13 out of 20 (French system) UK 2:2 degree: 70% or Grade C; or GPA 2.5 out of 4.0; or 12 out of 20 (French system)

Lesotho We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Honours Degree (minimum 5 years total HE study); Masters Degree or Postgraduate Diploma from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: 80% UK 2:1 degree: 70% UK 2:2 degree: 60%

Liberia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Masters Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 90% or GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: 80% or GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: 70% or GPA 2.4 out of 4.0

Libya We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: 85%; or 3.7 out of 4.0 GPA UK 2:1 degree: 75%; or 3.0 out of 4.0 GPA UK 2:2 degree: 65%; or 2.6 out of 4.0 GPA

Liechtenstein We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (180 ECTS credits) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 5.6 out of 6.0 UK 2:1 degree: 5.0 out of 6.0 UK 2:2 degree: 4.4 out of 6.0

Lithuania We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 180 ECTS credits) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 9.5 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 8 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 7 out of 10

Luxembourg We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 16 out of 20 UK 2:1 degree: 14 out of 20 UK 2:2 degree: 12 out of 20

Macau We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (Licenciatura) (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.5 out of 4.0

Macedonia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Diploma of Completed Higher Education - Level VII/1 or Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 9.5 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 8.5 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 7 out of 10

Madagascar We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Maîtrise; Diplome d'Ingenieur; Diplôme d'Etat de Docteur en Médecine; Diplôme d’Etat de Docteur en Chirurgie Dentaire; Diplôme d'Études Approfondies; Diplôme de Magistère (Première Partie) – also known as Master 1; or Diplôme de Master – also known as Master 2 from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 16 out of 20 UK 2:1 degree: 14 out of 20 UK 2:2 degree: 12 out of 20

Malawi We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Masters Degree from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: 80% or GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: 70% or GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: 60% or GPA 2.4 out of 4.0

Malaysia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: Class 1; or 3.7 out of 4.0 CGPA UK 2:1 degree: Class 2 division 1; or 3.0 out of 4.0 CGPA UK 2:2 degree: Class 2 division 2; or 2.6 out of 4.0 CGPA

Maldives We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (awarded from 2000) from the Maldives National University. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.5 out of 4.0

Malta We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree or Bachelor Honours Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: First Class Honours; or Category I UK 2:1 degree: Upper Second Class Honours; or Category IIA UK 2:2 degree: Lower Second Class Honours; or Category IIB

Mauritius We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: Class I; or 70% UK 2:1 degree: Class II division I; or 60% UK 2:2 degree: Class II division II; or 50%

Offer conditions will vary depending on the grading scale used by your institution.

Mexico We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Titulo de Licenciado/ Titulo (Profesional) de [subject area] from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 9.0 to 9.5 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 8.0 to 8.5 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 7.0 to 7.5 out of 10

Offer conditions will vary depending on the grading scale your institution uses.

Moldova We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (Diploma de Licenta) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 9.5 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 8 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 6.5 out of 10

Monaco We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.5 out of 4.0

Mongolia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 4 years) from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.6 out of 4.0; or 90%; or grade A UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.2 out of 4.0; or 80%; or grade B UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.8 out of 4.0; or 70%; or grade C

Montenegro We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Diploma of Completed Academic Undergraduate Studies; Diploma of Professional Undergraduate Studies; or Advanced Diploma of Higher Education from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 9.5 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 8.5 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 7 out of 10

Morocco We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Diplome d'Ecoles Nationales de Commerce et de Gestion; Diplome de Docteur Veterinaire; Doctorat en Medecine; Docteur en Medecine Dentaire; Licence; Diplome d'Inegeniuer d'Etat; Diplome de Doctorat en Pharmacie; or Maitrise from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 16 out of 20 UK 2:1 degree: 13 out of 20 UK 2:2 degree: 11 out of 20

Mozambique We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Grau de Licenciado (minimum 4 years) or Grau de Mestre from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 16 out of 20 UK 2:1 degree: 14 out of 20 UK 2:2 degree: 12 out of 20

Myanmar We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Masters Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 80% or GPA of 4.7 out of 5.0 UK 2:1 degree: 70% or GPA of 4.0 out of 5.0 UK 2:2 degree: 60% or GPA of 3.5 out of 5.0

Namibia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Honours Degree or Professional Bachelor Degree (NQF level 8 qualifications) - these to be awarded after 2008 from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 80% UK 2:1 degree: 70% UK 2:2 degree: 60%

Nepal We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 4 years) from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: 80%; or GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: 65%; or GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: 55%; or GPA of 2.4 out of 4.0

Bachelor in Nursing Science are not considered equivalent to UK Bachelor degrees.

Netherlands We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 8 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 7 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 6 out of 10

New Zealand We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 3 years) or Bachelor Honours Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: A-*; or First Class Honours** UK 2:1 degree: B*; or Second Class (Division 1) Honours** UK 2:2 degree: C+*; or Second Class (Division 2) Honours**

*from a Bachelor degree **from a Bachelor Honours degree

Nigeria We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: GPA 4.50 out of 5.00; or GPA 6.0 out of 7.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.50 out of 5.00; or GPA 4.6 out of 7.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.80 out of 5.00; or GPA 3.0 out of 7.0

Norway We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (180 ECTS credits) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: Overall B grade with at least 75 ECTS (of 180 ECTS min overall) at grade A or above. UK 2:1 degree: Overall B grade UK 2:2 degree: Overall C grade

Oman We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.5 out of 4.0

Pakistan We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 4 years) from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.0 to 3.8 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 2.6 to 3.6 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.0 to 3.0 out of 4.0

Palestine, State of We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 90% or GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: 80% or GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: 70% or GPA 2.4 out of 4.0

Panama We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Licenciado / Titulo de [subject area] (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 91% UK 2:1 degree: 81% UK 2:2 degree: 71%

Papua New Guinea We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Honours Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: Class I UK 2:1 degree: Class II, division A UK 2:2 degree: Class II, division B

Paraguay We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Titulo de Licenciado / Titulo de [professional title] (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 4.7 out of 5 UK 2:1 degree: 4 out of 5 UK 2:2 degree: 3.5 out fo 5

Peru We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Grado Academico de Bachiller or Titulo de Licenciado/ Titulo (Professional) de [subject area] from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 17 out of 20 UK 2:1 degree: 14 out of 20 UK 2:2 degree: 12 out of 20

Philippines We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from selected institutions or Juris Doctor; Bachelor of Laws; Doctor of Medicine; Doctor of Dentistry/ Optometry/ Veterinary Medicine; or Masters Degree from recognised institutions. UK 1st class degree: 3.6 out of 4.0; or 94%; or 1.25 out of 5 UK 2:1 degree: 3.0 out of 4.0; or 86%; or 1.75 out of 5 UK 2:2 degree: 2.5 out of 4.0; or 80%; or 2.5 out of 5

The above 'out of 5' scale assumes  1 is highest mark and 3 is the pass mark.

Poland We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Licencjat or Inzynier (minimum 3 years) - these must be awarded after 2001 from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 4.8 out of 5.0 UK 2:1 degree: 4.5 out of 5.0 UK 2:2 degree: 3.8 out of 5.0

The above grades are based on the 2 to 5 scale, where 3 is the pass mark and 5 is the highest mark.

Portugal We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Licenciado (minimum 180 ECTS credits) or Diploma de Estudos Superiores Especializados (DESE) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 16 out of 20 UK 2:1 degree: 14 out of 20 UK 2:2 degree: 12 out of 20

Puerto Rico We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 3 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 90/100 or GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: 80/100 or GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: 70/100 or GPA 2.4 out of 4.0

Qatar We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.7 out of 4.0; or GPA 4.4 out of 5.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 4.0; or GPA 3.6 out of 5.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.4 out of 4.0; or GPA 2.8 out of 5.0

Romania We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 180 ECTS credits) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 9.75 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 8.0 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 7.0 out of 10

Russia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree or Specialist Diploma from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 4.7 out of 5 UK 2:1 degree: 4.0 out of 5 UK 2:2 degree: 3.5 out of 5

Rwanda We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Honours Degree (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 85%; or 17 out of 20 UK 2:1 degree: 70%; or 15 out of 20 UK 2:2 degree: 60%; or 13 out of 20

Saudi Arabia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 4.75 out of 5.0; or GPA 3.75 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.75 out of 5.0; or GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 5.0; or GPA 2.4 out of 4.0

Senegal We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Maîtrise; Master II; Diplôme d'Études Approfondies (DEA); Diplôme d'Études Supérieures Specialisées (DESS); Diplôme d'État de Docteur en Médecine; Diplôme d'Ingénieur; Diplôme de Docteur en Chirurgie Dentaire; or Diplôme de Pharmacien from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 16/20 UK 2:1 degree: 14/20 UK 2:2 degree: 12/20

Serbia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree or Advanced Diploma of Higher Education from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 9 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 8 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 7 out of 10

Sierra Leone We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (Honours) or a Masters degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: First Class honours; or GPA 4.7 out of 5; or GPA 3.75 out of 4 UK 2:1 degree: Upper Second Class honours; or GPA 4 out of 5; or GPA 3.25 out of 4 UK 2:2 degree: Lower Second Class Honours; or GPA 3.4 out of 5; or GPA 2.75 out of 4

Singapore We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 3 years) or Bachelor Honours degree from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: GPA 4.3 out of 5.0; or GPA 3.6 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.8 out of 5.0; or GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 3.3 out of 5.0; or GPA 2.5 out of 4.0

Slovakia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (180 ECTS credits) (minimum 3 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 93%; or 1 overall (on 1 to 4 scale, where 1 is highest mark) UK 2:1 degree: 86%; or 1.5 overall (on 1 to 4 scale, where 1 is highest mark) UK 2:2 degree: 72%; or 2.5 overall (on 1 to 4 scale, where 1 is highest mark)

Slovenia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Univerzitetni Diplomant (180 ECTS credits) (minimum 3 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 9.5 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 8 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 7 out of 10

Somalia Bachelor degrees from Somalia are not considered for direct entry to our postgraduate taught programmes. Holders of Bachelor degrees from Somali National University can be considered for our Pre-Masters programmes on a case by case basis.

South Africa We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: NQF Level 8 qualifications such as Bachelor Honours degrees or Professional Bachelor degrees from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 75% UK 2:1 degree: 70% UK 2:2 degree: 60%

South Korea We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 4.2 out of 4.5; or GPA 4.0 out of 4.3; or GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.5 out of 4.5; or GPA 3.3 out of 4.3; or GPA 3.2 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 4.5; or GPA 2.8 out of 4.3; or GPA 2.5 out of 4.0

Spain We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Titulo Universitario Oficial de Graduado en [subject area] (Grado) or Titulo Universitario Oficial de Licenciado en [subject area] (Licenciatura) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 8.0 out of 10; or 2.5 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: 7.0 out of 10; or 2.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: 6.0 out of 10; or 1.5 out of 4.0

Sri Lanka We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (Special or Honours) or Bachelor Degree (Professional) (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.5 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.4 out of 4.0

Sudan We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Honours degree from a recognised institution or Bachelor degree in one of the following Professional subjects: Architecture; Dentistry; Engineering; Medicine/Surgery from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 80% UK 2:1 degree: 65% UK 2:2 degree: 60%

Sweden We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (Kandidatexamen) or Professional Bachelor Degree (Yrkesexamenfrom) (180 ECTS credits) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: Overall B grade with at least 75 ECTS at grade A or above (180 ECTS minimum overall); or at least 65% of credits graded at VG overall UK 2:1 degree: Overall B grade (180 ECTS minimum overall); or at least 50% of credits graded at VG overall UK 2:2 degree: Overall C grade (180 ECTS minimum overall); or at least 20% of credits graded at VG overall.

Switzerland We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor degree (180 ECTS credits) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 5.5 out of 6; or 9 out of 10 UK 2:1 degree: 5 out of 6; or 8 out of 10 UK 2:2 degree: 4.25 out of 6; or 7 out of 10

Syria We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 85% UK 2:1 degree: 75% UK 2:2 degree: 65%

Taiwan We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from selected institutions. UK 1st class degree: 85 to 90% UK 2:1 degree: 70 to 75% UK 2:2 degree: 65 to 70%

Tajikistan We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Specialist Diploma or Masters Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 4.7 out of 5 UK 2:1 degree: 4.0 out of 5 UK 2:2 degree: 3.5 out of 5

Tanzania We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 4.4 out of 5.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.5 out of 5.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.7 out of 5.0

Thailand We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.40 to 3.60 out of 4.00 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.00 to 3.20 out of 4.00 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.40 to 2.60 out of 4.00

Offer conditions will vary depending on the institution you are applying from.

Trinidad and Tobago We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 3 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.7 out of 4.0; or First Class Honours from the University of West Indies UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 4.0; or Upper Second Class Honours from the University of West Indies UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.4 out of 4.0; or Lower Second Class Honours from the University of West Indies

Tunisia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Licence; Diplome National d'Architecture; Maitrise; Diplome National d'Ingeniuer; or Doctorat en Medecine / Veterinaire from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 16 out of 20 UK 2:1 degree: 13 out of 20 UK 2:2 degree: 11 out of 20

Turkey We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.40 to 3.60 out of 4.00 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 2.80 to 3.00 out of 4.00 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.30 to 2.50 out of 4.00

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.60 out of 4.00 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.00 out of 4.00 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.50 out of 4.00

Turkmenistan We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree or Diploma of Higher Education (awarded after 2007) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 4.7 out of 5 UK 2:1 degree: 4.0 out of 5 UK 2:2 degree: 3.5 out of 5

Turks and Caicos Islands We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (accredited by the Council of Community Colleges of Jamaica) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.7 out of 4.0; or 80% UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.3 out of 4.0; or 75% UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.7 out of 4.0; or 65%

Uganda We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 3 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 4.4 out of 5.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 4.0 out of 5.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 5.0

Ukraine We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree or Specialist Diploma from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 10 out of 12; or 4.7 out of 5 UK 2:1 degree: 8 out of 12; or 4.0 out of 5 UK 2:2 degree: 6 out of 12; or 3.5 out of 5

United Arab Emirates We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.5 out of 4.0

United States of America We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: GPA 3.2 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: GPA 2.5 out of 4.0

Uruguay We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Titulo de Licenciado/ Titulo de [subject area] (minimum 4 years) from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 10 to 11 out of 12 UK 2:1 degree: 7 to 9 out of 12 UK 2:2 degree: 6 to 7 out of 12

Uzbekistan We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 4 years) or Specialist Diploma from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 90%; or 4.7 out of 5 UK 2:1 degree: 80%; or 4.0 out of 5 UK 2:2 degree: 71%; or 3.5 out of 5

Venezuela We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Titulo de Licenciado/ Titulo de [subject area] from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 81% UK 2:1 degree: 71% UK 2:2 degree: 61%

Non-percentage grading scales, for example scales out of 20, 10, 9 or 5, will have different requirements. 

Vietnam We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 8.0 out of 10; or GPA 3.7 out of 4 UK 2:1 degree: 7.0 out of 10; or GPA 3.0 out of 4 UK 2:2 degree: 5.7 out of 10; or GPA 2.4 out of 4

Yemen We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Masters (Majister) degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 90% UK 2:1 degree: 80% UK 2:2 degree: 65%

Bachelor Degrees from Lebanese International University (in Yemen) can be considered for entry to postgraduate taught programmes - please see Lebanon for guidance on grade requirements for this.

Zambia We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Masters Degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 75%; or GPA 3.7 out of 4.0 UK 2:1 degree: 65%; or GPA 3.0 out of 4.0 UK 2:2 degree: 55%; or GPA 2.4 out of 4.0

Zimbabwe We normally consider the following qualifications for entry to our postgraduate taught programmes: Bachelor Degree (minimum 4 years) or Bachelor Honours degree from a recognised institution. UK 1st class degree: 75% UK 2:1 degree: 65% UK 2:2 degree: 60%

English language requirements

If you got your degree in an English speaking country or if it was taught in English, and you studied within the last five years, you might not need an English language qualification - find out more .

The minimum English Language requirements for entry to postgraduate degree programmes within the School Law are:

7.0   overall  including 7.0 in Writing, and 5.5 in Reading, Listening and Speaking.

100   overall  including 27 in Writing, 18 in Reading, 17 in Listening and 20 in Speaking.

76  overall  including 76in Writing, and 59 in Reading, Listening and Speaking. 

Trinity College London, Integrated Skills in English (ISE) III with a minimum of  Merit  in Writing, Reading, Listening and Speaking.

185 overall including  185  in Writing, and 162 in Reading, Listening and Speaking.

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International, Commercial and Business Law

International, Commercial and Business Law - LLM

In an increasingly globalised economy, almost all businesses operate internationally. Trade, investment and finance cut across national boundaries, governed by a complex web of transnational laws and regulations. The demand for professionals who understand how law and business operate at a global level continues to grow.  This LLM in International, Commercial and Business Law offers advanced study in these engaging disciplines, preparing you for the challenges of advising companies, governments and other institutions on issues such as; the regulation of international trade, foreign investors' rights, and international litigation.

Month of entry

Mode of study.

• Full time, Part time
• Keele University campus

Subject area

Fees for 2024/25 academic year, duration of study.

• Full time - 1 year, Part time - 2 years, Modular - up to 5 years

Why study International, Commercial and Business Law at Keele University?

Course overview, course summary.

International law is an increasingly important field of study and practice. The regulation of financial markets, environmental protection, the management of migrations, or the prosecution of war criminals are all areas in which international law plays a central role.

On the LLM in International, Commercial and Business Law, you’ll focus on the legal rules, conventions, treaties, domestic legislation and commercial customs or usages that govern international commercial and consumer markets. You’ll deepen your understanding of how they affect activities including the sale of goods and services, market competition, consumer rights, data protection, and the environment.

Keele School of Law is an internationally recognised centre for cutting-edge, socially relevant legal research, which tackles some of the most pressing challenges facing society today. Key research themes include: Social Justice and Human Rights; International and European Law; Ethics, Health and Social Care; Legal Education, Innovation, and Practice; Gender, Sexuality, and Law.

The wide range of staff expertise enables us to offer four specialist pathways in: Commerce and Business; the Environment; and Human Rights. This also considerably broadens the scope for potential interdisciplinary research topics; a fascinating range of dissertation topics chosen by past students covers areas as diverse as the law of the sea to the principles of state extradition.

You can also choose from a wide range of elective modules offered both within the Law School and other faculties, for example, Keele Business School. To complement your studies, you can study a modern language, including key UN languages such as French, Russian and Spanish.

Students frequently tell us one of the highlights of the course has been the study trip to Geneva to see international law-making, diplomacy, arbitration and humanitarian efforts in action within organisations such as the WTO, UN’s European headquarters and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

Through regular lecture series, you’ll also, where possible, have opportunities to hear from experts in the field of international law. Past speakers have included Judge Sir Howard Morrison of the International Criminal Court and Dr Vincent Joël Proulx of the International Court of Justice, who spoke about ‘ International Law: Hopes and Fears’ and ‘ Transnational Terrorism and State Accountability ’, respectively.

Other courses you might be interested in:

• LLM International Law
• LLM International Law and Human Rights
• LLM International Law and the Environment
• LLM Law with SQE Preparation
• Enquire about this course

Course structure

The LLM International Law adopts a pathway structure which gives you the opportunity to tailor your degree to your individual interests and professional needs. All students study four compulsory core 15-credit modules (60 credits) and the Dissertation (60 credits), which is studied throughout the course on a topic of your choice.

You then have flexibility to choose elective modules to the value of 60 credits, from within one of the five pre-established pathways or elsewhere across the University. To increase your range of transferable skills and knowledge, for example, you may decide to learn a language or improve your awareness of global politics. You will be given the opportunity to choose your elective modules and discuss your choices with the Course Director during the first week of the programme.

You will complete 180 credits to obtain the master’s qualification. In order to graduate in your chosen pathway with a named award (International, Commercial and Business Law, International Law and Human Rights, or International Law and the Environment – you must complete a minimum of 30 credits within the pathway. Alternatively, you will be awarded the LLM International Law.

The LLM can be studied as either a one-year full-time or two-year part-time course, with a September start date. It is also possible to study more flexibly part-time on a modular basis, accumulating degree credits by taking individual modules over a period of maximum of five years. The information below outlines a one-year full-time study schedule.

The module details given below are indicative, they are intended to provide you with an idea of the range of subjects that are taught to our current students. The modules that will be available for you to study in future years are prone to change as we regularly review our teaching to ensure that it is up-to-date and informed by the latest research and teaching methods, as well as student voice. The information presented is therefore not intended to be construed and/or relied upon as a definitive list of the modules available in any given year.

Compulsory core modules

LAW-40040 Foundations of International Law (15 credits, Semester 1) This introduction to public international law provides you with an opportunity to look beyond the domestic sphere and examine how law helps to govern relations between sovereign governments. The module provides a general overview of the nature of international law as a legal system, its subjects, sources and general principles, as well as an introduction to more specific themes such as the law governing the use of force, sovereign immunities or the settlement of international disputes.

LAW-40037 Introduction to International Economic Law (15 credits, Semester 1) Providing a general introduction to international economic law, this module considers the role played by international economic institutions like the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank or, at a regional level, the European Union (EU), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). It covers substantive areas of international economic law, with particular emphasis on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), WTO law, international investment law and state-investor arbitration. You will be encouraged to think critically about the structures of international economic law, and their relationship with the environment, human rights, development and social justice.

LAW-40038 International Law and Human Rights (15 credits, Semester 2) This module offers a perspective of both the normative standards defining international human rights and the means by which they are monitored and implemented. You will acquire a strong theoretical and practical understanding of the design and development of modern international human rights law. Special attention will be given to the work of UN human rights bodies and of regional organisations. We will also examine the so-called ‘dark sides of virtue’, i.e., the unforeseen consequences, biases and ambiguities of the human rights project, and the ways in which well-intentioned human rights interventions can at times create as many problems as they solve.

LAW-40042 Advanced International Law (15 credits, Semester 2) Building on the earlier module, you will have the opportunity to acquire a more-in-depth understanding of the nature, function and development of international law. As well as a thorough analysis of core areas of international law such as statehood, the law of treaties or state responsibility, the module explores recent events and developments in the field of international law, so content varies from year to year. The module will be divided in two parts. Part One will consist of a thorough analysis of core areas of international law, including the law of treaties, state responsibility, the making/unmaking of states and the settlement of international disputes. Part Two will explore recent events, developments or debates in the field of international law, such as international criminal justice, humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect, the global financial crisis, or climate justice.

LAW-40039 Dissertation (60 credits, studied throughout the course) The production of a 15,000 to 20,000-word dissertation provides an exciting opportunity to work under the supervision of an expert in your chosen field of interest, demonstrating a level of knowledge and understanding far beyond what you have learned in class. You’ll be supported to develop the research skills needed to conduct an extended piece of work on a topic of your choice, analysing existing relevant research. Some students start the course with a clear idea about what they want to write about, but others find and develop particular interests as the course progresses. Examples of recent dissertation topics by students on this pathway include: party autonomy and harmonisation in transnational commercial law; IMF Loans and direct foreign investment; the use of force and the right to self-defence in international law; and free movement of goods under the African Free Continental Trade Agreement.

Elective core and optional modules

• To complete the LLM, you will study additional modules to the value of 60 credits.
• You must select at least 30 credits from your pathway-specific optional modules.
• You must also select an additional 30 credits from other International Law pathway optional modules and/or Keele Language Centre modules.

Commerce and Business electives

LAW-40060 Transnational Commercial Law (15 credits, Semester 1) (Commerce and Business pathway) Transnational commercial law is any rule that relates to cross-border economic activity, or economic activity with cross-border effects. In other words, it is the legal side of the globalisation of commerce. It seeks to resolve problems that arise when the nation state responsible for regulating commercial activities is no longer easily identifiable; and it gives legal certainty to international traders while maintaining the necessary regulatory framework in global context. This module will combine a private with a more public law approach to commercial law and theory, focusing on international disputes and the key challenges in resolving them.

MAN-40114 International Business Context (15 credits, Semester 1) (Commerce and Business pathway) The purpose of this module is to introduce theories around globalisation, international trade and investment. It offers insight into a range of economic, political, technological processes that influence and are influenced by international business activities. You will develop a solid understanding of basic theories underlying the importance of international trade and investment, enhancing your understanding of current events and their impacts.

MAN-40118 Contemporary Challenges in Global Business (15 credits, Semester 2) (Commerce and Business pathway) Sustainability and sustainable development are in the foreground of contemporary challenges facing global business and society in the 2020s. Drawing on the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), sustainability theories and concepts, including ethics and alternative business models, you will examine how global business can make a positive contribution to society, and the challenges associated with a transition to more sustainable systems of consumption and production. You will gain understanding of the complex issues surrounding development towards social responsibility and environmental sustainability.

Optional modules

LAW-40045 International Humanitarian Law (15 credits, Semester 1) International Humanitarian Law (IHL) is one of the oldest fields of international law. It seeks to regulate the conduct of hostilities, primarily through control of the means and methods of warfare, and to protect certain categories of individuals who are not, or are no longer, actively engaged in hostilities (civilians, persons hors de combat, prisoners of war and so on). This module introduces you to the key concepts, rules and institutions of IHL, addressing contemporary issues such as the 'war on terror', asymmetrical conflict, the relationship of IHL with international human rights law, or so-called 'lawfare'. Additionally, you will examine the means by which IHL is monitored, implemented and enforced, with particular emphasis on the development of international criminal law, war crimes tribunals, and the International Criminal Court.

Environmental pathway

LAW-40043 International Environmental Law* (15 credits, Semester 2) (Environmental pathway) This module offers a critical perspective on the development of international environmental law. It provides a grounding in the legal norms, institutions and processes of the field, and explores current environmental global issues such as biodiversity loss, transboundary pollution, toxic waste dumping, trade and environment, food security, animal rights or climate change through specific treaty regimes. Drawing on a range of legal, policy and other literature, you’ll be introduced to key challenges facing the regulation of the environment on the international stage today.

*Please note that for the Environment pathway, the core 15-credit International Environmental Law module is compulsory. You are therefore required to choose one other core pathway-specific 15-credit module to be considered for the named award of LLM in International Law and the Environment.

PIR-40106 Dimensions of Environmental Politics (15 credits, Semester 1) (Environmental pathway) You will be introduced to the main facets of environmental politics, gaining an broad overview of key concepts, debates, processes and discourses in relation to the political dynamics of ‘The environment’. You will explore three key questions in environmental politics: How did ‘The environment’ come to be seen as a political question? How have political institutions responded to what have been called environmental problems? What are the challenges such problems individually or collectively pose for existing political structures, institutions, and practices, and the theoretical presumptions underlying them This module will provide you with a good general understanding across the field, should you wish to specialise in greater depth, for example, in your dissertation.

GEG-40006 Economic Development and Environmental Transformation (15 credits, Semester 1) (Environmental pathway) Are economic development and environmental concerns always opposed? What areas should be conservation priorities to sustain global ecosystems? What does international development assistance do for the people who depend most directly on their local environments for their livelihoods? On this module, you’ll seek to find the answers to some of society’s most pressing environmental questions. Introducing you to the area of development geography, you will use case studies of economy and ecology to evaluate different pathways towards – and definitions of – 'development.'

Human Rights pathway

LAW-40048 Foundations of Human Rights (Law, 15 credits) (Human Rights pathway) Focusing on gender, sexuality, race, class, ethnicity, religion and power in relation to human rights, you will develop a practical and theoretical understanding of human rights law, politics and philosophy at domestic, regional and international levels. You will explore historical, philosophical and structural aspects of human rights, including Enlightenment perspectives, theories of rights/history of rights theory, universalism/relativism debates, sovereignty and non-intervention concerns and other ‘structural’ issues pertinent to international law and relations. This broad foundation module provides a background in which to study and critique human rights theory and practice.

LAW-40046 Human Rights and Global Politics (15 credits, Semester 2) (Human Rights pathway) The overall focus of this module is on exploring evolving political and legal strategies to advance human rights in a global political framework. You will be introduced to the main debates on the ways that political structures shape human rights: the relationship between democratisation, development, human rights and violence; the possible emergence of a global civil society to understanding human rights practices; the expansion and role of transnational human rights monitoring and activism; and the need for an understanding of political violence and terror to assess and address causes of human rights violations. To deepen your understanding of the connections between global and local causes and responses to contemporary human rights issues, you will examine a number of key issues, such as the responsibility to protect (r2p), humanitarian interventions, aid and development, security in the post 9/11 era and more.

Entry requirements

The following section details our typical entry requirements for this course for a range of UK and international qualifications. If you don't see your qualifications listed, please contact us to find out if we can accept your qualifications.

Typical offer

Please ensure that you read the full entry requirements by selecting your qualifications from the dropdown menu below. This will include any subject specific, GCSE/Level 2 Maths, and English language requirements you may need.

Please select your country from the drop-down list below for the full entry requirement information

2:2 degree in any humanities or social science subject or demonstrated professional or relevant qualifications or experience

You will also need: an English language qualification (see below)

60% in a 4-year degree or 3-year degree with a 2-year Master's in any humanities or social science subject from a public university or CGPA 2.8 in a 4-year degree or 3-year degree with a 2-year Master's in any humanities or social science subject from a private university or demonstrated professional or relevant qualifications or experience

We don’t accept degrees from certain universities, please see our Bangladesh Country Page for more information

70% or C or a GPA of 2.5 in a degree (Ordinary or Honours) in any humanities or social science subject or demonstrated relevant professional qualifications or experience

70% in a degree in any humanities or social science subject or 65% in a degree in any humanities or social science subject from a '211' university or demonstrated professional or relevant qualifications or experience

Second class degree in any humanities or social science subject or demonstrated professional or relevant qualifications or experience

55% or CGPA 6/10 in a degree of at least 3 years in any Humanities, or Social Science subject or demonstrated professional or relevant qualifications or experience

60% / 2.4 in a 4-year Bachelor's degree in any humanities or social science subject or 65% / CGPA 2.8 in a 3-year Bachelor's degree in any humanities or social science subject or demonstrated professional or relevant qualifications or experience

We accept a range of qualifications from Pakistan. Please visit our Pakistan Country Page for more information or we will consider demonstrated relevant professional qualifications or experience.

You will also need an English language qualification (see below)

South Africa

Second class division 2 / 60% in a Bachelor's degree with Honours in any humanities or social science subject or Second class division 1 / 70% in an Ordinary Bachelor's degree in any humanities or social science subject or demonstrated professional or relevant qualifications or experience

55% in a Special Bachelor's degree in any humanities or social science subject or demonstrated professional or relevant qualifications or experience

English language requirements

All of our courses require an English language qualification or test. For most students, this requirement can be met with a 4 or C in GCSE English. Please see our English Language guidance pages for further details, including English language test information for international students. For those students who require an English language test, this course requires a test from Group B .

Normally, you will need to provide at least one academic reference to support your application unless you have been out of study longer than two years. If it has been more than two years since you last studied on a degree-level programme, you will normally need to provide an employment reference instead. For more information about Academic References, please see our Postgraduate how to apply web pages .

Personal Statement/Statement of Purpose

Please see our Postgraduate how to apply web pages for guidance on what to include in your personal statement.

Recognition of Prior Learning

The Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) is a process which enables applicants to receive recognition and formal credit for learning acquired in the past through formal study or work and life experiences.

RPL can also be requested for admission onto the start of a programme in lieu of the admission requirements. For more information, see our Recognition of Prior Learning web pages .

Professional qualifications and work experience

The majority of our courses will consider relevant work experience and/or professional qualifications at the appropriate level, as an alternative to an undergraduate degree for entry. The work experience should be for a sustained period and at a suitable level, based within a relevant sector to your chosen course.

Admissions staff will review your work experience and/or professional qualifications during the assessment of your application to ensure suitability in terms of relevancy, level and appropriate learning outcomes.

General information

The entry grades outlined in this section indicate the typical offer which would be made to candidates, along with any subject specific requirements. This is for general information only. Keele University reserves the right to vary offer conditions depending upon a candidate's application.

Living costs

Keele University is located on a beautiful campus and has all the facilities of a small town. Student accommodation, shops, restaurants and cafes are all within walking distance of the teaching buildings. This is a very cost effective way to live and will help to reduce your living costs.

Please note, if your course offers a January start date, the January 2024 start date falls in the 2023/24 academic year. Please see the 2023/24 academic year fees for the relevant fees for starting this course in January 2024.

Planning your funding

It's important to plan carefully for your funding before you start your course. Please be aware that not all postgraduate courses and not all students are eligible for the UK government postgraduate loans and, in some cases, you would be expected to source alternative funding yourself. If you need support researching your funding options, please contact our Financial Support Team.

Scholarships

We are committed to rewarding excellence and potential. Please visit our  scholarships and bursaries  webpage for more information.

For continuing students, fees will increase annually by RPIX, with a maximum cap of 5% per year.

Your career

A postgraduate qualification in international law opens up opportunities for a wide range of roles across the public, private and third sectors. International law provides the framework for cooperation in many fields of international relations, including: peace and security; trade and investment; environmental protection; telecommunications; air travel; and maritime navigation.

This can open up careers in consultancy in international affairs, legal practice, international development, foreign relations and advocacy working for government foreign ministries, international organisations, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Employers may include international courts and tribunals, UN agencies, law reform agencies, and even the media, in areas of journalism and broadcasting.

As well as the national and international agencies and organisations mentioned above, the LLM in International, Commercial and Business Law equips you with specialist knowledge of value to transnational law firms, multinational corporations, banking, insurance and auditing firms.

By developing your ability to undertake critical analysis, problem solve and present rational, coherent and accurate arguments orally and in writing, you’ll graduate with essential skills valued by legal and non-legal employers alike. The specialist research skills you learn also provide a strong foundation for pursuing further study at doctoral level for those interested in doing so.

Positions may include:

• Newspaper journalist
• Policy officer
• Social worker

Geneva study trip Postgraduate students talk about their experiences whilst on a study trip to Geneva.

Teaching, learning and assessment

How you'll be taught.

The LLM is taught through a combination of seminars, or lectures and seminars, and through guided independent study. You may also have the opportunity to take part in a range of workshops and public lectures to enhance your study and research skills.

Keele benefits from a vibrant student-run law society, which organises a calendar of professional and social events. We also host a range of mooting competitions, open to master’s students, which enables you to explore emerging problems in international law, write briefs, litigate a case before a judge, and field. This develops a range of personal and professional skills, not least in presentation and communication.

We hope to run a field trip to Geneva, which typically lasts around four days.  This provides a unique opportunity to experience a different culture and explore Switzerland’s vibrant international city. Geneva is home to a range of international institutions, including the WTO, UN’s European headquarters and the ICRC, which takes action in response to emergencies and promotes respect for international humanitarian law and its implementation in national law. Previously, students visiting these and others have met with high level officials working in the field of international law and human rights, and watched important arbitration and law making between states.

Please note, all course trips are subject to change and cannot be guaranteed.

How you’ll be assessed

The course is assessed through a range of different methods including:

• Formal examinations
• Research essays
• Case reports
• Reflective logs
• Simulations

Keele Postgraduate Association

Keele University is one of a handful of universities in the UK to have a dedicated students' union for postgraduate students. A fully registered charity, Keele Postgraduate Association serves as a focal point for the social life and welfare needs of all postgraduate students during their time at Keele.

Hugely popular, the KPA Clubhouse (near Horwood Hall) provides a dedicated postgraduate social space and bar on campus, where you can grab a bite to eat and drink, sit quietly and read a book, or switch off from academic life at one of the many regular events organised throughout the year. The KPA also helps to host a variety of conferences, as well as other academic and career sessions, to give you and your fellow postgraduates the opportunities to come together to discuss your research, and develop your skills and networks.

Our expertise

Teaching staff.

Keele Law School has a long tradition of academic expertise in the field of international law and benefits from a legacy of world-renowned faculty, including the late Michael Barton Akehurst, author of the Modern Introduction to International Law, which remains the most widely used student text in the field. The annual Patrick Thornberry Lecture Series was established to honour one of our most distinguished graduates, widely regarded as one of the world’s most prominent experts on minority and indigenous rights.

Research is at the heart of everything we do, including our teaching. We have a vibrant research community that explores contemporary issues across all fields of law but also, uniquely in the country, philosophical and applied ethics. Our researchers contribute to policy debates both in the UK and internationally on issues as diverse as penal governance, data protection and digital surveillance, religion and intolerance, end-of-life and reproductive ethics, international responses to pandemics, queer jurisprudence, disability rights, mortgage and business lease regulation, or climate security.

The Law School hosts various research areas, such as: social justice and human rights; international and European law; healthcare law and bioethics; professions, practice and legal education; private law theory and practice; gender, sexuality and the law; ageing and social care.

Teaching team includes:

Dr Angelica Rutherford , Lecturer -   Angelica’s research is interdisciplinary in nature. It lies at the intersection of international trade law, environmental law and business and human rights, focusing on the legal challenges with the commercialisation of emerging clean energy technologies and climate change.

Dr Mario Prost , Senior Lecturer – Mario is a former Board member of the European Society of International Law, and a founding member of its interest group on international environmental law. As well as his ongoing work on various aspects of international legal theory, Mario's current research focuses on the colonial history of (international) environmental law and critical approaches to transnational arbitration (with special emphasis on investor-state arbitration).

Dr Jane Krishnadas , Senior Lecturer – Jane’s research is on feminist socio-legal rights theory and practice in reconstruction in the global north and south. She considers intersecting gender, caste, class and religious identities regarding political representation, housing, religious laws, land, employment and domestic violence. She is a Research Advisor for ‘Brighter Futures, Creative Support, Housing and Employment’

Dr Forough Ramezankhah , Lecturer – A former solicitor who specialised in Immigration and Nationality Law for a private law firm, Forough was awarded her PhD in Law at Keele in 2013 and has taught here ever since. Forough is particularly dedicated to work with asylum seekers and refugees on voluntary basis. Commitment to support this vulnerable group has been at the heart of her approach to academic study and voluntary work.

Dr Emma Allen , Lecturer – Emma is a generalist public international law scholar. Her current research focuses specifically on questions pertaining to statehood, self-determination, state responsibility, international environmental law and the international law of the sea. She researches the unique challenges presented to the community of Pacific small low-lying islands by climate change and, since 2018, has been a member of the International Law Association Committee on International Law and Sea Level Rise.

Dr Elizabeth Faulkner , Lecturer – Elizabeth’s interests are in international child law, human rights, crime, and the law, specialising in human trafficking, modern slavery, exploitation, sexual violence, and contemporary legal responses to children’s rights, specifically focusing upon the movement, agency, and the exploitation of children during the 20th and 21st century. She currently acts as Coordinator for the Emerging Scholars and Practitioners on Migration Issues ( ESPMI ) Network, which brings together emerging scholars, practitioners, policymakers, journalists, artists, and all those involved in forced migration and refugee studies.

With a critical and inter-disciplinary approach to law and social justice, the School of Law is an internationally recognised centre for legal research with a longstanding tradition of excellence in moral philosophy, applied ethics, doctrinal, and socio-legal scholarship. 

Supported by a specialist Law Librarian, the Law library in the main University library has an extensive range of electronic resources and online legal databases, and stocks a range of law journals, professional resources, case reports, statutes, text books and research monographs. You’ll have access to copies of core texts within the School.

Based in the main Chancellor’s Building, right at the heart of campus, we offer a range of additional student learning resources and facilities. This includes our Moot Room, a model courtroom used for extra-curricular mooting activities, and a room dedicated for postgraduate taught students. Equipped with networked pcs, an adjustable workstation and a meeting table, it’s a great place to continue your discussions or chat between classes.

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International Commercial Law LLM

• Full-time: 12 months
• Part-time: 24 months
• Start date: September 2024
• UK fees: £11,850
• International fees: £22,600
• Entry requirements: 2:1

Course overview

Our International Commercial Law LLM reflects international business in its diversity, innovation, and contemporary relevance. It explores transactional, regulatory and dispute resolution issues, as well as shipping, finance and access to markets. We examine how an increasingly globalised economy requires commercial law to meet a variety of challenges.

We offer a variety of modules in the areas of competition law, public procurement law, intellectual property law, international trade, and commercial law, so you can tailor your LLM to your interests and career goals. You are taught by specialists in these areas from our  Commercial Law Centre , so our teaching is informed by the latest research.

We encourage a culture of collaboration in the school and you can enrich your learning experience through the Commercial Law Centre seminar series. Seminars are given by distinguished visitors from across the world, giving you the opportunity to network with legal professionals.

With an advanced law degree from the University of Nottingham, you will graduate with all the knowledge, practical skills and confidence to pursue your career goals.

Why choose this course?

Flexible course.

with a broad range of modules informed by our world-leading law research

Taught in small groups

where possible, allowing for an open, interactive learning experience

Dedicated resources

including legal skills advice through workshops and one-to-one sessions

Gain real experience

by applying for internships and placements through our faculty placements programme

Close links

to leading firms, private industry, governmental institutions and NGOs, and a global alumni network

worldwide for law

QS World University Rankings by Subject 2024

Course content

Guidance and support on choosing an international commercial law dissertation topic and designing your project will be provided through bespoke workshops and one-to-one support.

• Course structure

Core modules

Written work on a legal topic of your choice resulting from individual research and normally based upon material falling within the area covered by the degree for which you are registered.

Optional modules

Students must take a minimum of six and a maximum of eight from: 

Module credits: 15

The module will deal with special issues in copyright and designs and their international exploitation at an advanced level. The British, European and international law relating to these rights will be studied in detail. Comparison will also be made with national Member States laws.

Special topical issues in copyright and designs law will be studied including the protection of computer programs, databases and technological protection measures. National and Community unregistered and registered design rights. Finally you will be given an insight as to the future of copyright and designs at EU and international level.

This module considers how business increasingly conducts its operations with responsibility to its stakeholders and to society at large. It examines the emergence of the business and human rights regime, which forms the basis for addressing both legal developments and voluntary initiatives across a spectrum of business and industry sectors and different types of business, operating both globally and locally.  

This module is concerned with the European Union's (EU) status as a global trade power and explores its relations with other countries, including the United Kingdom Post-Brexit, the EU, the United States and China. It also includes the role that the European Union plays within the World Trade Organisation.

Subjects examined include:

• the EU's competence to conduct trade policy and its effectiveness to achieve objectives beyond trade
• the scope of Common Commercial Policy, EU/WTO relationship
• trade and human rights
• trade and development cooperation
• EU-UK trade relations in the wake of Brexit

The module examines the global competition law development from the perspective of international business. In summary it uses the US, EU and Chinese competition regimes and high profile international business cases as targets for analysis.

It first critically examines the origins of global competition rules against international business, by focusing on EU, US and Chinese competition regimes on the one hand and international organizations on the other hand. It then examines in-depth the challenges faced by international business in the areas of international price cartel regulation, multiple regulations on abuse of market dominance and cross-border mergers. It further critically examine the public and private enforcements of competition rules against international business in the global context.

By critically examining the challenges faced by international business in both the substance and enforcement of global competition regulation, the module aims to engage and motivate you to undertake original thinking and explore innovative solutions to tackle the challenges.

The module will deal with the basic principles of patent law and it will do so from an international and comparative perspective. Special attention will be paid to European and US patent law before attention will turn to biotechnological inventions and a case study on stem cell patents.

The module will deal with the basic principles of trade mark law and it will do so from an international and comparative perspective. Special attention will be paid to European and US trade mark law before attention will turn to passing-off and comparative advertising issues.

This module deals with key aspects of the international system for the regulation of foreign investment. The module focuses mainly on issues arising from investor-host state relations under Bilateral Investment Treaties or BITs but also touches upon international investment contracts. Special attention will be given to the means of regulating investment using BITs, including standards of treatment, such as fair and equitable treatment, full protection and security, national treatment and MFN, and breaches thereof, the taking of foreign property and the settlement of investment disputes by means of third party dispute settlement.

Attention will focus on the substantial and procedural aspects of international investment arbitration with specific reference to ICSID, as well as ad hoc arbitration, using UNCITRAL arbitration rules or the rules of other relevant arbitral fora.

This module examines the body of rules and principles governing international sales transactions under two prominent legal regimes of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Vienna, 1980), and English Sales Law.

This module provides an introduction to energy law. Through scholarly works and practical case studies, it will address some of the most important legal issues which relate to energy such as: the exploration of natural resources in disputed areas; transparency and control of oil revenues; environmental law issues; and justice and gender in energy transitions. Although both fossils and low carbon/renewable resources will be examined, considerable attention will be paid to hydrocarbons, as they still dominate the energy sector.

This module addresses the private law relating to the financial aspects of international trade, especially payment mechanisms and guarantees. Emphasis is placed upon the rules promulgated by the International Chamber of Commerce.

The module also explores important international trade finance mechanisms such as documentary credits and demand guarantees. These include Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP 600) and Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees.

This module will offer an in-depth analysis of the relationship between intellectual property and private international law. It will cover all aspects of jurisdiction and choice of law.

This module examines issues relating to the regulation of public procurement from perspectives other than trade liberalisation. Issues covered include:

• the pursuit of value for money through competition
• avoidance of corruption
• outsourcing
• procurement for privately-financed infrastructure projects

The module pays particular attention to the UNCITRAL Model Law on procurement and the procurement rules for developing countries' projects financed by the World Bank.

This module deals with key aspects of World Trade Organisation law. The module focuses on:

• the institutional and organisational structure of the WTO and its dispute settlement system
• GATT 1994 (dealing with tariffs and other barriers to import of goods)
• GATS (the agreement regulating international trade in services)
• rules on unfair trade such as anti-dumping, subsidies and safeguards

Some attention is paid to the relationship between multilateral and regional and preferential trade and the relationship of trade to sustainable development, as well as consumer health and safety.

This module offers an in depth examination of the laws and regulatory perspectives relating to the digital economy. It explores the implications of UK, European and international rules that apply to digital platforms and Big Tech, and their impacts on end-users and digital consumers. The module engages with a series of themes and topics like privacy and commercial surveillance in data-driven economies, cybersecurity, social media and online harms, algorithmic governance and automation. participation for digital citizens. 

Module credits:  15

This module aims to develop an understanding of the legal and ethical challenges posed by AI and robotics technologies, along with consideration of appropriate legal and regulatory responses. It provides a philosophical and legal framework for considering concepts and principles that relate to the development and use of such technologies. It also considers legal and regulatory governance at the international, regional, and national levels.  

Students can also choose up to 30 credits from: 

The module is primarily concerned with those customary and treaty rules governing relations between States. This module aims to give candidates a thorough grounding in the principles of PIL. The basic topics include:

• nature of international law
• actors in the international legal system
• jurisdiction and state responsibility

This module looks at principles and laws governing unilateral and multilateral resort to force by states under the United Nations Charter and in customary international law. Instances where force is permissible will be considered as well as the more controversial claims to use force.

This module gives a broad-based introduction to the philosophical foundations of human rights and criminal justice, emphasising the moral and political underpinnings of legal rules, doctrines and principles. It considers key issues and questions in contemporary debates surrounding human rights and criminal justice through the contrasting lenses of two rival philosophical perspectives, utilitarianism and liberal deontology. 

An introduction to international criminal law issues, with particular emphasis on institutions (such as Nuremberg and Tokyo IMTs, the ad hoc Tribunals and the International Criminal Court) as well as substantive and procedural aspects of international criminal law.

The module focuses on the institutional developments in international criminal law as well as the definition and application of the crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and aggression. Principles of liability and defences will also be covered.

This module begins with a consideration of the historical origins and philosophical underpinnings of economic and social rights (ESR). Key themes that will be developed throughout the course include perceptions of the nature of such rights and the related question of the extent to which such rights are, and should be, justiciable.

You will evaluate the different ways in which ESR are protected and implemented, both domestically and internationally. The module will consider litigation and judicial enforcement of ESR in various jurisdictions.

The module will equip you with the knowledge and understanding necessary to engage in, and critically analyse, the debates surrounding ESR that exist both amongst legal commentators and at a broader societal level.

This module will examine theories of equality to understand how equality is conceptualised, protected and promoted in law. It will also examine the interaction of individuals with protected characteristics including gender, race, disability and sexuality as both victims and defendants with the criminal justice system. It will critically evaluate the discrimination and barriers to justice they experience and the extent to which law and policy effectively prevents discrimination and promotes justice for these groups. 

This module examines the legal constraints of international and national warfare. It traces the historical and contextual development of the law and focuses upon the principles which govern warfare. During the module, you will also study the mechanisms for the enforcement and the implementation of international humanitarian law.

The module will explore the rights of the child in international human rights law, focusing on topics such as the concepts of childhood and the best interests of the child, family rights and the right to family life, education, child soldiers, child labour, gender and the rights of the girl child.

This module examines some of the relationships between law and development. After examining both the notion of development per se and the right to development as a human right, the module moves on to cover a number of individual issues where the relationship between law, development and human rights can be explored.

Subjects covered include:

• the concept of development and the role of international law in promoting "development"
• the regulation of aid
• the WTO and developing countries
• intellectual property and access to medication
• the protection of traditional knowledge
• agriculture
• food aid and food security
• sustainable development
• gender and development

This module critically considers the concept of ‘fair (criminal) trial’ in theory and practice. International human rights law, particularly as it derives from Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, will naturally be central to this inquiry. But the law of human rights is neither our starting point nor our final destination. More ambitiously, this module draws on criminal justice, socio-legal, and comparative approaches and perspectives in order to place the law and practice of English and Welsh criminal trials in their broader legal, political, social, and moral contexts.

Although some points of law and practice will be treated in detail, developing an exhaustive account of English criminal trials is not the principal objective. Rather, we will use these details as examples and case-studies to illustrate methodological issues, broader themes and trends in criminal policy, and international comparisons highlighting the ways in which western democracies have attempted, successfully or otherwise, to meet the challenges of integrating human rights law into their domestic criminal trial processes.

This module explores this emerging field of international law, which is seeing growing prominence within international legal research, international law and policymaking. States, international organisations, NGOs and community actors are increasingly addressing the effects of disasters in terms of human rights law, refugee law, and international humanitarian law, particularly when it comes to laws regarding humanitarian assistance.  

This module takes an interdisciplinary approach, combining philosophical, doctrinal, and socio-legal perspectives to examine the question “what conduct is a legitimate target for the criminal law?”. The first half of the course critically considers several theories of criminalisation which offer ‘in principle’ justifications for criminalising conduct. The second half examines other factors relevant to criminalisation decision-making, including: human rights, enforceability, discrimination, and politics.

Though some English and Welsh criminal offences will be examined in detail, the main objective of the module is to provide you with the critical tools with which you will be able to scrutinise the legitimacy of criminal offences in any jurisdiction.

International Environmental Law is a foundations module on international environmental law (IEL). It will provide a broad overview of IEL and allow you to develop a number of research-related skills.

At the start of the course, you will study the basic principles of IEL. The next block of seminars cover some major multilateral environmental agreements, primarily concerned with pollution, climate change, and biodiversity. You will develop an in-depth knowledge of these instruments: their key mechanisms, institutional architecture, and related legal/policy frameworks.

In the final set of seminars, you will apply this knowledge by researching how contemporary and emerging issues of IEL are addressed through the law. The selected topics will cut across two or more environmental treaties and so you will develop a deep understanding about the connections between different areas of the law.

International law recognises a human right to seek asylum. Nonetheless, states are increasingly labelling asylum seekers as “illegal” immigrants and responding to asylum seekers through the criminal law. This interdisciplinary module combines international law with theoretical insights from criminology to explore state responses to asylum seekers.

This module introduces students to broader perspectives on the history, nature, scope, meaning, function, and critique of criminal justice. It adopts a critical and interdisciplinary approach to the study of criminal justice (drawing from insights in sociology, race and gender studies, postcolonial thought and global law, psychology, and criminology). In doing so, it critiques the concept of criminal justice, its institutions, methods, aims and objectives, from a variety of social justice perspectives.    

Learning and assessment

How you will learn.

We teach in small group seminars where possible, allowing for an open, interactive learning experience. You are required to prepare for, and participate in seminars so that you get the maximum benefit from them.

To help support you in this, you will also have access to our virtual library, which includes relevant eBooks, eJournals, official documents and supporting scanning service.

How you will be assessed

• Dissertation
• Examinations

You will be assessed by exam or essay, or a combination of both. Assessments take place at the end of each term.

Practice assignments, guidance on exam techniques, time management workshops, and one-to-one  legal skills advice  sessions are offered throughout the year to prepare you for these assessments.

Contact time and study hours

The main teaching method is small-group seminars, which provide an open and interactive learning experience.

Teaching takes place throughout the week during term-time - exact days and times of teaching is subject to timetabling and will depend on which modules you choose.

Each module involves one two-hour seminar a week, supplemented by private preparation and study.

In addition to seminars for each module, you will have the opportunity to meet and discuss with your personal tutor and other members of staff, as well as attend optional seminars and workshops to support your learning and network with other students and legal scholars and professionals.

Entry requirements

All candidates are considered on an individual basis and we accept a broad range of qualifications. The entrance requirements below apply to 2024 entry.

• Home / UK students
• EU / International students

Alternative qualifications

Meeting our english language requirements.

If you need support to meet the required level, you may be able to attend a presessional English course. Presessional courses teach you academic skills in addition to English language. Our  Centre for English Language Education is accredited by the British Council for the teaching of English in the UK.

If you successfully complete your presessional course to the required level, you can then progress to your degree course. This means that you won't need to retake IELTS or equivalent.

For on-campus presessional English courses, you must take IELTS for UKVI to meet visa regulations. For online presessional courses, see our CELE webpages for guidance

Visa restrictions

International students must have valid UK immigration permissions for any courses or study period where teaching takes place in the UK. Student route visas can be issued for eligible students studying full-time courses. The University of Nottingham does not sponsor a student visa for students studying part-time courses. The Standard Visitor visa route is not appropriate in all cases. Please contact the university’s Visa and Immigration team if you need advice about your visa options.

We recognise that applicants have a variety of experiences and follow different pathways to postgraduate study.

We treat all applicants with alternative qualifications on an individual basis. We may also consider relevant work experience.

If you are unsure whether your qualifications or work experience are relevant, contact us .

Our step-by-step guide covers everything you need to know about applying.

Where you will learn

University park campus.

University Park Campus  covers 300 acres, with green spaces, wildlife, period buildings and modern facilities. It is one of the UK's most beautiful and sustainable campuses, winning a national Green Flag award every year since 2003.

Most schools and departments are based here. You will have access to libraries, shops, cafes, the Students’ Union, sports village and a health centre.

You can walk or cycle around campus. Free hopper buses connect you to our other campuses. Nottingham city centre is 15 minutes away by public bus or tram.

Hallward Library Law Collection

The Hallward Library is situated adjacent to the School of Law. It provides the following for law students:

• The Law Collection of approximately 60,000 books, law reports series, journals, microfilms and more
• Unlimited access to extensive collections of legal materials via a wide range of electronic sources
• Knowledgeable staff

Additional information for international students

If you are a student from the EU, EEA or Switzerland, you may be asked to complete a fee status questionnaire and your answers will be assessed using guidance issued by the UK Council for International Student Affairs (UKCISA) .

These fees are for full-time study. If you are studying part-time, you will be charged a proportion of this fee each year (subject to inflation).

Additional costs

All students will need at least one device to approve security access requests via Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA). We also recommend students have a suitable laptop to work both on and off-campus. For more information, please check the equipment advice .

As a student on this course, you should factor some additional costs into your budget, alongside your tuition fees and living expenses.

You should be able to access most of the books you'll need through our libraries, though you may wish to purchase your own copies or more specific titles. Our libraries also have an excellent range of free electronic books and journals that you can download.

There are many ways to fund your postgraduate course, from scholarships to government loans.

We also offer a range of international masters scholarships for high-achieving international scholars who can put their Nottingham degree to great use in their careers.

Check our guide to find out more about funding your postgraduate degree.

• Careers advice
• Job prospects

We offer individual careers support for all postgraduate students .

Expert staff can help you research career options and job vacancies, build your CV or résumé, develop your interview skills and meet employers.

Each year 1,100 employers advertise graduate jobs and internships through our online vacancy service. We host regular careers fairs, including specialist fairs for different sectors.

International students who complete an eligible degree programme in the UK on a student visa can apply to stay and work in the UK after their course under the Graduate immigration route . Eligible courses at the University of Nottingham include bachelors, masters and research degrees, and PGCE courses.

Graduate destinations

Our graduates go on to a  wide range of careers . Many go into the legal profession or return to their previous legal careers with specialist knowledge and enhanced prospects. Others work in international organisations and NGOs. Some graduates further their academic career by progressing onto our PhD programme.

Recent graduate destinations include BAE Systems, Clifford Chance, London Stock Exchange and Simmons & Simmons.

Career progression

92.9% of postgraduates from the School of Law secured graduate level employment or further study within 15 months of graduation. 100% of graduates feel that their current activity is meaningful. The average annual salary for these graduates was £29,005.*

* HESA Graduate Outcomes 2020/2021 data published in 2023. The Graduate Outcomes % is derived using The Guardian University Guide methodology. The average annual salary is based on graduates working full-time, postgraduate, home graduates within the UK.

Our faculty  work placements and internship programme  provides valuable work experience, self-confidence and a practical application of your studies.

An example of one of these placements was in partnership with the Insolvency and Debt Resolution team of the World Bank Group and was secured by one of our LLM students, Margaux Seeuws .

Related courses

Criminal justice llm, international law llm, human rights law llm, international law and development llm, law (master of laws) llm, public international law llm, public procurement law and policy llm/pgdip/pgcert, international criminal justice and armed conflict llm, social science research (socio legal studies) ma.

The Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF) is a national grading system, introduced by the government in England. It assesses the quality of undergraduate teaching at universities and how well they ensure excellent outcomes for their students in terms of graduate-level employment or further study.

This content was last updated on Monday 15 July 2024. Every effort has been made to ensure that this information is accurate, but changes are likely to occur given the interval between the date of publishing and course start date. It is therefore very important to check this website for any updates before you apply.

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International Commercial Law with Dissertation, LLM

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International Commercial Law with Dissertation

Introduction.

Study a diverse range of areas surrounding the discipline of International Commercial Law with our highly popular postgraduate degree. Gain an in-depth understanding of the subject and enhance your career prospects by delving into topics such as contract law, company law, corporate finance and governance, tax law, international sales and international commercial dispute resolution, and develop academic and research skills by writing a dissertation on a topic of your choice in international commercial law

Study Information

Study options.

Studying International Commercial Law at the University of Aberdeen will give you the opportunity to study a diverse number of exciting topics under the guidance of our world-class teaching staff. Our law school courses are taught by world-class experts who regularly provide consultancy and policy work at international level.

This particular programme was designed with the assistance of external experts, including authors of international agreements as well as our internal staff at the University. With this collaborative input, you will gain valuable insights into international commercial law and will advance your understanding of the subject. The programme has been carefully coordinated to align with the competencies required for today’s international job market. The University of Aberdeen is known for attracting world-class teaching staff with international experience in their specialist subjects. In contrast to the LLM International Commercial Law with Professional Skills, the LLM International Commercial Law with Dissertation offers students the opportunity to develop academic and research skills by writing a dissertation on a topic of their choice in international commercial law

Programme Fees

Information for part-time students: This route will run over three academic years. Candidates can take up to 60 credit points in Year 1, 120 credit points in Year 2, and 60 credit points in Year 3. LS551T and PD5506 must be taken in Year 1, and LS5904 must be taken in Year 2. Candidates must take a remaining 120 credit points. At least 90 credit points must be obtained from the courses listed in the optional course sections of semesters 1 and 3. The remaining credit points may be obtained from the list below or any LLM 30 credit on-campus course.

Compulsory Courses

This course provides students from diverse legal and educational backgrounds with a common understanding of the core research, analytical, and writing skills which will be required for LLM-Taught courses. The course is delivered as a series of five interactive lectures with two individual assessments designed to encourage critical thinking and provide opportunities for early feedback. It also incorporates a library workshop to provide students with hands-on experience with the resources available for course and dissertation work.

This course, which is prescribed for all taught postgraduate students, is studied entirely online, takes approximately 5-6 hours to complete and can be taken in one sitting, or spread across a number of weeks.

Topics include orientation overview, equality and diversity, health, safety and cyber security and how to make the most of your time at university in relation to careers and employability.

Successful completion of this course will be recorded on your Enhanced Transcript as ‘Achieved’.

Optional Courses

Four optional courses must be selected. Two should be selected from semester 1 and two from semester 3.

30 Credit Points

International commercial lawyers frequently work on contracts involving parties from different countries. Here, each one of these jurisdictions may offer a different interpretation of the same contractual provisions. This course is aimed to help commercial lawyers understand how different legal traditions offer different viewpoints on key contractual challenges. At the end of the course, students will be able to understand many of the discrepancies and similarities between legal systems, thus honing a fundamental skill for an international commercial lawyer. The course will cover a wide range of European legal systems, as well as transnational contract law mechanisms including the Principles of European Contract Law and the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.

The complex interaction between investment protection and the sovereign right of states to regulate has been most acute in the energy sector. On the one hand, investors require strong guarantees that states will respect the “rules of the game” that constitute the basis of their investments. On the other, states can be tempted to interfere with foreign energy investments because of their strategic and social importance. This course aims to analyse if existing investment disciplines and international investment protection framework, are adapted to the specific regulatory risks that investors face in the energy landscape of the 21st Century and how best to avoid disputes and manage them.

This course will discuss the trajectory of the development of corporate governance over the past three decades, especially in the UK and the US, with a view to understanding the extent to which underlying theoretical assumptions and policy decisions impact legislative, regulatory and self-regulatory arrangements as well as reform options. Students will gain an understanding of why the company as a legal entity has the shape and form that it does; why certain actors are regarded as internal to corporate governance arrangements and others external; and why ongoing (and sometimes apparently futile) reform efforts take the form that they do.

Tax law is an integral aspect of all international commercial activities; it is crucial for commercial lawyers to have an understanding of tax law even if they are not tax lawyers. This course is a tax law course for general commercial lawyers, providing a gentle introduction to the varieties of tax laws and policies. The course enables a general commercial lawyer to understand tax law and policy discussions, both as public policy concerns and as issues related to clients' commercial matters. The course covers the basics of tax models and introduces a variety of tax law systems, such as income tax, property tax, sales tax and VAT taxes. The course also explains how tax policy can affect corporate and commercial interests, such as the role of tax law in environmental protection, in energy resource stewardship, or in corporate social responsibility. In conclusion, the course is designed for general commercial lawyers to increase their professional skills and legal knowledge related to commercial tax law and policy.

The compulsory dissertation provides the opportunity to research and explore in more detail a specific legal area of your choice.

Please note that all January Start Students must produce their Dissertation Project during the Summer Semester, preparation for which begins in January.

60 Credit Points

Between May and mid-August students prepare a 10,000 word dissertation on a topic of their choice related to their specialist LLM programme. Students are instructed through the delivery of a preparatory lecture, two supervisory meetings and a two hour dissertation planning workshop in a small group setting. Students are expected to spend considerable time on independent research throughout the course of the dissertation module, including; preparation of dissertation plan, amendment of plan in accordance with supervisory comments, preparation for the dissertation workshop, and, of course, in the final 10,000 word dissertation itself.

This is an optional course at postgraduate level and offers a selective and critical examination of company laws in the UK and other systems. It is an appropriate course for students with an interest in working in the corporate sector or who wish to learn more about how company law operates in different countries. Key issues in comparative company law shall be examined and a range of topics will be covered, dealing with corporate entities, their ownership, management and activities.

This course introduces international commercial litigation, the major means of commercial dispute resolution for many sectors of industry and the default means of dispute resolution against which international arbitration is positioned. The course demonstrates the relevance of a venue’s Private International Law (PIL) to its attractiveness for dispute resolution and provides advanced instruction in the relevant post-Brexit aspects of PIL to parties engaged in litigating international commercial disputes.

The course will examine the law and principles of cross-border taxation. It will cover core subjects on international tax law, including the concepts of source and residence taxation, double tax conventions, allocation of taxing rights, transfer pricing and thin capitalisation rules, and international tax avoidance (schemes and prevention).

Attention will be paid to topical issues around international taxation and the efforts being made to modernise the international tax system. This includes an examination of the tax challenges of the digital economy and the solutions being introduced by the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting.

The course content fulfills the core requirements of Module 1 of the ADIT (Advanced Diploma in International Tax) qualification offered by the Chartered Institute of Taxation. The course is also essential for those aiming to practise tax in an international context, either as academics, government officials, or general tax advisors.

The course will be taught from a legal and policy perspective. No prior knowledge of tax is required, but students should be willing to engage with the tax literature and tax affairs.

The demand for international commercial arbitration has increased significantly over the last 20 years. Empirical surveys conducted consistently report figures that suggest around 60% of businesses prefer arbitration over other dispute resolution methods.

Seminar topics have been chosen to give students a good knowledge of international commercial arbitration law. The topics covered will be: (1) Arbitration Agreement and Arbitral Jurisdiction (2) The Role of the Seat (3) Applicable Substantive Law (4) The Arbitral Tribunal (5) Arbitral Procedure and Evidence (6) The Arbitral Award.

The course also provides a lecture on the introduction to international commercial arbitration.

This course considers issues relating to international trade and finance law and addresses the legal and commercial aspects of export-import transactions. It covers trade risks and risk assessment, the law and practice relating to international sale of goods, carriage of goods and insurance matters, international trade finance, digitalisation of international trade and international commercial dispute resolution.

This course introduces students to one of the most highly discussed areas of law in modern societies. Competition law and policy offer a solution to the abuses of power that firms may perpetrate against consumers and the market. Yet, competition law enforcement is limited in many respects.

This course explores the spread of competition law around the world analysing its core provisions from a comparative perspective. The course thus focuses on the core aspects of competition law: anticompetitive agreements, abuse of dominance, and merger regulation. It then offers insights on the analysis of competition law in digital markets and on the international enforcement of its core provisions.

This course will explore issues within the law of corporate finance, with reference to different legal systems. It will provide students with a wider and deeper understanding of various debt and equity finance issues that are crucial to the law of corporate finance.

Information for part-time students: This route will run over two years minimum. Candidates can take up to 120 credit points in an academic year. LS501T and PD5006 must be taken in Year 1, and LS5904 must be taken in Year 2. Candidates must take a remaining 120 credit points. At least 90 credit points must be obtained from the courses listed in the optional sections of semesters 1 and 2. The remaining credit points may be obtained from the list below or any LLM 30 credit on-campus LLM course

Four optional courses must be selected. Two should be selected from semester 1 and two from semester 2.

LS5044 - Corporate Finance Law

Available Programmes of Study

Please note: Students starting their LLM programme in January write their Dissertation project during the Summer semester.

Duration: 12 months full-time. 24 months part time.

We will endeavour to make all course options available. However, these may be subject to change - see our Student Terms and Conditions page .

Fee Information

Additional fee information.

• Fees for individual programmes can be viewed in the Programmes section above.
• In exceptional circumstances there may be additional fees associated with specialist courses, for example field trips. Any additional fees for a course can be found in our Catalogue of Courses .
• For more information about tuition fees for this programme, including payment plans and our refund policy, please visit our Tuition Fees page .

International Applicants

More information about fee status, living costs, and work allowances for international students is available here .

Funding Opportunities

The SFC Postgraduate tuition fee scholarship may be available for those classified as Home/EU fee status students for this programme. Visit the scholarship page for more information.

The James Carnegie maintenance scholarship for postgraduate students is available with this degree.

Scholarships

Self-funded international students enrolling on postgraduate taught (PGT) programmes will receive one of our Aberdeen Global Scholarships, ranging from £3,000 to £8,000, depending on your domicile country. Learn more about the Aberdeen Global Scholarships here .

To see our full range of scholarships, visit our Funding Database .

Related Programmes

You may also be interested in the following related postgraduate degree programmes.

• Business Law and Sustainable Development
• Corporate Finance and Law
• International Commercial Law with Professional Skills
• International Trade Law

How You'll Study

The LLM International Commercial Law with Dissertation has flexibility built in. The programme is structured to allow you the freedom to specialise within international commercial law, yet explore its many aspects. Teaching is organised on a modular basis with a dissertation to be submitted at the end of August each year.

Learning Methods

• Individual Projects

Assessment Methods

Courses are assessed through essays, presentations, role play, group work and project work. The variety of assessments in the programme ensures that students apply theory to practical situations in order to become expert at being able to analyse and reason issues thoroughly.

Why Study International Commercial Law with Dissertation?

Ever since the University’s opening in 1495, the Law School has played a pivotal role in Aberdeen’s history - and there’s no substitute for experience.

There are over 40 nationalities within the School of Law postgraduate community, so you will benefit from the experiences of international students from all over the world.

Students choose to study Law at Aberdeen because of our reputation for academic excellence and unrivalled student experience. At Aberdeen, you will:

• Gain an advanced understanding of commercial law within an international context, enabling you to apply for jobs around the world as an adviser and consultant.
• Benefit from being taught by an internationally renowned teaching staff and authors of major international agreements.
• Have the opportunity to study the full spectrum of international commercial law across wide ranging markets. We are located in Aberdeen, Europe's energy capital, a world cosmopolitan dynamic city with worldwide links in energy, luxury brands, healthcare and international tourism.

The Centre for Commercial of the Law fosters research excellence in commercial law and offers unique research activities by serving as a dynamic hub for law academics, legal practitioners, those working in related professions, industry representatives, activists and policymakers, providing opportunities for synergy and rich engagement.

Lecturers regularly provide consultancy, policy work at international level and publish in The International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition, Journal of the Copyright Society of the USA, Law International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Modern Law Review and many other publications.

Interested in this programme?

What our students say, ahmad ali shariati afghanistan.

The Law School focuses on your academic legal skills such as research, writing, advocacy and critical legal thinking. The courses offered in this area prepares students to thrive in their studies and later for the career trajectory they select.

Entry Requirements

Qualifications.

The information below is provided as a guide only and does not guarantee entry to the University of Aberdeen.

Normally a 2(1) honours degree in Law (or another related discipline) or equivalent. Relevant practical experience in the field of commercial law will also be beneficial.

Please enter your country to view country-specific entry requirements.

English Language Requirements

To study for a Postgraduate Taught degree at the University of Aberdeen it is essential that you can speak, understand, read, and write English fluently. The minimum requirements for this degree are as follows:

IELTS Academic:

OVERALL - 6.5 with: Listening - 5.5; Reading - 6.0; Speaking - 5.5; Writing - 6.0

OVERALL - 90 with: Listening - 17; Reading - 21; Speaking - 20; Writing - 21

PTE Academic:

OVERALL - 62 with: Listening - 59; Reading - 59; Speaking - 59; Writing - 59

Cambridge English B2 First, C1 Advanced or C2 Proficiency:

OVERALL - 176 with: Listening - 162; Reading - 169; Speaking - 162; Writing - 169

Read more about specific English Language requirements here .

Document Requirements

You will be required to supply the following documentation with your application as proof you meet the entry requirements of this degree programme. If you have not yet completed your current programme of study, then you can still apply and you can provide your Degree Certificate at a later date.

Additional details for international applicants, including country-specific information, are available here .

Aberdeen Global Scholarship

Eligible self-funded postgraduate taught (PGT) students will receive the Aberdeen Global Scholarship. Explore our Global Scholarships, including eligibility details, on our dedicated page.

Studying International Commercial Law at Aberdeen will prepare you for a range of career options, such as commercial lawyer, commercial legal advisor, commercial litigator or arbitrator, or academic.

Join Internationally Renowned Experts

Internationally renowned teaching staff and academic experts in their field

Top 10 UK Law School

We are ranked Top 10 in the UK for Law by the Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2024.

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HLS Dissertations, Theses, and JD Papers

S.j.d. dissertations, ll.m. papers, ll.m. theses, j.d. papers, submitting your paper to an online collection, other sources for student papers beyond harvard, getting help, introduction.

This is a guide to finding Harvard Law School (“HLS”) student-authored works held by the Library and in online collections. This guide covers HLS S.J.D Dissertations, LL.M. papers, J.D. third-year papers, seminar papers, and prize papers.

There have been changes in the HLS degree requirements for written work. The library’s collection practices and catalog descriptions for these works has varied. Please note that there are gaps in the library’s collection and for J.D. papers, few of these works are being collected any longer.

If we have an S.J.D. dissertation or LL.M. thesis, we have two copies. One is kept in the general collection and one in the Red Set, an archival collection of works authored by HLS affiliates. If we have a J.D. paper, we have only one copy, kept in the Red Set. Red Set copies are last resort copies available only by advance appointment in Historical and Special Collections .

Some papers have not been processed by library staff. If HOLLIS indicates a paper is “ordered-received” please use this form to have library processing completed.

The HLS Doctor of Juridical Science (“S.J.D.”) program began in 1910.  The library collection of these works is not comprehensive. Exceptions are usually due to scholars’ requests to withhold Library deposit. 

• HLS S.J.D. Dissertations in HOLLIS To refine these search results by topic or faculty advisor, or limit by date, click Add a New Line.
• Hein’s Legal Theses and Dissertations Microfiche Mic K556.H45x Drawers 947-949 This microfiche set includes legal theses and dissertations from HLS and other premier law schools. It currently includes about 300 HLS dissertations and theses.
• Hein's Legal Theses and Dissertations Contents List This content list is in order by school only, not by date, subject or author. It references microfiche numbers within the set housed in the Microforms room on the entry level of the library, drawers 947-949. The fiche are a different color for each institution.
• ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ Harvard University (Harvard login) Copy this search syntax: dg(S.J.D.) You will find about 130 SJD Dissertations dated from 1972 to 2004. They are not available in full text.
• DASH Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard Sponsored by Harvard University’s Office for Scholarly Communication, DASH is an open repository for research papers by members of the Harvard community. There are currently about 600 HLS student papers included. Unfortunately it is not possible to search by type of paper or degree awarded.

The Master of Laws (“LL.M.”) degree has been awarded since 1923. Originally, the degree required completion of a major research paper, akin to a thesis. Since 1993, most students have the option of writing the LL.M. "short paper."  This is a 25-page (or longer) paper advised by a faculty supervisor or completed in conjunction with a seminar.  Fewer LL.M. candidates continue to write the more extensive "long-paper." LL.M. candidates holding J.D.s from the U.S. must write the long paper.

• HLS Written Work Requirements for LL.M. Degree The current explanation of the LL.M. written work requirement for the master of laws.

The library generally holds HLS LL.M. long papers and short papers. In recent years, we require author release in order to do so. In HOLLIS, no distinction is made between types of written work created in satisfaction of the LL.M. degree; all are described as LL.M. thesis. Though we describe them as thesis, the law school refers to them solely as papers or in earlier years, essays. HOLLIS records indicate the number of pages, so at the record level, it is possible to distinguish long papers.

• HLS LL.M. Papers in HOLLIS To refine these search results by topic, faculty advisor, seminar or date, click Add a New Line.

Note that beginning with papers from the 2023-24 academic year, papers will be available in digital format only. The workflow for this new process is underway.

HLS LL.M. Papers are sometimes available in DASH and Hein's Legal Dissertations and Theses. See descriptions above .

The HLS J.D. written work requirement has changed over time. The degree formerly required a substantial research paper comparable in scope to a law review article written under faculty supervision, the "third year paper." Since 2008, J.D. students have the option of using two shorter works instead.

Of all those written, the library holds relatively few third-year papers. They were not actively collected but accepted by submission from faculty advisors who deemed a paper worthy of institutional retention. The papers are described in HOLLIS as third year papers, seminar papers, and student papers. Sometimes this distinction was valid, but not always. The faculty deposit tradition more or less ended in 2006, though the possibility of deposit still exists. 

• J.D. Written Work Requirement
• Faculty Deposit of Student Papers with the Library

HLS Third Year Papers in HOLLIS

To refine these search results by topic, faculty advisor, seminar or date, click Add a New Line.

• HLS Student Papers Some third-year papers and LL.M. papers were described in HOLLIS simply as student papers. To refine these search results, click "Add a New Line" and add topic, faculty advisor, or course title.
• HLS Seminar Papers Note that these include legal research pathfinders produced for the Advanced Legal Research course when taught by Virginia Wise.

Prize Papers

HLS has many endowed prizes for student papers and essays. There are currently 16 different writing prizes. See this complete descriptive list with links to lists of winners from 2009 to present. Note that there is not always a winner each year for each award. Prize winners are announced each year in the commencement pamphlet.

The Library has not specifically collected prize papers over the years but has added copies when possible. The HOLLIS record for the paper will usually indicate its status as a prize paper. The most recent prize paper was added to the collection in 2006.

Addison Brown Prize Animal Law & Policy Program Writing Prize Victor Brudney Prize Davis Polk Legal Profession Paper Prize Roger Fisher and Frank E.A. Sander Prize Yong K. Kim ’95 Memorial Prize Islamic Legal Studies Program Prize on Islamic Law Laylin Prize LGBTQ Writing Prize Mancini Prize Irving Oberman Memorial Awards John M. Olin Prize in Law and Economics Project on the Foundations of Private Law Prize Sidney I. Roberts Prize Fund Klemens von Klemperer Prize Stephen L. Werner Prize

• Harvard Law School Prize Essays (1850-1868) A historical collection of handwritten prize essays covering the range of topics covered at that time. See this finding aid for a collection description.

The following information about online repositories is not a recommendation or endorsement to participate.

• ProQuest Dissertations and Theses HLS is not an institutional participant to this collection. If you are interested in submitting your work, refer to these instructions and note that there is a fee required, which varies depending on the format of submission.
• EBSCO Open Dissertations Relatively new, this is an open repository of metadata for dissertations. It is an outgrowth of the index American Doctoral Dissertations. The aim is to cover 1933 to present and, for modern works, to link to full text available in institutional repositories. Harvard is not one of the institutional participants.
• DASH Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard

Sponsored by Harvard University’s Office for Scholarly Communication, this is an open repository for research papers by members of the Harvard community. See more information about the project. 

Some HLS students have submitted their degree paper to DASH.  If you would like to submit your paper, you may use this authorization form  or contact June Casey , Librarian for Open Access Initiatives and Scholarly Communication at Harvard Law School.

• ProQuest Dissertations and Theses (Harvard Login) Covers dissertations and masters' theses from North American graduate schools and many worldwide. Provides full text for many since the 1990s and has descriptive data for older works.
• NDLTD Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations Union Catalog Worldwide in scope, NDLTD contains millions of records of electronic theses and dissertations from the early 1900s to the present.
• Law Commons of the Digital Commons Network The Law Commons has dissertations and theses, as well as many other types of scholarly research such as book chapters and conference proceedings. They aim to collect free, full-text scholarly work from hundreds of academic institutions worldwide.
• EBSCO Open Dissertations Doctoral dissertations from many institutions. Free, open repository.
• Dissertations from Center for Research Libraries Dissertations found in this resource are available to the Harvard University Community through Interlibrary Loan.
• British Library EThOS Dissertation source from the British Library listing doctoral theses awarded in the UK. Some available for immediate download and some others may be requested for scanning.
• BASE from Bielefeld University Library Index of the open repositoris of most academic institutions. Includes many types of documents including doctoral and masters theses.

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• Last Updated: Aug 20, 2024 8:59 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.harvard.edu/studentpapers

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