essay word in shorthand

• Link to facebook
• Link to linkedin
• Link to twitter
• Link to youtube
• Writing Tips

Using Acronyms in Academic Writing

• 5-minute read
• 3rd September 2016

With the limited characters available on platforms like Twitter, we’re used to using acronyms and abbreviations in communication. After all, “IMO ppl uz 2 mNE lng wrds” is much more concise than “In my opinion, people use too many long words.”

However, in academic writing , improper use of acronyms can detract from the clarity of your writing. In this post, we cover how to use acronyms in a college paper .

What Are Acronyms and Abbreviations?

Acronyms and abbreviations are both shortened forms of long terms or phrases. However, while all acronyms are abbreviations, there is an important difference :

• Abbreviations are shortened versions of words (e.g., when “Jan” is used in place of “January”).
• Acronyms are abbreviations where the first letters from each word in a phrase spell out a new term (e.g., when “National Aeronautics and Space Administration” is shortened to “NASA”).

In addition, there is a difference between an “acronym” and an “initialism”. Acronyms are pronounced as a single word (e.g., NASA). But each letter in an initialism is pronounced separately (e.g., FBI).

Since “acronym” is commonly used for both of these, we will continue using this term below. However, it’s worth remembering that there is a difference!

When to Use Acronyms

The main consideration is clarity. To be specific, we shorten long technical terms to make our work easier to read, especially if they’re used repeatedly.

For instance, writing “MRI” instead of “magnetic resonance imaging” is a good idea if using this term a lot, since it’s easier to read.

If a term is only used once or twice, there’s usually no need to use an acronym. You should also avoid using too many abbreviations since text dense with acronyms and technical jargon can be difficult to read .

Introducing Acronyms

If using an acronym, you must introduce it with full terminology in the first instance so your reader knows what it means. You can do this by giving the full term first and the shortened version in parentheses:

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has existed since 1949.

Once introduced, you can use the shortened version in place of the full term:

The idea of NATO is to ensure security via a system of collective defense.

To ensure clarity, try to use the acronym consistently throughout your document. This means you should not switch between the full and abbreviated versions of the same term unless there is a reason to do so (e.g., you have not used the abbreviation in a long time and need to remind the reader).

Introducing an acronym isn’t necessary if the term is in common use, such as with “laser” (originally short for “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation”).

However, even with well-known terms, providing a definition can be helpful, since many acronyms have more than one meaning. One example is the long-running battle for use of “WWF” , in which the conservation group grappled (pun fully intended) with the professional wrestling organization now known as the “WWE.”

Although “WWF” is a recognizable term, defining it in the first use would remove ambiguity. It would then be clear that you’re discussing the “World Wildlife Fund” and not the former employers of Stone Cold Steve Austin.

An important distinction, we’re sure you’ll agree.

Find this useful?

Subscribe to our newsletter and get writing tips from our editors straight to your inbox.

Capitalizing Acronyms and Initialisms

As a rule, American English capitalizes every letter in acronyms and initialisms:

The country joined NATO in 1968.

The CIA has investigated the claims twice.

However, some style guides (mostly those that focus on British English) recommend only capitalizing the first letter of acronyms (i.e., abbreviations pronounced as a single word). For instance:

The country joined Nato in 1968.

Look out for this if you’re reading (or writing for) a British publication.

Punctuating Abbreviations

Most acronyms and abbreviations are written without punctuation, as shown in the examples above. However, some style guides recommend using a period between letters in short initialisms, such as “U.S.A.” and “U.K.” It is also common to use periods in lowercase abbreviations, such as “a.m.,” “p.m.,” “e.g.,” and “i.e.”

Unless you’re using a style guide that suggests adding periods to certain abbreviations, this is usually a matter of preference. But make sure to apply a consistent style! For example, either of the following would be acceptable:

He was born in the UK, but he lives in the USA now. ✔

He was born in the U.K., but he lives in the U.S.A. now. ✔

But mixing these punctuation styles would be incorrect:

He was born in the UK, but he lives in the U.S.A. now. ✘

Make sure to think about how to punctuate abbreviations in your own writing.

Expert Proofreading Services

The rules for using acronyms can vary slightly. As such, if you are using a style guide, you should check what it says about abbreviations and acronyms.

Whichever style you’re using, though, our expert editors can help! Make sure your writing is always error-free by getting it checked with Proofed. Upload a free trial document today to find out more.

Share this article:

Post A New Comment

Got content that needs a quick turnaround? Let us polish your work. Explore our editorial business services.

9-minute read

How to Use Infographics to Boost Your Presentation

Is your content getting noticed? Capturing and maintaining an audience’s attention is a challenge when...

8-minute read

Why Interactive PDFs Are Better for Engagement

Are you looking to enhance engagement and captivate your audience through your professional documents? Interactive...

7-minute read

Seven Key Strategies for Voice Search Optimization

Voice search optimization is rapidly shaping the digital landscape, requiring content professionals to adapt their...

4-minute read

Five Creative Ways to Showcase Your Digital Portfolio

Are you a creative freelancer looking to make a lasting impression on potential clients or...

How to Ace Slack Messaging for Contractors and Freelancers

Effective professional communication is an important skill for contractors and freelancers navigating remote work environments....

3-minute read

How to Insert a Text Box in a Google Doc

Google Docs is a powerful collaborative tool, and mastering its features can significantly enhance your...

Make sure your writing is the best it can be with our expert English proofreading and editing.

Texts, Tools, and Tips for Academic Writing

Common Latin abbreviations

Several Latin-derived abbreviations are commonly used in both everyday and academic English (like e.g. , i.e. , et al. , etc. ). These abbreviations do not need to be explained.

Usually, these abbreviations take a full stop, “ . “, after the last letter in each abbreviated word, although some publications dispense with the periods (like eg, ie, et al, etc). Some journals put all Latin abbreviations in italics, either with or without the periods ( et al. , e.g., i.e., etc. ) . Whichever style is used, it is important that the style be used consistently throughout the text.

• Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, ch. 1
• Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 3
• Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 4

The word and/or can be used to simplify writing. For example,

There are many ways to detect convective events if they produce heavy rainfall and/or lightning.

means that the events can be detected if they produce either heavy rainfall or lightning, or both heavy rainfall and lightning. Note that no blank space occurs between the words and the slash.

The abbreviation anon. stands for “anonymous.” This abbreviation is typically used in a list of references to refer to a work by an anonymous author.

• Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, ch. 7
• Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 2

The abbreviation c. or ca. stands for the Latin word “ circa ,” which means approximately. With a numeral, the symbol ~ may be used.

The abbreviation cf. stands for the word “confer” and means “compare to.” It is sometimes italicized: cf.

The abbreviation def. means “definition.”

• Laundry Machine Booking System, ch. 1
• The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 2

Using e.g. and i.e.

The two abbreviations e.g. and i.e. are easily confused with each other. The abbreviation e.g. stands for the Latin exempli gratia , which means “for example”. Use e.g. when giving a non-comprehensive list or example.

Many colors can be created by combining primary colors ( e.g. , orange is a combination of red and yellow).

The abbreviation i.e. stands for the Latin id est , which means “that is” or “in other words”. Use i.e. when rephrasing or giving clarifying information.

It is generally supposed that there is no overlap between P and NP-Complete problems ( i.e. , that NP-Complete problems cannot be solved in polynomial time).

The abbreviation ed. can either mean “editor” or “edition.” The plural forms of the word, “editors” and “editions” are abbreviated eds.

• EROD activity and mRNA expression of CYP1A and vitellogenin in rainbow trout
• Parallel implementations of SAMR
• The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 4
• The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 5
• The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 6

Using et al.

When citing a reference with more than two (or three) authors, it is common to give only the last name of the first author followed by et al. , which is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase et alii , meaning “and others”. Note that a period comes after the letters “al”, because this word is an abbreviated form, but not after “et”, because this word is not an abbreviation.

Efforts towards a sustainable strategy have been initiated by the Swedish government (Gerhardt et al. , 2013).

The abbreviation etc. stands for the Latin et cetera , which means “and other things”. The abbreviation is used to indicate that a given list is not comprehensive. The word is usually followed by a full stop, but note that if etc. ends a sentence, only one full stop is used.

We included several characteristics about the measuring sites (whether they were urban, rural, etc. ) in our data.

Monitored pollution types included particulate matter, gases, etc. We also collected information from the factories themselves.

The abbreviation ibid is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibidem , which means “in the same place”. Ibid. is used in a reference list when several works by the same author are listed consecutively.

The abbreviation illus.  means either “illustration” or “illustrated by.”

Ms . is an abbreviation for manuscript. Mss. means manuscripts.

The abbreviation n/a means “not applicable.” It is used to indicate when there is no relevant information available.

The abbreviation NB stands for the Latin word “nota bene,” which means “take note” or “notice.” It is used to indicate that readers should take special notice of something.

The abbreviation nd may appear as n.d., ND, or N.D. In a table reporting results, nd usually stands for “not determined”. When used in a citation, nd usually means “no date”, for example with an internet source. (The full reference should report the date that the information was accessed.)

Convective initiation is the first stage in any kind of convective event (Groenemeijer et al., n.d. ).

• Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, ch. 3

The abbreviations no. (sometimes seen as N° ) means “number” (from Latin numero ). This abbreviation can only be used in front of a numeral; it cannot stand on its own as a noun within a text.

p./pg. / pp./pgs.

The abbreviations p. and pg. mean “page.”; pp. and pgs. mean “pages.”

The abbreviation pseud . stands for “pseudonym.” A pseudonym is a fictitious name assumed to hide one’s true identity.

The abbreviation pub . can either mean “published by” or “publisher.”

The abbreviation qtd. in , when used in a citation, stands for “quoted in”, and is used when quoting from a secondary source. As with many abbreviations, the full stop at the end of qtd is optional.

Simone de Beauvoir’s famous words “one is not born a woman; one becomes one” ( qtd in Moi, Sexual/Texual … 92) formed the starting point for second-wave feminism.

The abbreviation trans . stands for “translation.”

The abbreviation UP stands for “university press.” A university press is a publishing house tied to a university.

Viz. is an abbreviation of the Latin word videlicet , which means “namely.”

The abbreviation vol. means “volume” and commonly refers to one book in a series of related books. The plural form of the word, “volumes,” is abbreviated vols.

• Laundry Machine Booking System, ch. 2

The abbreviation vs. comes from the Latin word versus , which means “against.”

Shorthand: The Write Way to Speed Up Communication

Understanding Shorthand

Shorthand is a highly efficient method of writing that allows individuals to record information at a much faster pace than traditional longhand writing. This section will delve into the definition and basic principles of shorthand, as well as its role in communication and the benefits it offers.

What is Shorthand?

Shorthand, as defined by Britannica Encyclopedias , is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand. The basic principles of shorthand involve using symbols or abbreviations to represent words or phrases, enabling the writer to capture information rapidly. The primary role of shorthand in communication is to facilitate quick and accurate transcription of spoken language or thoughts onto paper.

The Benefits of Using Shorthand

Speed and efficiency in note-taking.

One of the key advantages of shorthand is its ability to significantly enhance the speed and efficiency of note-taking. According to statistical data comparing shorthand writing speed with keyboard typing speed, shorthand naturally outperforms typing due to the use of complete words instead of individual letters when typing. This allows individuals proficient in shorthand to transcribe information at a much higher rate, making it particularly useful in scenarios where rapid documentation is essential.

Confidentiality and Privacy

Another notable benefit of utilizing shorthand is its potential for maintaining confidentiality and privacy. Because shorthand can be written rapidly, individuals can discreetly record sensitive information without drawing attention to their note-taking activities. This aspect has historical significance, as shorthand has been employed to record the proceedings of legislative bodies, testimony in law courts, or dictation in business correspondence.

The Evolution of Shorthand

Throughout history, shorthand has undergone a remarkable evolution, adapting to the changing needs of communication and technological advancements . From ancient methods to modern innovations, the development of shorthand has been influenced by various factors, shaping its role in recording information.

From Ancient to Modern Times

Early forms of shorthand.

Shorthand traces its origins back to ancient civilizations where scribes developed systems for rapid writing. Early forms of shorthand can be observed in the cuneiform script of Mesopotamia and the Tironian notes used during the Roman Empire. These early systems utilized symbols and abbreviations to expedite the process of transcription, laying the foundation for future shorthand methods.

Shorthand Through the Ages

The practice of shorthand persisted through the ages, with different cultures and societies refining their own systems. In medieval Europe, monks and scholars devised intricate symbol-based notations for transcribing religious texts and scholarly works. This cultural diversity led to a rich tapestry of shorthand traditions that reflected the unique linguistic and literary characteristics of each region.

The Impact of Technology on Shorthand

From pen to keyboard.

The invention of the shorthand machine marked a significant technological advancement in shorthand recording. This innovation revolutionized note-taking by providing a mechanical means to capture spoken words at an accelerated pace. As technology progressed, typewriters and eventually computers further transformed how shorthand was practiced, integrating it into digital platforms for enhanced accessibility and storage.

Shorthand and Modern Recording Devices

In contemporary times, shorthand has adapted to coexist with modern recording devices such as voice recorders and speech-to-text software. While these technologies offer alternative methods for capturing information, shorthand remains relevant due to its versatility in situations where audio recording may be impractical or disruptive. Additionally, handwritten shorthand notes provide a tangible record that does not rely on electronic devices or batteries.

The impact of technology on shorthand extends beyond practical applications; it also influences cultural preservation and historical documentation. The use of shorthand in recording proceedings and cultural preservation has been transformed by technological advancements, enabling more efficient archiving and dissemination of historical events and literary works.

The rise of stenotype machines introduced a new dimension to shorthand usage by replacing handwritten notes with stenotypists who could transcribe spoken language in real time with unparalleled accuracy. This shift reflects how technological progress continually shapes the landscape of communication practices while preserving the essence of rapid transcription inherent in shorthand.

Popular Shorthand Systems

Shorthand systems have evolved over time, with each offering unique characteristics and applications. Understanding the history, features, and differences of popular shorthand systems is essential for individuals seeking to adopt this efficient method of writing.

Gregg Shorthand

History and characteristics.

Gregg shorthand , developed by John Robert Gregg in 1888, is a phonetic shorthand system that emphasizes simplicity and speed. Unlike Pitman's system, which uses thick and thin strokes to distinguish related sounds, Gregg's shorthand employs only thin strokes and differentiates sounds based on stroke length . This "light-line" approach contributes to the system's reputation for rapid transcription without compromising accuracy. Notably, Gregg shorthand is widely utilized by court reporters due to its efficiency in capturing spoken language with precision.

Learning Curve and Usage

Learning Gregg shorthand involves familiarizing oneself with its distinct symbols and practicing their application in real-time note-taking scenarios. While the initial learning curve may seem steep, consistent practice can lead to significant proficiency gains. The system's widespread usage in legal settings underscores its practicality for capturing complex dialogues and testimonies efficiently.

Pitman Shorthand

Key features and differences from gregg.

Pitman shorthand , attributed to Sir Isaac Pitman in 1837 , adopts a phonetic focus that distinguishes voiced consonants with thicker strokes and unvoiced consonants with thinner strokes. This phonetic emphasis aligns with the system's goal of representing speech patterns accurately through written symbols. In contrast to Gregg shorthand's reliance on stroke length for differentiation, Pitman shorthand utilizes stroke thickness as a primary distinguishing factor.

Application and Practice

Mastering Pitman shorthand entails learning its intricate stroke variations to accurately represent spoken language nuances. The system's comprehensive coverage of speech sounds makes it suitable for diverse linguistic contexts, including business dictation, educational settings, and historical documentation. With dedicated practice, individuals can achieve fluency in Pitman shorthand, enabling them to transcribe verbal communication swiftly and comprehensively.

Other Notable Systems

Teeline and forkner.

In addition to Gregg and Pitman shorthand systems, Teeline stands out as a modern adaptation known for its simplified symbol set designed for rapid writing across various professional domains. Its intuitive approach has garnered popularity among journalists, secretaries, and students seeking an efficient note-taking method.

Similarly, Forkner shorthand offers a user-friendly alternative characterized by its emphasis on common English spelling patterns rather than phonetics or arbitrary symbols. This feature makes Forkner particularly accessible to beginners or individuals transitioning from traditional longhand writing.

Choosing the Right System for You

When considering which shorthand system best suits individual needs or professional aspirations, factors such as learning curve, practical applications across specific industries or disciplines should be taken into account. Each system offers distinct advantages tailored to different contexts; therefore making an informed decision based on personal preferences is crucial.

Shorthand in the Digital Age

In today's digital age, shorthand continues to play a significant role in various professional fields and communication practices. Its relevance persists due to the unique advantages it offers, especially in scenarios where rapid documentation and privacy are paramount.

Relevance Today

Professional fields that still use shorthand.

Shorthand remains an invaluable skill in professions that require swift and discreet note-taking . Journalists , for instance, frequently utilize shorthand writing to quickly capture essential details during press conferences or interviews. This practice enables them to maintain focus on the conversation while efficiently documenting critical information. Similarly, legal professionals rely on shorthand for recording courtroom proceedings and testimonies with precision and confidentiality. The ability to transcribe spoken language rapidly positions shorthand as an indispensable tool in legal settings where accuracy is non-negotiable.

Shorthand vs. Digital Transcription Tools

While digital transcription tools have gained prominence, especially in the realm of audio-to-text conversion, shorthand offers distinct advantages that make it a preferred choice in certain contexts. For individuals with extensive shorthand training and practice, the speed of shorthand writing surpasses that of keyboard typing, as complete words can be written at once. This natural advantage makes shorthand particularly efficient for note-taking during meetings, interviews, or class lectures, where immediate documentation is essential.

Shorthand and Technology Integration

Software and apps for shorthand practice.

The integration of technology has expanded the accessibility of shorthand practice through software applications designed to enhance proficiency. These tools offer interactive exercises and tutorials tailored to different shorthand systems, allowing learners to hone their skills at their own pace. Additionally, mobile applications provide fast mobile text entry capabilities, enabling users to transcribe spoken language swiftly using shorthand notation on handheld devices.

The Future of Shorthand in Communication

As technology continues to evolve, there is future potential for fast mobile text entry integrated with shorthand systems. This convergence presents opportunities for seamless integration of traditional shorthand techniques with modern digital platforms. The potential for fast mobile text entry aligns with the growing demand for efficient communication methods across diverse professional domains.

Learning Shorthand: Tips and Resources

Learning shorthand is an endeavor that offers numerous benefits, from enhancing note-taking speed to fostering a deeper understanding of efficient communication. Whether embarking on this journey for academic, professional, or personal reasons, getting started with shorthand requires a structured approach and access to valuable resources.

Getting Started with Shorthand

Basic exercises and practice techniques.

To initiate the learning process, engaging in basic exercises and practice techniques serves as a fundamental step. These exercises may include repetitive drills to familiarize oneself with shorthand symbols, dictation practice to improve transcription speed, and application-based exercises to reinforce comprehension. By consistently dedicating time to these foundational activities, learners can build a strong foundation in shorthand notation.

Setting Realistic Goals

Setting realistic goals is essential for maintaining motivation and tracking progress throughout the learning journey. Establishing achievable milestones, such as reaching a specific words-per-minute transcription rate or successfully transcribing complex dialogues, provides tangible markers of improvement. Moreover, celebrating small victories along the way contributes to a positive learning experience and encourages continued dedication.

Online and Offline Resources

Books, courses, and websites.

A wealth of resources exists both online and offline to support individuals in their shorthand learning endeavors. Books dedicated to various shorthand systems offer comprehensive guides with detailed explanations of symbols, practice exercises, and historical context. Additionally, courses tailored for different proficiency levels provide structured curriculums led by experienced instructors who impart practical knowledge and personalized feedback. Websites specializing in shorthand education offer interactive tools, forums for discussions, and supplementary materials that enrich the learning experience.

Communities and Support Groups

Engaging with communities and support groups comprising fellow shorthand enthusiasts creates an environment conducive to continuous growth. These platforms foster collaboration through shared experiences, tips for overcoming challenges, and opportunities for peer review of written shorthand passages. Furthermore, interacting with individuals who share a passion for shorthand cultivates a sense of camaraderie while providing valuable insights from diverse perspectives.

The incorporation of these tips into one's approach to learning shorthand enhances the overall experience by promoting structured skill development alongside access to diverse educational resources.

About the Author : Quthor , powered by Quick Creator , is an AI writer that excels in creating high-quality articles from just a keyword or an idea. Leveraging Quick Creator 's cutting-edge writing engine, Quthor efficiently gathers up-to-date facts and data to produce engaging and informative content. The article you're reading? Crafted by Quthor, demonstrating its capability to produce compelling content. Experience the power of AI writing. Try Quick Creator for free at quickcreator.io and start creating with Quthor today!

Decoding 'Writing': Beyond Simply Putting Ink to Page

Boost Word Count Effortlessly Using Essay Extension Tools

The Definitive Manual on Essay Extensions: Optimizing Word Length

Unveiling AI Word Humanizer: Harnessing the Potential of Automated Text

Perfecting Period Punctuation: An Instruction Manual for Blog Authors

Unleash Your Unique Voice - Start Blogging with Quick Creator AI

© Copyright 2024 Quick Creator - All Rights Reserved.

Learning to Write Shorthand: The Complete Guide for Students

You never write as much as you do when you’re a student.

Laptops and tablets won’t save you from a pen and paper. Taking notes is fundamental to the study process. And sometimes you are expected to write really fast. In such situations, writing shorthand can save the day.

From this article, you’ll learn about the history and the most popular types of shorthand, as well as about the advantages and disadvantages of each type. You’ll also find the three steps to learn shorthand writing. Finally, you’ll find a collection of helpful links to learning resources.

🖋️ What Is Shorthand?

• 📜 Shorthand History
• 🚀 5 Reasons to Use It
• 👣 3 Steps to Learn Shorthand

🔗 References

Do you know that Shakespeare’s plays survived the ages because they were written shorthand?

Shorthand implies replacing words, phrases, or letters with symbols or abbreviations to cut down the time required to write down certain information.

Nowadays, shorthand is mainly used to report legal proceedings, record testimony in courts, and note correspondence in business. It is also popular at colleges and universities.

There are four popular types of shorthand:

• Del is for deal
• Nif is for knife
• Gregg is an American phonographic system. Just like Pitman, it is only fit for handwriting.
• Capital C is for ch
• Capital S is for sh
• CMa is for comma
• LT is for light

📜 The History & Development of Shorthand

Ancient greece & rome.

We first hear of shorthand in Ancient Greece and Rome.

Xenophon wrote down his memoirs of Socrates in an ancient Greek shorthand system. However, shorthand became commonly used in the Roman Empire. Marcus Tullius Tiro , an educated freedman from Cicero’s house, invented Latin “Tironian notes” in 63 BC. He also compiled a shorthand dictionary. The system was used for the next thousand years.

Julius Caesar , the emperor Titus, and many bishops also used various forms of shorthand. However, at the beginning of the Middle Ages, religious Europe associated it with magic and even witchcraft . This period saw a decline in shorthand practices.

XVII Century

The XVII century arrived, and the Middle Ages became a thing of the past. Four prominent inventors produced new shorthand systems:

• John Willis designed the system that became the prototype for modern shorthand;
• Samuel Pepys used Thomas Shelton’s system in his famous diary;
• Jeremiah Rich popularized the practice by publishing the New Testament in his shorthand;
• William Mason ’s method was used to translate the Bible and write down sermons after the Reformation. After some modifications, his system became the official shorthand of the British Parliament.

There were other systems, but most of them didn’t last. The most successful one was invented in 1786 by Samuel Taylor , a British stenographer. It was adapted into Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Dutch, and other languages.

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution is characterized by the growth of businesses. Commercial relationships require lots of paperwork, so stenographers were in demand. However, business people needed a more straightforward method.

Franz Xaver Gabelsberger produced “Speech-sign art,” a simple cursive system. It used Latin longhand characters. Gabelsberger’s design was so aesthetically appealing and simple to learn and translate that soon it spread to Austria, Scandinavia, Switzerland, and Russia. In 1928, Italy approved it as their national shorthand system.

Pitman published his invention in 1837 as Stenographic Sound-Hand . He built upon Taylor’s system but eliminated its drawbacks, incorporating writing by sound. Pitman also advocated for spelling reform. Later, Queen Victoria knighted him for his contributions.

John Robert Gregg was 18 when he invented the Gregg shorthand system. When he was 21 in 1888 , he published it in England as Light-Line Phonography . In 1893, the first US edition appeared. Surprisingly, it became the most famous American shorthand. It has been adapted into Spanish, Italian, Hebrew, French, Russian, Chinese, and many other languages.

Speedwriting

Emma Dearborn, a professor at Columbia University, invented the system in 1924 . She designed it for printing on a typewriter. In 1942, it was adapted for handwriting. Speedwriting is a registered trademark now and is taught in 28 countries.

James Hill developed the system in 1968 as a more accessible alternative to Pitman. Now it is used in the Commonwealth of Nations, mainly by journalists. Other Germanic languages (e.g., Swedish and German) adopted it as well.

🚀 5 Reasons Why Shorthand Remains a Vital Skill

1. It is much faster than conventional writing.

Most people pronounce four to five syllables each second. Most words have two to three syllables, making the speech of an average person 100 to 130 words per minute. Professionals can achieve as many as 150 to 160 words per minute. However, traditional letter writing only allows you to take notes at a speed of 20 to 30 words per minute. People can only undertake conventional note-taking at 1/5 the speed of speech.

Shorthand allows you to note 80 to 200 words per minute, depending on the system and the writer’s experience. You can literally note down 100% of what you hear!

2. It does not distract you from listening to the lecture.

Taking conventional notes is similar to taking pictures while traveling. Yes, you collect small pieces of information to recall the details later. But the process is distracting. You look at beautiful vistas through your phone screen, limiting your perception. Similarly, writing down the full text of a lecture limits the volume of information you perceive and understand.

Shorthand is different. You write down everything you hear. And if you do not fully understand something during the lesson, you can review it later. All the necessary information is captured.

3. It makes notetaking easier.

Unfortunately, not all professors care to be listened to and heard. It is a great skill to hold attention, and not everyone has it. Shorthand combines the skills of recording and active listening. Using it helps you stay engaged and take notes even if the speaker leaves a lot to be desired.

4. It helps you catch the main idea.

Not everything you hear in a lecture deserves recording. Summarizing will accelerate your shorthand, especially if you are new to the practice. Shorthand teaches you to summarize and extract patterns out of chaos. When the teacher goes off on a tangent, you can briefly record the central message and take a rest.

Always apply logical thought to what you hear. This approach will save you time when deciphering your shorthand notes.

5. It makes you stand out.

All teachers have their pet students. And with some rare exceptions, these are usually the best students. Shorthand will help you retain more information from each lecture, which will impress your lecturer, help improve your grades and help you stand out in the sea of students.

👣 Learning Shorthand: The 3 Steps

Now that you know why, where, and how different shorthand systems are used and the history of their development, we have prepared a simple three-step methodology to help you learn shorthand. With some training, you can become a real pro!

Step 1: Choose a System

• Pitman is the oldest shorthand type and has gone through several modifications. It is not as popular as other systems.
• Gregg is a newer system based on Pitman because both use phonography. Most professionals consider it more straightforward than its forefather.
• Speedwriting is based on abbreviations and is a conceptually new type. It is the most accessible variant of shorthand.
• Teeline is the most recent system. It has superseded its older prototypes, as it is based on spelling, not pronunciation.

If you need more detail to make your final choice, check out the following information:

Pitman created his alphabet based on speech sounds rather than spelling. There are two sets of symbols. One is for consonants, and another one is for vowels. They consist of lines, dots, and slashes.

In particular, unvoiced and voiced sounds (p and b, t and d) are written by strokes with different thicknesses. Unvoiced sounds (p and t) are thin, and voiced ones (b and d) are thick.

It means that you will need a pen with a flexible nib or a pencil responsive to drawing pressure.

You write vowels using light or heavy dashes, dots, or other marks close to the consonant. They are drawn before or over the stroke for the vowels that precede the consonant. Vowel dashes should be placed after or under the stroke for a posterior position.

Pitman 2000, the latest version, has 144 logograms (not too many!). A logogram is a symbol that stands for an entire word or concept.

It used to be the most popular system, although now the following three variants are more widespread.

Pitman: Benefits & Drawbacks

The Gregg system emerged 50 years after Pitman as its simplified version and eventually replaced its predecessor. Gregg has a separate set of symbols representing consonants and vowels like Pitman. However, the thickness of dashes is unimportant now, as the size of strokes indicates the length of sounds.

This shorthand is based on elliptical shapes. Logograms take the form of hooks and circles. The Gregg system has a smaller number of logograms than Pitman (only 136), which accelerates the learning process.

Gregg: Benefits & Drawbacks

Speedwriting is the most advertised shorthand system in America.

The system abbreviates most prefixes and suffixes. For instance, N stands for prefixes enter- or inter-, and “interrogation” is written as “Ntj.” Most common words are also reduced to several letters. Like in many other systems, you can omit some vowels, and in many instances, there is no need to leave spaces between words.

Speedwriting: Benefits & Drawbacks

Teeline is the most recently invented shorthand system ( 1968 ). In it strokes stand for alphabet letters.

Writing is accelerated by removing unnecessary vowels, double consonants, and silent letters. Special symbols replace compounded letters (sh, ch, ph, etc.). For example, the sentence “You should take notes” is written as, “U shld tk nts.”

Vowel symbols are smaller than consonants: the word “always” is written as aLWys. It is done to save some time and distinguish different sound types.

Teeline: Benefits & Drawbacks

Step 2: Gather Resources

Decide whether you need a printed edition of a training course. It is a good idea to try all available materials on your preferred shorthand system and decide which works best for you.

Pitman Shorthand Resources

Gregg Shorthand Resources

Speedwriting Resources

Teeline Resources

Step 3: Practice

Three factors to consider:

• The difficulty of the chosen system;
• The regularity and duration of your practice;
• The speed you aim for.

In any case, practice makes perfect. No educational video will replace persistent training.

Some key tips:

• Mastery is more critical than speed.
• It is better to practice 30 minutes daily than several hours once a week.
• Divide your learning into stages.
• Once you’ve learned the graphic symbols, increase your speed through shorthand from dictation.

Choose the system that works best for you and start practicing. If you have any questions, experience, or know-how regarding shorthand, please share in the comments below.

• Shorthand – Encyclopedia Britannica  
• How to Write 225 Words Per Minute With a Pen – The Atlantic  
• A Brief History of Shorthand – Arts – The New York Times  
• Gregg shorthand – Encyclopedia Britannica  
• Is the art of shorthand dying? – BBC News  
• Shorthand (Pitman, Gregg, Teeline) – Omniglot  
• Share to Facebook
• Share to Twitter X
• Share to LinkedIn

You might also like

Step-by-step guide on how to write an opinion essay + examples, coping with culture shock: a guide for international students, list of 350 brilliant nursing research topics to investigate in 2024.

Thank you very much First time i have read such a great article on shorthand, amazing.

I am 61 years old and I’m not as young as I used to be. I’m a very interested in short hand so that way I can take notes when I visit my doctor, how long does it take to learn? Can anybody help me with this little dilemma I have. Thank you

Writing academically: Abbreviations

• Academic style
• Personal pronouns
• Contractions

Abbreviations

• Signposting
• Paragraph structure
• Using sources in your writing

Jump to content on this page:

“Quote” Author, Book

Abbreviations and acronyms are shortened forms of words or phrases. Generally, abbreviations are not acceptable in academic writing (with some exceptions, see below) and acronyms are (providing they are used as shown below).

As academic writing is formal in style, most abbreviations should be avoided. Even the common ones shown below:

Some common ones to avoid

Avoid e.g. and i.e. , instead use for example and for instance .

Avoid etc . There isn't really an alternative, so rewrite the sentence.

Avoid dept , govt . Use  department , government .

Avoid NB , instead use note that .

Avoid vs  or v , instead use versus or against (except in Law reports or cases)

Some acceptable abbreviations

Titles such as Mr. Dr. Prof. are acceptable when using them in conjunction with the individual's name i.e. Dr. Smith.

Some Latin phrases

et al. (short form of et alia - and others is acceptable when giving in text citations with multiple authors. The full stop should always be included afterwards to acknowledge the abbreviation. It does not need to be italicised as it is in common usage.

ibid. (short form of ibidim - in the same place) is acceptable if using footnote references to indicate that a reference is the same as the previous one. Again, always include the full stop to acknowledge the abbreviation. It is the convention to italicise this as it is less commonly used.

sic (short form of sic erat scriptum - thus it was written). This is used to indicate there was an error in something you are quoting (either an interviewee or an author) and it is not a misquote. It is added in square brackets but is neither italicised nor followed by a full stop i.e.

"it'd be great if unis [sic] could develop a person's self-knowledge"

Acronyms are acceptable, but use the name in full on its first use in a particular document (e.g. an assignment), no matter how well known the acronym is. For example, on its first use in an essay you might refer to "the World Health Organisation (WHO)" - it would be fine to simply refer to "the WHO" for the remainder of the essay.

• << Previous: Italics
• Next: Signposting >>
• Last Updated: Nov 10, 2023 4:11 PM
• URL: https://libguides.hull.ac.uk/writing
• Login to LibApps
• Library websites Privacy Policy
• University of Hull privacy policy & cookies
• Website terms and conditions
• Accessibility
• Report a problem

Acronyms and Abbreviations in Academic Writing: A Quick Guide

Abbreviations, acronyms, and Latin expressions can all be found in academic and scientific articles. But as a writer, it can be puzzling to know exactly when and how to use abbreviations and acronyms in formal academic publications. Let’s learn what types of abbreviations there are, what the different style manuals have to say about them, and when you should and shouldn’t include them in your scientific paper.

Table of Content:

What is an abbreviation, using abbreviations properly, how can i use abbreviations in academic writing, how can i avoid making abbreviation mistakes.

An abbreviation is a word that has been shortened from its original longer form. There are several different types of abbreviations.

Acronyms.   An acronym is an abbreviation made from the first letter of each word in a name or phrase. Acronyms are pronounced like a word. NASA, which is short for N ational A eronautics and S pace A dministration and pronounced “Nah-suh,” is one well-known acronym. UNICEF, which stands for U nited N ations I nternational C hildren’s E mergency F und and is pronounced “you-nuh-seff,” is another example.

Initialisms. An initialism is similar to an acronym because it is an abbreviation that uses the first letter of each word in a name or phrase. Unlike acronyms, however, the letters of an initialism are pronounced individually. FBI, which is short for F ederal B ureau of I nvestigations, is an initialism. UK (United Kingdom) and USA (United States of America) are also initialisms.

Contractions. A contraction is when two words are combined for ease with an apostrophe. Common examples of contractions include don’t (do not), aren’t (are not), and let’s (let us).

Latin abbreviations. Latin abbreviations are commonly used in academia and law. Common latin abbreviations used in English writing are etc . (et cetera, “and so on”), e.g . (exempli gratia, “for example”), i.e . (id est, “in other words”), and et al . (et alii, “and others”).

Titles, measurements, and dates. Titles ( Dr . for Doctor, Rev . for Reverend), measurement units ( cm for centimeter, kg for kilogram), and days ( Feb . for February, Fri . for Friday) can all be abbreviated.

Before you begin using abbreviations in academic writing, there are a few rules you need to know. There are three main things to keep in mind when using abbreviations in an academic or scientific paper. These are spacing, capitalization, and punctuation . It is important to note that, like many other aspects of writing, the rules are sometimes different in the US and UK variations of English.

• Spacing . For measurement units, there should be a space between the number and the unit. The unit is written after the number.

Correct : Mumbai had received 11 mm of rain by 6 pm . Incorrect : Mumbai had received 11mm of rain by 6pm .

• Capitalization . Initialisms and acronyms should be written in all capital letters.

Correct : The National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) seized Jimin’s $4.7 million dollar apartment for failure to pay premiums. Incorrect : The NHIS (National Health Insurance Service) seized Jimin’s $4.7 million dollar apartment for failure to pay premiums.

Note that if you are abbreviating a phrase that is not a proper noun (name of an institution, organization, etc.), then that phrase should not be capitalized when it is written prior to the abbreviation. For example, if you were introducing BP as an abbreviation for blood pressure, you would write “blood pressure (BP),” not “Blood Pressure (BP).”

Upgrade your writing skills

• Write with Trinka
• Punctuation . Generally, periods are used with latin abbreviations as well as dates . In US English, titles are followed by a period (Dr.), while in UK English, the period is omitted (Dr). Initialisms and acronyms generally don’t use periods (we write USSR rather than U.S.S.R.). Contractions use an apostrophe.

Now that you know how to use abbreviations, you may be wondering if and when you can use abbreviations in academic writing. You definitely can use abbreviations in academic writing if you keep the following rules in mind!

• Spell out the full phrase or term the first time you use it in your paper and include the abbreviation in parentheses. You can use the abbreviation each time after that.
• Don’t abbreviate everything . It is fine to abbreviate technical terms or phrases used repeatedly throughout your writing, but only if you use them more than a few times ! The Chicago Manual of Style advises abbreviating a term when it is used five or more times , while the APA only asks that you use an abbreviation if the term is used three or more times. The AMA guidelines suggest that words that are short and easy to write should not be abbreviated at all.
• Provide a list of abbreviations for your reader. Especially if you are writing a thesis, an academic article or a monograph, including a list of abbreviations used at the beginning will give your reader an easy reference.
• Avoid abbreviations in your paper abstract. While abbreviations are perfectly acceptable in the text of your paper, they should be avoided in your abstract as much as possible.
• Avoid contractions. Contractions in English are considered informal, and should therefore generally be avoided in academic writing.
• Minimize the use of latin abbreviations . It is fine to include parenthetical i.e . and e.g. here and there, but in general, it is preferred to simply write out “for example” or “in other words.” Researchers should specifically note that ending sentences with etc. in academic writing is frowned upon, and frequent use of this term is perceived as lazy writing.
• Know how to make initialisms and acronyms plural . You can pluralize abbreviations by adding a lowercase “s” at the end . CEOs, RNs, and NEATs are all examples of correct plural abbreviations.
• Be consistent! Inconsistent abbreviations can confuse the reader and make your paper appear poorly written.  If you abbreviate a word, make sure you use the same abbreviation throughout the text.

In addition to following the tips and tricks above, you should always consult the relevant style manual when you are writing your academic or scientific paper to minimize any abbreviation errors. Another option is to use an AI grammar checker like Trinka. Trinka not only checks for grammar and spelling errors , it can also highlight inconsistent abbreviation use and makes sure that your paper adheres to a specific citation style. Abbreviations are a great way to make your paper more readable or adhere to a limited word count, so don’t be afraid to incorporate them into your academic writing today.

Go beyond grammar & spelling

Falling into a Subjunctive Mood: The Difference Between Was and Were

Canceled or Cancelled? How to Spell it Right Every Time

How to Write Any Type of Letter?

Inquire vs Enquire: What’s the Difference?

Leave A Reply Cancel Reply

Your email address will not be published.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Subscribe to stay updated with us!

Join thousands of subscribers to get regular updates on industry trends and our blog posts.

Tips for Online Students , Tips for Students

Speed-Writing: How to Write Shorthand, A Skill Worth Knowing

Updated: February 22, 2024

Published: February 12, 2020

From lecture notes to study notes, college involves a lot of writing. Not only do you need to write frequently, but you also need to write at a decent speed in order to keep up with lecturers while they are talking. This would make it worthwhile for you to learn shorthand. Let’s get an understanding of what shorthand writing is, why it’s a valuable skill to have, and how you can start learning how to write shorthand.

What is Shorthand?

Photo by  Burst  from  Pexels

Shorthand is a system of writing that uses symbols to represent letters, words, or phrases. Writing with shorthand symbols allows you to write at a quicker speed than traditional handwriting. You will soon learn that shorthand is also used by many professionals, in places such as law courts.

There is more than one type of shorthand writing. The first modern system was developed by Sir Isaac Pitman in 1837. In his system, Pitman used symbols to represent the sounds made by words. This system is known as Pitman shorthand , and is still popular in the UK today.

In 1888, John Robert Gregg published his own system of shorthand. While he studied Pitman shorthand, he decided to make changes that he thought would improve the shorthand system. He then took the Gregg shorthand system to the United States, where it has since become the most popular form of shorthand.

Another well-known form of shorthand writing is Teeline. It is one of the newer systems as it was developed in 1968. This system got quite a lot of popularity in the British commonwealth, where it is often taught to journalists.

How To Write Shorthand

Step 1: choose a system.

Firstly, you need to choose which system you want to learn. Consider how much time you have to learn the system, as well as how fast you want to be able to write. Some of the quicker systems of shorthand are newer versions of Pitman and Gregg shorthand. Examples of these are Gregg Pre-Anniversary, Gregg Anniversary, and New Era Pitman. If you have limited time, the quicker versions of shorthand to learn are Gregg Diamond Jubilee and Pitman 2000.

Let’s take a look at the main shorthand systems that you can choose from:

Pitman Shorthand

If you master this form of shorthand, you should be able to write 200 words per minute. This system uses thick and thin strokes to represent different sounds, so you will need a steel-tipped pen to write this type of shorthand. The system also uses a lot of dots and dashes.

Gregg Shorthand

This system indicates vowels with circles, and there is a heavy amount of symbols to memorize. While it may take a long time to learn, this system will allow you to write over 200 words per minute once you have mastered it.

Teeline Shorthand

This is a form of shorthand that is based on the forms of the alphabet. It involves writing smaller vowels and consonants and focusing on writing essential letters. This form of shorthand is also often taught to journalists.

Step 2: Gather The Right Learning Resources

Once you have chosen a system, you can start gathering resources to learn how to use it. One of the best places to start would be the internet. Look for text and video tutorials on how to use the system as well as practice examples. Some great YouTube channels that provide tutorials on shorthand include Shorthandly and Teeline Online .

Other places you could look include local libraries, bookstores, and online bookstores. Because many shorthand books may no longer be in print, many bookstores may not supply them. In this case, it would be great to check out libraries as often libraries keep older books as well as newer books.

It may also be a good idea to check out some old “text kits.” These kits often include recordings of how to use shorthand as well as written notes. They may also include tests so that you can check your progress.

Finally, you may want to look for a shorthand dictionary, which will show you exactly how to write different words in shorthand.

Step 3: Practicing Shorthand

Before you start practising shorthand, it is important to note that it will probably take a while before you get the hang of it. If ever you hear of claims that you can learn shorthand in a few hours, you should not take them too seriously.

When you start practising, make sure that you take the time to master the shorthand symbols before trying to build up your speed. Doing so will ensure that you do not make too many mistakes from the beginning. It is also important to remember that your speed will build up as you become more comfortable with the system.

Next, it will be important to make sure that you practice regularly. Do a few short sessions each day and make sure to practice writing letters and words repeatedly. You could also test yourself with dictation exercises. This means recording yourself and writing down the words that you spoke using shorthand.

Alternative Learning Methods

Photo by  bruce mars  from  Pexels

To save time, you can learn an easier shorthand method. Consider learning speed writing or stenoscript, which use the ordinary alphabet. You could also create your own shorthand system. Below are some more examples of shorthand systems you could learn.

1. Handywrite

This system is similar to Greggs in the way that it uses many of the same symbols for consonants. It also uses similar strokes to Greggs, which are cursive and fast.

2. Bell’s Invisible Speech

This system was developed to record any human speech sound. This system reduces all vocal sounds into a series of symbols.

3. Blissymbolics

This system uses descriptive pictures to symbolize concepts, rather than just words. This system was created as a universal language that people who speak different languages can use to communicate with each other.

Why is Learning Shorthand Valuable?

Firstly, writing in shorthand is much quicker than standard writing. Standard handwriting reaches speeds of 20 to 30 words per minute , which is too slow to record someone speaking. The average shorthand speed of some people has been recorded at over 200 words per minute. This makes shorthand better for taking notes. Because of the difference in speed, shorthand is an important skill to learn to keep up with lecturers when taking notes.

Shorthand has also proven to be useful in many lines of work. Personal assistants and secretaries use for it for minute taking , while journalists use it when documenting a news story. Court reporters use it when typing on a stenotype machine. Stenographers, who transcribe letters and documents, are often employed in law offices.

Shorthand is helpful for taking down all important details when getting instructions from your boss or conveying a phone message. Often, voice-recognition software makes mistakes, especially if someone gets words mixed up or names wrong. A person using shorthand can identify and rectify such mistakes.

Shorthand also provides personal benefits such as improving your listening, summarizing, and memory skills. It is also good for your CV, as it shows you have commitment to learning a new skill. Overall, shorthand reduces the time you spend on writing, and the time that you save can be utilized for other tasks.

Now that you understand what shorthand is, how to learn it, and why it is a valuable skill, you can try it for yourself!

Related Articles

• PRO Courses Guides New Tech Help Pro Expert Videos About wikiHow Pro Upgrade Sign In
• EDIT Edit this Article
• EXPLORE Tech Help Pro About Us Random Article Quizzes Request a New Article Community Dashboard This Or That Game Popular Categories Arts and Entertainment Artwork Books Movies Computers and Electronics Computers Phone Skills Technology Hacks Health Men's Health Mental Health Women's Health Relationships Dating Love Relationship Issues Hobbies and Crafts Crafts Drawing Games Education & Communication Communication Skills Personal Development Studying Personal Care and Style Fashion Hair Care Personal Hygiene Youth Personal Care School Stuff Dating All Categories Arts and Entertainment Finance and Business Home and Garden Relationship Quizzes Cars & Other Vehicles Food and Entertaining Personal Care and Style Sports and Fitness Computers and Electronics Health Pets and Animals Travel Education & Communication Hobbies and Crafts Philosophy and Religion Work World Family Life Holidays and Traditions Relationships Youth
• Browse Articles
• Learn Something New
• Quizzes Hot
• This Or That Game
• Train Your Brain
• Explore More
• Support wikiHow
• About wikiHow
• Log in / Sign up
• Hobbies and Crafts
• Drawing Text and Lettering
• Handwriting

How to Learn Shorthand

Last Updated: May 1, 2024 Fact Checked

wikiHow is a “wiki,” similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors. To create this article, 20 people, some anonymous, worked to edit and improve it over time. There are 10 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 802,869 times. Learn more...

Shorthand is any system of writing quickly by hand, and is particularly useful for transcribing speech. The concept of shorthand has existed virtually as long as writing itself; ancient cultures in Egypt, Greece, Rome, and China all had simplified alternatives to their standard script. [1] X Research source Today, shorthand remains an invaluable skill for those working in journalism, business, and administration. Learning an efficient form of shorthand takes time and practice, but it can be done!

Tips for Learning Shorthand

First, choose the shorthand system that best fits your goals and the amount of time you have. Next, check out books on shorthand from the library, watch online tutorials, and consider enrolling in an in-person class. You may also want to look for old “test kits,” which include dictation tapes, texts, and self-tests.

Choosing a System of Shorthand

• How much time do you have to learn the system?
• How fast do you ultimately want to be able to write?
• Is there a standard system of shorthand for your profession?

• Gregg was developed by John Robert Gregg in 1888 and has since undergone several adaptations. Gregg Pre-Anniversary and Anniversary refer to the system as outlined in 1916 and 1929, respectively. There is a heavy load of symbols to memorize, but the trade-off is writing over 200 words per minute. [4] X Research source
• Pitman was developed by Sir Isaac Pitman in 1837. New Era Pitman, a streamlined version of the original theory dating back to 1922, is quite complex but also lets you write over 200 words per minute. [5] X Research source pitman Since thick and thin strokes represent different pairs of sounds, you'll need a steel-tipped pen to write. Also, you need lined paper, since the lines are also part of the system. [6] X Research source

• Three examples of these are Speedwriting, AlphaHand, and Keyscript.

Gathering Resources on Shorthand

• Lots of books on shorthand are probably out of print. This is why the library, used bookstores, or online bookstores may offer you a wider selection of texts.
• Some shorthand books are in the public domain and available for free download online.

• Bear in mind that these probably require a record player (phonograph) or cassette player. [11] X Research source

• Make sure you understand the terms of the course and that you have adequate time in your schedule to meet the workload.

Practicing Shorthand

• Saying the words aloud as you write them helps your brain make the connection between the phonemic sound and the symbol. [16] X Research source

• Practice each speed (30, 40, 50, 60, etc.) until you're comfortable, then move on.
• If you want to practice as much as possible, put dictations on your MP3 player and practice whenever you have a few extra minutes. [17] X Research source

Community Q&A

• Stock up on cheap paper - you'll go through lots of it. Make sure that it is smooth, though, so that it doesn't crumble and slow you down. Thanks Helpful 2 Not Helpful 0
• It is best to transcribe notes written in shorthand as soon as possible while the meaning of your shorthand is still memorable. Thanks Helpful 2 Not Helpful 0
• Other writing systems that incorporate the letters of the English alphabet have also been developed to aid in faster writing without sacrificing as much readability as shorthand systems. These writing systems often differ from shorthand by not requiring you to learn new symbols, and by using a system of abbreviating English words. Thanks Helpful 2 Not Helpful 0

Tips from our Readers

• Learn how to properly hold a pencil in order to maximize speed while writing shorthand. If you're constantly losing grip on your pencil, it will definitely slow you down.
• Remember, your pencil should be very sharp so that you can draw faint and thick lines properly.

• Figuring out the meaning of previously written shorthand may be difficult if some time has passed since it was written. Shorthand is meant to give outlines of words or sounds and concentrates on improving writing speed more than ensuring readability. Thanks Helpful 47 Not Helpful 21

You Might Also Like

• ↑ http://www.omniglot.com/writing/shorthand.htm
• ↑ https://www.uopeople.edu/blog/speed-writing-how-to-write-shorthand/
• ↑ https://www.omniglot.com/writing/shorthand.htm
• ↑ http://shorthandshorthandshorthand.com/Shorthand_Systems.htm
• ↑ https://artofmemory.com/wiki/Gregg_Shorthand/
• ↑ http://shorthandshorthandshorthand.com/Starting_Out.htm
• ↑ https://www.nctj.com/qualifications-courses/shorthand/
• ↑ http://soupdujournalism.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/how-to-learn-shorthand-in-six-weeks/
• ↑ https://www.journalism.co.uk/news-features/a-student-s-guide-to-mastering-100wpm-shorthand/s5/a547625/

About This Article

To learn shorthand, start by choosing one shorthand system to study, like the New Era Pitman system or the Gregg Simplified system. Then, find books for learning that system of shorthand online or at your local library, including a shorthand dictionary. You can also use online shorthand tutorials. Try to set aside at least 45 minutes every day to practice since regular practice is the best way to learn shorthand quickly. To practice, start out with the alphabet before moving onto words and then groups of words. To learn how to choose a shorthand system, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

• Send fan mail to authors

Reader Success Stories

Jessica Gutierrez

Feb 23, 2017

Did this article help you?

Sandra Schweizer

Feb 13, 2020

Kuldeep Naithani

Dec 15, 2016

Mohammed Tabish

Apr 26, 2020

Patricia Hernandez

Dec 30, 2019

Featured Articles

Trending Articles

Watch Articles

• Terms of Use
• Privacy Policy
• Do Not Sell or Share My Info
• Not Selling Info

wikiHow Tech Help Pro:

Develop the tech skills you need for work and life

What Is Shorthand Writing? (A Guide)

Ever felt like your pen can't keep up with your thoughts? Or watched court reporters or legal assistants and wondered how they capture every word at lightning speed? Then you want to know what is shorthand writing, a skill that turns verbose lectures into concise notes. 

In this guide, we'll talk about  all you need to know about shorthand writing including the benefits of shorthand writing, popular shorthand writing tools, and provide you with some tips for starting your shorthand writing journey. 

What Is Shorthand Writing?

Shorthand writing is a method of rapid writing by using abbreviations and symbols, used especially for taking dictation. The primary goal of shorthand is to increase speed and efficiency in writing, helping the writer to capture speech at the speed it is spoken. Shorthand systems have been developed over centuries, with various systems designed to suit different languages and needs. 

What Are Some Characteristics of Shorthand Writing?

Some of the characteristics and key points about shorthand writing include:

1. Efficiency : Shorthand systems are much faster than conventional writing. They achieve this through the use of symbols that represent letters, words, or phrases, reducing the amount of physical writing required.

2. Systems : There are several shorthand systems, each with its own set of rules and symbols. Some of the most well-known systems include Gregg shorthand, Pitman shorthand, and Teeline shorthand. Each system has its own approach to abbreviation and symbol usage, with some focusing on phonetic sounds and others on the appearance of words.

3. Uses : Historically, shorthand was essential for secretaries and journalists, who often needed to take rapid notes during speeches, interviews, or meetings. It's also been used in courts by stenographers to transcribe proceedings.

4.  Learning Curve : Learning shorthand requires time and practice. Mastery of a shorthand system can significantly increase writing speed, but becoming proficient demands dedication and regular practice.

5. Technological Impact : With the advent of digital recording devices and real-time transcription technology, the need for shorthand has diminished in many fields. However, it still holds value in specific areas such as court reporting and live captioning, where the ability to quickly transcribe spoken words is crucial.

6. Personal Productivity : Beyond professional applications, some individuals learn shorthand for personal note-taking to increase efficiency in capturing lectures, ideas, or journaling.

Despite the rise of digital technologies, shorthand writing remains a niche skill with applications in certain professional contexts where rapid writing is invaluable.

Historical Journey of Shorthand Development

Shorthand began with Tiro, a freed slave who devised a system of shorthand notes, or 'Tironian notes', to record Cicero's speeches in ancient Rome. This early attempt laid the groundwork for future systems designed to keep pace with human speech.

Fast forward to 1837, Sir Isaac Pitman developed the first modern shorthand system that used phonetic principles. His method was revolutionary because it allowed words to be represented by sounds rather than letters, drastically increasing writing speed. Not long after, John Robert Gregg introduced his version in 1888, which offered an even more streamlined approach.

Pitman shorthand is known for its phonetic basis and use of thick and thin lines, while Gregg emphasizes simpler strokes based on elliptical figures. Both aim at high speeds—over 200 words per minute—to match verbal communication rates closely.

Teeline's Emergence and Adoption

In 1968 another milestone was reached with the creation of Teeline Shorthand by James Hill. What set Teeline apart was its simplicity and adaptability for journalistic use—a profession where time truly matters. Journalism circles embraced it, showcasing its efficiency and hinting at a move towards shorthand techniques that were easier to grasp.

This period saw a transition from complex symbols to simple lines, enabling quick learning for those aiming to save time or accurately transcribe speech at speeds sometimes exceeding 200 words per minute. This level of proficiency, often found in experienced court reporters or secretaries, can be achieved through dedicated practice. Courses on these systems are accessible online and in local libraries, catering to anyone interested in mastering this skill.

Video tutorials on learning Teeline offer accessible resources for beginners interested in mastering this skillset effectively.

What's The Difference Between Shorthand Writing & Shorthand Typing?

It's easy to confuse shorthand writing and shorthand typing. Many folks think it's the same thing but it's not. Here are some key differences between the two.

Shorthand Writing

• Technique : Shorthand writing involves using abbreviated symbols to represent words, phrases, or sounds. This method significantly speeds up the process of taking notes by hand. Traditional shorthand systems, like Gregg or Pitman, are designed for pen and paper and rely on a series of simplified strokes, curves, and dots.
• Usage : It's primarily used in situations where fast note-taking is required, and digital devices are either impractical or not allowed, such as in courtrooms, during interviews, or in classrooms.
• Tools : The primary tools for shorthand writing are pen and paper.

Shorthand Typing

• Technique : Shorthand typing , often referred to in the context of stenography, uses a stenotype machine or specialized software on a computer to achieve similar goals as shorthand writing but is adapted for typing. In stenography, multiple keys are pressed simultaneously to represent sounds, words, or phrases, allowing for very rapid transcription of speech.
• Usage : This method is widely used in court reporting and closed captioning for live television broadcasts, where real-time transcription is essential. It's also used in other professional settings requiring fast and accurate transcription of spoken words.
• Tools : The tools include stenotype machines, which are specialized keyboards designed for stenography, or computers with shorthand typing software that simulates a stenotype machine.

Key Differences

Speed and Efficiency : Shorthand typing can be faster than shorthand writing due to the ability to press multiple keys at once, representing whole words or phrases. 

Learning Curve : Both systems require significant time and practice to learn, but the symbols and abbreviations in shorthand writing can be more accessible to beginners than the chorded keypresses of shorthand typing.

Technology Dependence : Shorthand typing generally requires specific equipment or software, making it less portable than shorthand writing, which only needs pen and paper.

Applications : While both can be used for similar purposes, shorthand typing is more prevalent in professional transcription services, such as court reporting or closed captioning, due to its speed and compatibility with digital processing systems.

The choice between shorthand writing and shorthand typing depends on the specific needs of the task, the environment in which one needs to take notes, and personal preference or proficiency with either method.

Should You Use Shorthand Writing?

Well, it depends. If you do a lot of writing and you want a more efficient way to record important info, then you should definitely learn and use shorthand writing. Here's some other considerations:

Will it Help You At Work? : If you're in a profession that requires fast, accurate note-taking, such as journalism, court reporting, or executive assistance, learning shorthand can be highly beneficial. It enables you to keep up with speech in real-time, ensuring you capture every detail.

Will it Help You At School? : Students can benefit from shorthand when taking lecture notes, allowing for quicker transcription of information without falling behind. This can be particularly useful in disciplines with a lot of specialized terminology or in fast-paced learning environments.

Will it Help You Be More Productive? : For personal note-taking, to-do lists, journaling, or capturing thoughts and ideas quickly, shorthand can be a useful skill. It can save time and keep your notes concise.

Do You Want To Know the History or Have a Hobby? : If you have an interest in the history of writing, linguistics, or secret codes, learning shorthand can be a fascinating endeavor. There are various systems of shorthand, each with its own symbols and rules, offering a rich area for exploration.

Other considerations to keep in mind:

There is a Learning Curve: Shorthand systems can take time to learn and require practice to maintain proficiency. The initial investment in learning might be significant, depending on the complexity of the system you choose.

There Are Alternatives: In many contexts, technology offers alternatives to shorthand, such as voice recording or real-time transcription services. These technologies can capture speech without requiring the same level of skill and practice as shorthand.

Communication with Others is Limited: Shorthand notes can be personal and hard for others to decipher unless they know the same system. This might limit the usefulness of shorthand for shared notes or collaborative settings.

Deciding whether to learn and use shorthand writing boils down to your specific needs, the nature of your work or studies, and whether the benefits of rapid note-taking outweigh the time and effort required to learn the system.

What Are the Benefits of Shorthand Writing?

Shorthand writing offers many benefits, particularly in situations where speed and efficiency are critical. Here are some of the key advantages:

1. Increased Speed

The primary benefit of shorthand is its ability to significantly increase writing speed. This is invaluable in scenarios where people need to take verbatim notes quickly, such as in court reporting, journalism, or during lectures.

2. Efficiency

Shorthand not only speeds up writing but also makes the note-taking process more efficient. Since shorthand symbols are more concise than standard writing, they can reduce the physical strain of writing and save time.

3. Improved Focus and Comprehension

When you're able to write faster, you can capture more information without missing key details. This allows for better focus on the content being recorded, potentially improving comprehension and recall of the information.

4. Confidentiality

Shorthand can offer a level of confidentiality, as the notes may not be easily understood by others who are not familiar with the shorthand system used. This can be advantageous for taking sensitive or private notes.

5. Cognitive Benefits

Learning and using shorthand can have cognitive benefits, including improving memory and enhancing the ability to concentrate. The process of learning shorthand itself can be a mental exercise in memorization and adaptation.

6. Less Dependence on Technology

In environments where technology may be intrusive, unreliable, or simply not preferred, shorthand offers an alternative that relies solely on pen and paper. It provides a reliable means of note-taking without the need for electronic devices or concerns about battery life.

7. Personalized Note-taking System

Many shorthand systems allow for customization and personal adaptation, meaning individuals can develop a system that works best for their style of note-taking and thinking. This personalized approach can enhance the note-taking experience and efficiency.

While the benefits of shorthand are significant, it's also important to consider the learning curve and the context in which it will be used. For those in roles requiring fast, accurate note-taking, or for anyone interested in developing a unique skill, shorthand writing can be a valuable asset.

Comparing Popular Shorthand Systems

Choosing the right system for shorthand typing can feel like picking a new smartphone (but perhaps not as fun). Every system boasts its own set of distinct traits and challenges in mastery. Let's take a look at some popular systems available today.

Gregg vs. Pitman

The battle between Gregg shorthand and Pitman shorthand is akin to Mac vs. PC. Sir Isaac Pitman developed his method in 1837 with an emphasis on phonetics and thick/thin lines representing different sounds. John Robert Gregg introduced his version in 1888 focusing on simplicity and cursive strokes that mirror regular handwriting but faster because it omits silent letters.

Pitman boasts speeds of up to 200 words per minute due to its precision but comes with a steeper learning curve due to its reliance on pen pressure for different symbols. Meanwhile, Gregg can also achieve over 200 words per minute with practice; however, many find it easier initially because it mimics natural handwriting patterns.

Diamond Jubilee vs.Teeline

The Diamond Jubilee version of Gregg shorthand, introduced as a streamlined adaptation of its predecessors, aimed to balance learning efficiency with speed. Consider it the dependable car in your garage - not the fastest on the road, but reliably gets you to your destination without unnecessary delays. Teeline emerged in 1968 tailored specifically for journalists needing fast note-taking skills without years of study—picture this as your speedy motorbike zipping through traffic during rush hour.

The Diamond Jubilee system prioritizes simplicity and adequate speed for office tasks or student work, while Teeline offers a quick learning curve suitable for most journalism needs. However, it may not achieve the peak speeds possible with other fully mastered systems.

How Magical Helps With Shorthand Writing

Magical uses the power of AI to automate repetitive tasks, like all the writing you have to do in your work or school. With Magical, you can create templates for all your most used phrases and messages and call them up by simply typing "". That's it! Think of all the time you'll save (7 hours a week on average) not typing or copying and pasting.

What Are Some Practical Uses of Shorthand Writing?

Shorthand isn't just a relic from the past; it's a skill that still has significant applications today, especially in fields like journalism and court reporting. In today's rapid-fire dialogue situations, the knack for swift transcription through shorthand writing proves irreplaceable.

1. Journalism

Reporters often use shorthand to quickly jot down quotes, speeches, and details during interviews or press conferences. Shorthand ensures accuracy of information and quotes, which is crucial for journalistic integrity.

2. Legal and Court Reporting

Court reporters use shorthand to transcribe the proceedings of court cases accurately and in real-time. This is essential for creating official records and ensuring justice is served with precise documentation of testimonies and decisions.

3. Medical Transcription

Some medical professionals use shorthand to take quick notes on patient conditions, treatments, and histories. While many have shifted to digital recording, shorthand can still be useful in scenarios where electronic devices may not be immediately accessible or practical.

4. Executive Assistants and Secretarial Work

Professionals in these roles may use shorthand to take efficient minutes of meetings, write down instructions from executives, or document discussions during conferences. This helps in maintaining detailed records that can be referred back to and actioned upon.

5. Research

Researchers conducting interviews or observational studies can use shorthand to accurately capture dialogue or descriptive details without the intrusiveness or technical requirements of recording equipment.

6. Language Learning

Some language learners find shorthand useful for quickly writing down new words, phrases, or grammar rules during lessons or language immersion experiences.

7. Speech Writing and Public Speaking

Speakers might use shorthand to draft speeches or take down key points during rehearsals. This can aid in refining speeches and improving delivery.

Techniques for Mastering Shorthand

Shorthand writing, a skill once pivotal in courtrooms and newsrooms, has evolved. Nowadays, getting a grip on shorthand can majorly enhance your speed in jotting down notes and keeping records. But how do you go from a curious learner to a proficient shorthand writer? Let's explore some strategies.

Practice Regularly

To truly get the hang of any shorthand system, regular practice is key. Whether it's Gregg or Pitman that piques your interest, dedicating time each day to write shorthand will gradually increase your speed and accuracy. Remember, legends like Sir Isaac Pitman developed their systems over years of refinement; patience and persistence are your allies here.

If motivation wanes, consider setting milestones based on word per minute goals. Knowing that Pitman can reach speeds of 200 words per minute while Gregg surpasses this mark offers tangible targets to aim for.

Focus on Essential Letters and Simple Abbreviations

In the realm of shorthand typing or writing by hand using a stenotype machine, recognizing which letters or sounds appear most frequently in English can streamline learning. Concentrate on these essential letters first before moving onto more complex abbreviations or short forms used in systems like Teeline.

This approach simplifies memorization tasks since you're not overwhelmed by trying to remember every possible symbol at once but rather building up from the most common elements.

Build Your Memory Skills

Last but definitely not least is sharpening those memory skills—a crucial component when aiming to understand shorthand fluently without constant reference checks against a dictionary. Video tutorials, especially ones focused on mnemonic devices specific for remembering different symbols represent sounds efficiently could be particularly beneficial here.

Making flashcards with visual cues or even practicing with apps designed for language learning could also help reinforce what you've studied so far making real-time transcription less daunting down the line.

Save Time On Your Repetitive Writing Tasks

What is shorthand writing? It's simply an efficient way to save time on writing a lot of stuff. There's many tools you can use if this is something you're thinking of learning more about. But there is a better way--It's Magical! 

With Magical you can be set up in minutes since it's a free Chrome extension , you can save as many phrases and messages as you need, and you can call them up with one click. Try it for yourself and find out what over 650,000+ people already know--Magical is a productivity dream.

Table of contents

Make tasks disappear. Like magic.

Slash through repetitive tasks in seconds by teleporting data between your tabs.

Find similar posts by keyword

Related Articles

Email Rescheduling an Appointment (Tips & Templates)

Learn how to write the perfect email rescheduling an appointment. Save time and maintain professionalism with our tips.

Explore Different Types of Note Taking Methods

Discover different types of note taking methods that enhance learning and productivity. Find the best strategy for your style.

How To Write A Thank You for the Update Email (Tips)

Learn how to write a thank you for the update email that impresses and engages, with practical tips and examples.

Get Magical

29 Proofreading Marks and Symbols—The Key to Error-Free Writing

| Candace Osmond

Candace Osmond

Candace Osmond studied Advanced Writing & Editing Essentials at MHC. She’s been an International and USA TODAY Bestselling Author for over a decade. And she’s worked as an Editor for several mid-sized publications. Candace has a keen eye for content editing and a high degree of expertise in Fiction.

Proofreading marks and symbols, also known as editing marks, are the strange red pen scratches that an editor or proofreader applies to a written piece of work to let the writer know what needs to be fixed. From missing periods to misplaced commas, paragraph breaks, and parts to omit, these marks act like a secret code between the editor and writer.

If you’re a writer looking to work with a professional editor or proofreader or to start offering these services to writers, you need to understand what these symbols mean.

When I initially started collaborating with an editor and using a proofreading service, I had no idea what any of the symbols were when I got my draft back full of weird marks. It took a while to learn them all, and now I’m putting them together with a breakdown of each.

My guide lists each proofreading mark and symbol and defines them with quick explanations and a handy image as a visual reminder. I’ll even include some tips on how to use proofreading symbols.

Ready to master the 29 most common proofreading marks and symbols? Let’s get started!

What Are Common Proofreading Marks and Symbols?

Are you ready? Like, really ready? This list is long but includes every main proofreading mark and symbol you might need to know.

The delete symbol is commonly used in proofreading to indicate the removal of a word or letter. It helps identify over-repeated words, unnecessary adverbs and adjectives, and overused terms within the text.

The caret symbol indicates where a word or element should be added to the text. It suggests inserting a word or element to improve the sentence’s clarity or completeness.

Proofreaders use this symbol to indicate the correction of unequally wide or double spaces in writing. Remove or close the extra space between words if you see this symbol.

New Paragraph

This symbol signals the need to start a new paragraph. It’s commonly used in dialogue exchanges in stories or when the writer introduces a new idea in their essay.

The number or pound sign indicates that you should add space between the two words. It’s commonly used to correct missing spaces, especially in compound words.

It is used to indicate that two characters, words, or sections should be swapped in position.

Use this proofreading symbol if a word should start with a capital letter instead of lowercase letters. You can also use the sign for multiple capital letters in the word.

This symbol indicates that a word should start with a lowercase letter instead of a capital one.

This mark signals that a word should be styled in italics.

This mark indicates that a specific word should be formatted in bold typeface.

It’s a Latin term that means “let it stand.” Proofreaders use stet to warn the writer to disregard a previous correction or deletion.

This mark indicates that the beginning of a paragraph should be indented. One square represents a one-space indent, while two squares side by side indicate a two-space indent.

Align Horizontally

This proofreading symbol is used to let the author know that the text is not horizontally aligned and may need adjustment to ensure proper alignment.

Align Vertically

This symbol indicates that the text within those lines should be adjusted or aligned vertically with nearby text or elements on the page for better visual consistency and readability.

Center Text

It indicates that the text should be centered on the page. It is typically used for titles, headings, or any text that requires center alignment for aesthetic or formatting purposes.

This mark lets the writer know that numbers or abbreviations should be fully written in words, especially if they follow certain style guides.

Move Left/Right/Up/Down

• The move left symbol suggests that the text should be shifted to the left for proper alignment.
• The move right symbol indicates a need to shift the text to the right.
• The move up symbol signifies that the text should be moved upward.
• The move down symbol denotes a need to move the text downward.

Reduce Space

Editors and proofreaders use this to tell the writer that the spaces between words or letters should be reduced.

Delete and Close Up

This mark is used to indicate that a letter should be deleted and that no space should be left behind.

Insert a Hyphen

It is used to indicate that a hyphen should be added where one is missing between words or in compound modifiers.

Insert a Period

It indicates that a period should be added where one is missing at the end of a sentence.

Insert a Comma

It shows where a comma should be added to improve sentence clarity or grammatical correctness.

Insert Quotation Marks

This symbol is used to add missing quotation marks at the beginning and end of direct speech or quotations.

Insert Apostrophe

Editors use this one to show where an apostrophe is needed, like in contractions, or to indicate possession.

No Paragraph

It’s a symbol used when a new paragraph has been incorrectly placed, and the text should continue without a break.

Push to the Next Page/Line

Editors will use this mark when the text or paragraph should be moved to the beginning of the next line or page to improve layout or readability.

Pull to Previous Page/Line

This symbol suggests pulling text back to the end of the previous line or page for better formatting or coherence.

Circled Number

When you see numbers in circles, these indicate multiple instances of the same correction.

How to Use Proofreading Marks

Whether you’re old-school with pen and paper or tech-savvy on the latest digital platform (or a combo of both, like me!), mastering these symbols is your rite of passage into the editing community. Here are some basic tips to help you become more familiar with using them.

Guidelines for Applying Proofreading Marks on Physical Manuscripts

• Grab a pen: Red is best, but any color will do as long as it’s not black or blue. Tradition dictates red, but any color that screams “Look at me!” and is legible will do just fine.
• Be consistent: Choose your symbols and stick with them. Changing halfway through is like switching languages mid-conversation.
• Clarity is key: Your squiggles, lines, and loops should be unmistakable. If it looks like ancient hieroglyphs, you’re doing it wrong. These marks are meant to make the editing process easier and quicker, but if the editor scribbles too much, the writer won’t understand what they mean.
• Margin notes are a reliable friend: Sometimes, a symbol just won’t cut it. Feel free to jot down a note in the margin for extra clarity.
• Double-check your work: Once you’ve marked it all up, go back and ensure you got everything, or mark something you didn’t mean to.

Tips for Using Proofreading Symbols in Digital Editing

• The Track Changes feature is your bestie: Most word processors have it, and it’s a game-changer for digital editing. When turned on, Track Changes will literally track and mark everything you change.
• Comments gold: Unsure about something? Leave a comment in the document attached to the text in question. It’s like margin notes but without the risk of smudging.
• Highlight like it’s going out of style: Use different color choices to highlight text and show various types of edits or to prioritize changes.
• Shortcuts and macros save lives: It may not be as dramatic as that, but they definitely save time. Learn the shortcuts for common editing commands in your word processor so that you never have to stop and search.
• Embrace editing software: Tools like Grammarly and ProWritingAid are designed to make digital editing a breeze. Find your match and learn its ins and outs. Psst! I highly recommend Grammarly.

Another option is to use a proofreading mark plugin. This allows editors to proofread on word processors without having to memorize every single one of these symbols.

To insert the plugin, open your browser and go to the Greg Maxey website. Select “Resources,” then click “Proofreader Marks Add-in.” You’ll find it at the end of the page.

Then, it will open a dialog box with some prompts you need to follow. Open MS Word and you will see a new “Proofreading Marks: section on the “Add-Ins” tab. Now, you can apply proofreading marks on your document like a professional proofreader.

When proofreading, you must drag the cursor over the text that needs a mark. Then, select the drop-down menu under the ribbon and choose the correct mark. Remember to save your changes.

Transitioning from Traditional to Digital Proofreading

Gone are the days when editing meant paper cuts, White-Out, and red ink-stained fingers. Welcome to the digital age, my friends, where proofreading has gone electronic! But don’t worry; the basics of proofreading remain the same, even if the tools have evolved.

Traditional marks now have their digital counterparts: strikeouts, insertions, comments, etc. Software and digital platforms have embraced these age-old practices, ensuring that even in a world of screens, the heart of editing beats on.

Everything You Need to Know about Proofreading Marks

I hope my guide on proofreading and editing symbols with examples will empower you to spot errors in writing more effectively. We covered a pretty comprehensive list, didn’t we? We even touched on a few tips for using proofreading marks and symbols and adapting to digital tools.

Keep practicing until you’re ready to start a proofreading career. And let us know if you have questions about proofreading mark making. We always have a ton of helpful advice and tips right on our site, so don’t be shy!

Grammarist is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. When you buy via the links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission at no cost to you.

2024 © Grammarist, a Found First Marketing company. All rights reserved.

Learn The Technique Of Shorthand Writing: Upgrade Your Skills

Jason Lava | Sr. Content Writer |

Writing is a requisite for both, academic and professional life. So, how about speeding up your writing skills and speeding up the processes? Not only it will help in keeping up with the daily lectures, but would also serve wonderfully in the career ahead. Shorthand writing  is one such technique that accelerates your writing speed.

Let’s discuss what shorthand is and its different types . Furthermore, we will discuss how you can develop the skills of shorthand writing and why is it so valuable.

Also, read: How to Improve Your Content Writing Skills?

What Is Shorthand Writing?

Shorthand is a system of rapid writing that utilizes abbreviations or symbols to represent words, phrases, or letters.  Writing shorthand  quickens your handwriting speed, as compared to the traditional way of writing.

This way, your pen transforms into a highly powerful tool, better than any existing technology. There is no digital intervention . You get to follow the old-fashioned manuscript way. Just, a little more advanced and technical.

Since shorthand shows quick results, various professions utilize it. For instance; journalists use it while attending important events. Even courtroom professionals use it during hearing sessions. It is more rapid than orthography or normal spelling.

Some situations that use shorthand are

• Lengthy and complex phone messages.
• Strictly confidential corporate or board meetings.
• Keeping a record of verbal instructions from seniors.
• Events that forbid audio or video recordings, such as medical rooms or a legal set-up.

The History Of Shorthand: How It Was Invented!

The shorthand technique is not new to us. It has been in existence for a long time. It was introduced prior to the dictation and recording machines. In fact, the first shorthand system was invented in Greece , Egypt , and China . It was before the 5 th  century CE.

Therefore, it would be safe to say that shorthand became popular due to its efficiency and feasibility. Of course, that could have been the major reason why shorthand became popular across the continents.

Another key purpose that shorthand served was catching up with the speech. After all, the delivery of a speech is faster than normal writing speed. You can look through a few  examples of shorthand writing  to understand it better.

Moreover, the law court proceedings and philosopher’s lectures were other significant factors that lead to the demand for a shorthand writers in these fields.

Contemporary Forms Of Shorthand Writing

Pitman Shorthand

In the modern system of writing, the first shorthand system was developed in 1837 by Sir Issac Pitman . It is known as Pitman Shorthand and utilizes symbols to denote the sounds produced by words. In fact, this form remains to be popular in the UK even at present.

This system has inspired numerous individuals who practice it widely. As a result, consistent practice and research are evident. Moreover, you can find a significant volume of information about it online.

Gregg Shorthand

It is interesting to know that the inventor of the Gregg Shorthand system, John Robert Gregg , himself studied Pitman Shorthand. Something clicked in his mind so he decided to make a few tweaks in the Pitman’s system.

The Gregg Shorthand system was developed in 1888. It remains to be a popular method of pen stenography in Latin America . The system utilizes phonetics and alphabets. Moreover, this method has been revised several times in an attempt to make things simpler.

Teeline Shorthand

Developed in 1968 by  shorthand writer  and teacher of Pitman Shorthand James Hill, Teeline is a fairly recent form of shorthand system. Journalists often use it during the Commonwealth. It is certainly becoming quite popular among people in Canada and the US.

Teeline uses alphabetic in its system. Moreover, Teeline is perceived as a modern-day  shorthand example . Why? Although it is less effective yet comparatively easier to learn and adapt.

Writing In Shorthand: The Fundamentals Of Shorthand Systems

Now comes the most interesting part!

Let us help you understand how to write in shorthand.

Step 1: Selection Of A System

Our initial approach would be choosing a system of shorthand. It would depend on a lot of factors. This includes the amount of time you can dedicate, how quickly you wish to ace the skills, etc.

So, where should we start? As per the research and observations, the recent versions of Gregg and Pitman shorthand systems are easier to learn. For instance New Era Pitman, Gregg Pre-Anniversary, and Gregg Anniversary.

Those who are bound due to time constraints should go for Pitman 2000 and Gregg Diamond Jubilee. They are quick to learn.

Also, read: Popular Types Of Content Writing

Here are some of the major shorthand systems that you can pick from.

You can judge the efficiency of this shorthand system by the fact that it enables you to write at the speed of 200 words per minute.

Moreover, it follows the style of thick and thin strokes. They signify various sounds. Hence, a pen with a steel tip is appropriate for this system. It primarily utilizes dots and dashes while scribbling.

This system of shorthand uses circles to represent vowels. Besides, symbols are used for memorizing. Gregg shorthand system comparatively takes longer to learn.

Similar to the Pitman shorthand system, a  shorthand writer  can write 200 words per minute following this system.

The Teeline system is primarily based on the alphabet. Moreover, it uses smaller consonants and vowels . We need to keep essential letters in the central focus.

Journalists highly use Teeline. It helps them note down the important things quickly.

Step 2:  Collect The Relevant Learning Material

After you have picked a shorthand system that best matches your requirements, it is time to garner all the resources.

What could be a better option than the web itself?

The first thing you need to do is find videos and blog tutorials to pace up your learning journey. Moreover, go through a few  shorthand writing examples.

Next, start practicing the form and stay consistent in it.

You may also check out some YouTube tutorials for an elaborate explanation of the subject. The step-by-step learning process is the most appropriate way to upskill.

Furthermore, you can look for bookstores, local libraries, and even online bookstores. They also make for quality educational resources for gaining knowledge on these systems.

Even, some old test kits would be a good place to accelerate your understanding. Such kits include manually drafted notes and recordings to help you with  writing   shorthand. 

Additionally, there are shorthand dictionaries. It helps you get an insight into the formulation of different words in shorthand.

Must read: Significance of Evergreen Content

Step 3: Persistent Practice To Achieve Perfection

As you decide to learn shorthand, prepare yourself with the mindset that learning shorthand would require a considerable amount of time.

So, do not fall into the unrealistic claims of teaching shorthand quickly. There’s no short route to shorthand.

You must take your time while learning shorthand . The skill requires focus and practice. Stay consistent with your efforts and you will master the technique soon.

Further, it will help in building the speed quotient. As you become more familiar the perfection will start showing up.

Moreover, you must be careful with the errors. Try not to commit a lot of mistakes. However, they are bound to happen.

So, your entire focus should be on learning from them and reducing them.

If you are slow initially, do not worry. The speed would increase eventually as you get comfortable with the shorthand system.

As we already mentioned, you cannot achieve anything without proper practice.  Writing shorthand  might seem daunting at the start. But, with each passing day, you will improve.

Thus, making a routine and dedicating a few hours exclusively to practicing shorthand. Repeating the letters and writing style is the key. Either record yourself or ask friends and family to conduct a test.

Must read: Key Elements Of Good Content Writing

Alternatives Of Established Shorthand Systems

Those who have a shortage of time can explore alternative methods of learning shorthand. Stenoscript and speed writing are some popular ones. They utilize ordinary alphabets for this purpose.

In fact, one can always invent their own system for shorthand. It would make things easier and you would understand everything clearly.

Let us look at some of the shorthand alternatives apart from the universally accepted and adopted systems.

Bell’s Invisible Speech

The original purpose of inventing this system was to record any human speech. Hence, it works on the principle of reducing the vocals into symbols.

HandyWrite shares the features of the Gregg shorthand system. Moreover, it utilizes similar consonants, symbols, and strokes as Gregg’s. The strokes are fast and cursive.

Blissymbolics

This system utilizes descriptive pictures. It represents concepts instead of words. It is interesting to know that the system was developed for universal use. The idea was to surpass the language barriers and communicate.

Technology and Shorthand Writing: A Remarkable Combination

In 1906, an American stenographer and court reporter, Ward Stone Ireland , invented the stenotype machine. This is when the commercial use of machines for speech recording became possible.

Today, offices widely use stenotype machines and stenographs. However, the chief purpose is manual recordings of courtroom reporting and conferences.

The machines have keyboards with 22 keys. Moreover, the stenographer’s all fingers and both thumbs are involved. Thus, making it possible to strike any set of keys simultaneously. A strip of paper is inserted into the machine. Roman letters are printed on it with each strike.

Keys are operated with touch. Therefore, the operator can watch the speaker. The left hand’s fingers are used to print the consonants. They occur before vowels. These keys print on the left end of the tape. Vowels are controlled by the thumb. Further, they print on the tape’s center.

The right hand’s fingers control consonants followed by vowels. They print on the left end of the tape.

Each English alphabet does not have a separate key. Letters without any key use a combination of letters. Abbreviations replace frequently appearing words. It allows the operator to type 2-3 words per stroke.

What Makes Shorthand A Significant Skill?

To begin with, shorthand fastens up your normal writing speed. Generally, a person can only write up to 20-30 words in a minute. It is quite slow to manually record a speech.

However, shorthand empowers you to write approximately 200 words per minute. Isn’t that impressive?

Both forms of handwriting serve distinctive purposes. If you have the prowess of writing shorthand, several excellent career opportunities are awaiting you! From personal secretaries and assistants to journalists, professionals need to incorporate shorthand into their routines.

Further, shorthand is highly useful in penning down the integral details while your boss is instructing you. Skilled shorthand specialists perform an amazing job in locating and rectifying the errors made by voice recognition software.

When it comes to personal life, shorthand writing helps in improving hearing, summarizing, and memory skills. Besides, enlisting shorthand writing skills in your resume creates a great impression. If you know  how to write in shorthand,  you can save a lot of your time. Thus, improving your productivity in various other fields.

Also, read: Article Writing: All You Need To Know About It

Career Options For A Shorthand Writer

Many people assume that technology has replaced shorthand. However, that is not true! In fact, shorthand writing has extended its roots throughout the world.

Besides, the videos and audio recordings are not applicable or sufficient sometimes. That’s when manual documentation of events comes into the picture.

Are you considering learning  how to write in shorthand,  but feel unclear about the career options? Let us be your guiding light!

Career In Shorthand

Court reporters.

The local, federal, or state government requires shorthand professionals to note down the conversations in the courtroom. This could be opening and closing statements, testimony, motions, arraignments, jury proceedings, etc.

Medical Transcriptionists

Examples of shorthand writing  can be found in the medical field too. It includes listening to the recordings by physicians and other healthcare professionals.

Thereupon, transcribing them. For instance, emergency visiting reports, operations, final summaries, chart reviews, and diagnostic imaging studies. Lately, there has been a surge in the demand for medical transcriptionists.

Freelance Reporters

The freelance reporters are not associated with any institution. They work independently. Shorthand serves greatly while writing depositions, statements, arbitration, working as a substitute for official courtroom reporters, meetings for the board of directors, etc.

Basically, the job is to manage a verbatim copy of vocal statements. You can even take up the job of corporate reporter. Moreover, they handle the minute of meetings happening in the organization such as acquisitions, meetings, and more.

Legislative Reporters

Their job is to maintain manually scripted records of proceedings in the legislative bodies. Further, immediate reports for the public are also prepared. Someone with sound knowledge or interest in the law would really enjoy the nature of work.

Closed Captioning Reporters

They generally work for television programs and news. Such reporters also cover sports events. Moreover, the events that demand instant scripting for hearing-impaired audiences need  shorthand writing.

Military Reporters

Armed forces directly train military reporters. Further, the responsibilities include manually recording military proceedings such as Court martial, and tribunals.

Communications Access Realtime Translation Reporters

CART is the shorthand expert who assists hearing-impaired individuals. They are appointed in government agencies, schools, and colleges.

At the high-school level, the work includes reporting verbatim on class lectures. Additionally, they participate in school meetings to prepare notes for the hearing-impaired students.

Colleges integrate shorthand for simplifying CAT software learning and facilitating skill set development. It is an attempt to help students who are hard of hearing. Consequently, the participation of students improves.

The duty of a scoplsts involves correcting, editing, and adding to the transcripts submitted by reporters. It utilizes a Computer-Aided Transcription system for the execution.

One of the major requirements to become a scolpsts is having sound knowledge of English. Moreover, it demands strong research skills, a fair understanding of terminologies, figuring out the acronyms, etc. There is a huge scope in this field, all across the globe.

Final Words

Shorthand was first developed as merely a form of rapid writing technique. However, with time it has evolved as a major skill required in many professions. It wouldn’t be wrong to describe shorthand as a technology. Ever since its inception, the shorthand system has witnessed some major tweaks.

The latest tools and practices such as stenography have been given tough competition to shorthand. However, the uniqueness of shorthand is irreparable. Hence, the technique remains to thrive despite the recent advancements.

Even some  content writing company professionals are also well-versed in shorthand skills. Knowing an extra skill serves as a bonus and helps in the career path. We hope you found this blog insightful!

Our Related Blogs: 

4 Pillars of Content Writing 

What is Content Writing? Tips to Write Compelling Content

How to create a photo essay

By Marissa Sapega

According to LDV Capital, there will be 45 billion cameras in the world by 2022 . The proliferation of smartphones with hi-res cameras — coupled with our obsession with documenting the mundane on social media — has led to a glut of images shared on the web .

We're talking 3.2 billion images shared online every single day.

A decade ago, observers were predicting that this would spell the end of professional photography. But as we all know from our Instagram feeds, the need for professional photography — properly produced, contextualised, and published — has never been greater.

With the emergence of next generation digital publishing platforms, we're seeing a new era for photographic essays. Many of the most powerful examples are from journalism, where immersive photos are transforming long-form journalism into a more dynamic and interactive experience.

But powerful photos — coupled with immersive, interactive digital storytelling techniques — are being increasingly incorporated in marketing and communications across multiple industries, from brands to nonprofits. 

In this guide, we'll cover:

• The main types of photo essays
• The new era of photo essays
• Tips for making thoughtful and powerful photo essays
• How to make a compelling photo essay
• We'll also provide a range of photo essay examples as we go

If you're looking for more examples, check out our roundup of photo essay examples .

Let's dive in!

What do the BBC, Tripadvisor, and Penguin have in common? They craft stunning, interactive web content with Shorthand. And so can you! Publish your first story for free — no code or web design skills required. Sign up now.

Types of photo essays

There are two primary types of photo essays: thematic and narrative.

Thematic photo essays

Thematic essays focus on a topical story (like a natural disaster). One example of a great thematic essay comes from NBC News Olympics photos: Emotion runs high .

This piece encapsulates the overall gloom of the 2021 Tokyo Olympics — through a series of powerful behind-the-scenes photographs of athletes in varying levels of distress — but does not focus on a particular subject. 

Another example of a great photo story comes from the BBC. In “ From Trayvon Martin to Colin Kaepernick , they tell the story of how Black Lives Matter became entwined with sports. 

Narrative photo essays

Narrative photo essays take the story a step further and tell a specific story through images. 

One striking example is SBS's 28 Days in Afghanistan . This narrative essay documents photojournalist Andrew Quilty's time in the war-ravaged nation through stark photographs and supplementary text.

What is a photo essay in 2023?

A traditional photo essay aims to replace the written word with photographs. Done poorly, it is nothing more than series of images lumped together. Done well, though, the photojournalist or artist takes the reader on an engaging journey.

The main difference between photo essays of yore and photo essays in 2023 is the sophistication of digital publishing. With the rise of digital storytelling platforms, we're seeing a rise in truly interactive and immersive digital photo essays. 

Today, many digital photo essays include quotes and text to supplement the visuals and are formatted using interactive scrollytelling techniques. Scrollytelling is a form of visual storytelling that leverages user engagement (scrolling) to reveal images and text in an interesting and dynamic way. The interactivity compels the viewer to continue consuming the content, and creators have a wide latitude when designing the overall effect.    

Given the benefits of a more dynamic and interactive form of photo essays, it’s easy to see why they have become so popular in recent years. But as with any photo essay, creating an exceptional digital photo essays requires planning, structure, and know-how.

Let's take a closer look with ten tips for great photo essays.

Looking to learn more about interactive visual storytelling? Check out our guide, 8 tips for powerful visual storytelling .

10 tips for great photo essays

1. Create visual structure

An authentic photo essay requires visual markers to help transform a collection of images into a narrative. For example, photo chapter headings in Growing up young introduce each new girl in the story.

Similarly, in SBS’s photojournalism story — 28 days in Afghanistan , mentioned above — each dated header delineates a part of the story, providing an easy-to-follow chronological structure and pace.

Daniel Boud intersperses his own thoughts in between a haunting series of photographs of the iconic Sydney Opera House as it underwent a restoration during the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic in The Sydney Opera House at Rest .

Text can add depth to the photo essay—but take care where you add it. It should support and enhance the final product, not overshadow it.

2. Make it interactive

In 2023, the best photo essays are interactive. 

One great example of an interactive photo essay is WaterAid’s essay, Water and Climate . This photo essay highlights the people climate change has impacted most brutally, including a video, stark close-up photography, and graphics to get its point across. 

The photo essay uses minimal text, preferring to allow the images to speak for themselves. As a user scrolls, it exposes them to more content. Each visual and supplemental text further immerses the viewer into the story until the end, where they encounter a call to action to join WaterAid in helping those in need.

Nonprofits like WaterAid often use interactive photo essays to compel people to act , because they work. Half the battle of convincing someone to part with their money is creating an emotional connection with them—something a photo essay does particularly well.

3. Produce more content than you need

Have you ever seen how much film footage ends up on the cutting room floor for the average movie (known as the shooting ratio)? It’s a lot.   

Why is this? First, filmmakers know that many of the shots they take will be either poor-quality or simply not up to their exacting standards. Second, if a director included all the footage they took throughout the entire production in the final product, her movie would be a bloated mess.

The editor’s job is to strip away the dead weight to reveal a clean, refined, final product that keeps viewers raptly engaged. However, an editor may struggle to do his job if the director has not provided enough usable footage.

The same principles apply to creating an exceptional photo essay. Always assemble more visuals and content than you think you’ll need so you can use the cream of the crop for the final product. Shedding content may be difficult, but it’s necessary, so be prepared to edit your piece without mercy.

Publishing photos on the web, but confused about the range of file formats? Check out our guide to file formats .

4. Use only the best photos

A photo essay is not an excuse to throw together all the imagery you have. Just like any good story, it needs a focused and compelling narrative that keeps things connected. Each image needs to bring something to the table. 

Remember that photo quality plays a significant role in the overall caliber of a photo essay. If your iPhone isn’t doing your subject justice, don’t be afraid to pull in a professional to make your work come alive.

A great example of this comes from Sky Sports. In their photo essay, Pictured: Diego Maradona , they had to be ruthless when deciding upon the imagery to include.

They no doubt had hundreds — perhaps thousands — of photos to choose from from the many photo shoots in Maradona's life. Yet they knew that each one had to be poignant and compelling in its own way. 

5. Don’t be afraid to edit your photos

Not everyone can be Ansel Adams or Annie Leibovitz. Happily, with the readily available photo-editing software like Photoshop and high-quality cameras on every smartphone, you don’t need to be. Do your best to acquire top-quality photos, but don’t be timid about improving them!

Thanks to heavy exposure to advertising, viewers today now expect doctored images. Whether you’re refining a photo for a flawless finish or adding a touch of grittiness, use this expectation to your advantage. Dial up the contrast, crop out unnecessary elements, and use filters if they suit your needs.

6. Visit the archives

With so many gleaming, airbrushed-to-perfection photographs online today, exposure to imagery that’s not polished within an inch of its life can be a refreshing change. 

For example, take a look at Mancity’s My Debut Trevor Francis (v Stoke 1981) , which exclusively uses archival images. Not only was this a necessity (the focus was on a decades-old football match), but it lent the entire piece a tattered legitimacy. You wouldn’t expect “Insta-worthy” images because that’s not the experience the author is trying to convey.

7. Storyboard before building

You wouldn’t build a house without drafting a blueprint, would you? (Well, not unless you weren’t too invested in the end-product.) Much like a blueprint, a storyboard helps you convert the vision inside your head into a concrete plan for construction. It can also contribute to your shot list for your photography project. 

Storyboarding forces you to take a step back and evaluate how each element fits into the larger narrative. You may find that half your content is no longer necessary, and that’s okay. It may seem like a barrier to “getting to the fun part” of adding fancy flourishes and creative details, but it’s a critical step for building a good photo essay that genuinely influences viewers.

8. Experiment!

While there are certainly best practices to follow when creating a photo essay, no “one true path” will culminate in perfection every time. Photo essays are a way to express a story; such art is not limited to a template or cookie-cutter outputs.

So, mix it up! Test out different photos, filter effects, text, quotes, and visuals. Pretend you’re playing with a Rubik’s cube when you’re storyboarding and shuffle the content around with abandon. There is no right way to draft a photo essay, and you’ll never settle on one that you believe best conveys your story without a bit of experimentation. (Of course, your first iteration may end up being your best, but at least this way you won’t have any doubts.)

9. Combine data and maps

Adding hard metrics and maps to a photo essay can help support a narrative in ways that photographs can’t. In this essay on segregation in Detroit , NBC included interactive maps of the city that underscored the severity of Detroit’s redlining policy. 

These maps drive home this multimedia photo essay’s primary takeaway: Detroit’s enforced segregation has resulted in almost a century of lower quality of life for its black residents.

10. Get inspired

No matter how compelling the vision in your head is, you can still benefit from a little inspiration. If you're looking for photo essay ideas, consider: 

• Focusing on a single subject for a day (known as a day in the life photo essay).
• Document local events, such as art shows, protests, or community gatherings — this is an endless source of photo essay topics.
• Capture social issues from your local area.
• Start a photo series, in which you document the same specific subject over a period of time.
• Research the great photo essayists from history, such as W. Eugene Smith, and James Nachtwey.
• Dive into the archives of the great photo essay magazines, such as National Geographic and Life Magazine.
• Do some research on your potential subject. This will help you formulate different angles from which to approach your photo essay.
• Sign up to Shorthand's newsletter , which rounds up the best visual stories on the web every other week. 

Now, let's dive into how to make a stunning photo essay using Shorthand.

How to make a stunning digital photo essay

Traditionally, photo essays on the web were little more than a series of images pasted into a blog post. Because most blogs are structured primarily for words, these photos essays didn't do justice to their source media. 

However, as web browsers became more powerful and bandwidth increased, a range of content platforms — including no-code digital storytelling platforms like Shorthand — have evolved to make it easier to create stunning visual stories. We've linked to many of these in this guide. 

In this section, we're going to run through how to make a photo essay using Shorthand. If you're not a Shorthand customer, you can sign up here and follow along.

1. Create a new story

In your Shorthand dashboard, click 'New Story.' If you'd like, you can choose from any of our templates to help you get started. For now, though, we're going to start with a blank canvas.

The template chooser

2. Add your title image

Every photo essay needs a stunning title image to hook the reader. Depending on what kind of photo essay you're creating, this could be a photo of the subject or theme of the piece. You can also choose to add a title, subtitle, and author. 

3. Add a text section

Every photo essay needs a written introduction, to help contextualise the images that follow. Simply click 'New Section' and 'Text', before pasting in your introductory copy.

Adding a Text section.

4. Add your first photo

Now it's time to add the first photo in your essay. Simply click 'New Section' and 'Media.' In photo essays, hierarchy is critical, so make sure you've thought about which photo is most appropriate at the top of your essay. In Shorthand, your photo will appear in all its  full-screen glory.

Image in a 'Media' section.

5. Add a Reveal section

You also have the option of adding a 'Reveal' section, which allows you to add text that floats over your images. This text can act as a commentary or de facto caption for each photo in your essay.

Simply click 'New Section' and 'Reveal.' You'll be able to also upload a version of the image for mobile, and set focus areas to make sure the most important parts of your image are shown.

A 'Reveal' section with accompanying text box.

6. Add transition effects

Depending on the nature of your photo essay, you may wish to add transition effects between some images. A ‘Reveal’ section is the best way to achieve this. You'll have the option of choosing from several types of transitions that occur as your reader scrolls from one full-screen image to the next, and each image can have its own text box, too.

Testing a Reveal section in the Shorthand editor

7. Add Scrollmation effects

If you want to use images in concert with large amounts of text, then consider using Shorthand's Scrollmation feature. This allows you to transition through a range of images as the reader scrolls down a column of text. 

To do this — you guessed it — simply click 'New Section' and 'Scrollmation' or 'Background Scrollmation.' 

The difference between the two is simple: In a Scrollmation section, the text appears in a column beside your images, while in a Background Scrollmation section,  images fill the screen and the text column appears over the images. A sequence of related images can give the effect of animation triggered by the reader’s scrolling.

A Scrollmation section within the editor

Background Scrollmation in the editor

8. Add a Media Gallery

If you have many different images, and want to create a mosaic effect in your essay, then you can use a media gallery. To do this, simply click 'New Section' and 'Media Gallery.' 

You can then upload your images, and experiment with their size and arrangement to achieve your intended effect.

Creating a Media Gallery section in the editor

9. Preview your story

Photo essays — more than many other genres of content on the web — can run into problems with different screen sizes. Before you publish, make sure you test your story using Shorthand's preview option. 

You'll be able to see what your story looks like on desktop, mobile, and tablet viewports, and make adjustments as needed. You can also share your preview link with collaborators, and get pre-publication feedback and quality-assurance.

Story previews in the editor, simulating a phone and iPad.

10. Publish 🚀

The final step is to publish your essay to the world! You now have an immersive, potentially interactive photo essay — without writing a line of code. 

Contemporary photo essays are creative endeavours rife with opportunities for interactivity. Organisations and artists alike use them as modern, impactful vehicles to convey powerful stories. Try creating one for yourself using Shorthand for free today!

Publish your first story free with Shorthand

Craft sumptuous content at speed. No code required.

The Significance and Implications of Covenant in Religious and Social Contexts

This essay about the significance and implications of covenant explores how these solemn agreements influence both religious practices and social structures. It examines covenants in Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—and their impact on societal norms, legal systems, and personal relationships, such as marriage. The text also discusses the potential negative consequences of rigid interpretations of covenants, such as exclusion and intolerance, and the ethical dilemmas they raise in understanding divine justice and morality.

How it works

The notion of a covenant is profoundly entrenched in religious traditions and has a significant influence on social dynamics and personal relationships. Defined broadly, a covenant is an agreement involving solemn commitments, which are often viewed as sacred and binding. This essay delves into the importance and consequences of covenants in both religious and social spheres, highlighting their deep impact on human conduct, societal norms, and moral principles.

In the realm of religion, covenants are particularly prominent within the Abrahamic faiths—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—where they are seen as divine assurances or laws established by God to direct human actions and define religious practices and ethics.

For example, Judaism holds the Covenant between God and Abraham as a pillar, which not only identifies the Jewish people as the chosen ones but also promises them a homeland. This covenant shapes both Jewish religious identity and its socio-political implications, influencing discussions around Israel and its global diaspora.

Christianity introduces the concept of the New Covenant, centered on Jesus Christ and his teachings about redemption and grace. This introduces a shift from a communal adherence to a set of laws, as in the Old Testament, to a more individual and spiritual communion with God. This theological evolution affects Christian social customs by fostering values such as forgiveness, altruism, and a personal ethical obligation to maintain one’s part in the divine covenant.

Islam portrays the covenant through the believer’s commitment to live in accordance with Allah’s will, as articulated in the Quran and Hadith. This commitment is an active covenant to abide by divine instructions, impacting everything from personal conduct to public law in Muslim communities, influencing aspects from matrimonial agreements to judicial frameworks.

Socially, the implications of the covenant concept are deep and diverse. The notion that religious covenants inform legal systems and moral standards is evident in many cultures. The philosophical concept of a social contract, discussed by thinkers like Rousseau and Locke, mirrors the covenantal idea of mutual commitments yielding mutual benefits. They argued that individuals agree to give up certain freedoms in return for societal protection and order, reflecting the structure of promise and obligation seen in religious covenants.

Covenants also permeate personal relationships, particularly in the institution of marriage and family structures. In various cultures, marriage is viewed as a covenant—a lifelong pledge of fidelity and affection, often formalized through religious ceremonies that emphasize its sacred status. Viewing marriage as a covenant rather than a mere contract may foster greater stability and a sense of duty within families and communities.

Nevertheless, the ramifications of covenantal living are not universally positive. The inflexibility of such obligations can lead to exclusion or intolerance. Individuals perceived as failing to uphold their societal or religious covenant may face isolation or severe sanctions. In extreme scenarios, this has historically led to the endorsement of severe punishments and social marginalization of those who deviate from accepted norms, as seen in religious inquisitions and purges throughout history.

Additionally, the concept of covenant raises ethical dilemmas regarding divine justice and morality, particularly in religious contexts where God’s covenant with humanity is seen as unconditional yet conditional. This paradox fuels ongoing debates about free will, destiny, and the existence of evil under a benevolent, omnipotent deity.

In summary, the concept of a covenant remains crucial in shaping both divine and interpersonal relationships. Its influence on how individuals interact and organize their societies underscores a collective sense of purpose but can also lead to rigidity and exclusion when interpreted strictly. As interpretations of covenant continue to evolve with societal changes, its role will likely adapt, reflecting new ethical challenges and communal needs. This ongoing adaptation highlights the enduring significance and complexity of covenants as fundamental elements of human social and religious life.

Cite this page

The Significance and Implications of Covenant in Religious and Social Contexts. (2024, May 21). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/the-significance-and-implications-of-covenant-in-religious-and-social-contexts/

"The Significance and Implications of Covenant in Religious and Social Contexts." PapersOwl.com , 21 May 2024, https://papersowl.com/examples/the-significance-and-implications-of-covenant-in-religious-and-social-contexts/

PapersOwl.com. (2024). The Significance and Implications of Covenant in Religious and Social Contexts . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-significance-and-implications-of-covenant-in-religious-and-social-contexts/ [Accessed: 25 May. 2024]

"The Significance and Implications of Covenant in Religious and Social Contexts." PapersOwl.com, May 21, 2024. Accessed May 25, 2024. https://papersowl.com/examples/the-significance-and-implications-of-covenant-in-religious-and-social-contexts/

"The Significance and Implications of Covenant in Religious and Social Contexts," PapersOwl.com , 21-May-2024. [Online]. Available: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-significance-and-implications-of-covenant-in-religious-and-social-contexts/. [Accessed: 25-May-2024]

PapersOwl.com. (2024). The Significance and Implications of Covenant in Religious and Social Contexts . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-significance-and-implications-of-covenant-in-religious-and-social-contexts/ [Accessed: 25-May-2024]

Don't let plagiarism ruin your grade

Hire a writer to get a unique paper crafted to your needs.

Our writers will help you fix any mistakes and get an A+!

Please check your inbox.

You can order an original essay written according to your instructions.

Trusted by over 1 million students worldwide

1. Tell Us Your Requirements

2. Pick your perfect writer

3. Get Your Paper and Pay

Hi! I'm Amy, your personal assistant!

Don't know where to start? Give me your paper requirements and I connect you to an academic expert.

short deadlines

100% Plagiarism-Free

Certified writers

In ‘Rebel Girl,’ Kathleen Hanna revisits riot grrrl — and puts it to rest

When punk icon Kathleen Hanna pictures her emotional baggage, she sees a “40-piece Samsonite set in multicolor” trailing behind her. At least she did until she wrote her new book, “Rebel Girl: My Life as a Feminist Punk.”

The outspoken frontwoman of Bikini Kill and Le Tigre is no stranger to using writing as a vehicle for catharsis and calls to action. As one of the most prominent figures in riot grrrl — the 1990s underground feminist-punk movement — Hanna’s lyricism has helped empower generations of women to unabashedly assert themselves within their artistic communities and reject any label, stereotype, or violence thrust upon them. But not even the most pointed punk tune can ship off 40 suitcases’ worth of trauma like a 300-page memoir.

“Writing this book was like putting all of that baggage into the Dr. Shrink machine and shrinking it down,” she says. “I could just be like, ‘OK, I’m not dragging this [expletive] behind me anymore.’ Here, I can hand it to somebody and now it’s their problem.”

Hanna will make a direct handoff at the Wilbur on Tuesday , where she’ll sit down for a discussion with writer and Harvard professor Imani Perry. Together they’ll delve into the book’s unflinching portrait of Hanna’s life before, during, and after riot grrrl. Admittedly, the movement is a topic that she was eager to document so she doesn’t have to explain its origins “for the rest of my [expletive] life.”

Instead of writing her memoir chronologically, Hanna jotted down memories as they surfaced, transferring her multicolor “baggage” to a rainbow of Post-It notes, then TextEdit (“like a jerk!” she chides, acknowledging her odd choice of word processor). After writing over 600 pages of material, Hanna instructed her editor to “use a butcher knife, not a scalpel” to halve the book. What remained was a collection of raw vignettes that display a throughline of defiance and vulnerability linking every stage of Hanna’s life. (She might publish the leftover stories as essays or use them for inspiration in the television world, a field that Hanna says she wouldn’t mind exploring down the line.)

Advertisement

Many of the vignette titles stem from Hanna’s own shorthand for her life’s defining moments. “My First Foray Into Performance Art” recalls the time a young Hanna spit a mouthful of Frosted Flakes into the face of her father, whom she describes as callous and abusive; “Benjamin Franklin’s Glasses” explains how her offhand graffiti on pal Kurt Cobain’s wall (“Kurt smells like Teen Spirit”) accidentally shaped Nirvana’s breakthrough hit.

But where many music memoirs devolve into digressions about who’s-who trivia and lavish lifestyles, “Rebel Girl” transforms Hanna’s blunt riot grrrl lyrics into a three-dimensional person with a thousand reasons to raise hell. Hanna’s memoir isn’t about misogyny, per se; it’s just impossible to flesh out her career without addressing how discrimination impacted her development as an artist.

“To me, it’s the best job on the planet, but you’re also facing sexual harassment,” Hanna explains. “And you don’t have any HR to talk to about it, because you work at a different place every single night, so you can’t ask Kevin to move his [expletive] desk. Because there’s 8,000 Kevins and there’s no desk.”

Hanna’s firsthand experiences with sexual violence and stalking represent only part of the problem. Windows into her time with Bikini Kill in particular reveal how many hurdles women must clear to become safe and welcome members of their artistic communities. Hanna recalls the first time she heard women referred to as “coat racks,” a degrading term from the hardcore scene that implies women belong on the edge of mosh pits, dutifully clutching their boyfriends’ jackets, rather than in the center of the action. In another vignette, she details Bikini Kill’s decision to raise ticket prices at their shows — not for more profit, but because male hecklers would happily fork over $5 to hurl junk at the band onstage, yet $12 was apparently too steep.

Similar situations become dicier backstage and on the road, where music venue staff can range from uncooperative to threatening, leaving artists like Hanna unsure of how to safely proceed without canceling their performance.

On paper — and TextEdit — Hanna confronted each hardship one vignette at a time, unblocking much-needed healing in the process.

“I was like, ‘I’m not going to be able to let all this baggage go unless I face it, unless I stop just making it into a joke and acting like it didn’t matter,’” she explains. “Pretty extensive therapy” was also essential to her moving forward.

While the punk icon says she largely wrote “Rebel Girl” for herself, Hanna hopes the book will provide validation for other performers who face similar forms of discrimination, regardless of their gender. In retrospect, she acknowledges riot grrrl’s lack of intersectionality, an aspect of the movement she’s happy to “leave behind” in favor of more inclusive activism that recognizes how sexism intersects with racism and class.

Hanna places the outdated approach to feminism right next to her shrunk-down set of baggage — two things to keep in the past.

“That chapter of my life is closed,” she says. “If I want to take a hammer to it, if I want to ax it, if I want to put it in a Cuisinart, I can do whatever I want to it. I can bury my book in my backyard after my book tour and forget about it. That feels pretty good.”

KATHLEEN HANNA: REBEL GIRL BOOK TOUR

At the Wilbur, 246 Tremont St. May 28 at 7:30 p.m. Tickets: $42 (includes book). thewilbur.com/artist/kathleen-hanna

Victoria Wasylak can be reached at [email protected] . Follow her on Twitter @VickiWasylak.

Watch CBS News

Officials change course amid outrage over bail terms for Indian teen accused in fatal drunk driving accident

By Arshad R. Zargar

May 22, 2024 / 1:37 PM EDT / CBS News

New Delhi — Indian justice officials have changed course amid outrage over the bail terms set for a teenager accused of killing two people while driving a Porsche at high speed while drunk and without a license. The 17-year-old son of a wealthy businessman had been ordered to write a 300-word essay and work with the local traffic police for 15 days to be granted bail — a decision that was made within 15 hours of his arrest.

He is accused of killing two young people while speeding in his luxury car on Sunday in the western Indian city of Pune.

The lenient bail conditions initially imposed by the local Juvenile Justice Board shocked many people, including officials, across India. The local police approached the board with an appeal to cancel his bail and seeking permission to treat the boy, who is just four months shy of his 18th birthday, as an adult, arguing that his alleged crime was heinous in nature.

In 2015, India changed its laws to allow minors between 16 and 18 years of age to be tried as adults if they're accused of crimes deemed heinous. The change was prompted by the notorious 2012  Delhi rape case , in which one of the convicts was a minor. Many activists argued that if he was old enough to commit a brutal rape, he should not be treated as a minor.

On Wednesday night, after three days of outrage over the initial decision, the Juvenile Justice Board canceled the teen's bail and sent him to a juvenile detention center until June 5. It said a decision on whether he could be tried as an adult, which would see him face a more serious potential sentence, would be taken after further investigation.

Late Sunday night, police say the teen, after drinking with friends at two local bars in Pune, left in his Porsche Taycan, speeding through narrow roads and allegedly hitting a motorcycle, sending the two victims — a male and female, both 24-year-old software engineers — flying into the air and killing them.

The parents of both victims have urged authorities to ensure a strict punishment for the teen.

The suspect was first charged with causing death by negligence, but that was changed to a more serious charge of culpable homicide not amounting to murder. On Wednesday he was also charged with drunk driving offenses.

Police have arrested the suspect's father and accused him of allowing his son to drive despite being underage, according to Pune Police Commissioner Amitesh Kumar. The legal age for driving in India is 18. Owners of the two bars where the minor was served alcohol have also been arrested and their premises seized.

"We have adopted the most stringent possible approach, and we shall do whatever is at our command to ensure that the two young lives that were lost get justice, and the accused gets duly punished," Kumar said.

Maharashtra state's Deputy Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis had described the original decision of the Juvenile Justice Board as "lenient" and "shocking," and called the public outrage a reasonable reaction.

Road accidents claimed more than 168,000 lives in India in 2022. More than 1,500 of those people died in accidents caused by drunk driving, according to Indian government data.

Under Indian law, a person convicted of drunk driving can face a maximum punishment of six months in prison and a fine of about $120 for a first offense. If, however, the drunk driving leads to the death of another person, the offender can face two to seven years in prison.

• Deadly Crash
• Deadly Hit And Run
• Drunk Driving

More from CBS News

Man fined after attempt to "body slam" orca in New Zealand

Macron flies to French territory of New Caledonia amid deadly unrest

Cannabis is in and alcohol is out. Is Gen Z driving the change?

Hiker mauled by grizzly in Wyoming played dead; bear won't be pursued

Dover middle school students nominate their heroes, tell them why in their own words

Dover Area Middle School students invited their heroes to school on May 22 to hear, in their own words, why they were chosen. Parents, teachers, coaches and soldiers were among those chosen by students.

Students wrote the essays ahead of time and then invited their heroes to the assembly where students sat at long tables with their heroes to hear why they were chosen.

"My hero is Miguel Rosado, his friends and family call him Mikey. He is my dad," Mikalyn Rosado read to her father, "He changed his life for me and that is why he is my hero..."

Rosado, wearing an XPO logistics company work shirt and cap, said he was a little bit choked up by the nomination, unaware that his daughter had named him her hero before he had arrived to meet her at school.

Several essays were chosen to read in front of the whole room.

Brody Wise took to the podium to read his nomination of his father Andrew Wise, "Have you ever heard of a hero without a cape? Well I have one… He might have some mental scars from serving, but there isn’t anything in the world that I would be grateful for more than him," citing his service to the Marine Corps. “He put his life on the line to give us the freedom of walking the earth.” 

Andrew Wise served with the Marines between 2000-2004 during Operation Iraqi Freedom.

Brody goes on to tell the audience how his father has “influenced my life to make me a clean and trustworthy person and make me stronger so when it comes time for me to face.”

Andrew Wise gave his son a strong hug after his reading.

Justin Rowand, a Dover middle school football coach, wore two name tags that said “Justin” because he was nominated by two different students. He sat at the end of the table with his head slightly tilted to the ceiling as he listened to what the two boys were saying on either side of him

More photos: Dover log house through the years in photos.

“He was a good impact on me and he helped me so much and made me into the young man I was today…,” Josh Alexander said, sitting to the right.

“He is a mentor to me and helps me every single day whether it comes to being better in life or being better in football,” Broden Greener said to his left.

• Share full article

Advertisement

Supported by

Guest Essay

What Trump Could Do in Foreign Policy Might Surprise the World

By Curt Mills

Mr. Mills is the executive director of The American Conservative.

Love it or hate it, the United States has an imperial presidency, and in his first term, Donald Trump demonstrated a record of using such powers with noted relish on the world stage. As in many areas, he does not have a conventional approach to global relations. But it may turn out that, like Richard Nixon and George H.W. Bush before him, Mr. Trump enjoys engagement with foreign policy.

His particular style of politics can be provocative, of course, but also effective. Mr. Trump’s approach to America’s place in the world is pragmatic or unpredictable or both, and it could offer surprising opportunities for peace.

If Mr. Trump re-enters the Oval Office, he may seek to surprise in his final act, perhaps inspiring parallels, in its unpredictability and volatility, with Nixon and his “madman” foreign policy.

In Mr. Trump’s first term, his results in foreign affairs have generally been underrated. For a “madman,” there were real accomplishments: no new foreign wars, the Abraham Accords between Israel and a handful of Sunni states that many experts on the subject thought were impossible, a focus on China that is now bipartisan, putting allies on notice that they had to more than vaguely contribute to their own defense.

Unless the global landscape suddenly shifts, Mr. Trump would return to the Oval Office facing the sorts of foreign crises — particularly the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East — that he largely avoided in his first term.

But the circumstances would surely not change the way he managed foreign affairs. In his first term Mr. Trump could be the bête noire of the establishment and Republican neoconservatives on Monday (as in his interactions with Kim Jong-un and the NATO leaders). And he could be the vicious spear tip of American power on Tuesday (as in the 2020 airstrike in Baghdad that killed Qassim Suleimani).

In a second term Mr. Trump would likely not assemble a right-wing establishment cabinet of oil executives and generals. He would instead be guided by a new group of establishment figures or pragmatists as well as a cut of advisers associated with the new right who want a broader convulsion in foreign policy and who wonder, with increasing despondence at the state of American culture, if a new Cold War-type enemy, perhaps China, would unify the population.

Members of this new right group increasingly disagree among themselves, particularly on just how far to take it to China and just how interchangeable conservative foreign policy should be with Israel’s.

Among the new pragmatists, the man who succeeded John Bolton as national security adviser, Robert O’Brien, would almost certainly play a key role in a second term, perhaps as defense secretary or secretary of state.

Mr. O’Brien is an understated but powerful lawyer from the West Coast. (Another point in the Trump-Nixon echoes: In 2022, Mr. O’Brien was named chairman of the board of the Richard Nixon Foundation.) He calls himself a Reagan Republican and would be an easy Senate confirmation.

The team might also include the former acting director of national intelligence Richard Grenell, who was Mr. Trump’s ambassador to Germany from 2018 to 2020. An ally of Mr. O’Brien’s, Mr. Grenell engages in smashmouth interpersonal politics that marked his tumultuous tenure in Berlin. But his style aligns well with Mr. Trump’s approach to diplomacy-as-negotiation.

In addition to the wonkish ideologues and pragmatists, there is an unpredictable milieu of true believers, among them Steve Bannon and the retired colonel Douglas Macgregor, a cult hero on the new right who in the chaos of the 2020-21 transition was installed by Pentagon loyalists to Mr. Trump with the intent of a quick withdrawal from Afghanistan.

This team would suggest a vision — relative aversion to ideology but a tolerance for radicalism — that could fulfill Mr. Trump’s foreign policy approach, which favors a mixture of staying out of trouble and engaging in conflicts decisively and briefly. Washington veterans often react with puzzlement to the idea that Mr. Trump has a foreign policy vision at all. His approach confused people like Mr. Bolton, who criticized Mr. Trump for looking at “things on a transactional basis.”

But Mr. Trump likes to occupy two identities at once: threat and negotiator. And as he showed in a recent interview with Time magazine, he has a shrewd understanding of how to manage his team in negotiations. For example, he said in the interview that Mr. Bolton “served a good purpose” because “every time he walked into a room, people thought you were going to war.”

This again suggests a parallel with Mr. Nixon’s administration. One of his first decisions in the White House was to hire Henry Kissinger as his national security adviser. Even Mr. Kissinger — a Harvard professor who had consulted for Nelson Rockefeller, a rival of Mr. Nixon’s — was surprised by the decision.

Yet Mr. Kissinger helped balance Mr. Nixon’s strident anti-Communist Cold War posturing and kept allies and enemies guessing about his intent. Mr. Nixon’s seemingly wild card tactics boosted the credibility of his threats. He is often remembered today for balance of power, for realpolitik and for moving to end America’s involvement in Vietnam, but he is remembered more for opening ties with Communist China.

It took Mr. Nixon to go to Beijing. Is it truly so imponderable that it could take Mr. Trump to go to Beirut or even Tehran?

You can apply Mr. Trump’s two-positions-at-once approach to various other hot spots. Take Israel. In his recent interview, he reiterated that he would “protect Israel” if war broke out with Iran but also said that Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu “rightfully has been criticized for what took place on Oct. 7.”

He said the Jewish state should “get the job done” in Gaza but also concluded that Israel has managed to lose the public relations battle in this war. You can imagine Mr. Trump, as president, unreservedly supporting Israel in its military campaign in Gaza. But you can equally imagine him speaking in far harsher terms against Mr. Netanyahu than President Biden has, perhaps in pursuit of a cease-fire.

Or take Mr. Trump’s language around Russia and NATO. Last winter, Mr. Trump caused outrage when he said that he’d be willing to let Russia “do whatever the hell they want” to NATO countries that don’t spend enough on their defense.

In his Time interview, Mr. Trump said of that earlier comment, “When I say things like that, that’s said as a point of negotiation.”

The criticism around his NATO and Russia comments presupposes that Mr. Trump, the consummate negotiator, would simply remove his greatest point of leverage (membership in the body) out of the gate. The global impression of Mr. Trump as Vladimir Putin’s pawn — and an admirer of autocrats like Mr. Kim — only incentivizes him to surprise in the other direction.

In a second term, there would also be the promise that Mr. Trump would at last attempt to prove the technocrats and Washington bureaucrats wrong — the experts he fired and flouted, the prestige financiers who have mocked him and the lawyers who have tried to imprison him.

Consider what the mere possibility of a Trump win in November plausibly inspired in recent weeks: France is taking up the mantle of independent European defense , and Israel’s offers in negotiations with Hamas have gotten more reasonable .

If Mr. Trump wins in November, he will almost certainly read a life’s worth of vindication into how he does business and the value of his ability to be in two places at once. The uncertainty that comes with his style is poised to once again give him power over America’s soft and hard power in global affairs.

Maybe Mr. Trump can continue to surprise and achieve what Mr. Nixon aspired to. His gravestone in Yorba Linda, Calif., contains a line from his first Inaugural Address: “The greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker.”

Curt Mills is the executive director of The American Conservative.

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

Follow the New York Times Opinion section on Facebook , Instagram , TikTok , WhatsApp , X and Threads .