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7 Depression Research Paper Topic Ideas

Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be.

Cara Lustik is a fact-checker and copywriter.

In psychology classes, it's common for students to write a depression research paper. Researching depression may be beneficial if you have a personal interest in this topic and want to learn more, or if you're simply passionate about this mental health issue. However, since depression is a very complex subject, it offers many possible topics to focus on, which may leave you wondering where to begin.

If this is how you feel, here are a few research titles about depression to help inspire your topic choice. You can use these suggestions as actual research titles about depression, or you can use them to lead you to other more in-depth topics that you can look into further for your depression research paper.

What Is Depression?

Everyone experiences times when they feel a little bit blue or sad. This is a normal part of being human. Depression, however, is a medical condition that is quite different from everyday moodiness.

Your depression research paper may explore the basics, or it might delve deeper into the  definition of clinical depression  or the  difference between clinical depression and sadness .

What Research Says About the Psychology of Depression

Studies suggest that there are biological, psychological, and social aspects to depression, giving you many different areas to consider for your research title about depression.

Types of Depression

There are several different types of depression  that are dependent on how an individual's depression symptoms manifest themselves. Depression symptoms may vary in severity or in what is causing them. For instance, major depressive disorder (MDD) may have no identifiable cause, while postpartum depression is typically linked to pregnancy and childbirth.

Depressive symptoms may also be part of an illness called bipolar disorder. This includes fluctuations between depressive episodes and a state of extreme elation called mania. Bipolar disorder is a topic that offers many research opportunities, from its definition and its causes to associated risks, symptoms, and treatment.

Causes of Depression

The possible causes of depression are many and not yet well understood. However, it most likely results from an interplay of genetic vulnerability  and environmental factors. Your depression research paper could explore one or more of these causes and reference the latest research on the topic.

For instance, how does an imbalance in brain chemistry or poor nutrition relate to depression? Is there a relationship between the stressful, busier lives of today's society and the rise of depression? How can grief or a major medical condition lead to overwhelming sadness and depression?

Who Is at Risk for Depression?

This is a good research question about depression as certain risk factors may make a person more prone to developing this mental health condition, such as a family history of depression, adverse childhood experiences, stress , illness, and gender . This is not a complete list of all risk factors, however, it's a good place to start.

The growing rate of depression in children, teenagers, and young adults is an interesting subtopic you can focus on as well. Whether you dive into the reasons behind the increase in rates of depression or discuss the treatment options that are safe for young people, there is a lot of research available in this area and many unanswered questions to consider.

Depression Signs and Symptoms

The signs of depression are those outward manifestations of the illness that a doctor can observe when they examine a patient. For example, a lack of emotional responsiveness is a visible sign. On the other hand, symptoms are subjective things about the illness that only the patient can observe, such as feelings of guilt or sadness.

An illness such as depression is often invisible to the outside observer. That is why it is very important for patients to make an accurate accounting of all of their symptoms so their doctor can diagnose them properly. In your depression research paper, you may explore these "invisible" symptoms of depression in adults or explore how depression symptoms can be different in children .

How Is Depression Diagnosed?

This is another good depression research topic because, in some ways, the diagnosis of depression is more of an art than a science. Doctors must generally rely upon the patient's set of symptoms and what they can observe about them during their examination to make a diagnosis. 

While there are certain  laboratory tests that can be performed to rule out other medical illnesses as a cause of depression, there is not yet a definitive test for depression itself.

If you'd like to pursue this topic, you may want to start with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The fifth edition, known as DSM-5, offers a very detailed explanation that guides doctors to a diagnosis. You can also compare the current model of diagnosing depression to historical methods of diagnosis—how have these updates improved the way depression is treated?

Treatment Options for Depression

The first choice for depression treatment is generally an antidepressant medication. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most popular choice because they can be quite effective and tend to have fewer side effects than other types of antidepressants.

Psychotherapy, or talk therapy, is another effective and common choice. It is especially efficacious when combined with antidepressant therapy. Certain other treatments, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), are most commonly used for patients who do not respond to more common forms of treatment.

Focusing on one of these treatments is an option for your depression research paper. Comparing and contrasting several different types of treatment can also make a good research title about depression.

A Word From Verywell

The topic of depression really can take you down many different roads. When making your final decision on which to pursue in your depression research paper, it's often helpful to start by listing a few areas that pique your interest.

From there, consider doing a little preliminary research. You may come across something that grabs your attention like a new study, a controversial topic you didn't know about, or something that hits a personal note. This will help you narrow your focus, giving you your final research title about depression.

Remes O, Mendes JF, Templeton P. Biological, psychological, and social determinants of depression: A review of recent literature . Brain Sci . 2021;11(12):1633. doi:10.3390/brainsci11121633

National Institute of Mental Health. Depression .

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition . American Psychiatric Association.

National Institute of Mental Health. Mental health medications .

Ferri, F. F. (2019). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2020 E-Book: 5 Books in 1 . Netherlands: Elsevier Health Sciences.

By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be.  

Research Topics & Ideas: Mental Health

100+ Mental Health Research Topic Ideas To Fast-Track Your Project

If you’re just starting out exploring mental health topics for your dissertation, thesis or research project, you’ve come to the right place. In this post, we’ll help kickstart your research topic ideation process by providing a hearty list of mental health-related research topics and ideas.

PS – This is just the start…

We know it’s exciting to run through a list of research topics, but please keep in mind that this list is just a starting point . To develop a suitable education-related research topic, you’ll need to identify a clear and convincing research gap , and a viable plan of action to fill that gap.

If this sounds foreign to you, check out our free research topic webinar that explores how to find and refine a high-quality research topic, from scratch. Alternatively, if you’d like hands-on help, consider our 1-on-1 coaching service .

Overview: Mental Health Topic Ideas

• Mood disorders
• Anxiety disorders
• Psychotic disorders
• Personality disorders
• Obsessive-compulsive disorders
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Neurodevelopmental disorders
• Eating disorders
• Substance-related disorders

Mood Disorders

Research in mood disorders can help understand their causes and improve treatment methods. Here are a few ideas to get you started.

• The impact of genetics on the susceptibility to depression
• Efficacy of antidepressants vs. cognitive behavioural therapy
• The role of gut microbiota in mood regulation
• Cultural variations in the experience and diagnosis of bipolar disorder
• Seasonal Affective Disorder: Environmental factors and treatment
• The link between depression and chronic illnesses
• Exercise as an adjunct treatment for mood disorders
• Hormonal changes and mood swings in postpartum women
• Stigma around mood disorders in the workplace
• Suicidal tendencies among patients with severe mood disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Research topics in this category can potentially explore the triggers, coping mechanisms, or treatment efficacy for anxiety disorders.

• The relationship between social media and anxiety
• Exposure therapy effectiveness in treating phobias
• Generalised Anxiety Disorder in children: Early signs and interventions
• The role of mindfulness in treating anxiety
• Genetics and heritability of anxiety disorders
• The link between anxiety disorders and heart disease
• Anxiety prevalence in LGBTQ+ communities
• Caffeine consumption and its impact on anxiety levels
• The economic cost of untreated anxiety disorders
• Virtual Reality as a treatment method for anxiety disorders

Psychotic Disorders

Within this space, your research topic could potentially aim to investigate the underlying factors and treatment possibilities for psychotic disorders.

• Early signs and interventions in adolescent psychosis
• Brain imaging techniques for diagnosing psychotic disorders
• The efficacy of antipsychotic medication
• The role of family history in psychotic disorders
• Misdiagnosis and delayed treatment of psychotic disorders
• Co-morbidity of psychotic and mood disorders
• The relationship between substance abuse and psychotic disorders
• Art therapy as a treatment for schizophrenia
• Public perception and stigma around psychotic disorders
• Hospital vs. community-based care for psychotic disorders

Personality Disorders

Research topics within in this area could delve into the identification, management, and social implications of personality disorders.

• Long-term outcomes of borderline personality disorder
• Antisocial personality disorder and criminal behaviour
• The role of early life experiences in developing personality disorders
• Narcissistic personality disorder in corporate leaders
• Gender differences in personality disorders
• Diagnosis challenges for Cluster A personality disorders
• Emotional intelligence and its role in treating personality disorders
• Psychotherapy methods for treating personality disorders
• Personality disorders in the elderly population
• Stigma and misconceptions about personality disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

Within this space, research topics could focus on the causes, symptoms, or treatment of disorders like OCD and hoarding.

• OCD and its relationship with anxiety disorders
• Cognitive mechanisms behind hoarding behaviour
• Deep Brain Stimulation as a treatment for severe OCD
• The impact of OCD on academic performance in students
• Role of family and social networks in treating OCD
• Alternative treatments for hoarding disorder
• Childhood onset OCD: Diagnosis and treatment
• OCD and religious obsessions
• The impact of OCD on family dynamics
• Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Causes and treatment

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Research topics in this area could explore the triggers, symptoms, and treatments for PTSD. Here are some thought starters to get you moving.

• PTSD in military veterans: Coping mechanisms and treatment
• Childhood trauma and adult onset PTSD
• Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) efficacy
• Role of emotional support animals in treating PTSD
• Gender differences in PTSD occurrence and treatment
• Effectiveness of group therapy for PTSD patients
• PTSD and substance abuse: A dual diagnosis
• First responders and rates of PTSD
• Domestic violence as a cause of PTSD
• The neurobiology of PTSD

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

This category of mental health aims to better understand disorders like Autism and ADHD and their impact on day-to-day life.

• Early diagnosis and interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder
• ADHD medication and its impact on academic performance
• Parental coping strategies for children with neurodevelopmental disorders
• Autism and gender: Diagnosis disparities
• The role of diet in managing ADHD symptoms
• Neurodevelopmental disorders in the criminal justice system
• Genetic factors influencing Autism
• ADHD and its relationship with sleep disorders
• Educational adaptations for children with neurodevelopmental disorders
• Neurodevelopmental disorders and stigma in schools

Eating Disorders

Research topics within this space can explore the psychological, social, and biological aspects of eating disorders.

• The role of social media in promoting eating disorders
• Family dynamics and their impact on anorexia
• Biological basis of binge-eating disorder
• Treatment outcomes for bulimia nervosa
• Eating disorders in athletes
• Media portrayal of body image and its impact
• Eating disorders and gender: Are men underdiagnosed?
• Cultural variations in eating disorders
• The relationship between obesity and eating disorders
• Eating disorders in the LGBTQ+ community

Substance-Related Disorders

Research topics in this category can focus on addiction mechanisms, treatment options, and social implications.

• Efficacy of rehabilitation centres for alcohol addiction
• The role of genetics in substance abuse
• Substance abuse and its impact on family dynamics
• Prescription drug abuse among the elderly
• Legalisation of marijuana and its impact on substance abuse rates
• Alcoholism and its relationship with liver diseases
• Opioid crisis: Causes and solutions
• Substance abuse education in schools: Is it effective?
• Harm reduction strategies for drug abuse
• Co-occurring mental health disorders in substance abusers

Choosing A Research Topic

These research topic ideas we’ve covered here serve as thought starters to help you explore different areas within mental health. They are intentionally very broad and open-ended. By engaging with the currently literature in your field of interest, you’ll be able to narrow down your focus to a specific research gap .

It’s important to consider a variety of factors when choosing a topic for your dissertation or thesis . Think about the relevance of the topic, its feasibility , and the resources available to you, including time, data, and academic guidance. Also, consider your own interest and expertise in the subject, as this will sustain you through the research process.

Always consult with your academic advisor to ensure that your chosen topic aligns with academic requirements and offers a meaningful contribution to the field. If you need help choosing a topic, consider our private coaching service.

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Good morning everyone. This are very patent topics for research in neuroscience. Thank you for guidance

What if everything is important, original and intresting? as in Neuroscience. I find myself overwhelmd with tens of relveant areas and within each area many optional topics. I ask myself if importance (for example – able to treat people suffering) is more relevant than what intrest me, and on the other hand if what advance me further in my career should not also be a consideration?

This information is really helpful and have learnt alot

Phd research topics on implementation of mental health policy in Nigeria :the prospects, challenges and way forward.

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• Published: 22 May 2020

Advances in depression research: special issue, 2020, with three research articles by Paul Greengard

• Julio Licinio 1 &
• Ma-Li Wong 1  

Molecular Psychiatry volume  25 ,  pages 1156–1158 ( 2020 ) Cite this article

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There has been stunning progress in depression research, which is reflected in the pages of this special issue of Molecular Psychiatry . Our last special issue was dedicated to stress and behavior; that is one of the key biological pathways leading to depression. Building on our previous special issue, this issue directly addresses depression.

This special depression issue has three articles by the late Nobel laureate Paul Greengard. In the first of those papers, Sagi et al. focus on parvalbumin interneurons, which are a major class of GABAergic neurons, essential for hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) function [ 1 ]. They demonstrated, in mice, that hippocampal parvalbumin interneurons express functionally silent serotonin 5A receptors, which translocate to the cell membrane and become active upon chronic, but not acute, treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Activation of these serotonergic receptors in these neurons initiates a signaling cascade through which Gi-protein reduces cAMP levels and attenuates protein kinase A and protein phosphatase 2A activities. This results in increased phosphorylation and inhibition of Kv3.1β channels, and thereby reduces the firing of the parvalbumin neurons. Through the loss of this signaling pathway in these neurons, conditional deletion of the serotonin 5A receptor leads to the loss of the physiological and behavioral responses to chronic antidepressants. This illustrates the mechanisms by which serotonergic signaling in DG mediates the effects of antidepressant treatment. The second paper addresses the biological underpinnings of the delayed onset of action of antidepressants, a topic of perennial interest in depression research. The elucidation of those mechanisms might herald the onset of newer, faster acting antidepressants. Oh et al. propose that this therapeutic delay suggests slow adaptive changes in multiple neuronal subtypes and their neural circuits over prolonged periods of drug treatment [ 2 ]. They showed that neuronal activity of hippocampal mossy cells, which are excitatory neurons in the dentate hilus that regulate dentate gyrus activity and function, is enhanced by chronic, but not acute, SSRI administration. Their data established that mossy cells play a crucial role in mediating the effects of chronic antidepressant medication, and their results indicate that compounds that target mossy cell activity would be attractive candidates for the development of new antidepressant medications. In the third paper co-authored by Paul Greengard in this issue, Shuto et al. demonstrated that dopamine D1 receptors in the DG act as a pivotal mediator of antidepressant actions in mice and indicate that stimulation of D1 receptors in the dentate gyrus is a potential adjunctive approach to improve therapeutic efficacy of SSRI antidepressants [ 3 ].

The work by Greengard and collaborators is accompanied by other outstanding papers. Teissier et al. examined changes induced by the stress of chronic maternal separation during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life [ 4 ]. They showed that unbiased mRNA expression profiling in the medial PFC (mPFC) of maternally separated (MS) pups identified an increased expression of myelin-related genes and a decreased expression of immediate early genes. Bidirectional manipulation of neuron excitability in the mPFC during the P2-P14 period had long lasting effects on adult emotional behaviors and on temporal object recognition. These results identify neuronal activity as a critical target of early-life stress and demonstrate its function in controlling both postnatal oligodendrogenesis and adult mPFC-related behaviors.

Most papers in this issue pursue new mechanistic targets with potential impact on depression biology and therapeutics. The paper by Zhang et al. explores the potential role of circRNAs in major depressive disorder (MDD), showing that circular RNA DYM (circDYM) levels were decreased both in the peripheral blood of patients with MDD and in two depressive-like mouse models. Importantly, restoration of circDYM expression significantly attenuated depressive-like behavior and inhibited microglial activation induced by CUS or LPS treatment. Of note, further examination indicated that circDYM functions as an endogenous microRNA-9 (miR-9) sponge to inhibit miR-9 activity, which results in a downstream increase of target-HECT domain E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (HECTD1) expression, an increase of HSP90 ubiquitination, and a consequent decrease of microglial activation [ 5 ]. They conclude that circDYM may be a novel therapeutic target for depression. This research contributes to an emerging and exciting body of work showing that circRNAs can regulate gene expression by influencing the transcription, the mRNA turnover, and translation by sponging RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs [ 6 ].

An additional new antidepressant target is pursued by Tan et al. who studied a promising novel pharmaceutical target, the KCNQ-type potassium channel, which may exert a therapeutic effect via functional changes within the brain reward system, including the ventral striatum [ 7 ]. They assessed the effects of the KCNQ channel opener ezogabine (also known as retigabine) on reward circuitry and clinical symptoms in patients with MDD. Their findings highlight the KCNQ-type potassium channel as a promising target for future drug discovery efforts in mood disorders.

Work by Kin et al. explored the effects of cell encapsulation on the survival rate of grafted cells and showed that encapsulation enhanced the antidepressant effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by attenuating depressive-like behavior of Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, an animal model of treatment-resistant depression [ 8 ]. They put forward the concept that implantation of encapsulated MSCs into the lateral ventricle exerted antidepressant effects acting via neurogenic pathways, supporting their potential therapeutic role in the treatment of MDD.

It is known that most existing antidepressants block monoamine reuptake by high-affinity transporters in the brain and have slow onset of action and treatment resistance. Orrico-Sanchez et al. reported the development of a prodrug targeting organic cation transporters (OCT), which are atypical monoamine transporters recently implicated in the regulation of mood [ 9 ]. They designed a selective OCT2 blocker, H2-cyanome, which was modified to increase brain penetration. Prolonged administration of H2-cyanome in mice induced positive effects on depressive-like behaviors, including anhedonia, anxiety, social withdrawal, and memory impairment. The authors provide proof-of-concept of antidepressant efficacy of an OCT blocker, and a mechanistic framework for the development of new classes of antidepressants.

Han et al. evaluated the antidepressant effects of immunization with altered peptide ligands of myelin basic protein (MBP)—MBP87–99[A91, A96], MBP87–99[A91], and MBP87–99[R91, A96] in different models of depression and examined the mechanism by which these peptides protect against stress-induced depression [ 10 ]. Their findings indicated that immunization with altered MBP peptide produces prolonged antidepressant-like effects in rats, and the behavioral response is mediated by inflammatory factors (particularly interleukin-6), and p11 signaling in the prelimbic cortex.

Immune mediators are also considered in a study of pharmacological trials. Wittenberg et al. examined the effects of immunomodulatory drugs on depressive symptoms through a mega-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials in inflammatory disorders [ 11 ]. Their findings are many and can be found in their paper. Briefly, they conclude that novel immune-therapeutics can produce antidepressant effects in depressed patients with primary inflammatory disorders that are not entirely explained by treatment-related changes in physical health. The role of inflammatory mediators is also explored by other papers in this issue. In a longitudinal study of urban adults, Beydoun et al. showed that systemic inflammation is associated with depressive symptoms differentially by sex and race [ 12 ]. Felger at al. collected plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from unmedicated patients with MDD [ 13 ]. Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) was correlated with multiple plasma inflammatory markers, and a strong correlation was found between plasma and CSF CRP. CSF CRP in turn correlated with CSF cytokine receptors/antagonists. Clusters of CSF inflammatory markers were associated with high plasma CRP and correlated with depressive symptom severity. They concluded that CRP appears to be a peripheral biomarker that reflects peripheral and central inflammation and seems well-suited for guiding immunotherapies in patients with MDD.

The role of methylation in the genetics of complex disorders is a topic of great interest. We have two papers in this issue on methylation in MDD. Clark et al. associated blood DNA methylation profiles from MDD patients at baseline with MDD status 6 years later [ 14 ]. A resampling approach showed a highly significant association between methylation profiles in blood at baseline and future disease status. Top MWAS results were enriched specific pathways, overlapped with genes found in genome wide association studies (GWAS) of MDD disease status, autoimmune disease and inflammation. The major themes emerging were cellular responses to stress and signaling mechanisms linked to immune cell migration and inflammation. This suggests that an immune signature of treatment-resistant depression is already present at baseline. The authors propose that methylation profiles in blood may present a promising avenue to support clinical decision making by providing empirical information about the likelihood MDD is chronic or will recur in the future. In a pioneering paper, Aberg et al. presented the first large-scale methylome-wide association studies (MWAS) for MDD to identify and replicate methylated loci associated with MDD that are involved in biological functions of likely importance to MDD etiology [ 15 ].

It is expected that not every patient will respond to every treatment. Given the high numbers of existing treatments and MDD patients, predicting individualized treatment response is critically important. Wei et al. provided novel pharmacogenomic evidence to support the role of HTR7 in association with antidepressant response [ 16 ].

The fifteen research articles in this special issue on depression highlight the advances of this field, with immense progress achieved in the elucidation of biological mechanisms and pathways and the exploration of exciting new therapeutic targets. We are particularly honored to have three papers here that are authored by the late Paul Greengard, representing some of his most recent work. Further work from Greengard’s lab will be coming out soon in a future issue of Molecular Psychiatry . In that exciting article, Chottekalapanda et al. put forth a sequential molecular network to track the antidepressant response and provide a new avenue that could be used to accelerate or potentiate antidepressant responses by triggering neuroplasticity [ 17 ]. As we go along, Molecular Psychiatry will continue to publish the most exciting advances in depression research with the aim of expanding the frontiers of knowledge and disseminating robust new strategies for MDD diagnosis and treatment.

Sagi Y, et al. Emergence of 5-HT5A signaling in parvalbumin neurons mediates delayed antidepressant action. Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0379-3 (2019).

Oh SJ, et al. Hippocampal mossy cell involvement in behavioral and neurogenic responses to chronic antidepressant treatment. Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0384-6 (2019).

Shuto T, et al. Obligatory roles of dopamine D1 receptors in the dentate gyrus in antidepressant actions of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine. Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0316-x (2018).

Teissier A, et al. Early-life stress impairs postnatal oligodendrogenesis and adult emotional behaviour through activity-dependent mechanisms. Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0493-2 (2019).

Zhang Y, et al. CircDYM ameliorates depressive-like behavior by targeting miR-9 to regulate microglial activation via HSP90 ubiquitination. Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0285-0 (2018).

Panda AC. Circular RNAs act as miRNA sponges. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018;1087:67–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1426-1_6

Article   CAS   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Tan A, et al. Effects of the KCNQ channel opener ezogabine on functional connectivity of the ventral striatum and clinical symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0283-2 (2018).

Kin K, et al. Cell encapsulation enhances antidepressant effect of the mesenchymal stem cells and counteracts depressive-like behavior of treatment-resistant depressed rats. Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0208-0 (2018).

Orrico-Sanchez A, et al. Antidepressant efficacy of a selective organic cation transporter blocker in a mouse model of depression. Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0548-4 (2019).

Han Y, et al. Systemic immunization with altered myelin basic protein peptide produces sustained antidepressant-like effects. Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0470-9 (2019).

Wittenberg GM, et al. Effects of immunomodulatory drugs on depressive symptoms: A mega-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials in inflammatory disorders. Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0471-8 (2019).

Beydoun, MA, et al. Systemic inflammation is associated with depressive symptoms differentially by sex and race: a longitudinal study of urban adults. Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0408-2 (2019).

Felger, JC, et al. What does plasma CRP tell us about peripheral and central inflammation in depression? Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0096-3 (2018).

Clark, SL, et al. A methylation study of long-term depression risk. Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0516-z (2019).

Aberg, KA, et al. Methylome-wide association findings for major depressive disorder overlap in blood and brain and replicate in independent brain samples. Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0247-6 (2018).

Wei, YB, et al. A functional variant in the serotonin receptor 7 gene (HTR7), rs7905446 , is associated with good response to SSRIs in bipolar and unipolar depression. Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0397-1 (2019).

Chottekalapanda, R, et al. AP-1 controls the p11-dependent antidepressant response. Mol Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-0767-8 (2020).

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Licinio, J., Wong, ML. Advances in depression research: special issue, 2020, with three research articles by Paul Greengard. Mol Psychiatry 25 , 1156–1158 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-0781-x

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233 Depression Research Topics & Essay Titles + Examples

If you’re looking for a good depression research title, you’re at the right place! StudyCorgi has prepared a list of titles for depression essays and research questions that you can use for your presentation, persuasive paper, and other writing assignments. Read on to find your perfect research title about depression!

🙁 TOP 7 Depression Title Ideas

🏆 best research topics on depression, ❓ depression research questions, 👍 depression research topics & essay examples, 📝 argumentative essay topics about depression, 🌶️ hot depression titles for a paper, 🔎 creative research topics about depression, 🎓 most interesting depression essay topics, 💡 good titles for depression essays.

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• Baby Blues: What We Know About Postpartum Depression The term Postpartum Depression describes a wide variety of physical and emotional adjustments experienced by a significant number of new mothers.
• Postpartum Depression: Evidence-Based Practice Postpartum or postnatal depression refers to a mood disorder that can manifest in a large variety of symptoms and can range from one person to another.
• Major Types of Depression This paper will review and analyze two scholarly articles concerning depression, its sings in male and female patients, and its connection and similarity to other disorders.
• Depression: Comprehensive Treatment Plan The patient complains about lack of sleep, tiredness, loss of interest in leisure and irritability. The counselor’s perception is that the patient suffers from depression.
• Depression and Anxiety in Mental Health Nurses Depression and anxiety are the most common mental diseases in humans. Nurses who work in mental health are at significant risk of getting psychiatric illnesses.
• Adolescent Mental Health: Depression This paper includes depression background discussion, including its signs, prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment, and a plan of treatment with three interventions to address this chronic health disease.
• Psychological Assessments and Intervention Strategies for Depression The article presents two case studies highlighting the importance of psychological assessments and intervention strategies for individuals experiencing depression.
• Depression and Anxiety: Mary’s Case Mary’s husband’s death precipitated her depression and anxiety diagnosis. She feels lonely and miserable as she struggles with her daily endeavors with limited emotional support.
• Post-Stroke Anxiety and Depression The purpose of the given study is to ascertain how cognitive behavior therapy affects individuals with post-stroke ischemia in terms of depression reduction.
• Social Media and Depression in Adolescents: The Causative Link This paper explores how social media causes depression in adolescents during the social-emotional stage of life.
• Major Depression: Symptoms and Treatment Major depression is known as clinical depression, which is characterized by several symptoms. There are biological, psychological, social, and evolutionary causes of depression.
• Depression: Types, Symptoms, Etiology & Management Depression differs from other disorders, connected with mood swings, and it may present a serious threat to the individual’s health condition.
• Depression and Other Antecedents of Obesity Defeating the inertia about taking up a regular programme of sports and exercise can be a challenging goal. Hence, more advocacy campaigns focus on doing something about obesity with a more prudent diet.
• Depression and Depressive Disorders Depression is one of the leading causes of disability in the world. Symptoms are feelings of sadness and guilt, changes in sleeping patterns changes in appetite, and other.
• Impact of COVID-19 on Depression and Suicide Rates among Adolescents and Young People The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of coronavirus on these tragic numbers.
• Smoking Cessation and Depression Problem The aim of the study is to scrutinize the issues inherent in the process of smoking cessation and align them with the occurrence of depression in an extensive sample of individuals.
• Evidence-Based Pharmacology: Major Depression In this paper, a certain attention to different treatment approaches that can be offered to patients with depression will be paid, including the evaluation of age implications.
• Depression Treatment and Management Treatment could be started only after patient is checked whether he has an allergy to the prescribed pills or not. If he is not allergic, he should also maintain clinical tests for depression.
• Depression in Older Adults Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in the world. Evidence-based holistic intervention would provide more effective treatment for elderly patients with depression.
• Major Depression’ Symptoms and Treatment – Psychology A continuous sense of tiredness, unhappiness, and hopelessness are key signs of clinical or major depression. Such mood changes alter the daily life programs of an individual for sometimes.
• Anxiety, Depression, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Currently, many people experience anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder that affect their general health.
• The Causes of Depression and How to Overcome It In this self-reflection essay, the author describes the causes of his depression and the steps he is taking to overcome it.
• Relation Between the COVID-19 Pandemic and Depression The paper is to share an insight into the detrimental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of thousands of people and provide advice on how to reduce its impact.
• What Are the Characteristics and Causes of Depression?
• Why Are Athletes Vulnerable to Depression?
• Why and How Adolescents Are Affected by Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Clinical Depression?
• Does Depression Assist Eating Disorders?
• What Should You Know About Depression?
• How Can Mother Nature Lower Depression and Anxiety?
• How Can Video Games Relieve Stress and Reduce Depression?
• When Does Teacher Support Reduce Depression in Students?
• Why Are Teenagers Affected by Depression?
• How Teens and Depression Today?
• Are Mental Health Issues Like Depression Related to Race?
• What Does Depression Mean?
• How Did the Depression Affect France?
• How Does Depression Stop?
• When Postpartum Depression Leads to Psychosis?
• How Do Medication and Therapy Combat Depression?
• What Are the Leading Causes of Depression?
• What About Drugs for Anxiety and Depression?
• What’s the Big Deal About Anxiety and Depression in Students?
• How Should Childhood Depression and Anxiety Be?
• How Do Gender Stereotypes Warp Our View of Depression?
• What Are the Signs of Teenage Depression?
• Are Testosterone Levels and Depression Risk Linked Based on Partnering and Parenting?
• How Psychology Helps People With Depression?
• How Should Childhood Depression and Anxiety Be Treated or Dealt With?
• How Covid-19 Isolation Contributed to Depression and Adolescent Suicide The pandemic affected adolescents because of stringent isolation measures, which resulted in mental challenges such as depression and anxiety, hence suicidal thoughts.
• Depression: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Depression interferes with daily routine, wasting valuable time and lowering production. Persistent downs or blues, sadness, and anger may be signs of depression.
• Geriatric Depression Scale, Clock Drawing Test and Mini-Mental Status Examination Depression is a common condition among geriatric patients. Around 5 million older adults in the US experience significant morbidity from depression.
• Literature Evaluation on the Depression Illness The evaluation considers the articles that study such medical illness as depression from different planes of its perception.
• Application of Analysis of Variance in the Analysis of HIV/AIDS-Related Depression Cases Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a commonly used approach in the testing of the equality of various means using variance.
• Transition Phase of Depression and Its’ Challenges Providing psychoeducation to people with mild to moderate depression, strategies for recognizing and addressing conflict and reluctance are discussed in this paper
• Homelessness and Depression Among Illiterate People There are various myths people have about homelessness and depression. For example, many people believe that only illiterate people can be homeless.
• Depression and Workplace Violence The purpose of this paper is to provide an in-depth analysis how can workplace violence and verbal aggression be reduced or dealt with by employees.
• Treating Mild Depression: Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy The project intends to investigate the comparative effectiveness of the treatments that are currently used for mild depression.
• Smoking Cessation and Depression It was estimated that nicotine affects the human’s reward system. As a result, smoking cessation might lead to depression and other mental disorder.
• Patients with Depression’ Care: Betty Case Betty, a 45 years old woman, is referred to a local clinic because of feeling depressed. She has a history of three divorces and thinks that she is tired of living the old way.
• Guideline on Antidepressants’ Use During Depression The paper states that in cases when antidepressants are necessary, it is vital to follow the algorithm and ensure the most effective drug is selected.
• Postnatal Depression: Prevention and Treatment This presentation will cover the reflection on the health promotion aimed at postnatal depression prevention and treatment in Mental Health UK.
• Treating Psychological Disorders: Depression The best psychological treatment for clinical depression is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Psychodynamic Approach, which focus on altering negative thoughts.
• Social Media as a Tool for Depression Detection This article would make a source for research on the link between social media and depression because it suggests an adequate technological tool for detecting depressive signs.
• Women’s Mental Health Disorder: Major Depression The mental health disorder paper aims to explore major depression, its symptoms, assessment, and intervention strategies appropriate for women.
• Depression in Young Adults: Annotated Bibliography The purpose of this study was to discover sociodemographic and health traits related to depression sufferers’ usage of various mental health services.
• Depression in Middle-Aged African Women The research study investigates depression in middle-aged African women because the mental health of the population is a serious concern of the modern healthcare sector.
• Detecting Depression in Young Adults: Literature Review The paper shows a need for early identification of depression symptoms in primary care practice. PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 are useful tools for portraying symptoms.
• Predicting Barriers to Treatment for Depression Mental health issues such as depression and drug abuse are the most frequent among teenagers and young adults. In this age range, both disorders tend to co-occur.
• Early Diagnosis of Depression: Public Health Depression in young adults has become a significant health problem across the US. It causes persistent feelings of loss of interest in activities and sadness.
• Depression and Social Media in Scientific vs. Popular Articles The damage can come in the form of misinformation, which can result in an unjustified and unnecessary self-restriction of social media.
• Depression in Adolescence: Causes and Treatment Depression amongst young adults at the puberty stage comes in hand with several causes that one cannot imagine, and depression happens or is triggered by various reasons.
• Addressing Depression Among Native Youths The current paper aims to utilize a Medicine Wheel model and a social work paradigm to manage depression among Native American Indian youths.
• The Impact of Postpartum Maternal Depression on Postnatal Attachment This paper examines the influence of postpartum maternal depression on postnatal infant attachment, discusses the adverse effects of depression on attachment.
• Marijuana Effects on Risk of Anxiety and Depression The current paper aims to find out whether medical cannabis can positively affect anxiety and depression and the process of their treatment.
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression Cognitive behavioral therapy analyzes the unconscious processes influencing the normal functioning of the human body, causing different pathologies.
• Hypnotherapy as an Effective Method for Treating Depression This paper explores the use of hypnotherapy as a treatment for depression and highlights the advantages of hypnosis in addressing depressive symptoms.
• Postpartum Depression in Women and Men The focus of the paper is health problems that affect women after giving birth to a child, such as depression. The author proposes that men also experience postpartum depression.
• Repression and Depression in “The Yellow Wallpaper” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman In “The Yellow Wallpaper” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the author highlighted the connection between repression and depression.
• Men and Depression: Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Depression in men and women has several incompatibilities as males suffer from health problems more often than women as they rarely express their emotions.
• Promotion of Change Regarding Adolescent Depression In the essay, the author describes the methods to evaluate the symptoms of a patient who has been referred for counseling with depression.
• Interventions to Cope With Depression Depression is characterized by sadness, anxiety, feelings of worthlessness, and helplessness. These feelings do not necessarily relate to life events.
• Bipolar Depression and Bipolar Mania Although all bipolar disorders are characterized by periods of extreme mood, the main difference between them is the severity of the condition itself.
• Depression and Anxiety Management The medical staff will investigate the treatment modalities currently being utilized for the large population of patients experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression.
• Is depression a biological condition or a result of unrealistic expectations?
• Should employers be legally required to provide support to workers with depression?
• Do the media portrayals of depression accurately reflect people’s experiences?
• Social media contributes to depression rates by eliciting the feeling of loneliness.
• Should mental health screening be mandatory in schools?
• Should depression be reclassified as a neurological disorder?
• Antidepressants are an overused quick-fix solution to depression.
• Should non-pharmacological treatments for depression be prioritized?
• Should depression be considered a disability?
• The use of electroconvulsive therapy for depression should be banned.
• Depression in Hispanic Culture There are different ways in which culture or ethnicity can impact the treatment of the development of mental health disorders.
• Impacts of Stress of Low Income on the Risk of Depression in Children Socioeconomic hardships lead to a decline in the quality of parenting and the development of psychological and behavioral problems in children.
• African American Children Suffering From Anxiety and Depression Depression and anxiety are common among African American children and adolescents, and they face significant barriers to receiving care and treatment.
• Depression: Diagnostics and Treatment Depression, when it remains unchecked, can cause detrimental effects to individuals, such as suicide, which will eventually equate to mental disorders.
• Psychedelics in Depression and Anxiety Treatment Mental illnesses have become an essential part of health in the last few decades, with sufficient attention being devoted to interventions that resolve them.
• CBT and Depression The paper discusses the short-term and long-term application of cognitive behavioral therapy for the purpose of relapse prevention in patients with major depressive disorder.
• Depression and Anxiety Among African-American Children Depression and anxiety are common among African-American children and adolescents, but they face significant barriers to receiving care and treatment due to their age and race.
• Why Are Physical Activities Treatments for Depression? In this paper, the connection between physical activities and depression will be analyzed, and the common counterargument will be discussed.
• Depression in the Older Population The paper discusses depression is an actual clinical disorder for older people with specific reasons related to their age.
• Nutrition and Depression: A Psychological Perspective When discussing nutrition in toddlers and certain behavioral patterns, one of the first standpoints to pay attention to is the humanistic perspective.
• Physical Activities as Treatment for Depression This paper will discuss what factors are improved via physical exercise and how they help with treating depression.
• “Yoga for Depression” Article by The Minded Institute One can say that depression is both the biological and mental Black Death of modern humanity in terms of prevalence and negative impact on global health.
• Therapeutic Interventions for the Older Adult With Depression and Dementia The paper researches the therapeutic interventions which relevant for the older people with depression and dementia nowadays.
• Depression Among Patients With Psoriasis Considering psoriasis as the cause of the development of depressive disorders, many researchers assign a decisive role to the severe skin itching that accompanies psoriasis.
• Qi Gong Practices’ Effects on Depression Qi Gong is a set of physical and spiritual practices aimed at the balance of mind, body, and soul and the article demonstrates whether it is good or not at treating depression.
• The Effects of Forgiveness Therapy on Depression for Women The study analyzes the impact of forgiveness therapy on the emotional state of women who have experienced emotional abuse.
• The Rise of Depression in the Era of the Internet Understanding how the Internet affects human lives is essential in ascertaining the reasons for the growing loneliness in the intrinsically connected world.
• Depression and Anxiety in Older Generation Depression and anxiety represent severe mental disorders that require immediate and prolonged treatment for patients of different ages.
• Coping with Depression After Loss of Loved Ones This case is about a 60-year-old man of African American origin. He suffered from depression after his wife’s death, which made him feel lonely and isolated.
• Postpartum Depression Screening Program Evaluation In order to manage the depression of mothers who have just delivered, it is important to introduce a routine postpartum depression-screening program in all public hospitals.
• Is Creativity A Modern Panacea From Boredom and Depression? Communication, daily life, and working patterns become nothing but fixed mechanisms that are deprived of any additional thoughts and perspectives.
• Mitigating Postnatal Depression in New Mothers: A Recreational Program Plan Post-natal depression is a popular form of depression in women. This paper presents an activity plan for the use of leisure as a therapeutic response to post-natal depression.
• History and Treatment of Depression Depression is currently one of the most common medical conditions among the adult population in the US. The paper aims to investigate the history and treatment of depression.
• Adolescent Males With Depression: Poly-Substance Abuse Depression is the most crucial aspect that makes young males indulge in poly-substance abuse. There are various ways in which male adolescents express their depression.
• The Health of the Elderly: Depression and Severe Emotional Disturbance This study is intended for males and females over the age of 50 years who are likely to suffer from depression and severe emotional disturbance.
• Suicidal Ideation & Depression in Elderly Living in Nursing Home vs. With Family This paper attempts to compare the incidence of suicidal ideation and depression among elderly individuals living in nursing homes and those living with family in the community.
• Health Disparity Advocacy: Clinical Depression in the U.S. Recent statistics show that approximately more than 10 million people suffer from severe depression each year in the U.S..
• Serum Neurotrophic Factors in Adolescent Depression by Pallavi et al. The research hypothesis of the article is to compare the serum concentration of neurotrophic factors in depression patients and healthy control.
• The Treatment of Anxiety and Depression The meta-analysis provides ample evidence, which indicates that CES is not only effective but also safe in the treatment of anxiety and depression.
• Depression Intervention Among Diabetes Patients The research examines the communication patterns used by depression care specialist nurses when communicating with patients suffering from diabetes.
• Postnatal Depression in New Mothers and Its Prevention Leisure activities keep new mothers suffering from postnatal depression busy and enable them to interact with other members of the society.
• Treatment of Major Depression The purpose of the paper is to identify the etiology and the treatment of major depression from a psychoanalytic and cognitive perspective.
• Edinburgh Depression Screen for Treating Depression Edinburgh Depression screen is also known as Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale which is used to screen pregnant and postnatal women for emotional distress.
• Depression Treatment Variants in the US There is a debate regarding the best formula for depression treatment whereby some argue for using drugs, whereas others are advocating for therapy.
• Effects of Music Therapy on Depressed Elderly People Music therapy has been shown to have positive effects among people, and thus the aim was to assess the validity of such claims using elderly people.
• Can physical exercise alone effectively treat depression?
• Art therapy as a complementary treatment for depression.
• Is there a link between perfectionism and depression?
• The influence of sleep patterns on depression treatment outcomes.
• Can exposure to nature and green spaces decrease depression rates in cities?
• The relationship between diet and depression symptoms.
• The potential benefits of psychedelic-assisted therapy in treating depression.
• The role of outdoor experiences in alleviating depression symptoms.
• The relationship between depression and physical health in older adults.
• The role of workplace culture in preventing employee depression.
• Depression in the Elderly: Treatment Options Professionals may recommend various treatment options, including the use of antidepressants, psychotherapy such as cognitive-behavioral therapy.
• Depression Treatments and Therapeutic Strategies This article examines the effectiveness of different depression treatments and reviews the therapeutic strategies, which can be helpful if the initial treatment fails.
• Depression and the Nervous System Depression is a broad condition that is associated with failures in many parts of the nervous system. It can be both the cause and the effect of this imbalance.
• The Effect of Music Therapy on Depression One major finding of study is that music therapy alleviates depression among the elderly. Music therapy could alleviate depression.
• Post-Natal Depression as an Affective Disorder Postpartum or post-natal depression (PPD) is a serious issue that can potentially be destructive to both infant and mother.
• “Neighborhood Racial Discrimination and the Development of Major Depression” by Russell The study investigates how neighborhood racial discrimination influences this severe mental disorder among African American Women.
• Adolescent Depression and Physical Health Depression in adolescents and young people under 24 is a factor that affects their physical health negatively and requires intervention from various stakeholders.
• Family Support to a Veteran With Depression Even the strongest soldiers become vulnerable to multiple health risks and behavioral changes, and depression is one of the problems military families face.
• Alcohol and Depression Article by Churchill and Farrell The selected article for this discussion is “Alcohol and Depression: Evidence From the 2014 Health Survey for England” by Sefa Awaworyi Churchill and Lisa Farrell.
• Does Social Media Use Contribute to Depression? Social media is a relatively new concept in a modern world. It combines technology and social tendencies to enhance interaction through Internet-based gadgets and applications.
• Negative Effects of Depression in Adolescents on Their Physical Health Mental disorders affect sleep patterns, physical activity, digestive and cardiac system. The purpose of the paper to provide information about adverse impacts of depression on health.
• Elderly Depression: Symptoms, Consequences, Behavior, and Therapy The paper aims to identify symptoms, behavioral inclinations of older adults, consequences of depression, and treatment ways.
• Depression in Feminist Literature of the 1890s The aim of the work is to analyze the cause of female sickness, which is their inability to express themselves and the pitiful place of a female in the society of that time.
• Major Depression Disorder: Causes and Treatment Loss in weight and appetite are some of the symptoms that a patient diagnosed with Major Depression Disorder could manifest.
• Components of the Treatment of Depression The most effective ways of treating people with depression include pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy or a combination of both.
• Mood Disorders: Depression Concepts Description The essay describes the nature of depression, its causes, characteristics, consequences, and possible ways of treatment.
• Geriatric Depression Diagnostics Study Protocol The research question is: how does the implementation of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines affect the accuracy of diagnosing of depression?
• Mental Health Association of Depression and Alzheimer’s in the Elderly Depression can be a part of Alzheimer’s disease. Elderly people may have episodes of depression, but these episodes cannot be always linked to Alzheimer’s disease.
• Protective Factors Against Youthful Depression Several iterations of multiple correlation, step-wise and hierarchical regression yielded inconclusive results about the antecedents of youthful depression.
• Depression and Related Psychological Issues Depression as any mental disorder can be ascribed, regarding the use of psychoanalysis, to a person`s inability to control his destructive or sexual instincts or impulses.
• Television Habituation and Adolescent Depression The paper investigates the theory that there is a link between heavy TV viewing and adolescent depression and assess the strength of association.
• Physiological Psychology. Postpartum Depression Depression is a focal public health question. In the childbearing period, it is commoner in females than in males with a 2:1 ratio.
• Adolescent Depression: Modern Issues and Resources Teenagers encounter many challenging health-related issues; mental health conditions are one of them. This paper presents the aspects of depression in adolescents.
• Occupational Psychology: Depression Counselling The case involves a 28-year-old employee at Data Analytics Ltd. A traumatic event affected his mental health, causing depression and reduced performance.
• Psychotherapeutic Group: Treatment of Mild-To-Moderate Depression The aim of this manual is to provide direction and employ high-quality sources dedicated to mild-to-moderate depression and group therapy to justify the choices made for the group.
• “Depression and Ways of Coping With Stress” by Orzechowska et al. The study “Depression and Ways of Coping With Stress” by Orzechowska et al. aimed the solve an issue pertinent to nursing since depression can influence any patient.
• Action Research in Treating Depression With Physical Exercise Depression is one of the most common mental health disorders in the United States. The latest statistics showed that depression does not discriminate against age.
• Effectiveness of Telenursing in Reducing Readmission, Depression, and Anxiety The project is dedicated to testing the effectiveness of telenursing in reducing readmission, depression, and anxiety, as well as improving general health outcomes.
• Adult Depression Treatment in the United States This study characterizes the treatment of adult depression in the US. It is prompted by the findings of earlier studies, which discover the lack of efficient depression care.
• Nurses’ Interventions in Postnatal Depression Treatment This investigation evaluates the effect of nurses’ interventions on the level of women’s postnatal depression and their emotional state.
• Postpartum Depression: Evidence-Based Care Outcomes In this evidence-based study, the instances of potassium depression should be viewed as the key dependent variable that will have to be monitored in the course of the analysis.
• Postpartum Depression: Diagnosis and Treatment This paper aims to discuss the peculiarities of five one-hour classes on depression awareness, to implement this intervention among first-year mothers, and to evaluate its worth during the first year after giving birth.
• Postpartum Depression In First-time Mothers The most common mental health problem associated with childbirth remains postpartum depression, which can affect both sexes, and negatively influences the newborn child.
• The Diagnosis and Treatment of Postpartum Depression Postpartum depression has many explanations, but the usual way of referring to this disease is linked to psychological problems.
• What Is Postpartum Depression? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment The prevalence of postpartum depression is quite high as one in seven new American mothers develops this health issue.
• Depression in Adolescence as a Contemporary Issue Depression in adolescents is not medically different from adult depression but is caused by developmental and social challenges young people encounter.
• Predictors of Postpartum Depression The phenomenon of postpartum depression affects the quality of women’s lives, as well as their self-esteem and relationships with their child.
• Depression and Self-Esteem: Research Problem Apart from descriptively studying the relationship between depression and self-esteem, a more practical approach can be used to check how interventions for enhancing self-esteem might affect depression.
• The Relationship Between Depression and Self-Esteem The topic which is proposed to be studied is the relationship between depression and self-esteem. Self-esteem can be defined as individual’s subjective evaluation of his or her worth.
• The Impact of Depression on Motherhood This work studies the impact of depression screening on prenatal and posts natal motherhood and effects on early interventions using a literature review.
• Self-Esteem and Depression in Quantitative Research The topic that has been proposed for quantitative research pertains to the problem of the relationship between self-esteem and depression.
• Depression in Female Cancer Patients and Survivors Depression is often associated with fatigue and sleep disturbances that prevent females from thinking positively and focusing on the treatment and its outcomes.
• Depression in Cardiac or Diabetic Patients The paper develops a framework through which risk factors associated with the development of MDD among adult patients with heart disease or diabetes can be easily identified.
• The Geriatric Population’s Depression This paper discusses how does the implementation of National Institute for Health and Care guidelines affect the accuracy of diagnosing of depression in the geriatric population.
• Problem of Depression: Recognition and Management Depression is a major health concern, which is relatively prevalent in the modern world. Indeed, in the US, 6.7 % of adults experienced an episode of the Major Depressive Disorder in 2015.
• Health and Care Excellence in Depression Management The introduction of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines can affect the accuracy of diagnosing and quality of managing depression.
• Mild Depression: Psychotherapy or Pharmacotherapy The research question in this paper is: in psychiatric patients with mild depression, what is the effect of psychotherapy on health compared with pharmacotherapy?
• Postpartum Bipolar Disorder and Depression The results of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire screening of a postpartum patient suggest a bipolar disorder caused by hormonal issues and a major depressive episode.
• Bipolar Disorder or Manic Depression Bipolar disorder is a mental illness characterized by unusual mood changes that shift from manic to depressive extremes. In the medical field, it`s called manic depression.
• The Improvement of Depression Management The present paper summarizes the context analysis that was prepared for a change project aimed at the improvement of depression management.
• Depression Management in US National Guidelines The project offers the VEGA medical center to implement the guidelines for depression management developed by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.
• Women’s Health and Major Depression Symptoms The client’s complaints refer to sleep problems, frequent mood swings (she gets sad a lot), and the desire to stay away from social interactions.
• Predictors of Postpartum Depression: Who Is at Risk? The article “Predictors of Postpartum Depression” by Katon, Russo, and Gavin focuses on the identification of risk factors related to postnatal depression.
• Depression and Its Treatment: Racial and Ethnic Disparities The racial and ethnic disparities in depression treatment can be used for the development of quality improvement initiatives aimed at the advancement of patient outcomes.
• Lamotrigine for Bipolar Depression Management Lamotrigine sold as Lamictal is considered an effective medication helping to reduce some symptoms that significantly affect epileptic and bipolar patients’ quality of life.
• Citalopram, Methylphenidate in Geriatric Depression Citalopram typically ranges among 10-20 antidepressants for its cost-effectiveness and positive effect on patients being even more effective than reboxetine and paroxetine.
• Depression and Self-Esteem Relationship Self-esteem can be defined as an “individual’s subjective evaluation of his or her worth as a person”; it does not necessarily describe one’s real talents.
• Postpartum Depression: Methods for the Prevention Postpartum depression is a pressing clinical problem that affects new mothers, infants, and other family members. The prevalence of postpartum depression ranges between 13 and 19 percent.
• Anxiety and Depression Among Females with Cancer The study investigated the prevalence of and the potential factors of risk for anxiety and/or depression among females with early breast cancer during the first 5 years.
• Post-Partum Depression and Perinatal Dyadic Psychotherapy Post-partum depression affects more than ten percent of young mothers, and a method Perinatal Dyadic Psychotherapy is widely used to reduce anxiety.
• VEGA Medical Center: Detection of Depression Practice guidelines for the psychiatric evaluation of adults, and they can be employed to solve the meso-level problem of the VEGA medical center and its nurses.
• The Postnatal (Postpartum) Depression’ Concept Postnatal or postpartum depression (PPD) is a subtype of depression which is experienced by women within the first half a year after giving birth.
• Depression in Obstetrics and Gynecology: Research This essay analyzes a clinical research article “Improving care for depression in obstetrics and gynecology: A randomized controlled trial” by Melville et al.
• Postpartum Depression, Prevention and Treatment Postpartum depression is a common psychiatric condition in women of the childbearing age. They are most likely to develop the disease within a year after childbirth.
• The Efficacy of Medication in Depression’ Treatment This paper attempts to provide a substantial material for the participation in an argument concerning the clinical effectiveness of antidepressant medications.
• Depression and Cognitive Psychotherapy Approaches Cognitive psychotherapy offers various techniques to cope with emotional problems. This paper discusses the most effective cognitive approaches.
• Treatment of Depression in Lesbians The aim of this paper is to review a case study of 45 years old lesbian woman who seeks treatment for depression and to discuss the biophysical, psychological, sociocultural, health system.
• Women’s Health: Predictors of Postpartum Depression The article written by Katon, Russo, and Gavin is focused on women’s health. It discusses predictors of postpartum depression (PPD), including sociodemographic and clinic risk factors.
• Depression and Thyroid Issues in Young Woman Young people are busy at studies or at work and do not pay much attention to primary symptoms unless they influence the quality of life.
• Counseling Depression: Ethical Aspects This paper explores the ethical aspects required to work with a widower who diminished passion for food, secluding himself in the house, portraying signs of depression.
• Postpartum Depression as Serious Mental Health Problem The research study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a two-step behavioral and educational intervention on the symptoms of postpartum depression in young mothers.
• European Alliances, Wars, Dictatorships and Depression The decades leading to World War I had unusual alignments. The European nations were still scrambling for Asia, Africa and parts of undeveloped Europe.
• Women’s Health: Depression as a Psychological Factor Women who identify themselves as lesbian are likely to experience depression. Biophysical, psychological, sociocultural, behavioral, and health system factors should be taken into consideration.
• Childhood Obesity and Depression Intervention The main intervention to combat depressive moods in adolescents should be linked to improving the psychological health of young people in cooperation with schools.
• Postnatal Depression Prevalence and Effects The paper analyzes the prevalence and risk factors of Postnatal (Postpartum) Depression as well as investigates the effect on the newborns whose mothers suffer from this condition.
• Placebo and Treatments for Depression Natural alternative treatments for depression actually work better than the biochemical alternatives like antidepressants.
• Care for Depression in Obstetrics and Gynecology This work analyzes the article developed by Melville et al. in which discusses the theme of depression in obstetrics and gynecology and improving care for it.
• Depression Screening in Primary Care Screening for depression in patients suffering from long term conditions (LTCs) or persistent health problems of the body, could largely be erroneous.
• Clinical Depression Treatment: Issues and Solvings The paper describes and justifies the design selected for research on depression treatment. It also identifies ethical issues and proposes ways of addressing them.
• Depression in Older Persons – Psychology This article presents the research findings of a study conducted in Iran to assess how effective integrative and instrumental therapies are in the management of depression in older persons.
• Depression in the Elderly – Psychology This paper discusses how a person would know whether a relative had clinical depression or was sad due to specific changes or losses in life.
• Depression in the Elderly Depression can be defined as a state of anxiety, sadness, hopelessness, and worthlessness. It can affect people across all ages, who present with diverse signs and symptoms
• Postnatal Depression: Prevalence of Postnatal Depression in Bahrain The study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of postnatal depression among 237 Bahraini women who attended checkups in 20 clinical centres over a period of 2 months.

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These essay examples and topics on Depression were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on June 21, 2024 .

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112 Depression Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

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Depression is a mental health disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It can have a significant impact on an individual's life, their relationships, and their overall well-being. If you are tasked with writing an essay on depression, it can be challenging to come up with a unique and compelling topic. To help you get started, here are 112 depression essay topic ideas and examples:

• The impact of depression on academic performance.
• Depression: A silent epidemic.
• The correlation between depression and substance abuse.
• The role of genetics in depression.
• The effects of childhood trauma on adult depression.
• Depression among college students: Causes and solutions.
• Depression in the elderly: Challenges and interventions.
• The link between depression and social media usage.
• The portrayal of depression in literature and art.
• Depression and its impact on physical health.
• The connection between depression and eating disorders.
• Depression in men: Breaking the stigma.
• The role of exercise in managing depression.
• The impact of depression on sleep patterns.
• Depression in minority communities: Understanding cultural factors.
• The relationship between depression and anxiety.
• Depression and its impact on creativity.
• The efficacy of antidepressant medications.
• The role of therapy in treating depression.
• Depression and its effects on the immune system.
• The impact of depression on cognitive function.
• Depression and its effect on romantic relationships.
• The connection between depression and unemployment.
• Depression in adolescents: Identifying signs and providing support.
• The impact of depression on parenting.
• Depression and suicide: Addressing the link.
• The role of nutrition in managing depression.
• Depression and its effect on memory.
• The impact of childhood neglect on adult depression.
• Depression in the LGBTQ+ community: Understanding unique challenges.
• The correlation between depression and chronic pain.
• Depression and self-esteem: A vicious cycle.
• The relationship between depression and postpartum depression.
• The role of mindfulness in managing depression.
• Depression and the impact on social relationships.
• Depression and its effect on work productivity.
• The connection between depression and perfectionism.
• Depression and its effect on decision-making abilities.
• The impact of depression on the brain's structure and function.
• The role of early intervention in preventing depression.
• Depression in veterans: Addressing the mental health crisis.
• The correlation between depression and obesity.
• Depression and the impact on personal hygiene.
• The role of music therapy in treating depression.
• Depression and its effect on creativity.
• The connection between depression and academic burnout.
• Depression and its impact on social skills.
• The relationship between depression and sexual dysfunction.
• Depression and its effect on the immune system.
• The role of pets in managing depression.
• Depression and its impact on decision-making in adolescents.
• The correlation between depression and technology addiction.
• Depression and its effect on body image.
• The connection between depression and ADHD.
• Depression and the impact on job satisfaction.
• The role of peer support in managing depression.
• Depression and its effect on impulse control.
• The impact of depression on cognitive flexibility.
• The relationship between depression and childhood bullying.
• Depression and the role of spirituality in recovery.
• Depression and its effect on academic motivation.
• The correlation between depression and early childhood trauma.
• Depression and the impact on creativity in children.
• The role of sleep hygiene in managing depression.
• Depression and its effect on emotional intelligence.
• The connection between depression and body dysmorphia.
• Depression and the impact on family dynamics.
• The relationship between depression and attachment styles.
• Depression and the role of exercise in brain health.
• Depression and its effect on risk-taking behaviors.
• The impact of depression on social isolation.
• The correlation between depression and personality disorders.
• Depression and the role of nutrition in brain health.
• Depression and its effect on academic achievement.
• The connection between depression and childhood abuse.
• Depression and the impact on emotional regulation.
• The role of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating depression.
• Depression and its effect on executive functioning.
• The correlation between depression and sleep disorders.
• Depression and the impact on interpersonal relationships.
• Depression and its effect on self-compassion.
• The connection between depression and trauma.
• Depression and the role of art therapy in recovery.
• Depression and its impact on decision-making in adults.
• The relationship between depression and social anxiety.
• Depression and the link to perfectionism in adolescents.
• Depression and the impact on academic motivation in college students.
• The correlation between depression and chronic illness.
• Depression and the role of mindfulness in self-care.
• Depression and its effect on emotional regulation in children.
• The connection between depression and seasonal affective disorder.
• Depression and the impact on cognitive flexibility in older adults.
• Depression and its effect on body image in adolescents.
• The relationship between depression and self-harm.
• Depression and the role of medication in managing symptoms.
• Depression and its impact on decision-making in the elderly.
• The correlation between depression and eating disorders in males.
• Depression and the role of social support in recovery.
• Depression and its effect on emotional intelligence in adolescents.
• The connection between depression and chronic pain in older adults.
• Depression and the impact on body image in males.
• Depression and the role of narrative therapy in recovery.
• Depression and its effect on self-esteem in adolescents.
• The relationship between depression and cognitive decline in older adults.
• Depression and the impact on academic motivation in high school students.
• The correlation between depression and bullying in schools.
• Depression and the role of animal-assisted therapy in recovery.
• Depression and its effect on emotional regulation in adolescents.
• The connection between depression and bipolar disorder.
• Depression and the impact on cognitive flexibility in children.
• Depression and its effect on body image in females.
• The relationship between depression and self-compassion in adults.

These essay topic ideas provide a wide range of angles and perspectives to explore the complex issue of depression. Choose a topic that resonates with you and allows you to delve deep into the subject matter. Remember to conduct thorough research, cite relevant sources, and approach the topic with empathy and understanding. By doing so, you can create an impactful and informative essay that raises awareness about depression and promotes understanding and support for those affected by it.

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163 In Depth Depression Research Topics To Use

Your professor probably wants every student to write an amazing research paper on depression. We know; that expectations are high. If you want to get a top grade, then you need to learn how to find the best depression research topics possible. Your teacher wants to read something interesting. He wants to see that you have dedicated enough time and effort to find an original idea. Bottom line, you need to make sure your topic is unique and highly interesting. You need to write the essay perfectly as well.

Remember, a good topic can earn you some bonus points. Why would you want to miss out on these when we have a list of 163 depression research topics right here on this page? Did you know that our list of topics is free to use as you see fit? You are allowed to reword any of our topics, as long as it helps you write a great essay. Also, we will never ask a student to give us any credit for using any of our ideas. Our company is here to help as many students as possible get the best possible grades on their difficult research papers on depression.

What to Write About in Your Depression Research Papers?

So, what can you write about in your next depression research papers? We will assume you are in psychology class for this blog post, even though any student can write a research paper about depression . We all know what depression is. It’s a serious medical condition that affects the way people act, feel and even think negatively. However, you could discuss the differences between depression and sadness or even other medical conditions.

Another great idea is to talk about the different types of depression. You can compare them, of course. Postpartum depression, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and mania – are just some of the things you can talk about with depression.

Next, you can talk about the many causes of depression, as well as the important signs and symptoms of this medical problem. Another interesting idea would be to talk about people who are most at risk of depression (and discuss the risk factors that lead to depression).

Of course, you could also discuss modern methods of diagnosing depression, as well as some of the most important or prominent treatment options for this medical issue. And remember, don’t be afraid to write your depression research papers on controversial topics. We have some very interesting ideas in our list of 163 awesome depression topics. Check them out below:

Interesting Depression Research Questions

Let’s start our list with the most interesting depression research questions possible. Check out these ideas and pick one right now:

• Discuss the effects of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on depression
• Depression leads to low self-esteem
• Analyze the effects of art therapy on depression
• The effects of depression on social life
• The link between social media and depression
• Research the top 3 causes of depression
• Reasons to take depression very seriously
• Depression in veterans in the United States
• Music therapy and its effects on depression

Research Paper About Depression For Middle School

Yes, even middle school children can write a paper about depression. Here are some ideas for a research paper about depression in middle school:

• What is depression?
• Compare depression with sadness
• What causes depression?
• Discuss the symptoms of depression
• How can depression be diagnosed?
• Best treatments for depression in the UK
• What is a major depressive disorder?
• Talk about depression in autistic children
• Negative effects of Facebook on people suffering from depression
• Health problems associated with depression

Teen Depression Research Paper

Want to write an awesome teen depression research paper? Check out these ideas and pick the one you like the most:

• Analyze the causes of depression in teens in the UK
• Methods to treat depression in teenagers
• Effects of physical activity on depressive teens
• Depression and anxiety in teens in the US
• Teen depression caused by the Covid 19 pandemic
• Symptoms of depression in young adults
• Why are teens prone to depression?
• Effects of depression on school activities

Psychology Research Topics

Do you want to write about depression and psychology? We have some of the best psychology research topics on the Internet right here:

• The psychological effects of depression
• Discuss the loss of interest in fun activities
• Hallucinations caused by the major depressive disorder
• Discuss the mental status examination procedure
• The effects of alcohol abuse on depression
• How does depression cause delusions?
• Why is depression so widespread in Japan?
• Analyze the monoamine theory as it relates to depression
• Discuss the Limbic Cortical Model for diagnosing depression
• The most effective depressive disorder diagnosis in 2022

Diagnosing Depression Topics

It’s not easy to write about diagnosing depression, but you can do it. Fortunately for you, we have some excellent diagnosing depression topics below:

• An in-depth look at the symptoms of depression
• A family history of depression
• Brain imaging for diagnosing depression
• The Beck Depression Inventory: Diagnosing Depression
• Drug use: a factor that causes depression
• Analyze the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
• Keeping an eye on TSH and Thyroxine levels
• The link between hypogonadism and depression
• Cognitive testing for diagnosing depression
• The differences between depression and dementia

Causes of Depression Ideas

Talking about the many causes of depression can be a very interesting endeavor. Check out the following causes of depression ideas:

• Discuss the biopsychosocial model of depression
• Analyze the diathesis-stress model of depression
• The role of genetics in developing depression
• Childhood abuse and its effect on depression
• Genetic factors that influence the onset of depression
• An in-depth look at the 5-HTTLPR gene
• The link between HIV/AIDS and depression
• Discuss the seasonal affective disorder
• Can B2, B6, and B12 deficiency cause depression?

Most Interesting Psychology Topics

When you are looking for the most interesting psychology topics on the Web, you should visit this page directly. Here are our latest ideas:

• Social anxiety and its effects on depression
• Coping with depression as an autistic person
• Emotional abuse and its effects on depression
• Can financial problems cause depression?
• Love problems causing depression
• Talk about the early signs of depression in children
• Is domestic violence a cause of depression?
• Top 3 ways to treat the major depressive disorder
• Bullying and cyberbullying: two of the causes of depression
• Changes in brain activity in people suffering from depression

Drugs and Depression Ideas

Looking to write about drugs and how they relate to depression? Here are some amazing drugs and depression ideas for you:

• The link between drugs and depression
• Drug abuse leading to depression
• Best 3 drugs used to treat depression
• Using sertraline (Zoloft) to mitigate depression symptoms
• The pros and cons of fluoxetine (Prozac or Sarafem)
• Negative effects of citalopram (Celexa)
• How escitalopram (Lexapro) treats the symptoms of depression
• Prescribing paroxetine (Paxil or Brisdelle) for depression
• Dangerous health effects of taking fluvoxamine (Luvox) for depression
• Addiction problems with anti-depressive medication

Mental Health Research Paper Topics

Depression and mental health are closely related, so why not pick one of our awesome mental health research paper topics:

• The brain chemistry behind depression
• Changes in brain activity during a depressive episode
• Sleep problems caused by depression
• Tiredness: a feeling that never goes away
• What causes irritability and anger in patients diagnosed with depression?
• Headaches as a symptom of depression
• Chronic body aches and depression
• Is depression a mood disorder?
• Differences between depression and bipolar disorder
• Compare and contrast depression and the cyclothymic disorder

Topics for a Depression Presentation

Are you looking for the most interesting topics for a depression presentation? Don’t hesitate to pick any of these topics right now:

• The 3 main causes of depression in the United States
• Covid-19 induced depression among teenagers in the UK
• The symptoms of the major depressive disorder
• Physical or sexual abuse as a cause of depression
• Is depression affected by age?
• Medications that cause depression among the elderly
• How genes make some people more prone to depression
• Depression: A feeling of hopelessness that never goes away
• Signs you may be suffering from a mild case of depression
• The link between depression and memory loss

Depression Treatment Topics

Writing about various treatments for depression may not be an easy thing to do, but it’s certainly interesting. Here are some nice depression treatment topics:

• Discuss three types of treatments for depression
• Compare 4 of the most important drugs that alleviate depression symptoms
• Antidepressants: the good, the bad, the ugly
• Prescribing Adapin (doxepin) for depression
• Major side effects of Anafranil (clomipramine)
• Addiction problems with Aplenzin (bupropion)
• Medicinal marijuana and its effects on depression
• Physical exercise as a depression treatment
• The best mental health apps in 2022
• Benefits of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
• What is the role of a mental health team?

Anxiety Research Paper Topics

Looking for the best anxiety research paper topics a student could ever wish for? Check out these ideas and choose the best one for your needs:

• The link between anxiety and depression
• Is anxiety the same as depression?
• What is anxiety?
• Why is anxiety dangerous?
• The symptoms of anxiety
• Treating anxiety in an effective way
• Covid-19-induced anxiety attacks
• Is depression a side-effect of anxiety?
• The emotions that trigger anxiety attacks
• Analyze the 4 levels of anxiety

Depression Symptoms Research Paper Topics

Our depression symptoms research paper topics are the absolute best – and the list has been recently updated. You can find our latest ideas below:

• Are you having a helpless outlook on your life?
• Is hating yourself a sign of depression?
• Symptoms of the Seasonal Affective Disorder
• Feeling tearful: is it a sign I am depressive?
• Inappropriate guilt and worthlessness: 2 of the symptoms of depression
• Low mood and sadness
• The symptoms of the Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
• Can depression lower your self-esteem?
• Can depression make you intolerant of other people?
• The symptoms of the major depressive syndrome

Good Research Topics for College

If you are a college student looking for the most interesting good research topics for college, you have arrived at the right place. Take a look at these awesome ideas:

• Effects of CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy)
• An in-depth look at the CDI measure
• Analyze catatonic depression
• Psychological evaluation to detect early signs of depression
• Alcoholism and its effects on depression
• Depression in law enforcement officers in the United States
• Cognitive therapy benefits

Controversial Topics on Depression

If you are looking for some controversial topics on depression, you are in luck. Our writers have just updated the list of topics, so you will surely find a unique topic below:

• Prescribing antidepressant medication to depression patients
• Forced treatment for people going through a major depression episode
• Addiction caused by antidepressant medication
• Depression on social media
• The lack of family support

Depression Topics for High School

High school students should pick topics that are a bit easier to write about. Here is our list of depression topics for high school students:

• The effects of social media on depression
• Childhood depression causes
• Write about the ways you can heal depression
• Can family help people suffering from depression?
• Physical activity as a cure for depression
• Depression caused by stress in the workplace

Depression and Sociology Ideas

Searching for some exceptional depression and sociology ideas? We have plenty of them below. Simply pick the one you like and start writing your paper today:

• Social problems caused by depression
• Feelings of loneliness
• Anger towards other people
• Irritability and frustration feelings
• The loss of interest in enjoyable activities

Coronavirus and Depression Ideas

Our writers have come up with some amazing coronavirus and depression ideas. You can check them out in the list below (and pick any of them for your next essay, of course):

• The effects of the pandemic on depression
• Analyze the rise in depression cases in the US
• Analyze the rise of depression cases in the United Kingdom
• Depression caused by the Covid 19 virus
• Problems with the lack of human interaction

Depression Topics for a Quick Paper

If you don’t want to spend too much time working on your essay, we recommend you pick one of our depression topics for a quick paper. Here are our best ideas so far:

• Any way to cure depression?
• List the major depression symptoms
• Explain how depression occurs
• The best therapy for depressive people
• Depression’s effect on your job
• Discuss postpartum depression
• Comorbid disorders associated with depression
• Yoga to alleviate depression symptoms

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Top Depression Research Paper Topics

Perhaps every student will find these depression research topics helpful. We offer a variety of themes for different disciplines. All of our topics are interesting, so you won’t get bored while writing your paper. You can use them for free – simply choose one and start writing!

Depression research topics for sociology papers

• How can depression influence teens’ low self-esteem?
• The reasons why stress and depression should be taken seriously.
• Depression in adolescent females.
• Art therapy and depression.
• How can cognitive behavioral group therapy help reduce symptoms of PTSD and/or depression in female victims of sexual abuse?
• Are teens who spend more time on social media more likely to suffer anxiety and/or depression?
• How does using smartphones influence anxiety and depression?
• The impact of maternal depression on children.
• Why will veterans that are diagnosed with depression show lower levels of depression if they attend support group therapy along with normal CBT?
• Effects of depression on social interaction.
• An overview of mood disorders with a focus on depression.
• Depression among LGBTQ youth who uses social media.
• Are biological processes the only factors that are the causes of depression?
• Physical activity on kids with depression.
• The relationship between weed and depression in young adults.
• Music therapy and how it affects depression.
• Helping campus students fight depression through anxiety relief.
• The prevalence of depression and anxiety in our modern day world.
• Culture and depression, and cross-cultural psychiatry.
• Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression.
• Evaluate the cognitive treatment of depression.
• How do women have higher standards when related to depression?
• Depression being more deadly than anxiety.
• Recognizing bipolar depression.
• Why does depression develop in humans?
• Depression in Hollywood.
•  Is anyone, regardless of wealth, career success, and social status, susceptible to depression?
• The relationship between perfectionism and depression in young adults.

If you need more ideas for your sociology paper, check out also our adoption research topics and urbanization research topics .

Depression topics for history papers

• How does the Great Depression relate to the American Dream?
• The stock market crash before the Great Depression and its effect on American literature and the authors of that time period.
• How has entertainment changed from before the Great Depression to after? Do you think the New Deal resolved the economic issues of the Great Depression?
• Depression in Germany and a comparison with global or regional data.
• The Depression and Nazi Germany.
• How and why did Hitler come to power in Germany? Were the conditions imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles responsible for the rise of Hitler? Was the Great Depression the primary reason for the rise of the Nazis?
• Reasons for financial depression of the late 19th century.
• Explain why the stock market crash of 1929 occurred, and tell how it turned into a major depression. Describe the major ways in which the Great Depression affected Americans. What were some of the measures taken to end the Depression?
• Depression in middle-aged white women vs. black women and/or other cultures.
• What caused the Great Depression?

Look at our Holocaust research paper topics if you need more ideas for a history paper. 

Depression research paper topics for health care papers

• Are pharmaceuticals an effective treatment for depression?
• How can leading a healthy lifestyle prevent heart disease, obesity, and depression?
• Depression and weight change after a kidney transplant.
• Should drugs given to adolescents to treat depression be restricted?
• Pharmacological prevention of postnatal depression.
• Impacts of depression in our health.
• Are antidepressants overpescribed?
• Why is depression a major mental health problem?
• A person’s functioning level and clinical symptoms and behaviors that reflect bipolar depression.
• Association of hormonal contraception with depression.
• Is there a relationship between cervical cancer treatment and the onset of depression?
• How does an untreated depression change the brain over time?
• Compare and contrast delirium, dementia, and depression.
• Examine depression of the elderly in a nursing home to determine what specific therapeutic and holistic service improves one’s self-worth.

At our service, you can find more ideas for your assignments, for example, environmental research topics or technology research topics , based on your needs. But we offer even more assistance with your writing. If you have chosen a topic but don’t know how to write a good paper, get help from our research proposal writing service . Our prices are affordable, and we provide high-quality writing assistance. Our team of writers offers exceptional research paper writing services to satisfy customers’ needs. The writer will take all of your requirements into account to deliver the paper that you expect.

Pay for research paper on EssayShark.com, and the writer will write your project in the chosen format style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.). We are always working to be an exemplary writing service that offers high-quality research papers for sale . Our writers conduct thorough research, write papers according to academic rules, and proofread before sending them to you.

If you buy a research paper or an essay on our site, we will provide many free features. For example, you can use our free AI checker essay , you can get free revisions, formatting and a title page.  

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434 Depression Essay Titles & Research Topics: Argumentative, Controversial, and More

Depression is undeniably one of the most prevalent mental health conditions globally, affecting approximately 5% of adults worldwide. It often manifests as intense feelings of hopelessness, sadness, and a loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities. Many also experience physical symptoms like fatigue, sleep disturbances, and appetite changes. Recognizing and addressing this mental disorder is extremely important to save lives and treat the condition.

In this article, we’ll discuss how to write an essay about depression and introduce depression essay topics and research titles for students that may be inspirational.

• 🔝 Top Depression Essay Titles
• ✅ Essay Prompts
• 💡 Research Topics
• 🔎 Essay Titles
• 💭 Speech Topics
• 📝 Essay Structure

🔗 References

🔝 top 12 research titles about depression.

• How is depression treated?
• Depression: Risk factors.
• The symptoms of depression.
• What types of depression exist?
• Depression in young people.
• Differences between anxiety and depression.
• The parents’ role in depression therapy.
• Drugs as the root cause of depression.
• Dangerous consequences of untreated depression.
• Effect of long-term depression.
• Different stages of depression.
• Treatment for depression.

✅ Prompts for Essay about Depression

Struggling to find inspiration for your essay? Look no further! We’ve put together some valuable essay prompts on depression just for you!

Prompt for Personal Essay about Depression

Sharing your own experience with depression in a paper can be a good idea. Others may feel more motivated to overcome their situation after reading your story. You can also share valuable advice by discussing things or methods that have personally helped you deal with the condition.

For example, in your essay about depression, you can:

• Tell about the time you felt anxious, hopeless, or depressed;
• Express your opinion on depression based on the experiences from your life;
• Suggest a way of dealing with the initial symptoms of depression ;
• Share your ideas on how to protect mental health at a young age.

How to Overcome Depression: Essay Prompt

Sadness is a common human emotion, but depression encompasses more than just sadness. As reported by the National Institute of Mental Health, around 21 million adults in the United States, roughly 8.4% of the total adult population , faced at least one significant episode of depression in 2020. When crafting your essay about overcoming depression, consider exploring the following aspects:

• Depression in young people and adolescents;
• The main causes of depression;
• The symptoms of depression;
• Ways to treat depression;
• Help from a psychologist (cognitive behavioral therapy or interpersonal therapy ).

Postpartum Depression: Essay Prompt

The birth of a child often evokes a spectrum of powerful emotions, spanning from exhilaration and happiness to apprehension and unease. It can also trigger the onset of depression. Following childbirth, many new mothers experience postpartum “baby blues,” marked by shifts in mood, bouts of tears, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. To shed light on the subject of postpartum depression, explore the following questions:

• What factors may increase the risk of postpartum depression?
• Is postpartum depression predictable?
• How to prevent postpartum depression?
• What are the symptoms of postpartum depression?
• What kinds of postpartum depression treatments exist?

Prompt for Essay about Teenage Depression

Teenage depression is a mental health condition characterized by sadness and diminishing interest in daily activities. It can significantly impact a teenager’s thoughts, emotions, and behavior, often requiring long-term treatment and support.

By discussing the primary symptoms of teenage depression in your paper, you can raise awareness of the issue and encourage those in need to seek assistance. You can pay attention to the following aspects:

• Emotional changes (feelings of sadness, anger, hopelessness, guilt, etc.);
• Behavioral changes (loss of energy and appetite , less attention to personal hygiene, self-harm, etc.);
• New addictions (drugs, alcohol, computer games, etc.).

💡 Research Topics about Depression

• The role of genetics in depression development.
• The effectiveness of different psychotherapeutic interventions for depression.
• Anti-depression non-pharmacological and medication treatment.
• The impact of childhood trauma on the onset of depression later in life.
• Exploring the efficacy of antidepressant medication in different populations.
• The impact of exercise on depression symptoms and treatment outcomes.
• Mild depression: pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.
• The relationship between sleep disturbances and depression.
• The role of gut microbiota in depression and potential implications for treatment.
• Investigating the impact of social media on depression rates in adolescents.
• Depression, dementia, and delirium in older people .
• The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in preventing depression relapse.
• The influence of hormonal changes on depression risk.
• Assessing the effectiveness of self-help and digital interventions for depression.
• Herbal and complementary therapies for depression.
• The relationship between personality traits and vulnerability to depression.
• Investigating the long-term consequences of untreated depression on physical health.
• Exploring the link between chronic pain and depression.
• Depression in the elderly male.
• The impact of childhood experiences on depression outcomes in adulthood.
• The use of ketamine and other novel treatments for depression.
• The effect of stigma on depression diagnosis and treatment.
• The conducted family assessment: cases of depression.
• The role of social support in depression recovery.
• The effectiveness of online support groups for individuals with depression.
• Depression and cognitive decline in adults.
• Depression: PICOT question component exploration .
• Exploring the impact of nutrition and dietary patterns on depression symptoms.
• Investigating the efficacy of art-based therapies in depression treatment.
• The role of neuroplasticity in the development and treatment of depression.
• Depression among HIV-positive women.
• The influence of gender on depression prevalence and symptomatology.
• Investigating the impact of workplace factors on depression rates and outcomes.
• The efficacy of family-based interventions in reducing depression symptoms in teenagers.
• Frontline nurses’ burnout, anxiety, depression, and fear statuses.
• The role of early-life stress and adversity in depression vulnerability.
• The impact of various environmental factors on depression rates.
• Exploring the link between depression and cardiovascular health.
• Depression detection in adults in nursing practice.
• Virtual reality as a therapeutic tool for depression treatment.
• Investigating the impact of childhood bullying on depression outcomes.
• The benefits of animal-assisted interventions in depression management.
• Depression and physical exercise.
• The relationship between depression and suicidal behavior.
• The influence of cultural factors on depression symptom expression.
• Investigating the role of epigenetics in depression susceptibility.
• Depression associated with cognitive dysfunction.
• Exploring the impact of adverse trauma on the course of depression.
• The efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy in treating depression.
• The relationship between depression and substance use disorders .
• Depression and anxiety among college students.
• Investigating the effectiveness of group therapy for depression.
• Depression and chronic medical conditions.

Psychology Research Topics on Depression

• The influence of early attachment experiences on the development of depression.
• The impact of negative cognitive biases on depression symptomatology.
• Depression treatment plan for a queer patient .
• Examining the relationship between perfectionism and depression.
• The role of self-esteem in depression vulnerability and recovery.
• Exploring the link between maladaptive thinking styles (e.g., rumination, catastrophizing) and depression.
• Investigating the impact of social support on depression outcomes and resilience.
• Identifying depression in young adults at an early stage.
• The influence of parenting styles on the risk of depression in children and adolescents.
• The role of self-criticism and self-compassion in depression treatment.
• Exploring the relationship between identity development and depression in emerging adulthood.
• The role of learned helplessness in understanding depression and its treatment.
• Depression in the elderly.
• Examining the connection between self-efficacy beliefs and depression symptoms.
• The influence of social comparison processes on depression and body image dissatisfaction.
• Exploring the impact of trauma-related disorders on depression.
• The role of resilience factors in buffering against the development of depression.
• Investigating the relationship between personality traits and depression.
• Depression and workplace violence .
• The impact of cultural factors on depression prevalence and symptom presentation.
• Investigating the effects of chronic stress on depression risk.
• The role of coping strategies in depression management and recovery.
• The correlation between discrimination/prejudice and depression/anxiety.
• Exploring the influence of gender norms and societal expectations on depression rates.
• The impact of adverse workplace conditions on employee depression.
• Investigating the effectiveness of narrative therapy in treating depression.
• Cognitive behavior and depression in adolescents .
• Childhood emotional neglect and adult depression.
• The influence of perceived social support on treatment outcomes in depression.
• The effects of childhood bullying on the development of depression.
• The impact of intergenerational transmission of depression within families.
• Depression in children: symptoms and treatments.
• Investigating the link between body dissatisfaction and depression in adolescence.
• The influence of adverse life events and chronic stressors on depression risk.
• The effects of peer victimization on the development of depression in adolescence.
• Counselling clients with depression and addiction.
• The role of experiential avoidance in depression and its treatment.
• The impact of social media use and online interactions on depression rates.
• Depression management in adolescent.
• Exploring the relationship between emotional intelligence and depression symptomatology.
• Investigating the influence of cultural values and norms on depression stigma and help-seeking behavior.
• The effects of childhood maltreatment on neurobiological markers of depression.
• Psychological and emotional conditions of suicide and depression.
• Exploring the relationship between body dissatisfaction and depression.
• The influence of self-worth contingencies on depression vulnerability and treatment response.
• The impact of social isolation and loneliness on depression rates.
• Psychology of depression among college students.
• The effects of perfectionistic self-presentation on depression in college students.
• The role of mindfulness skills in depression prevention and relapse prevention.
• Investigating the influence of adverse neighborhood conditions on depression risk.
• Personality psychology and depression.
• The impact of attachment insecurity on depression symptomatology.

Postpartum Depression Research Topics

• Identifying risk factors for postpartum depression.
• Exploring the role of hormonal changes in postpartum depression.
• “Baby blues” or postpartum depression and evidence-based care .
• The impact of social support on postpartum depression.
• The effectiveness of screening tools for early detection of postpartum depression.
• The relationship between postpartum depression and maternal-infant bonding .
• Postpartum depression educational program results.
• Identifying effective interventions for preventing and treating postpartum depression.
• Examining the impact of cultural factors on postpartum depression rates.
• Investigating the role of sleep disturbances in postpartum depression.
• Depression and postpartum depression relationship.
• Exploring the impact of a traumatic birth experience on postpartum depression.
• Assessing the impact of breastfeeding difficulties on postpartum depression.
• Understanding the role of genetic factors in postpartum depression.
• Postpartum depression: consequences.
• Investigating the impact of previous psychiatric history on postpartum depression risk.
• The potential benefits of exercise on postpartum depression symptoms.
• The efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions for postpartum depression.
• Postpartum depression in the twenty-first century.
• The influence of partner support on postpartum depression outcomes.
• Examining the relationship between postpartum depression and maternal self-esteem.
• The impact of postpartum depression on infant development and well-being.
• Maternal mood symptoms in pregnancy and postpartum depression.
• The effectiveness of group therapy for postpartum depression management.
• Identifying the role of inflammation and immune dysregulation in postpartum depression.
• Investigating the impact of childcare stress on postpartum depression.
• Postpartum depression among low-income US mothers.
• The role of postnatal anxiety symptoms in postpartum depression.
• The impact of postpartum depression on the marital relationship.
• The influence of postpartum depression on parenting practices and parental stress.
• Postpartum depression: symptoms, role of cultural factors, and ways to support.
• Investigating the efficacy of pharmacological treatments for postpartum depression.
• The impact of postpartum depression on breastfeeding initiation and continuation.
• The relationship between postpartum depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.
• Postpartum depression and its identification.
• The impact of postpartum depression on cognitive functioning and decision-making.
• Investigating the influence of cultural norms and expectations on postpartum depression rates.
• The impact of maternal guilt and shame on postpartum depression symptoms.
• Beck’s postpartum depression theory: purpose, concepts, and significance .
• Understanding the role of attachment styles in postpartum depression vulnerability.
• Investigating the effectiveness of online support groups for women with postpartum depression.
• The impact of socioeconomic factors on postpartum depression prevalence.
• Perinatal depression: research study and design.
• The efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for postpartum depression.
• Investigating the influence of birth spacing on postpartum depression risk.
• The role of trauma history in postpartum depression development.
• The link between the birth experience and postnatal depression.
• How does postpartum depression affect the mother-infant interaction and bonding ?
• The effectiveness of home visiting programs in preventing and managing postpartum depression.
• Assessing the influence of work-related stress on postpartum depression.
• The relationship between postpartum depression and pregnancy-related complications.
• The role of personality traits in postpartum depression vulnerability.

🔎 Depression Essay Titles

Depression essay topics: cause & effect.

• The effects of childhood trauma on the development of depression in adults.
• The impact of social media usage on the prevalence of depression in adolescents.
• “Predictors of Postpartum Depression” by Katon et al.
• The effects of environmental factors on depression rates.
• The relationship between academic pressure and depression among college students.
• The relationship between financial stress and depression.
• The best solution to predict depression because of bullying.
• How does long-term unemployment affect mental health ?
• The effects of unemployment on mental health, particularly the risk of depression.
• The impact of genetics and family history of depression on an individual’s likelihood of developing depression.
• The relationship between depression and substance abuse.
• Child abuse and depression.
• The role of gender in the manifestation and treatment of depression.
• The effects of chronic stress on the development of depression.
• The link between substance abuse and depression.
• Depression among students at Elon University.
• The influence of early attachment styles on an individual’s vulnerability to depression.
• The effects of sleep disturbances on the severity of depression.
• Chronic illness and the risk of developing depression.
• Depression: symptoms and treatment.
• Adverse childhood experiences and the likelihood of experiencing depression in adulthood.
• The relationship between chronic illness and depression.
• The role of negative thinking patterns in the development of depression.
• Effects of depression among adolescents.
• The effects of poor body image and low self-esteem on the prevalence of depression.
• The influence of social support systems on preventing symptoms of depression.
• The effects of child neglect on adult depression rates.
• Depression caused by hormonal imbalance.
• The link between perfectionism and the risk of developing depression.
• The effects of a lack of sleep on depression symptoms.
• The effects of childhood abuse and neglect on the risk of depression.
• Social aspects of depression and anxiety.
• The impact of bullying on the likelihood of experiencing depression.
• The role of serotonin and neurotransmitter imbalances in the development of depression.
• The impact of a poor diet on depression rates.
• Depression and anxiety run in the family .
• The effects of childhood poverty and socioeconomic status on depression rates in adults.
• The impact of divorce on depression rates.
• The relationship between traumatic life events and the risk of developing depression.
• The influence of personality traits on susceptibility to depression.
• The impact of workplace stress on depression rates.
• Depression in older adults: causes and treatment.
• The impact of parental depression on children’s mental health outcomes.
• The effects of social isolation on the prevalence and severity of depression.
• The role of cultural factors in the manifestation and treatment of depression.
• The relationship between childhood bullying victimization and future depressive symptoms.
• The impact of early intervention and prevention programs on reducing the risk of postpartum depression.
• Treating mood disorders and depression.
• How do hormonal changes during pregnancy contribute to the development of depression?
• The effects of sleep deprivation on the onset and severity of postpartum depression.
• The impact of social media on depression rates among teenagers.
• The role of genetics in the development of depression.
• The impact of bullying on adolescent depression rates.
• Mental illness, depression, and wellness issues.
• The effects of a sedentary lifestyle on depression symptoms.
• The correlation between academic pressure and depression in students.
• The relationship between perfectionism and depression.
• The correlation between trauma and depression in military veterans.
• Anxiety and depression during childhood and adolescence.
• The impact of racial discrimination on depression rates among minorities.
• The relationship between chronic pain and depression.
• The impact of social comparison on depression rates among young adults.
• The effects of childhood abuse on adult depression rates.

Depression Argumentative Essay Topics

• The role of social media in contributing to depression among teenagers.
• The effectiveness of antidepressant medication: an ongoing debate.
• Depression treatment: therapy or medications?
• Should depression screening be mandatory in schools and colleges?
• Is there a genetic predisposition to depression?
• The stigma surrounding depression: addressing misconceptions and promoting understanding.
• Implementation of depression screening in primary care .
• Is psychotherapy more effective than medication in treating depression?
• Is teenage depression overdiagnosed or underdiagnosed: a critical analysis.
• The connection between depression and substance abuse: untangling the relationship.
• Humanistic therapy of depression .
• Should ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) be a treatment option for severe depression?
• Where is depression more prevalent: in urban or rural communities? Analyzing the disparities.
• Is depression a result of chemical imbalance in the brain? Debunking the myth.
• Depression: a serious mental and behavioral problem.
• Should depression medication be prescribed for children and adolescents?
• The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in managing depression.
• Should depression in the elderly be considered a normal part of aging?
• Is depression hereditary? Investigating the role of genetics in depression risk.
• Different types of training in managing the symptoms of depression.
• The effectiveness of online therapy platforms in treating depression.
• Should psychedelic therapy be explored as an alternative treatment for depression?
• The connection between depression and cardiovascular health: Is there a link?
• The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in preventing depression relapse.
• Depression as a bad a clinical condition.
• Should mind-body interventions (e.g., yoga, meditation) be integrated into depression treatment?
• Should emotional support animals be prescribed for individuals with depression?
• The effectiveness of peer support groups in decreasing depression symptoms.
• The use of antidepressants: are they overprescribed or necessary for treating depression?
• Adult depression and anxiety as a complex problem.
• The effectiveness of therapy versus medication in treating depression.
• The stigma surrounding depression and mental illness: how can we reduce it?
• The debate over the legalization of psychedelic drugs for treating depression.
• The relationship between creativity and depression: does one cause the other?
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and depression.
• The role of childhood trauma in shaping adult depression: Is it always a causal factor?
• The debate over the medicalization of sadness and grief as forms of depression.
• Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture or meditation, are effective in treating depression.
• Depression as a widespread mental condition.

Controversial Topics about Depression

• The existence of “chemical imbalance” in depression: fact or fiction?
• The over-reliance on medication in treating depression: are alternatives neglected?
• Is depression overdiagnosed and overmedicated in Western society?
• Measurement of an individual’s level of depression.
• The role of Big Pharma in shaping the narrative and treatment of depression.
• Should antidepressant advertisements be banned?
• The inadequacy of current diagnostic criteria for depression: rethinking the DSM-5.
• Is depression a biological illness or a product of societal factors?
• Literature review on depression .
• The overemphasis on biological factors in depression treatment: ignoring environmental factors.
• Is depression a normal reaction to an abnormal society?
• The influence of cultural norms on the perception and treatment of depression.
• Should children and adolescents be routinely prescribed antidepressants?
• The role of family in depression treatment.
• The connection between depression and creative genius: does depression enhance artistic abilities?
• The ethics of using placebo treatment for depression studies.
• The impact of social and economic inequalities on depression rates.
• Is depression primarily a mental health issue or a social justice issue?
• Depression disassembling and treating.
• Should depression screening be mandatory in the workplace?
• The influence of gender bias in the diagnosis and treatment of depression.
• The controversial role of religion and spirituality in managing depression.
• Is depression a result of individual weakness or societal factors?
• Abnormal psychology: anxiety and depression case .
• The link between depression and obesity: examining the bidirectional relationship.
• The connection between depression and academic performance: causation or correlation?
• Should depression medication be available over the counter?
• The impact of internet and social media use on depression rates: harmful or beneficial?
• Interacting in the workplace: depression.
• Is depression a modern epidemic or simply better diagnosed and identified?
• The ethical considerations of using animals in depression research.
• The effectiveness of psychedelic therapies for treatment-resistant depression.
• Is depression a disability? The debate on workplace accommodations.
• Polysubstance abuse among adolescent males with depression.
• The link between depression and intimate partner violence : exploring the relationship.
• The controversy surrounding “happy” pills and the pursuit of happiness.
• Is depression a choice? Examining the role of personal responsibility.

Good Titles for Depression Essays

• The poetic depictions of depression: exploring its representation in literature.
• The melancholic symphony: the influence of depression on classical music.
• Moderate depression symptoms and treatment.
• Depression in modern music: analyzing its themes and expressions.
• Cultural perspectives on depression: a comparative analysis of attitudes in different countries.
• Contrasting cultural views on depression in Eastern and Western societies.
• Diagnosing depression in the older population.
• The influence of social media on attitudes and perceptions of depression in global contexts.
• Countries with progressive approaches to mental health awareness.
• From taboo to acceptance: the evolution of attitudes towards depression.
• Depression screening tool in acute settings.
• The Bell Jar : analyzing Sylvia Plath’s iconic tale of depression .
• The art of despair: examining Frida Kahlo’s self-portraits as a window into depression.
• The Catcher in the Rye : Holden Caulfield’s battle with adolescent depression.
• Music as therapy: how jazz artists turned depression into art.
• Depression screening tool for a primary care center.
• The Nordic paradox: high depression rates in Scandinavian countries despite high-quality healthcare.
• The Stoic East: how Eastern philosophies approach and manage depression.
• From solitude to solidarity: collective approaches to depression in collectivist cultures.
• The portrayal of depression in popular culture: a critical analysis of movies and TV shows.
• The depression screening training in primary care.
• The impact of social media influencers on depression rates among young adults.
• The role of music in coping with depression: can specific genres or songs help alleviate depressive symptoms?
• The representation of depression in literature: a comparative analysis of classic and contemporary works.
• The use of art as a form of self-expression and therapy for individuals with depression.
• Depression management guidelines implementation.
• The role of religion in coping with depression: Christian and Buddhist practices.
• The representation of depression in the video game Hellblade: Senua’s Sacrifice .
• The role of nature in coping with depression: can spending time outdoors help alleviate depressive symptoms?
• The effectiveness of dance/movement therapy in treating depression among older adults.
• The National Institute for Health: depression management.
• The portrayal of depression in stand-up comedy: a study of comedians like Maria Bamford and Chris Gethard.
• The role of spirituality in coping with depression: Islamic and Hindu practices .
• The portrayal of depression in animated movies : an analysis of Inside Out and The Lion King .
• The representation of depression by fashion designers like Alexander McQueen and Rick Owens.
• Depression screening in primary care .
• The portrayal of depression in documentaries: an analysis of films like The Bridge and Happy Valley .
• The effectiveness of wilderness therapy in treating depression among adolescents.
• The connection between creativity and depression: how art can help heal.
• The role of Buddhist and Taoist practices in coping with depression.
• Mild depression treatment research funding sources.
• The portrayal of depression in podcasts: an analysis of the show The Hilarious World of Depression .
• The effectiveness of drama therapy in treating depression among children and adolescents.
• The representation of depression in the works of Vincent van Gogh and Edvard Munch.
• Depression in young people: articles review.
• The impact of social media on political polarization and its relationship with depression.
• The role of humor in coping with depression: a study of comedians like Ellen DeGeneres.
• The portrayal of depression in webcomics: an analysis of the comics Hyperbole and a Half .
• The effect of social media on mental health stigma and its relationship with depression.
• Depression and the impact of human services workers.
• The masked faces: hiding depression in highly individualistic societies.

💭 Depression Speech Topics

Informative speech topics about depression.

• Different types of depression and their symptoms.
• The causes of depression: biological, psychological, and environmental factors.
• How depression and physical issues are connected.
• The prevalence of depression in different age groups and demographics.
• The link between depression and anxiety disorders.
• Physical health: The effects of untreated depression.
• The role of genetics in predisposing individuals to depression.
• What you need to know about depression.
• How necessary is early intervention in treating depression?
• The effectiveness of medication in treating depression.
• The role of exercise in managing depressive symptoms.
• Depression in later life: overview.
• The relationship between substance abuse and depression.
• The impact of trauma on depression rates and treatment.
• The effectiveness of mindfulness meditation in managing depressive symptoms.
• Enzymes conversion and metabolites in major depression.
• The benefits and drawbacks of electroconvulsive therapy for severe depression.
• The effect of gender and cultural norms on depression rates and treatment.
• The effectiveness of alternative therapies for depression, such as acupuncture and herbal remedies.
• The importance of self-care in managing depression.
• Symptoms of anxiety, depression, and peritraumatic dissociation.
• The role of support systems in managing depression.
• The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating depression.
• The benefits and drawbacks of online therapy for depression.
• The role of spirituality in managing depression.
• Depression among minority groups.
• The benefits and drawbacks of residential treatment for severe depression.
• What is the relationship between childhood trauma and adult depression?
• How effective is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for treatment-resistant depression?
• The benefits and drawbacks of art therapy for depression.
• Mood disorder: depression and bipolar.
• The impact of social media on depression rates.
• The effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) in treating depression.
• Depression in older people.
• The impact of seasonal changes on depression rates and treatment options.
• The impact of depression on daily life and relationships, and strategies for coping with the condition.
• The stigma around depression and the importance of seeking help.

Persuasive Speech Topics about Depression

• How important is it to recognize the signs and symptoms of depression ?
• How do you support a loved one who is struggling with depression?
• The importance of mental health education in schools to prevent and manage depression.
• Social media: the rise of depression and anxiety .
• Is there a need to increase funding for mental health research to develop better treatments for depression?
• Addressing depression in minority communities: overcoming barriers and disparities.
• The benefits of including alternative therapies, such as yoga and meditation, in depression treatment plans.
• Challenging media portrayals of depression: promoting accurate representations.
• Two sides of depression disease.
• How social media affects mental health: the need for responsible use to prevent depression.
• The importance of early intervention: addressing depression in schools and colleges.
• The benefits of seeking professional help for depression.
• There is a need for better access to mental health care, including therapy and medication, for those suffering from depression.
• Depression in adolescents and suitable interventions.
• How do you manage depression while in college or university?
• The role of family and friends in supporting loved ones with depression and encouraging them to seek help.
• The benefits of mindfulness and meditation for depression.
• The link between sleep and depression, and how to improve sleep habits.
• How do you manage depression while working a high-stress job?
• Approaches to treating depression.
• How do you manage depression during pregnancy and postpartum?
• The importance of prioritizing employee mental health and providing resources for managing depression in the workplace.
• How should you manage depression while caring for a loved one with a chronic illness?
• How to manage depression while dealing with infertility or pregnancy loss.
• Andrew Solomon: why we can’t talk about depression.
• Destigmatizing depression: promoting mental health awareness and understanding.
• Raising funds for depression research: investing in mental health advances.
• The power of peer support: establishing peer-led programs for depression.
• Accessible mental health services: ensuring treatment for all affected by depression.
• Evidence-based screening for depression in acute care.
• The benefits of journaling for mental health: putting your thoughts on paper to heal.
• The power of positivity: changing your mindset to fight depression .
• The healing power of gratitude in fighting depression.
• The connection between diet and depression: eating well can improve your mood.
• Teen depression and suicide in Soto’s The Afterlife .
• The benefits of therapy for depression: finding professional help to heal.
• The importance of setting realistic expectations when living with depression.

📝 How to Write about Depression: Essay Structure

We’ve prepared some tips and examples to help you structure your essay and communicate your ideas.

Essay about Depression: Introduction

An introduction is the first paragraph of an essay. It plays a crucial role in engaging the reader, offering the context, and presenting the central theme.

A good introduction typically consists of 3 components:

• Hook. The hook captures readers’ attention and encourages them to continue reading.
• Background information. Background information provides context for the essay.
• Thesis statement. A thesis statement expresses the essay’s primary idea or central argument.

Hook : Depression is a widespread mental illness affecting millions worldwide.

Background information : Depression affects your emotions, thoughts, and behavior. If you suffer from depression, engaging in everyday tasks might become arduous, and life may appear devoid of purpose or joy.

Depression Essay Thesis Statement

A good thesis statement serves as an essay’s road map. It expresses the author’s point of view on the issue in 1 or 2 sentences and presents the main argument.

Thesis statement : The stigma surrounding depression and other mental health conditions can discourage people from seeking help, only worsening their symptoms.

Essays on Depression: Body Paragraphs

The main body of the essay is where you present your arguments. An essay paragraph includes the following:

• a topic sentence,
• evidence to back up your claim,
• explanation of why the point is essential to the argument;
• a link to the next paragraph.

Topic sentence : Depression is a complex disorder that requires a personalized treatment approach, comprising both medication and therapy.

Evidence : Medication can be prescribed by a healthcare provider or a psychiatrist to relieve the symptoms. Additionally, practical strategies for managing depression encompass building a support system, setting achievable goals, and practicing self-care.

Depression Essay: Conclusion

The conclusion is the last part of your essay. It helps you leave a favorable impression on the reader.

The perfect conclusion includes 3 elements:

• Rephrased thesis statement.
• Summary of the main points.
• Final opinion on the topic.

Rephrased thesis: In conclusion, overcoming depression is challenging because it involves a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and environmental factors that affect an individual’s mental well-being.

Summary: Untreated depression heightens the risk of engaging in harmful behaviors such as substance abuse and can also result in negative thought patterns, diminished self-esteem, and distorted perceptions of reality.

We hope you’ve found our article helpful and learned some new information. If so, feel free to share it with your friends. You can also try our free online topic generator !

• Pain, anxiety, and depression – Harvard Health | Harvard Health Publishing
• Depression-related increases and decreases in appetite reveal dissociable patterns of aberrant activity in reward and interoceptive neurocircuitry – PMC | National Library of Medicine
• How to Get Treatment for Postpartum Depression – The New York Times
• What Is Background Information and What Purpose Does It Serve? | Indeed.com
• Thesis | Harvard College Writing Center
• Topic Sentences: How Do You Write a Great One? | Grammarly Blog

725 Research Proposal Topics & Title Ideas in Education, Psychology, Business, & More

414 proposal essay topics for projects, research, & proposal arguments.

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60 Outstanding Depression Research Paper Topics

Depression has been a subject of interest for quite a while now. Teens have formed the majority of the victims. However, with the COVID-19 pandemic, depression has escalated to another level. That is why a research paper on depression is inevitable for you as a college student. First things first,

Depression Research Paper Outline

Whenever you’re confronted with such a paper, the groundbreaking step would be to determine the outline. It will act as a skeleton upon which you will fill with the meet. So, how does a depression research paper look like for you?

• The topic contributes significantly to the scope of what you intend to write on in your paper. A research topic’s success depends on its originality, currency, and emotional appeal, especially on such a subject.
• The Introduction – It contains opening remarks which bring to light the background of the topic. You can also include recent developments in depression. The thesis statement should give a clear idea of the arguments in the body paragraphs.
• The body – You will arrange these in order of seniority – from the most relevant arguments to the least. Include reputable and authoritative statements as evidence for your paper. If you choose to include statistics, ensure that they are accurate.
• The conclusion – You will summarize your results and findings and recommend them if possible. Since this is a practical topic in everyday life, include a call to action statement here.

Once you get your outline right, here are a few things to consider when writing this kind of paper:

Do not include topics resulting in high emotions Ensure that you have adequate information for the topic you choose Avoid using words that may cause more depression on the reader

Therefore, you can discuss any of the following areas:

• Depression disorders
• How to manage it
• Ways of helping the victims

To get you jammed up, here are 60 of the best depression topics for research paper. Use them to draw inspiration for your next assignment. If you’re not inspired by the subject or don’t have the time to spend writing essays, it’s best to let professionals write a paper for you. 

Depression Topics For Research Paper on the Causes

• How upsetting or stressful life events such as death can lead to depression
• Why people feel low after a severe illness or undergoing a major surgery
• The role of the ‘downward spiral’ of events in triggering depression
• Difficult social and economic circumstances that cause depression
• Personality traits such as low self-esteem and their role in depression
• Is depression a hereditary illness passed down to family members?
• Why some women may be vulnerable to depression after giving birth
• Why the feeling of loneliness is a significant risk
• How alcohol and drugs can leave you in a state of depression
• Longstanding illnesses that may trigger depression among people

Topic Ideas For a Postpartum Depression Research Paper

• The impact of hormone level drop after giving birth
• Why you may be depressed if you didn’t want to get pregnant
• Reasons why new moms may be at risk of getting depressed
• How long does postpartum take to subside in new mothers?
• What causes intense irritability and anger after giving birth?
• Why would one develop the fear of not being a good mother?
• Can postpartum depression lead to a mother harming her child?
• Impact of postpartum depression on a mother’s ability to think straight
• Symptoms of postpartum depression in new fathers
• How to help new fathers adopt responsibility

Research Paper on Depression in College Students

• Why do most college students in their last year experience depression?
• Are lecturers to blame for depression among students?
• The role of homework in causing depression among students
• Consequences and risks of depression among students
• The problem of relationships in college
• Increasing cases of suicide among students
• Stressful college life events that stir depression
• Self-harming behaviors among college students
• How to diagnose and treat depression among college students
• Depression and academic performance among students

Teen Depression Research Paper Topic Ideas

• Excessive use of technology among teens and depression
• Why most teens seek out drugs as a remedy for depression
• Financial stresses on teens and how they are compelled to depression
• Why most teens feel depressed after a relationship break-up
• Debt and depression among teens
• The role of parents in managing depression among teens
• The place of peer pressure in causing depression among teenagers
• Can parental over-involvement lead to the development of stress among teens?
• Why most teens do not seek help why they are depressed
• Who are the most vulnerable between the male and female teens, and why?

Topics For Coronavirus and Depression Research Papers

• Why are there increased cases of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic?
• How to deal with depression while staying at home
• How the government can help alleviate depression among citizens
• How to deal with a job loss during COVID-19
• How loneliness is killing many people in their homes
• Stigmatization and its impact on COVID-19 patients
• Why the media is the most significant source of depression during the coronavirus
• Activities you can engage in during the coronavirus pandemic
• How journaling can help you overcome depression
• Ways of fending for low-income families

Depression Research Questions To Consider in 2023

• Can you trust a psychologist to help?
• Why do most depression cases end up in suicide?
• Should we have a national day on sensitization against depression?
• What is the role of the family in combating depression?
• How should we treat depressed friends?
• Should we share our depression stories on Facebook?
• Do children experience depression?
• Why should you check up on your friends daily?
• Is cyber-bullying killing people?
• Why teens should not engage in relationships

Don’t afraid to ask for help with your college papers. Just leave a message, “Please, help me do my assignment !” and do not let your depression research paper be the reason why you feel stressed. If you need high qualitative help with your research or other subjects, contact our expert writers. We offer quality, cheap, and fast, professional paper writing help to college students. Order your paper today and get time to relax!

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Articles on Depression

Displaying 1 - 20 of 747 articles.

Do hormonal contraceptives increase depression risk? A neuroscientist explains how they affect your mood, for better or worse

Natalie C. Tronson , University of Michigan

Do you have a mental illness? Why some people answer ‘yes’, even if they haven’t been diagnosed

Jesse Tse , The University of Melbourne and Nick Haslam , The University of Melbourne

Many people get withdrawal symptoms when they try to stop antidepressants. So how can you safely stop?

Katharine Wallis , The University of Queensland

We’ve discovered a gene for trust – here’s how it could be linked to good health

Giuseppe 'Nick' Giordano , Lund University

Study claiming antidepressant withdrawal is less common than thought fails to account for risks in long-term  users

Mark Horowitz , UCL and Joanna Moncrieff , UCL

Burnt out? This is how your employer can help you return to work for the better

Lode Godderis , KU Leuven

Flow: people who are easily absorbed in an activity may have better mental and cardiovascular health

Miriam Mosing , Karolinska Institutet

Climate change and mental health: How extreme heat can affect mental illnesses

Peter Crank , University of Waterloo

Depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder linked with ancient viral DNA in our genome – new research

Rodrigo Duarte , King's College London ; Douglas Nixon , Cornell University , and Timothy Powell , King's College London

Nostalgia hasn’t always been a tool for manipulating our emotions – it was once a medical condition

Agnes Arnold-Forster , The University of Edinburgh

We looked at genetic clues to depression in more than 14,000 people. What we found may surprise you

Jacob Crouse , University of Sydney and Ian Hickie , University of Sydney

How corporate involvement in psychedelic research could threaten public safety

Elena Koning , Queen's University, Ontario ; Elisa Brietzke , Queen's University, Ontario , and Marco Solmi , L’Université d’Ottawa/University of Ottawa

Young people are getting unhappier – a lack of childhood freedom and independence may be partly to blame

Fiorentina Sterkaj , University of East London

Rich people, bribes and depression – study finds link between corruption and mental health among Ghanaian students

Stephen Baffour Adjei ; Frederick Anyan , Norwegian University of Science and Technology ; Johnny Andoh-Arthur , University of Ghana , and Sylvia Charity Akotia , University of Ghana

Measuring emotional ‘emptiness’ could help manage this potentially life-threatening experience

Shona Joyce Herron , UCL

Elon Musk says ketamine can get you out of a ‘negative frame of mind’. What does the research say?

Julaine Allan , Charles Sturt University

Half of Australians in aged care have depression. Psychological therapy could help

Tanya Davison , Swinburne University of Technology and Sunil Bhar , Swinburne University of Technology

Running or yoga can help beat depression, research shows – even if exercise is the last thing you feel like

Michael Noetel , The University of Queensland

Why are so many Australians taking antidepressants?

Jon Jureidini , University of Adelaide

Women take more antidepressants after divorce than men but that doesn’t mean they’re more depressed

Raquel Peel , RMIT University

Related Topics

• Antidepressants
• Coronavirus
• Mental health
• Mental illness

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213 Depression Research Topics & Essay Examples

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• The Correlation Between Discrimination/Prejudice and Depression/Anxiety Psychology essay sample: The purpose of this research proposal is to identify the components of the study about the correlation between discrimination/prejudice and depression/anxiety.
• Depression in Children: Symptoms and Treatments Psychology essay sample: Depression can make children not perform the duties they are assigned to do well. A caregiver can easily discover a small child’s depression by change of bowel habit.
• Depression and Postpartum Depression Relationship Psychology essay sample: This article discusses the relationship between depression and postpartum depression, the possible causes, and forms of the disease, its consequences for the woman's psyche.
• Depression as Bad a Clinical Condition Psychology essay sample: Specialists in mental health state that depression is the most common disorder they encounter on the daily basis. The following paper aims to provide evidence of the existence of it.
• Different Types of Training in Managing the Symptoms of Depression Psychology essay sample: The proposed study will compare the effectiveness of different types of training in managing the symptoms of depression. It will be considered by people with moderate depression.
• Postpartum Depression (PPD) and Its Identification Psychology essay sample: Katon, Russo, and Gavin focused on the problem of postpartum depression and its identification, because it is a common issue that leads to adverse health outcomes.
• Diseases of Modern Life Psychology essay sample: Bipolar disorder and major depression are two very similar mood disorders that are often confused and misdiagnosed.
• Mental Illness: Treatment Approaches and Challenges Psychology essay sample: The treatment of forensic populations, as with any clinical population, must be tailored to the individuals as well as to their mental illness.
• Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder and Antidepressants Psychology essay sample: The variety of mental disorders may often confuse terms of disease differentiation due to the lack of proper education. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are examples of such confusion.
• Adult Depression and Anxiety as a Complex Problem Psychology essay sample: The presence of a physical disability is a major factor in developing a mental health condition due to the increase in dissatisfaction and the presence of multiple irritants.
• Abnormal Psychology: Anxiety and Depression Case Psychology essay sample: Abnormal psychology has many theories that emerged to describe the concept. It has components like biological, cognitive, behavioral as well as social-cultural models.
• American Adolescence. Teenage Problems Psychology essay sample: There are those psychological problems that youngsters cannot omit simply because of the society they currently live in.
• Treatment for Depressive and Bipolar Disorders Psychology essay sample: The study shows that an online intervention can be a part of treatment for people with BD, providing support not only for mania but also for depression.
• Psychology: Mental Health Issues Psychology essay sample: This paper contains a review of primary causes leading to mental illnesses along with available social and individual measures intended to cope with them.
• Depression Caused by Hormonal Imbalance, Socialisation of Children Psychology essay sample: Social life is utterly important for the mental health and socialization of children. They need parents to care about them and help to become a part of society.
• Divorce Effect on Children's Mental Health Psychology essay sample: The family dissolution process, a conflict between parents, custody issues, and negative post-divorce relationships adversely influence the mental health of children.
• Psychological Assessment Report Psychology essay sample: The client, Kyle Jones, is a 45-year-old professor working full-time at the Catholic University. The client’s cognitive functioning was impaired after a car accident.
• What You Need to Know About Depression Psychology essay sample: The article is devoted to depression: a definition is given, the causes, signs, types, and methods of therapy are considered.
• Personality Psychology and Depression Psychology essay sample: This paper presents an analysis of the connection between personality psychology and depression. Today, many attempts are made to investigate depressive symptoms.
• Interacting in the Workplace: Depression Psychology essay sample: Depression is a menace that affects a number of people in different ways. In the workplace, there are a number of ways used to tell whether a person is undergoing mental stress.
• Postpartum Depression. Consequences Psychology essay sample: These days more and more women approach the decision to have a baby very consciously, choosing the time when they are physically and emotionally prepared.
• Cognitive Behavior and Depression in Adolescents Psychology essay sample: People of different ages are prone to various psychological and emotional issues, especially in the current world that is transforming at a high pace.
• Social Problems Associated With Mental Illness and Health Promotion Psychology essay sample: Troubles with psychological health can create barriers to being employed, partially because mental illnesses are commonly stigmatized.
• Females’ Instagram Use and Psychological Well-Being Psychology essay sample: Sherlock and Wagstaff tested the hypothesis that the time spent by women on Instagram was positively correlated with body dissatisfaction, depression, and social comparison.
• Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Psychology essay sample: Rational emotive behavior therapy is a therapy approach that involves the identification and replacement of negative behaviors with positive ones.
• Lack of Sleep at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Psychology essay sample: This paper aims to explore the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation among KFUPM students and techniques for how they can manage time and stress to get adequate sleep.
• Aggression in Psychology Psychology essay sample: This emotion is difficult to define, and psychologists, judges, and lawyers have been trying to determine what actions should and should not be considered aggressive for a long time.
• Childhood Trauma: Disorders and Risky Behavior Psychology essay sample: Young people with a history of childhood abuse have a higher likelihood of participating in HIV risk behaviors such as having sex with multiple partners and having unprotected sex.
• Personality Psychology and Depression Psychology essay sample: The depression study in the personality psychology scope assesses the psychology models connection with personality traits, analyzing the depression propagation among adolescents.
• Depression in Young People: Articles Review Psychology essay sample: Depression is one of the mental health disorders progressively observed among the world population. The articles included in the annotated bibliography research this disease.
• Bipolar Type II Diagnosis and Treatment Psychology essay sample: The article examines the clinical differences between bipolar disorder type I and bipolar disorder type II since the difficulty in choosing a correct diagnosis.
• Concepts of Clinical Psychology Psychology essay sample: This paper revises three scholarly articles about mental disorders. Psychological disorders are a list of ailments with behavioral symptoms and can affect different areas of life.
• “Living With Depression” by Karp Psychology essay sample: In the article “Living with Depression: Illness and Identity Turning Points”, the author tries to investigate how different patients tend to interpret this incoherent illness.
• Resource Listing on Depression and Anxiety Psychology essay sample: This paper aims at creating a list of resources, including private agencies, counselors, websites, and publications that can help individuals.
• Two Sides of Depression Disease Psychology essay sample: Depression is a widespread disease in the modern world, and that is why people often do not fully understand how it works.
• Assessment of Counseling Methods: The Case Study Psychology essay sample: This paper explores the fallacies that emerge during the therapy of John, a young man indulging in substance abuse.
• Depression Among Minority Groups Psychology essay sample: Mental disorders stem from the existing or non-existence of internal emotional and psychological threats from which the individual lacks the mechanisms for control.
• Community of Single Mothers in California Psychology essay sample: This study is focused on the community of single mothers in San Bernardino County, California. The primary focus is on those single moms that have been diagnosed with depression.
• Causes and of Treatment Mood Disorders Psychology essay sample: Mood disorders are a group of mental diseases caused by chemical imbalances in the brain which causes the patient to have irregular changes in their moods.
• Early Separation and Suicide Psychology essay sample: When early separation occurs, a child who is not well taken care of can potentially succumb to mental problems, which can, in turn, act as a motivation for suicide.
• Mood Disorder: Depression and Bipolar Psychology essay sample: This discourse explores the link between depression and bipolar disorder, insofar as their etiology, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment are concerned.
• Postpartum Depression in the Twenty- First Century Psychology essay sample: A major assumption posited by researchers is that ‘social support’ is a key determinant in the prevention of postpartum depression.
• Differents Forms to Stress, Pandemic of Stress Psychology essay sample: In this paper, stress is a major problem in the world today. Many countries and many individuals and families are victims of stress-related problems.
• Depression: A Serious Mental and Behavioral Problem Psychology essay sample: Depression is a health problem that is difficult to diagnose. One way to help improve the detection of diagnosis is to use a genogram.
• Grief Response of Patients Diagnosed With Cancer Psychology essay sample: The beginning of anticipatory grief begins when as children, we realize that we will all die or lose a loved one at some point in life. This should prepare us for the loss.
• Depression Management in Adolescent Psychology essay sample: Adolescents are men and women in their transitional age from childhood to youth. Their age bracket is from ten to twenty-two.
• Depression and Physical Exercise Psychology essay sample: Physical activity and cognitive health are two inseparable concepts. Physical activity is a great way to reduce stress and cure depression.
• Psychological Disorder Analysis - Marla`S Diagnosis Psychology essay sample: In this case, the social cultural model is highly recommended as a form of treatment. This is because individuals from minority groups abandon therapy earlier than those from other groups.
• Depression in Older Person Psychology essay sample: The rising incidence of depression in older person has a correlation with age, gender, genetics, lifestyle, interpersonal relationship and the level of education.
• Maternal Mood Symptoms in Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression Psychology essay sample: As a woman, it is essential to understand postpartum depression and the fact that it can happen to any woman during or after pregnancy.
• Childhood Trauma Etiology Associated With Social and Mental Disorders Psychology essay sample: This paper will showcase the five themes that were revealed during the review process to better understand the associations between childhood trauma and various disorders.
• Stress and Anxiety Sources Amongst Students Psychology essay sample: This paper discusses some of the major sources of physiological, social, and psychological stress and anxiety in students.
• Group Therapy in Psychology: Strengths and Limitations Psychology essay sample: This paper aims to gather relevant data on group therapy in psychology, present its strengths and limitations, and outline the differences between group and individual approaches.
• Suicide in Adolescence Psychology essay sample: In the paper psychoeducational intervention for adolescents is developed and evaluated to improve suicide-related outcomes for high-risk students.
• Counselling Clients with Depression and Addiction Psychology essay sample: Clinicians should "understand that depression is associated with the racism or sexism that marginalized groups experience in their daily lives".
• Measurement of an Individual’s Level of Depression Psychology essay sample: Beck Depression Inventory is a systematic measurement of an individual's level of depression. Individuals who fall in the age group of 15 to 19 are the most vulnerable.
• Postpartum Depression Among Low-Income U.S. Mothers Psychology essay sample: Postpartum depression is a major issue, which takes place after a woman gives birth. The problem is more prominent and prevalent among mothers who have a low-socioeconomic status.
• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Case Study Psychology essay sample: The case study about the patient with ASD will involve the identification of specific problems, the assessment of risk factors, and a review of models of abnormality.
• Psychological and Emotional Conditions of Suicide and Depression Psychology essay sample: Art and literature have been the niches that have allowed dissecting the issue of suicide without significant social reprimand toward the authors.
• Joan’s Case Conceptualization Psychology essay sample: The paper discusses Joan’s case. She is a 48-year-old woman who reports stress and depression. She has lost interest in relationships, exercise, and things she enjoys.
• Postpartum Depression: Symptoms, Role of Cultural Factors, and Ways To Support Psychology essay sample: Symptoms of postpartum depression differ from one woman to another and often range from mild to severe, they include intense irritability coupled with anger, insomnia, etc.
• Researching: Illness and Mental Health Psychology essay sample: The following paper will explain how mental health can be considered in ill patients and focused on a particular population
• Psychological Complications of Illness and Injuries Psychology essay sample: Depression associated with illness is a serious concern for patients, families, and healthcare professionals, as it might affect health outcomes
• Psychology of Depression Among College Students Psychology essay sample: Depression has serious effects among college students: poor academic performance, the development of suicidal thoughts, failed relationships, and loss of zeal for goal achievement.
• Military Resiliency Counseling and Care-Giving Psychology essay sample: This course aims to identify the key fears of people who have the problem of adapting to real life after participating in hostilities.
• Depression Associated with Cognitive Dysfunction Psychology essay sample: Low episodic memory performance precedes depression, which demonstrates that depression is associated with cognitive dysfunctions.
• Childhood Traumatic Experience Psychology essay sample: This paper examines the effect of childhood traumas on adulthood, including cognitive abilities, social behavior, and mental health, through the prism of scientific evidence.
• Depression and Anxiety Among College Students Psychology essay sample: The research question this paper tries to answer whether depression and anxiety are common in college students, and if so, what are the causes and possible consequences.
• Anxiety Disorder and Its Characteristics Psychology essay sample: This paper focuses on the fundamental characteristics of anxiety and its theories and treatment options imperially supported.
• People with Asperger's Syndrome: The Effects of Group Trainings Psychology essay sample: To effectively determine how group training affects adults and children with Asperger's syndrome, many researchers do use experimental research design.
• Resilience and Exposure to Trauma Relationship Psychology essay sample: This essay will discuss the relationship between stress, psychological stability, and mental health outcomes after distressing events.
• Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder Psychology essay sample: Emotional Regulation Therapy demonstrates significant improvement in treating anxiety, depression, life satisfaction, ruminating, worrying, and being unable to manage feelings.
• Depression and Impact of Human Services Worker Psychology essay sample: Depression is a feeling of constant sadness and loss of interest, affecting how a person performs their day-to-day activities, it can stay for long without being recognized.
• DSM-5 Anxiety Disorders: Causes and Treatment Psychology essay sample: This research paper discusses the DSM-5 anxiety disorders reviewing the diagnosis, a case conceptualization, and a treatment plan.
• Cell Phones and Mental Health Psychology essay sample: Limited use of smartphones, current human companions, makes life easier and enjoyable, while excessive screen time may bring severe mental health consequences.
• Literature Review on Depression Psychology essay sample: The paper summarizes other researchers' work addressing the issue of depression using several databases and carries out a curative study on depression in full text.
• The Role of Family in Depression Treatment Psychology essay sample: Psychologists do a great job of helping people deal with their worries and fears because sometimes the patients have no one who could be trusted apart from the counselor.
• Stress Among Ethnic Minority Adolescents and Mindfulness Intervention Psychology essay sample: The purpose of the proposed research is to investigate the effect of a school-based mindfulness-based intervention on stress among ethnic minority adolescents.
• Professional Psychology: Obtaining a Counselor License Psychology essay sample: The paper is dedicated to the analysis of the profession of a psychologist. The aim is to create an algorithm, adherence to which will help obtain a license of a counselor.
• Couple Separation and Family Counseling Techniques Psychology essay sample: This paper aims to discuss advisory deliberations, expected effects due to separation, and the most effective family counseling techniques.
• Depression Disassembling and Treating Psychology essay sample: Depression is a pathology in its neglected form when the individual begins to have more severe symptoms - persistent nervous system disorders.
• Depressive Symptoms Statistics in the 1990s and Now Psychology essay sample: Between 1990 and 2010, the incidence of mental health problems and depression diagnoses in patients declined modestly.
• Anxiety and Decision Making: Literature Review Psychology essay sample: It is important to continue collecting the evidence to establish connections between levels of anxiety and computations that support decision-making.
• Psychology: Pluralism, Counselling Psychology Psychology essay sample: The reviewed articles were chosen for several reasons. First, they explore different topics in the field of counseling psychology.
• Experience of Childhood Trauma from Child Abuse/Maltreatment Psychology essay sample: This paper aims to analyze the experience of childhood trauma from child abuse/maltreatment, outcomes included, and relevant literature search results and annotated bibliography.
• Child Abuse and Depression Psychology essay sample: This essay argues that neglect, emotional distress, and limited access to psychological treatment during childhood alleviate depression and other mental conditions.
• Polysubstance Abuse Among Adolescent Males With Depression Psychology essay sample: Substance abuse among adolescents can be caused by depression. In this case, the adolescents down ply the idea of seeking psychological support
• Depression in Adolescents and Suitable Interventions Psychology essay sample: Critically, the issue of depression is pronounced in the age bracket due to confusion brought on by the changes happening and also peer pressure.
• Early-Life Stress and Behavioral Outcomes Psychology essay sample: The study aims to understand the mechanisms behind the long-lasting consequences of early-life stress exposure. It is accomplished by comparing the results of tests.
• Reducing Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Tendencies in Adolescents Psychology essay sample: Cognitive-behavioral therapy addresses children, teenagers, adult survivors overcoming the harmful repercussions of early trauma for their unique mental and emotional needs.
• Aspects of Abnormal Psychology Psychology essay sample: Abnormal psychology studies psychological disorders and ways to improve the lives of those affected by them. There are several perspectives on the pathology.
• Depression: Symptoms and Treatment Psychology essay sample: Depression symptoms may be divided into three categories. The three categories are psychological, physical and social symptoms.
• Preventing Child Suicide: The Role of Family Therapy Psychology essay sample: Due to the increasing number of child suicide cases, more studies need to be done on various types of family therapy and other psychotherapies in preventing suicide.
• Experience of Trauma from Child Maltreatment Psychology essay sample: Summing up the findings of various researchers as well as using databases, studies confirm an undeniable influence of maltreatment on the later development and life of a child.
• Approaches for Treating Depression Psychology essay sample: Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) is a type of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and one of the most effective approaches for treating depression.
• Managing Anxiety in Evidence-Based Practice Psychology essay sample: This EBP project proposal focuses on nonpharmacological treatment that does not involve the administration of drugs. It tries to effectively manage anxiety.
• Andrew Solomon: Why We Can't Talk About Depression Psychology essay sample: The main difficulty of depression lies in communicating the patient's condition to those around him. Many people use the word "depression" to describe a bad mood.
• Mental Health Disorders Most Commonly Found in Teenagers Psychology essay sample: The present essay focuses on anxiety, depression, and behavioral disorders because these mental health disorders are the most widely spread among teenagers.
• Approaches a Therapist Could Use to Help Lawrence Psychology essay sample: Lawrence thought he would never come out from underneath the hiding spot while he was despondent. Even some of the most severe depression, nonetheless, can be treated.
• The Link Between the Birth Experience and Postnatal Depression Psychology essay sample: This study offers an overview of the latest scholarly research surrounding postnatal depression to determine whether the birth experience contributes to postpartum depression.
• Evidence-Based Screening for Depression in Acute Care Psychology essay sample: EB analysis for the topic of depression to identify the need for an appropriate screening tool in addition to the PHQ-9 in the assessment evaluation process.
• Beck’s Postpartum Depression Theory: Purpose, Concepts, and Significance Psychology essay sample: This paper aims to describe, analyze and evaluate Beck's Postpartum Depression Theory, and discuss its purpose, concepts, and significance.
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Depression Psychology essay sample: Treatment of psychological disorders requires the application of additional methods that might help with the physical state of people and their mental well-being.
• Teen Depression and Suicide in Soto “The Afterlife” Psychology essay sample: In “The Afterlife,” Gary Soto scrutinizes the challenges to teen mental health by portraying the protagonist observing from a side perspective the challenges faced by teenagers.
• Depression and Anxiety Run in the Family Psychology essay sample: This paper examines the possibilities of depression and anxiety in one family through the study of literature and applying one of the family theories.
• Humanistic Therapy of Depression Psychology essay sample: The mental health of the population is becoming a topical concern for numerous countries around the world, and, the need for effective and holistic treatments arises.
• Treating Mood Disorders and Depression Psychology essay sample: This paper discusses treating mood disorders. Medications, which are used to cure people with such diseases, always include a combination of various drugs.
• Major Depressive Disorder: Symptoms and Treatment Psychology essay sample: In the case described in the paper, symptoms can be observed that stand out in Major Depressive Disorder, which is characterized by losing interest in activities.
• Depression in Older Adults: Causes and Treatment Psychology essay sample: The main factors in the progression of depressive disorder in old age are traumatic life events, lifestyle, and chronic illness.
• Bullying: Collaborating with Parents to Increase Proactive Bystander Message Psychology essay sample: Bullying could potentially lead to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress. These symptoms could be typical also to the bystanders.
• Mental Illness, Depression, and Wellness Issues Psychology essay sample: Mental illness and depression are a silent plague and a sleeper problem that has slipped into millions' brains, hence being highlighted in various forms of media.
• Anxiety and Depression During Childhood and Adolescence Psychology essay sample: Attachment can be defined as the bond shared between two or more persons. People may have emotional closeness with one another.
• Depression as a Widespread Mental Condition Psychology essay sample: The paper investigates depression among individuals as it is a widespread mental condition. It focuses on the effects of depression that result from this condition.
• Teenagers’ Depression Experiment Psychology essay sample: There are many reasons why teenagers become depressed. All of these traumatize the child's psyche and prevent him or her from feeling like a full member of society.
• The Best Solution to Predict Depression Because of Bullying Psychology essay sample: This paper examines interventions to prove that the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program is the most effective solution for predicting depression provoked by bullying.
• Depression Among Students at Elon University Psychology essay sample: This paper entails an analysis of the problem of depression in colleges, specifically, at Elon University, and it includes its causes and suggested remedies.
• Effects of Depression Among Adolescents Psychology essay sample: Depression is a problem that affects all demographics, but this paper focuses on adolescents as its main point of discussion. Depression is a major cause of mental health.
• Social Aspects of Depression and Anxiety Psychology essay sample: Depression and anxiety disorders are problems that bring the mental state out of balance and significantly complicate normal life.
• Discussion Board-Anxiety and Depression Psychology essay sample: The article addresses the urgent need for early intervention and support to prevent suicide in individuals suffering from severe depression.
• Exercise Therapy for Patients With Depression and Anxiety
• Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Depression
• Yoga Therapy and Depression Symptom in Adult Patients
• Dysthymic Disorder Depression Therapy Symptoms
• Childhood Mistreatment and Adolescent and Young Adult Depression
• Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation as an Add-on Treatment to Cognitive-Behavior Therapy in First Episode Drug-Nave Major Depression Patients
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and the Application for Psychotic Depression
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Attacks
• Metacognitive Therapy for Depression in Adults
• Relationship Between Depression and Subtypes of Early Life Stress in Adult Psychiatric Patients
• Family Therapy and Chronic Depression
• Cognitive Group Therapy for Depression in Adults
• Depression and Anxiety Among Adult Children of Alcoholics
• Managing Postpartum Depression Through Medications and Therapy
• Electroconvulsive Therapy for Severe Depression
• Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Its Effects on Depression
• Flowers Therapy and Easiest Ways to Deal With Depression
• Risk Factors for Adult Depression: Adverse Childhood Experiences and Personality Functioning
• Depression: Medication Versus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Adolescents
• Approaching Depression Through the Solution Focused Brief Therapy Approach
• Adjunctive Bright Light Therapy for Bipolar Depression
• Depression and Anxiety Prevention Based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for At-Risk Adolescents
• Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Brain With Electroconvulsive Therapy in Depression
• Depression: Major Depressive Disorder and Major Life Changes
• Multimodal Psychotherapeutic Inpatient Therapy of Depression in Patients With High Cytokine Production
• Music Therapy Improve Depression Among Older Adults
• Talk Therapy for Depression or Bipolar Disorder
• Clinical Improvement and Neural Reactivity in Adolescents Treated With Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression
• Life After Depression With Hypno Psychotherapy
• Antidepressant Treatment for Depression: Total Therapy Duration
• Cognitive Group Therapy for Adult Depression
• The Relationship Between Adult Attachment Classification and Symptoms of Depression
• Adolescent Depression and Cognitive Behavior Therapy
• Virtual Reality Group Therapy for the Treatment of Depression
• The New Therapy Technique for Depression
• Group Therapy for Heart Patients With Depression
• Oriental Therapy: Alternative Treatment for Depression
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Treatment for Adult Severe Depression
• Aaron Becks and Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Depression
• Massage Therapy Reducing Pain, Depression, and Anxiety in Hand Osteoarthritis Patients
• How Does Depression Affect an Individual’s Overall Quality of Life?
• Why Is Depression Hard to Overcome?
• How Does Depression Affect an Individual’s Overall Quality of Life?
• What Are the Major Types of Depression, and How Do They Differ?
• Why Is Early Diagnosis and Treatment Crucial in Managing Depression?
• Is Meditation a Good Way to Help People in Depression?
• Who Is More Susceptible to Depression, and Are There Specific Risk Factors?
• What Are the More Inconspicuous Symptoms of Depression?
• Can Depression Be a Chronic Condition, and How Is It Managed Over Time?
• What Is the Difference Between Clinical Depression and Normal Depression?
• Is Overthinking One of the Main Causes of Depression?
• How Does Depression Impact the Brain’s Functioning and Chemistry?
• Are There Physical Health Complications Associated with Long-Term Depression?
• What Role Do Genetics Play in the Development of Depression?
• Can Marijuana Help with Depression?
• What Is the Relationship Between Depression and Other Mental Health Disorders?
• Are There Good Habits That Help Overcome Depression?
• How Does Depression Affect Different Age Groups, From Children to Seniors?
• What Are Some Common Misconceptions About Depression? Why Is It Essential to Seek Professional Help for Depression?
• Is There an Evolutionary Explanation for Depression?
• Can Depression Be Managed Without Medication, Using Therapy Alone?
• How Does Depression Affect Our Daily Life?
• What Is the Difference Between Depression and Laziness?
• Are There Lifestyle Changes That Can Help Alleviate the Symptoms of Depression?
• What Is the Relationship Between Anxiety and Depression?
• Can Antidepressants Really Help Ease or Cure Depression?
• Who Are the Key Figures in the History of Depression Research and Treatment?
• Do Certain Life Events or Traumas Trigger Episodes of Depression?
• How Is Major Depression Different from Bipolar Depression?
• Can Depression in Children Manifest Differently Than in Adults?
• Does Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Have an Effect in Depression Level?
• How Does Depression Affect the Teenage Generation?
• Does Working Past Age 65 Protect Against Depression?
• Does Regular Exercise Reduce Stress Levels and Thus Reduce Symptoms of Depression?
• How Medication and Therapy Combat Depression?
• Does Depression Lead to Suicide and Decreased Life Expectancy?
• How Does Diabetes Not Cause Depression?
• Does Emotional Intelligence Mediate the Relation Between Mindfulness and Anxiety and Depression in Adolescents?
• How Does the Cognitive Theory Explain the Etiology of Depression?
• Does Parent Depression Correspond With Child Depression?
• Does Social Anxiety and Stress Lead to Depression?
• Does Positive Psychology Ease Symptoms of Depression?
• How Does Depression Affect Productivity?
• Does Depression Cause Cancer?
• Does Poverty Impact Depression in African American Adolescents and the Development of Suicidal Ideations?
• How Cognitive Reserves Does Moderates Effects of White Matter Hyperintensity on Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Function in Late-Life Depression?
• How Cognitive Therapy for Depression Reduces Interpersonal Problems?
• How Does Self-Esteem Interact With Adolescent Depression?
• Does Maternal Depression Hurt Parent-Child Attachment?
• Does Fruit and Vegetable Consumption During Adolescence Predict Adult Depression?
• How Can Depression Take Over Someone’s Life?
• How Has Depression Changed My Life Essay?
• Does the Average Person Experience Depression Throughout Their Life?
• Can Experiencing Depression Throughout All Life?

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What is depression?

Depression (also known as major depression, major depressive disorder, or clinical depression) is a common but serious mood disorder. It causes severe symptoms that affect how a person feels, thinks, and handles daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working.

To be diagnosed with depression, the symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks.

There are different types of depression, some of which develop due to specific circumstances.

• Major depression includes symptoms of depressed mood or loss of interest, most of the time for at least 2 weeks, that interfere with daily activities.
• Persistent depressive disorder (also called dysthymia or dysthymic disorder) consists of less severe symptoms of depression that last much longer, usually for at least 2 years.
• Perinatal depression is depression that occurs during pregnancy or after childbirth. Depression that begins during pregnancy is prenatal depression, and depression that begins after the baby is born is postpartum depression.
• Seasonal affective disorder is depression that comes and goes with the seasons, with symptoms typically starting in the late fall or early winter and going away during the spring and summer.
• Depression with symptoms of psychosis is a severe form of depression in which a person experiences psychosis symptoms, such as delusions (disturbing, false fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things others do not hear or see).

People with  bipolar disorder  (formerly called manic depression or manic-depressive illness) also experience depressive episodes, during which they feel sad, indifferent, or hopeless, combined with a very low activity level. But a person with bipolar disorder also experiences manic (or less severe hypomanic) episodes, or unusually elevated moods, in which they might feel very happy, irritable, or “up,” with a marked increase in activity level.

Other depressive disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5-TR)   include disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (diagnosed in children and adolescents) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (that affects women around the time of their period).

Who gets depression?

Depression can affect people of all ages, races, ethnicities, and genders.

Women are diagnosed with depression more often than men, but men can also be depressed. Because men may be less likely to recognize, talk about, and seek help for their feelings or emotional problems, they are at greater risk of their depression symptoms being undiagnosed or undertreated.

Studies also show higher rates of depression and an increased risk for the disorder among members of the LGBTQI+ community.

What are the signs and symptoms of depression?

If you have been experiencing some of the following signs and symptoms, most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 weeks, you may have depression:

• Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood
• Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
• Feelings of irritability, frustration, or restlessness
• Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness
• Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities
• Fatigue, lack of energy, or feeling slowed down
• Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions
• Difficulty sleeping, waking too early in the morning, or oversleeping
• Changes in appetite or unplanned weight changes
• Physical aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems without a clear physical cause that do not go away with treatment
• Thoughts of death or suicide or suicide attempts

Not everyone who is depressed experiences all these symptoms. Some people experience only a few symptoms, while others experience many. Symptoms associated with depression interfere with day-to-day functioning and cause significant distress for the person experiencing them.

Depression can also involve other changes in mood or behavior that include:

• Increased anger or irritability
• Feeling restless or on edge
• Becoming withdrawn, negative, or detached
• Increased engagement in high-risk activities
• Greater impulsivity
• Increased use of alcohol or drugs
• Isolating from family and friends
• Inability to meet the responsibilities of work and family or ignoring other important roles
• Problems with sexual desire and performance

Depression can look different in men and women. Although people of all genders can feel depressed, how they express those symptoms and the behaviors they use to cope with them may differ. For example, men (as well as women) may show symptoms other than sadness, instead seeming angry or irritable. And although increased use of alcohol or drugs can be a sign of depression in anyone, men are more likely to use these substances as a coping strategy.

In some cases, mental health symptoms appear as physical problems (for example, a racing heart, tightened chest, ongoing headaches, or digestive issues). Men are often more likely to see a health care provider about these physical symptoms than their emotional ones.

Because depression tends to make people think more negatively about themselves and the world, some people may also have thoughts of suicide or self-harm.

Several persistent symptoms, in addition to low mood, are required for a diagnosis of depression, but people with only a few symptoms may benefit from treatment. The severity and frequency of symptoms and how long they last will vary depending on the person, the illness, and the stage of the illness.

If you experience signs or symptoms of depression and they persist or do not go away, talk to a health care provider. If you see signs or symptoms of depression in someone you know, encourage them to seek help from a mental health professional.

If you or someone you know is struggling or having thoughts of suicide, call or text the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline   at 988 or chat at 988lifeline.org   . In life-threatening situations, call 911 .

What are the risk factors for depression?

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the United States . Research suggests that genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors play a role in depression.

Risk factors for depression can include:

• Personal or family history of depression
• Major negative life changes, trauma, or stress

Depression can happen at any age, but it often begins in adulthood. Depression is now recognized as occurring in children and adolescents, although children may express more irritability or anxiety than sadness. Many chronic mood and anxiety disorders in adults begin as high levels of anxiety in childhood.

Depression, especially in midlife or older age, can co-occur with other serious medical illnesses, such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease, chronic pain, and Parkinson’s disease. These conditions are often worse when depression is present, and research suggests that people with depression and other medical illnesses tend to have more severe symptoms of both illnesses. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)  has also recognized that having certain mental disorders, including depression and schizophrenia, can make people more likely to get severely ill from COVID-19.

Sometimes a physical health problem, such as thyroid disease, or medications taken for an illness cause side effects that contribute to depression. A health care provider experienced in treating these complicated illnesses can help determine the best treatment strategy. 

How is depression treated?

Depression, even the most severe cases, can be treated. The earlier treatment begins, the more effective it is. Depression is usually treated with psychotherapy , medication , or a combination of the two.

Some people experience treatment-resistant depression, which occurs when a person does not get better after trying at least two antidepressant medications. If treatments like psychotherapy and medication do not reduce depressive symptoms or the need for rapid relief from symptoms is urgent, brain stimulation therapy  may be an option to explore.

Quick tip : No two people are affected the same way by depression, and there is no "one-size-fits-all" treatment. Finding the treatment that works best for you may take trial and error.

Psychotherapies

Several types of psychotherapy (also called talk therapy or counseling) can help people with depression by teaching them new ways of thinking and behaving and helping them change habits that contribute to depression. Evidence-based approaches to treating depression include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT). Learn more about psychotherapy .

The growth of telehealth for mental health services , which offers an alternative to in-person therapy, has made it easier and more convenient for people to access care in some cases. For people who may have been hesitant to look for mental health care in the past, virtual mental health care might be an easier option.

Medications

Antidepressants are medications commonly used to treat depression. They work by changing how the brain produces or uses certain chemicals involved in mood or stress. You may need to try several different antidepressants before finding the one that improves your symptoms and has manageable side effects. A medication that has helped you or a close family member in the past will often be considered first.

Antidepressants take time—usually 4–8 weeks—to work, and problems with sleep, appetite, and concentration often improve before mood lifts. It is important to give a medication a chance to work before deciding whether it’s right for you. Learn more about mental health medications . 

New medications, such as intranasal esketamine , can have rapidly acting antidepressant effects, especially for people with treatment-resistant depression. Esketamine is a medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)  for treatment-resistant depression. Delivered as a nasal spray in a doctor’s office, clinic, or hospital, it acts rapidly, typically within a couple of hours, to relieve depression symptoms. People who use esketamine will usually continue taking an oral antidepressant to maintain the improvement in their symptoms.

Another option for treatment-resistant depression is to take an antidepressant alongside a different type of medication that may make it more effective, such as an antipsychotic or anticonvulsant medication. Further research is needed to identify the role of these newer medications in routine practice.

If you begin taking an antidepressant, do not stop taking it without talking to a health care provider . Sometimes people taking antidepressants feel better and stop taking the medications on their own, and their depression symptoms return. When you and a health care provider have decided it is time to stop a medication, usually after a course of 9–12 months, the provider will help you slowly and safely decrease your dose. Abruptly stopping a medication can cause withdrawal symptoms.

Note : In some cases, children, teenagers, and young adults under 25 years may experience an increase in suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants, especially in the first few weeks after starting or when the dose is changed. The FDA advises that patients of all ages taking antidepressants be watched closely, especially during the first few weeks of treatment.

If you are considering taking an antidepressant and are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding, talk to a health care provider about any health risks to you or your unborn or nursing child and how to weigh those risks against the benefits of available treatment options.

To find the latest information about antidepressants, talk to a health care provider and visit the FDA website  .

Brain stimulation therapies

If psychotherapy and medication do not reduce symptoms of depression, brain stimulation therapy may be an option to explore. There are now several types of brain stimulation therapy, some of which have been authorized by the FDA to treat depression. Other brain stimulation therapies are experimental and still being investigated for mental disorders like depression.

Although brain stimulation therapies are less frequently used than psychotherapy and medication, they can play an important role in treating mental disorders in people who do not respond to other treatments. These therapies are used for most mental disorders only after psychotherapy and medication have been tried and usually continue to be used alongside these treatments.

Brain stimulation therapies act by activating or inhibiting the brain with electricity. The electricity is given directly through electrodes implanted in the brain or indirectly through electrodes placed on the scalp. The electricity can also be induced by applying magnetic fields to the head.

The brain stimulation therapies with the largest bodies of evidence include:

• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
• Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
• Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)
• Magnetic seizure therapy (MST)
• Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

ECT and rTMS are the most widely used brain stimulation therapies, with ECT having the longest history of use. The other therapies are newer and, in some cases, still considered experimental. Other brain stimulation therapies may also hold promise for treating specific mental disorders.

ECT, rTMS, and VNS have authorization from the FDA to treat severe, treatment-resistant depression. They can be effective for people who have not been able to feel better with other treatments; people for whom medications cannot be used safely; and in severe cases where a rapid response is needed, such as when a person is catatonic, suicidal, or malnourished.

Additional types of brain stimulation therapy are being investigated for treating depression and other mental disorders. Talk to a health care provider and make sure you understand the potential benefits and risks before undergoing brain stimulation therapy. Learn more about these brain stimulation therapies .

Natural products

The FDA has not approved any natural products for treating depression. Although research is ongoing and findings are inconsistent, some people use natural products, including vitamin D and the herbal dietary supplement St. John’s wort, for depression. However, these products can come with risks. For instance, dietary supplements and natural products can limit the effectiveness of some medications or interact in dangerous or even life-threatening ways with them.

Do not use vitamin D, St. John’s wort, or other dietary supplements or natural products without talking to a health care provider. Rigorous studies must be conducted to test whether these and other natural products are safe and effective.

Daily morning light therapy is a common treatment choice for people with seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Light therapy devices are much brighter than ordinary indoor lighting and considered safe, except for people with certain eye diseases or taking medications that increase sensitivity to sunlight. As with all interventions for depression, evaluation, treatment, and follow-up by a health care provider are strongly recommended. Research into the potential role of light therapy in treating non-seasonal depression is ongoing.

How can I find help for depression?

A primary care provider is a good place to start if you’re looking for help. They can refer you to a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or clinical social worker, who can help you figure out next steps. Find tips for talking with a health care provider about your mental health.

You can learn more about getting help on the NIMH website. You can also learn about finding support  and locating mental health services  in your area on the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) website. 

Once you enter treatment, you should gradually start to feel better. Here are some other things you can do outside of treatment that may help you or a loved one feel better:

• Try to get physical activity. Just 30 minutes a day of walking can boost your mood.
• Try to maintain a regular bedtime and wake-up time.
• Eat regular, healthy meals.
• Break up large tasks into small ones; do what you can as you can. Decide what must get done and what can wait.
• Try to connect with people. Talk with people you trust about how you are feeling.
• Delay making important decisions, such as getting married or divorced, or changing jobs until you feel better. Discuss decisions with people who know you well.
• Avoid using alcohol, nicotine, or drugs, including medications not prescribed for you.

How can I find a clinical trial for depression?

Clinical trials are research studies that look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions, including depression. The goal of a clinical trial is to determine if a new test or treatment works and is safe. Although people may benefit from being part of a clinical trial, they should know that the primary purpose is to gain new scientific knowledge so that others can be better helped in the future.

Researchers at NIMH and around the country conduct many studies with people with and without depression. We have new and better treatment options today because of what clinical trials have uncovered. Talk to a health care provider about clinical trials, their benefits and risks, and whether one is right for you.

To learn more or find a study, visit:

• Clinical Trials – Information for Participants : Information about clinical trials, why people might take part in a clinical trial, and what people might experience during a clinical trial
• Clinicaltrials.gov: Current Studies on Depression   : List of clinical trials funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) being conducted across the country
• Join a Study: Depression—Adults : List of studies currently recruiting adults with depression being conducted on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD
• Join a Study: Depression—Children : List of studies currently recruiting children with depression being conducted on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD
• Join a Study: Perimenopause-Related Mood Disorders : List of studies on perimenopause-related mood disorders being conducted on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD
• Join a Study: Postpartum Depression : List of studies on postpartum depression being conducted on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD

Where can I learn more about depression?

Free brochures and shareable resources.

• Chronic Illness and Mental Health: Recognizing and Treating Depression : This fact sheet provides information about the link between depression and chronic disease. It describes what a chronic disease is, symptoms of depression, and treatment options, and presents resources to find help for yourself or someone else.
• Depression : This brochure provides information about depression, including different types of depression, signs and symptoms, how it is diagnosed, treatment options, and how to find help for yourself or a loved one.
• Depression in Women: 4 Things to Know : This fact sheet provides information about depression in women, including signs and symptoms, types of depression unique to women, and how to get help.
• Perinatal Depression : This brochure provides information about perinatal depression, including how it differs from “baby blues,” causes, signs and symptoms, treatment options, and how to find help for yourself or a loved one.
• Seasonal Affective Disorder : This fact sheet provides information about seasonal affective disorder, including signs and symptoms, how it is diagnosed, causes, and treatment options.
• Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): More Than the Winter Blues : This infographic provides information about how to recognize the symptoms of SAD and what to do to get help.
• Teen Depression: More Than Just Moodiness : This fact sheet is for teens and young adults and provides information about how to recognize the symptoms of depression and what to do to get help.
• Digital Shareables on Depression : These digital resources, including graphics and messages, can be used to spread the word about depression and help promote depression awareness and education in your community.

Federal resources

• Depression   (MedlinePlus - also en español  )
• Moms’ Mental Health Matters: Depression and Anxiety Around Pregnancy   ( Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development)

Research and statistics

• Journal Articles   : This webpage provides articles and abstracts on depression from MEDLINE/PubMed (National Library of Medicine).
• Statistics: Major Depression : This webpage provides the statistics currently available on the prevalence and treatment of depression among people in the United States.
• Depression Mental Health Minute : Take a mental health minute to watch this video on depression.
• NIMH Experts Discuss the Menopause Transition and Depression : Learn about the signs and symptoms, treatments, and latest research on depression during menopause.
• NIMH Expert Discusses Seasonal Affective Disorder : Learn about the signs and symptoms, treatments, and latest research on seasonal affective disorder.
• Discover NIMH: Personalized and Targeted Brain Stimulation Therapies : Watch this video describing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy for treatment-resistant depression. Brain stimulation therapies can be effective treatments for people with depression and other mental disorders. NIMH supports studies exploring how to make brain stimulation therapies more personalized while reducing side effects.
• Discover NIMH: Drug Discovery and Development : One of the most exciting breakthroughs from research funded by NIMH is the development of a fast-acting medication for treatment-resistant depression based on ketamine. This video shares the story of how ketamine infusions meaningfully changed the life of a participant in an NIMH clinical trial.
• Mental Health Matters Podcast: Depression: The Case for Ketamine : Dr. Carlos Zarate Jr. discusses esketamine—the medication he helped discover—for treatment-resistant depression. The podcast covers the history behind the development of esketamine, how it can help with depression, and what the future holds for this innovative line of clinical research.

Last Reviewed: March 2024

Unless otherwise specified, the information on our website and in our publications is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please cite the National Institute of Mental Health as the source. Read our copyright policy to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.

Great Depression Research Paper Topics

In this comprehensive guide on Great Depression research paper topics , we delve into the fascinating world of one of the most significant economic crises in history. As students studying history and assigned to write a research paper, it is essential to explore a wide range of engaging and thought-provoking topics related to the Great Depression. This page offers a comprehensive list of Great Depression research paper topics, an article on the Great Depression and its impact, expert advice on topic selection, tips on writing an effective research paper, and information about iResearchNet’s writing services. By following this guide, you will gain valuable insights and resources to unleash your potential and excel in your Great Depression research papers.

100 Great Depression Research Paper Topics

The Great Depression was a period of immense economic turmoil that gripped the world in the 1930s. It left a profound impact on various aspects of society and shaped the course of history. As a student of history, delving into the depths of this significant era provides a multitude of research opportunities. In this section, we present a comprehensive list of Great Depression research paper topics, divided into ten categories. These topics encompass a wide range of subjects and perspectives, allowing you to explore different facets of this transformative period.

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Economic Causes and Effects:

• The Stock Market Crash of 1929: Causes, Consequences, and Lessons Learned
• Banking Failures and the Collapse of the Financial System during the Great Depression
• Unemployment and its Social and Economic Implications during the Great Depression
• The Role of Government Policies in Shaping the Economic Landscape of the Great Depression
• The Impact of International Trade and Protectionism on the Global Economy during the Great Depression
• Changes in Monetary and Fiscal Policy Approaches in Response to the Great Depression
• Economic Inequality and the Great Depression: Examining the Disparities
• The Role of Consumer Spending and Investment Patterns in Shaping the Great Depression
• Economic Recovery Efforts and the Effectiveness of New Deal Programs
• Comparative Analysis of the Great Depression with Other Economic Crises

Social Impact and Cultural Changes:

• Poverty and Homelessness in the Great Depression: Causes, Experiences, and Responses
• Gender Roles and Women’s Experiences during the Great Depression
• African Americans and the Great Depression: Struggles, Activism, and Cultural Expression
• Art and Literature as Responses to the Great Depression: Depictions of Hardships and Resilience
• Social Movements and Labor Unions during the Great Depression: Strikes, Protests, and Reforms
• The Role of Education and Intellectual Life during the Great Depression
• Migration and Mobility during the Great Depression: Impact on Communities and Culture
• The Influence of Music and Entertainment on Society during the Great Depression
• Changes in Family Dynamics and Relationships during the Great Depression
• Public Health and Social Welfare Systems during the Great Depression: Challenges and Reforms

Government Interventions and Policies:

• Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal: Analyzing its Objectives, Implementation, and Results
• Role of the Federal Reserve in the Great Depression: Monetary Policy and Regulation
• Social Security Act of 1935: Origins, Implementation, and Long-Term Impact
• Agricultural Adjustment Act and its Effects on the Farming Community
• The National Industrial Recovery Act: Assessing its Goals, Strategies, and Legacy
• The Works Progress Administration (WPA): Job Creation and Infrastructure Projects
• The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): Environmental Conservation during the Great Depression
• The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): Regulating Financial Markets after the Crash
• The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA): Providing Relief to the Needy
• The Role of International Organizations and Agreements in Addressing the Global Effects of the Great Depression

Global Perspectives:

• The Global Spread and Impact of the Great Depression: Comparative Analysis
• The Great Depression in Europe: Causes, Effects, and Recovery Strategies
• The Great Depression and the Rise of Fascism: Examining the Interconnections
• Latin America’s Experience of the Great Depression: Economic Challenges and Political Shifts
• The Great Depression in Asia: Exploring Economic, Social, and Political Transformations
• The Role of International Financial Institutions in Mitigating the Global Effects of the Great Depression
• The Impact of Colonialism and Imperialism on Economic Vulnerability during the Great Depression
• The Great Depression and International Relations: Shifting Power Dynamics and Diplomatic Challenges
• Lessons Learned from the Great Depression: Policy Recommendations for Future Economic Crises
• Historical Comparisons: Assessing the Great Depression in Relation to Other Global Economic Downturns

Psychological and Social Welfare:

• Psychological Impact of the Great Depression on Individuals and Communities
• Mental Health Services and the Understanding of Mental Illness during the Great Depression
• The Role of Charity and Philanthropy in Assisting those Affected by the Great Depression
• Social Welfare Programs and Relief Efforts: Examining their Design and Effectiveness
• The Influence of Social Work and Social Workers during the Great Depression
• The Role of Religion and Faith-Based Organizations in Providing Support during the Great Depression
• The Impact of Childhood Experiences during the Great Depression: Long-Term Effects
• Social Assistance and Relief Programs: Comparing Strategies and Approaches
• Social Movements and Grassroots Activism for Social Justice during the Great Depression
• The Influence of Public Opinion and Mass Media on Social Welfare Policies

Impact on Specific Industries:

• The Automobile Industry during the Great Depression: Challenges, Innovations, and Recovery
• Impact of the Great Depression on the Banking and Financial Sector
• Film Industry during the Great Depression: Entertainment and Escapism in Troubled Times
• The Construction Industry during the Great Depression: Infrastructure Development and Public Works Projects
• The Impact of the Great Depression on the Textile and Manufacturing Industries
• Changes in the Agricultural Sector during the Great Depression: Farming Practices and Government Interventions
• Mining and Natural Resource Industries during the Great Depression: Challenges and Adaptations
• The Role of Labor Unions in Protecting Workers’ Rights during the Great Depression
• Impact of the Great Depression on the Shipping and Maritime Industry
• The Aviation Industry during the Great Depression: Technological Advances and Commercial Aviation Expansion

Political Climate and Leadership:

• Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Leadership during the Great Depression: Policies and Legacy
• Opposition and Criticisms of New Deal Programs: Political Debates and Alternative Proposals
• Role of Political Parties and Electoral Shifts during the Great Depression
• Populist Movements and Responses to Economic Hardships: The Influence of Radical Politics
• The Role of Women in Politics during the Great Depression: Activism and Reform Efforts
• The Impact of the Great Depression on the Presidency and the Executive Branch
• Socialism, Communism, and the Great Depression: Ideological Shifts and Debates
• The Role of the Supreme Court in Shaping New Deal Policies and their Constitutionality
• The Influence of International Relations and Geopolitics on National Responses to the Great Depression
• Political Movements and Grassroots Activism during the Great Depression: Lessons for Today

Cultural and Artistic Responses:

• Literature of the Great Depression: Themes, Styles, and Authors
• Visual Arts during the Great Depression: Depictions of Hardship and Social Commentary
• Music and the Great Depression: Exploring Jazz, Blues, and Folk Music Movements
• Theatre and Performance Arts during the Great Depression: Escapism and Social Critique
• Photography and Documentary Projects: Capturing the Realities of the Great Depression
• Radio and Broadcasting during the Great Depression: Entertainment and News Dissemination
• The Influence of Hollywood Films on Popular Culture during the Great Depression
• Dance and Dance Halls during the Great Depression: Cultural Expression and Social Gathering
• Sports and Athletics during the Great Depression: Resilience and National Identity
• Fashion and Popular Culture Trends during the Great Depression: Reflections of Social Change

Regional Perspectives:

• The Great Depression in the United States: Regional Variations and Local Impacts
• The Great Depression in Rural Communities: Challenges and Agricultural Adjustments
• Urban Areas during the Great Depression: Impact on Cities, Migration, and Community Dynamics
• The Great Depression in Europe: Regional Responses and Recovery Strategies
• The Great Depression in Asia: Regional Economic Shifts and Political Unrest
• Latin America’s Experience of the Great Depression: Economic Policies and Social Transformations
• The Great Depression in Africa: Colonial Economies and Indigenous Responses
• The Impact of the Great Depression on the Caribbean: Trade, Tourism, and Political Instability
• The Great Depression in the Middle East: Oil, Colonialism, and Economic Resilience
• The Great Depression in Oceania: Impacts on Indigenous Communities and Trade Relations

Lessons Learned and Legacy:

• Economic Policies and Regulations Implemented Post-Great Depression: Analysis and Evaluation
• The Great Depression’s Influence on Modern Economic Thought and Macroeconomic Theory
• The Great Depression and the Formation of International Financial Institutions
• Comparative Analysis of the Great Depression with Subsequent Economic Crises
• The Long-Term Social and Economic Consequences of the Great Depression
• Historical Reflections on the Lasting Impact of the Great Depression: Lessons for Today
• The Great Depression’s Influence on Government Intervention and Social Welfare Programs
• The Role of Economic Forecasting and Risk Management in Post-Great Depression Policies
• The Great Depression and Changes in Economic Theory and Policy Approaches
• Evaluating the Successes and Failures of Recovery Efforts during the Great Depression

This comprehensive list of Great Depression research paper topics offers a diverse array of subjects for exploration and analysis. Whether you are interested in the economic, social, cultural, political, or regional aspects of this era, there is a topic to suit your research interests. By selecting a topic from this list, you can delve into the complexities of the Great Depression, uncovering its causes, effects, and the lessons it holds for the present and future.

The Great Depression: Exploring its Impact and Historical Significance

The Great Depression stands as one of the most transformative periods in modern history, leaving an indelible mark on societies around the world. This 2000-word article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the Great Depression, its historical context, and its profound significance. By delving into the range of Great Depression research paper topics, we can gain valuable insights into the causes and effects of the economic collapse, its social impact, and the government responses that shaped the path to recovery. Through the study of the Great Depression, we can better understand the complexities of economic systems, social inequality, and the role of government intervention in times of crisis.

• The Historical Context : The article begins by setting the stage for the Great Depression, exploring the economic prosperity of the 1920s, the underlying factors that contributed to the collapse, and the global context in which it unfolded. It highlights the interconnectedness of economies and the far-reaching consequences of the financial downturn.
• The Causes of the Great Depression : This section delves into the causes of the Great Depression, examining factors such as the stock market crash of 1929, the unsustainable economic practices of the time, and the impact of international events. It explores the intricate web of circumstances that led to the onset of the devastating economic downturn.
• The Effects of the Great Depression : Here, we explore the wide-ranging effects of the Great Depression on individuals, families, businesses, and entire nations. We discuss the soaring unemployment rates, widespread poverty, loss of homes and farms, and the resulting social and psychological impact on affected communities. The section also highlights the global ramifications, including a decline in international trade, financial instability, and political shifts.
• Social Impact and Cultural Changes : The Great Depression had a profound impact on society, reshaping social norms, cultural attitudes, and the fabric of communities. This section explores the challenges faced by various social groups, such as women, minorities, and workers. It discusses the emergence of social movements, the role of art and literature as responses to the crisis, and the cultural shifts that took place during this period.
• Government Responses and Policies : The government responses to the Great Depression played a critical role in shaping the trajectory of recovery. This section examines the policies implemented by governments around the world, focusing on notable initiatives such as Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal in the United States. It analyzes the effectiveness of these policies, their impact on the economy and society, and the enduring legacy of government intervention.
• Economic Systems and Lessons Learned : The Great Depression prompted a reevaluation of economic systems and theories. This section explores the debates surrounding capitalism, socialism, and the role of government regulation. It discusses the long-term implications of the Great Depression on economic thought, policy approaches, and the establishment of social safety nets.
• Social Inequality and Social Justice : Studying the Great Depression provides an opportunity to examine the deep-rooted issues of social inequality and the pursuit of social justice. This section explores the unequal distribution of wealth and resources during the period, the impact on marginalized communities, and the subsequent efforts to address systemic inequalities. It also examines the role of labor unions and their fight for worker rights during this tumultuous time.
• Government Intervention and the Role of Institutions : The Great Depression led to a significant expansion of government intervention and the establishment of new institutions. This section examines the role of institutions such as the Federal Reserve, the creation of social welfare programs, and the impact of regulatory bodies. It evaluates the lasting effects of these interventions on economic stability, social welfare, and the relationship between the government and the private sector.
• Global Impact and International Relations : The Great Depression had a profound effect on the global stage, reshaping international relations and sparking geopolitical shifts. This section explores how different countries were affected by the economic downturn and how it influenced their foreign policies. It also examines the efforts to address the global economic crisis through international cooperation and the establishment of institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
• Lessons Learned and Legacy : In this final section, we reflect on the lessons learned from the Great Depression and its enduring legacy. It discusses the reforms and regulations implemented to prevent a similar economic catastrophe in the future, the importance of financial regulation, and the significance of social safety nets. It also examines the long-term impact on economic policies, the role of the government in managing economic crises, and the relevance of studying the Great Depression in the modern world.

The Great Depression stands as a defining moment in history, with profound implications for economic, social, and political systems. By studying the causes, effects, social impact, and government responses of this period, we gain valuable insights into the complexities of economic systems, social inequality, and the role of government intervention. Exploring the range of Great Depression research paper topics allows us to deepen our understanding of this transformative era and its relevance to contemporary society.

How to Choose Great Depression Research Paper Topics

Selecting an engaging and meaningful research topic is crucial when delving into the realm of Great Depression studies. This section provides valuable guidance on how to choose the most suitable research paper topic that aligns with your interests, academic goals, and the significance of this historical period. By following these ten tips, you can navigate through the vast array of potential Great Depression research paper topics and identify a research question that allows for a comprehensive exploration of the Great Depression.

• Reflect on Personal Interests : Begin by considering your personal interests within the broader context of the Great Depression. Reflect on aspects such as social history, economic policies, cultural impact, or political responses. Exploring Great Depression research paper topics that resonate with your passion will ensure a deeper engagement and motivation throughout the research process.
• Conduct Preliminary Research : Engage in preliminary research to familiarize yourself with the existing scholarship on the Great Depression. This will help you identify gaps in the literature and uncover potential avenues for further investigation. Consult academic journals, books, and reputable online sources to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current scholarly discourse.
• Focus on Specific Regions or Time Periods : The Great Depression had a global impact, affecting different regions in unique ways. Consider narrowing your research focus to a specific country, region, or even a particular community. This allows for a more nuanced analysis and provides an opportunity to examine localized experiences and responses to the economic crisis.
• Analyze Primary and Secondary Sources : Utilize both primary and secondary sources to gather evidence and support your research. Primary sources, such as letters, diaries, government records, and newspapers from the period, offer firsthand accounts and insights. Secondary sources, including scholarly articles and books, provide critical analysis and interpretations of the Great Depression.
• Explore Different Aspects of the Great Depression : The Great Depression is a multi-faceted historical event that impacted various spheres of life. Consider exploring different aspects, such as the economic causes, social consequences, political responses, cultural expressions, or international relations. By delving into different dimensions, you can gain a comprehensive understanding of the era.
• Examine the Impact on Different Social Groups : The Great Depression affected people from all walks of life differently. Explore the experiences of various social groups, such as women, racial and ethnic minorities, farmers, workers, and the urban poor. Investigate how these groups navigated through the economic crisis and the impact it had on their lives.
• Analyze Government Policies and Programs : Government responses played a significant role in addressing the Great Depression. Choose a research topic that focuses on specific government policies, programs, or initiatives implemented during this time. Analyze their effectiveness, impact on the economy and society, and the long-term consequences of these interventions.
• Investigate Cultural Responses and Artistic Expressions : The Great Depression fostered a wealth of cultural responses, including literature, music, photography, and visual arts. Explore the cultural expressions of the era and their reflection of the social and economic climate. Analyze the works of artists, writers, and musicians to understand how they captured the experiences and emotions of the time.
• Consider Comparative Analysis : Comparative analysis allows for a deeper understanding of the Great Depression by examining similarities and differences between different countries, regions, or time periods. Compare the economic, social, and political responses of multiple nations or explore the impact of the Great Depression on different continents.
• Engage with Historiographical Debates : The study of the Great Depression is dynamic, with ongoing debates and reinterpretations of historical events and their significance. Choose a research topic that engages with these historiographical debates and contributes to the scholarly discourse. By exploring conflicting interpretations, you can develop a nuanced understanding of the complexities surrounding the Great Depression.

Choosing a research topic on the Great Depression requires careful consideration and a thoughtful approach. By reflecting on personal interests, conducting preliminary research, focusing on specific regions or time periods, analyzing primary and secondary sources, and exploring various aspects and social groups, you can identify a research question that aligns with your interests and academic goals. Engaging with government policies, cultural expressions, and comparative analysis provides further avenues for exploration. Remember to contribute to historiographical debates and approach your research with critical thinking and analytical skills. By following these ten tips, you will be well-equipped to embark on a successful research journey into the depths of the Great Depression.

How to Write a Great Depression Research Paper

Writing a research paper on the Great Depression requires careful planning, thorough research, and effective communication of your findings. This section provides valuable guidance on how to structure and write a successful research paper that showcases your understanding of this significant historical period. By following these ten tips, you can craft a compelling and insightful paper on the Great Depression.

• Formulate a Clear Thesis Statement : Start your research paper with a clear and concise thesis statement that articulates the main argument or focus of your study. The thesis statement should guide your research and provide a roadmap for your paper, ensuring coherence and direction throughout.
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Antidepressant use among teen girls and young women has skyrocketed

Use among teen boys and young men stayed the same during and after the COVID-19 pandemic

Vol. 55 No. 5 Print version: page 96

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• Men and Boys

The increase in the trajectory of antidepressant use by teens and young adults from March 2020 to December 2022 (starting at the onset of the pandemic), compared with February 2020.

The increase in the trajectory of antidepressant use by teen girls ages 12 to 17 from March 2020 to December 2022, compared with the monthly rate of change from January 2016 to February 2020. For females ages 18 to 25, the average monthly rate of change in antidepressant use was 56.5% over the two time periods.

The amount by which antidepressant use in teen boys ages 12 to 17 was lower than expected in December 2022. In addition, antidepressant use for young men ages 18 to 25 stayed the same over the two time periods. It’s unclear why the numbers are so much lower for males than for females.

Source: Chua, K.-P., et al. (2024). Antidepressant dispensing to U.S. adolescents and young adults: 2016–2022. Pediatrics. Online publication Feb. 26, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds. 2023-064245 . The data are from the IQVIA Longitudinal Prescription Database, which reports prescriptions from nearly all U.S. pharmacies.

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A Surprising Early Warning Sign of Depression

This depression symptom can precede others, especially in older adults..

Posted June 30, 2024 | Reviewed by Jessica Schrader

• What Is Depression?
• Find a therapist to overcome depression
• There is a strong correlation between depression and impaired sense of smell.
• It is unclear whether loss of smell triggers depression or vice versa, or if the relationship is reciprocal.
• Despite unclear causality, these findings do suggest new ways to diagnose and treat depression.

When mental health professionals look for signs of depression , they assess well-known signs such as altered sleep patterns, loss of appetite , disinterest in everyday activities, sadness, lack of energy, drug and alcohol abuse , difficulty concentrating, irritability, social withdrawal, suicidal thoughts, and other indicators that correlate with clinical depression.

But a much less well-known phenomenon associated with depression is impairment of the sense of smell [1,2,6].

These impairments include elevated thresholds for detecting odors and difficulties identifying and differentiating different odors [2,6]. Impaired olfaction is called dysosmia, while complete loss of sense of smell is termed, anosmia.

What causes what?

As with many symptoms of mental illness, the determination of causes and effects is not straightforward when it comes to the strong correlation between dysosmia and depression.

There is mounting evidence that odors can directly affect mood [11], as when the smell of your favorite childhood cookies evokes fond memories. And a healthy sense of smell, and associated sense of taste, is important for enjoying life [3].

Thus, one school of thought is that a degraded sense of smell and taste can directly lead to depression. Some researchers [1] have even speculated that one reason the incidence of depression tends to increase with age is that sense of smell also degrades with age [1].

However, the association between olfaction and depression may be more correlative than causative, according to other researchers {2.4,8]. Olfaction and mood have common neural underpinnings in structures such as entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and orbito-prefrontal cortex [4]. Therefore, anatomical changes in these structures, such as atrophy associated with stress and excess corticosteroids could simultaneously affect mood and olfaction, without there being a direct causal link between the two.

Respiratory Infections and allergies, which are a leading cause of degradation of the sense of smell, also bring inflammation, which has been strongly linked to mood disorders [12]. A recent study of COVID-19 patients who suffered an impaired sense of smell also demonstrated a higher incidence of depression in these patients [7].

Thus, both depression and olfactory dysfunction may arise from a third factor such as stress, inflammation, or anatomical changes in shared neural structures, and not be causally related to each other, one way or another.

And yet, some researchers speculate that depression might trigger olfactory deficits due to declines in cognitive and information processing abilities in depressed patients, instead of from direct decreases in the functioning of olfactory structures. Functional imaging studies of depressed patients with and without olfactory symptoms reveal very little correlation between depression and olfactory bulb volume [5], leading the authors of the study to conclude: “ We are therefore in favor of a top-down mechanism originating in higher cortical areas explaining parts of the relation between depression and olfaction [5]."

Implications for diagnosis and treatment

It remains unclear whether an impaired sense of smell helps trigger depression, depression by itself produces olfactory deficits, factors such as inflammation and stress both contribute to dysosmia and depression, smell and mood disorders are mutually reciprocal—or some complex interactions among all of the above factors is responsible for the depression-olfaction connection.

But even without knowing the causal linkage between olfaction and depression, the nexus of smell and mood could be important for both diagnosis and treatment of depression.

Adding olfactory function to the signs and symptoms employed to diagnose depression might facilitate earlier diagnosis in some patients or help determine the severity of the disorder. For instance, one longitudinal study of adults with depression, in which some members of the cohort did not have depression when the study began, but developed it during the study, provides evidence that in adults over 60, a decrease in olfactory function might be an early warning sign of depression [1]. Also, in older adults, the severity of depressive symptoms has been found to increase with the severity of dysosmia [13].

Regarding treatment for depression, therapies such as olfactory training (OT) and olfactory enhancement (OE), in which subjects are repeatedly exposed to a wide variety of odors and concentrations of those odors, have shown promise for relieving some symptoms of depression [9,10]. By themselves, these results don’t prove that dysosmia triggers depression, but the new findings do hint at a novel treatment modality for depression, especially when other treatment methods have not proven as effective as desired.

As a former sufferer of depression myself, I am encouraged by new insights emerging from the link between olfaction and depression, and I wish researchers in this emerging field more than just a whiff of success.

https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article-abstract/79/1/glad139/7207364?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false

(Dysosmia early indicator of depression in older adults)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4918728/

(Depression and poor olfaction are linked)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5977071/

(Dysosmia may trigger depression)

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-016-8227-8

(Share anatomical structures, inattention)

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-36783-0

(Reduced olfaction likely due to cognitive processing)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5915822/

(Strong link in older adults between olfaction, depression)

https://news.vcu.edu/article/43_of_respondents_report_feeling_depressed_after_losing_sense

(Depression after COVID induced loss of smell)

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-022-02081-y

(Inflammation can lead to dysosmia and depression)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8983665

(Olfactory training can elevate mood)

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2022.1013363/full

(Olfactory enrichment can elevate mood)

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-2836-3_15#:~:text=Odors%20are%20said%20to%20influence,brain%20involved%20in%20emotional%20experience .

(Olfaction influences mood)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7381373/

(Inflammation and depression)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10733184/

(Severity of depression correlates with severity of dysosmia)

Eric Haseltine, Ph.D ., is a neuroscientist and the author of Long Fuse, Big Bang.

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Fact Sheet: Download and Share

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the United States. Depression does not discriminate, and can affect anyone regardless of age, race, ethnicity, or gender.

What is depression?

Sadness is a normal reaction to difficult times in life. However, depression is a common but serious mood disorder that can interfere with daily activities. It is important to contact a health care provider about diagnosis and treatment if you believe you have depression.

What are the symptoms of depression?

To be diagnosed with depression, symptoms must be present nearly every day for at least two weeks. Symptoms vary from person to person and may include physical aches and pains. Some common symptoms of depression include:

• Feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness
• Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
• Loss of interest in activities that you used to enjoy
• Trouble thinking, concentrating, or making decisions
• Difficulty falling and staying asleep or sleeping too much
• Tiredness and lack of energy
• Changes in appetite
• Unexplained physical problems
• Thoughts of not wanting to live or hurting yourself

Who is affected by depression?

Depression can affect people of all ages, races, ethnicities, and genders. Certain people may be at higher risk of developing depression such as people with a family history of depression, a chronic medical condition, or those who have experienced major life changes, trauma, or stress.

How is depression diagnosed?

A health care provider will ask questions about your feelings, mood, behavior patterns, and other aspects of your life. This screening may include a physical exam and blood test to rule out physical causes.

How to Get Help Now

If you or someone you know is struggling or in crisis, help is available. Call or text 988 to access the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline. You can also access the Lifeline via web chat at 988lifeline.org . The Lifeline provides free and confidential emotional support to people in suicidal crisis or emotional distress 24 hours a day, 7 days a week in the United States and U.S. territories.

How is depression treated?

Many treatment options are available for depressive disorders. Treatments can include psychotherapy, or “talk therapy,” medications known as antidepressants, or a combination of the two. Talk to a health care provider to determine the best treatment for you.

Depressive disorders and clinical trials

The FDA encourages people from diverse backgrounds to participate in clinical trials. If you think a depressive disorder clinical trial may be right for you, talk to your health care provider. You can also search for clinical trials in your area at www.ClinicalTrials.gov .

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Depression research: where are we now?

1 Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea

Jaehoon Jeong

Yongdo kwak, sang ki park.

Extensive studies have led to a variety of hypotheses for the molecular basis of depression and related mood disorders, but a definite pathogenic mechanism has yet to be defined. The monoamine hypothesis, in conjunction with the efficacy of antidepressants targeting monoamine systems, has long been the central topic of depression research. While it is widely embraced that the initiation of antidepressant efficacy may involve acute changes in monoamine systems, apparently, the focus of current research is moving toward molecular mechanisms that underlie long-lasting downstream changes in the brain after chronic antidepressant treatment, thereby reaching for a detailed view of the pathophysiology of depression and related mood disorders. In this minireview, we briefly summarize major themes in current approaches to understanding mood disorders focusing on molecular views of depression and antidepressant action.

Introduction

Mood disorders such as major depression and bipolar disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders in modern society. About 16% and 1% of the population are estimated to be affected by major depression and bipolar disorder one or more times during their life time, respectively [ 1 ]. The presence of the common symptoms of these disorders are collectively called 'depressive syndrome' and includes a long-lasting depressed mood, feelings of guilt, anxiety, and recurrent thoughts of death and suicide [ 2 ]. The genetic contribution to the manifestation of depression has been estimated as 40-50% [ 3 ]. However, combinations of multiple genetic factors may be involved in the development of depression, because a defect in a single gene usually fails to induce the expression of multifaceted symptoms of depression [ 4 ]. Also, various non-genetic factors such as stress, affective trauma, viral infection, and neurodevelopmental abnormalities increase the complexity of the pathogenesis of the disease. Thus, extensive studies have led to a variety of hypotheses for the molecular mechanism of depression, but a definite pathogenic mechanism has yet to be defined.

The 'monoamine hypothesis,' which suggests a deficiency or imbalances in the monoamine neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, as the cause of depression has been the central topic of depression research for approximately the last 50 years. This hypothesis has been initiated and supported by the fact that early versions of antidepressants including tricyclics and monoamine oxidase inhibitors have the common effect of acutely enhancing monoamine function [ 5 - 7 ]. Recent development of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as effective antidepressants has further strengthened the hypothesis [ 6 , 8 ]. However, unresolved complexity of the current antidepressants remains. First, antidepressants are effective in less than 50% of patients, and recently discovered drugs have failed to enlarge the extent of applicable patients [ 2 ]. Second, chronic treatment with antidepressants is required for clinical effects, and the reason for this is unknown [ 9 ]. Third, depression medications as well as mood stabilizers show a wide spectrum of undesired side effects.

In particular, because clinical effects of antidepressants that acutely modify monoamine systems are significantly delayed, it is now believed that an adaptation of downstream events, including lasting changes in gene expression by chronic treatment, underlie the antidepressant efficacy [ 10 ]. This phenomenon suggests that there is probably not a simple relationship between biogenic amines and depression postulated by classical monoamine hypothesis. The complexity may be due to multiple factors, which is likely because depression is a group of disorders with several underlying pathologies. Also, expression of depression symptoms may require disturbances in certain neurotransmitter systems that are functionally interconnected to each other at multiple levels. Taken together, while it still has to be emphasized that the initiation of antidepressant efficacy may be mediated by acute changes in monoamine systems, apparently, the focus of current research is moving toward molecular mechanisms that underlie long-lasting downstream changes in the brain after chronic antidepressant treatment, thereby reaching for a detailed view to the pathophysiology of depression and related mood disorders. In this minireview, we summarize major themes in current approaches to understanding depression and related mood disorders.

Gene-environment interactions

As a way to discovering genes predisposing to depression, geneticists have long been searching for gene variants that play a role in the response to life stresses, a critical environmental factor for the onset of depression, which would be an example of 'gene-environment interaction': whereby an environmental factor is filtered through the activity of a gene to confer differential susceptibility to depression among individuals. To this end, polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter (5-hydroxyltryptamine transporter, 5-HTT) gene have been extensively analyzed. It has been reported that the expression level of 5-HTT from the 5-HTT gene is influenced by polymorphisms in the 5'-flanking region (5-HTT gene-linked polymorphic region, 5-HTTLPR) and in the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) of the second intron [ 11 , 12 ]. In particular, a short variant of 5-HTTLPR appears to be associated with repressed transcriptional activity of the promoter, decreased 5-HTT expression, and decreased 5-HT uptake when compared with a long variant of 5-HTTLPR [ 13 ]. Significantly, genetic studies have shown that these polymorphisms are associated with major depressive disorder in human [ 14 ]. Moreover, a longitudinal study with 847 New Zealanders has shown that a short allele of 5-HTTLPR variants is associated with an increase in susceptibility to depression in response to life stresses such as job losses or divorces [ 15 ]. Strikingly, in this study, the polymorphism is influential only when the subjects are in significant life stresses, suggesting that 5-HTT may be a connecting point between individual's genetic makeup and environmental triggers of depression. These observations were further strengthened by study showing that increased depression scores in maltreated children without social supports are associated the short allele of 5HTTLPR [ 16 ].

However, the insight from these studies does not appear to be fully supported by other studies. The association of allelic variation in VNTR of 5-HTT gene with the susceptibility to depression was not consistently detected in some analyses [ 17 , 18 ]. A meta-analysis showed that polymorphisms in 5-HTTLPR and the second intron are actually found in depressed patients but the strength of association does not reach a statistical significance [ 19 ]. An extensive study using 1206 twins also failed to find a main effect of 5-HTTLPR, or an interaction between the 5-HTTLPR genotype and stressful life events on major depression [ 20 ]. Moreover, a recent meta-analysis using 14 comparable studies has yielded no evidence that the serotonin transporter genotype alone or in interaction with stressful life events is associated with an elevated risk of depression [ 21 ]. The mixed results from these studies reveal the potential weakness of the 'candidate gene' approach focusing on a specific gene variant to elucidate gene-environment interactions, and thus add importance on unbiased whole-genome scan approach, especially when a disease with polygenic nature, such as depression and related mood disorders, is concerned.

Stress response circuits

Chronic stress is an important component in depression even though it does not seem to function as a necessary or sufficient factor. From this point of view, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a core neuroendocrine circuit for managing stress in the body, has been a topic of interest in depression research [ 22 ]. Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) secreted from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus enhances secretion of adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) from the pituitary [ 22 , 23 ], and subsequently, glucocorticoid is secreted from the adrenal cortex, impacting neurobehavioral functions of various brain regions [ 2 ]. The HPA axis forms a feedback loop via certain brain regions such as the hippocampus and amygdala [ 24 ]. It was reported that hypercortisolemia, a persistent upregulation of blood glucocorticoid levels, increases the excitotoxicity of CA3 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus, resulting in dendritic atrophy, reduction in spinogenesis, apoptosis of neurons, and possibly inhibition of adult neurogenesis [ 25 ]. These functional abnormalities of hippocampal neurons caused by chronic stress can reduce the inhibitory tone on the HPA-axis, which results in hyperactivity of the HPA-axis [ 23 ]. Notably, hyperactivity of HPA-axis is evident in approximately half of depressed patients and chronic treatment with antidepressants often reverses this phenomenon [ 23 , 26 ]. Furthermore, evidence from animal studies suggests that chronic treatment with antidepressants appears to contribute to the recovery of the abnormal function of the hippocampus by increasing neurogenesis [ 27 , 28 ].

In this regard, one research direction is to evaluate the therapeutic potentials of weakening of the functions of the HPA axis. The obvious targets are CRF receptors expressed in the pituitary and glucocorticoid receptors expressed in the hippocampus and other brain regions, because those receptors are core components in the HPA axis and the associated feedback loop [ 24 , 29 - 32 ]. In a similar context, vasopressin receptors have also emerged as alternative targets [ 33 , 34 ]. Vasopressin is a neuropeptide that enhances CRF function and works through vasopressin receptors expressed in the amygdala and other parts of the limbic system. Also, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of vasopressin 1b (V1b) receptor has protective effects against major depressive disorder [ 35 ]. Intriguingly, antagonism of CRF receptors, glucocorticoid receptors, and vasopressin receptors appear to exhibit antidepressant effects in experimental animals. The applicability to human patients remains to be further refined.

Neurotrophic factors

Long-term stress appears to reduce the expression level of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus [ 36 ]. Also, in a post-mortem study of depressed patients, a reduction in BDNF expression was reported [ 37 ]. In addition, polymorphisms of BDNF gene are associated with neuroticism, a personality trait linked to increased susceptibility to depression [ 38 ]. A family-based association study showed that polymorphisms in BDNF genes are related to bipolar disorders [ 39 ]. Conversely, a chronic treatment with antidepressants not only enhances the BDNF level but also increases the stress resistance in animals [ 40 , 41 ]. These observations provided a basis for 'neurotrophism theory' stating that depression is caused by a deficit in neurotrophic factors, and antidepressants neutralize this deficit. This theory may be intimately related to neuronal damages in the hippocampal region caused by hyperactivity of stress response circuits aforementioned. Because BDNF is known to enhance synaptic plasticity in various brain regions [ 42 , 43 ], it is reasonable to postulate that improving BDNF function may be beneficial to the hippocampal neurons that are susceptible to stress-induced damages. Supporting this idea, direct injection of BDNF into the hippocampus of experimental animals induces behavioral changes similar to antidepressant treatment [ 41 ]. Thus, BDNF and its receptor TrkB, have become promising targets of novel-type anti-depression therapies.

Despite these observations, a possible causative relationship between BDNF function and the pathogenesis of depression or antidepressant efficacy requires further clarification. For example, while the antidepressant efficacy is suppressed in experiments using inducible BDNF knock-out mice, depression-related behaviors are only seen in females, showing significant gender differences [ 36 ]. Moreover, forebrain-specific conditional TrkB receptor knockout mice do not exhibit depression-related behaviors such as increased behavioral despair in the forced swim test [ 44 ], whereas it has been demonstrated that activation of TrkB receptor is required for antidepressant-induced behavioral effects [ 45 ]. Thus, the relationship between the loss of BDNF activity and the expression of depressive symptoms is not in a simple correlation. Nevertheless, the potential value of the neurotrophic theory as a basis for the design of new form of anti-depression therapies cannot be excluded by the complexity of the current experimental results.

Histone modifications

One poorly understood characteristic of antidepressants is the long delay before the onset of positive effects in patients [ 10 ]. This phenomenon is often attributed to the slow development of adaptation in the relevant neurons that underlies the beneficial effect of the drugs. The identity of the adaptation is not clear yet, but enduring changes in the state of chromatin are thought to be involved. Chronic electro-convulsive shocks that are effective for some depressed patients also induce changes in wide range of the histone modification patterns in experimental animals [ 46 ]. One locus with prominent changes is BDNF, and in conjunction with the suggestion of BDNF as a potential target for design of new antidepressants, the epigenetic control of BDNF expression has been extensively analyzed in the context of the expression of depression and chronic antidepressant treatments. In the rat hippocampus, chronic electro-convulsive shocks increase acetylated histone H3 at the BDNF promoters 3 and 4, and these modifications appear to be correlated with increased expression of BDNF and CREB [ 46 ]. This upregulation has been linked to the effects of antidepressants in animal studies [ 28 , 47 ]. Moreover, chronic defeat stress, an experimental model for depression, elicits selective downregulation of some BDNF splice variants, in the hippocampus [ 28 ]. This downregulation appears to be due to induction of H3-K27 dimethylation, a histone code for transcriptional repression [ 28 , 48 ]. Conversely, an antidepressant treatment reverses repression of BDNF expression likely by inducing H3 acetylation and H3-K4 methylation, acting as histone codes for transcriptional activation, at the BDNF promoter region [ 49 ]. During this whole process, roles for histone deacetylases (HDACs) seem to be crucial because chronic antidepressant treatment downregulates HDAC5, and overexpression of HDAC5 in the hippocampus prevents its antidepressant effect [ 28 ].

HDAC inhibitors have thus received attention for their potentials as promising therapeutics for depression and related mood disorders. HDAC inhibitors are members of four families: the short chain fatty acids (e.g. sodium butyrate (SB), phenylbutyrate, and valproic acid (VPA)), the hyroxamic acids (e.g. TSA and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA)), the epoxyketones (e.g. trapoxin), and the benzamides. One of the most widely used mood stabilizers is VPA. As VPA is known to have an inhibitory activity on HDAC1 and presumably other HDACs [ 50 ], it has been proposed that its mood stabilizing efficacy may be mediated at least in part by histone modifications. Another study showed that HDAC inhibitors such as VPA, SB, and TSA increase BDNF expression in the brain [ 51 ]. Thus, epigenetic mechanisms, especially histone modification, seem to have the potential to provide new mechanistic insights into the expression of depression and novel treatments for depression and related mood disorders.

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis

Brain imaging studies showing reduced hippocampal volume in depressed patients have provided a platform for investigating adult neurogenesis in the context of the pathogenesis of depression [ 52 ]. The hypothesis states that chronic stresses and other depression-inducing stimuli decrease neurogenesis [ 53 - 55 ], whereas antidepressant efficacy may rely on an increase in neurogenesis [ 54 - 56 ]. Adult neurogenesis is restricted to the subventricular zone and subgranular zone of the hippocampus [ 57 ], and this emphasizes the potential importance of hippocampal neurogenesis during the onset as well as during the treatment of depression. Supporting this idea, various animal models of depression, such as learned helplessness, chronic mild stress, and psychosocial stress, are associated with reductions in hippocampal neurogenesis [ 58 - 60 ]. Conversely, chronic antidepressant treatment not only increases neurogenesis but also supports survival of newborn neurons [ 61 ]. It has also been shown that the antidepressant efficacy of tricyclics, imipramine, and SSRIs requires hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents [ 58 , 62 , 63 ]. Furthermore, chronic fluoxetine treatment appears to increase the number of synapses in the pyramidal cell layers and block the decrease in spine density in the dentate gyrus and other hippocampal cell layers [ 64 ]. Notably, enriched environments, which is known to enhance hippocampal neurogenesis [ 65 ], decrease depression-related behaviors in rodents [ 66 , 67 ].

The expression level of BDNF deserves attention when examining the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant-mediated increase in neurogenesis. As described above, in various animal models of depression, the BDNF level is decreased [ 40 ], whereas chronic antidepressant medication and electro-convulsive shocks increase the levels in the hippocampus [ 28 , 46 ]. A recent study showed that CREB, a transcription factor that regulates expression of CRE-containing target genes including BDNF, is also upregulated and activated in hippocampus by chronic antidepressant treatment [ 2 , 53 , 68 , 69 ]. However, the cause and effect relationship among the induction of CREB and BDNF, the neurogenesis, and behavioral effects of antidepressants remains to be further investigated.

Recent studies demonstrated that long-term administration of mood stabilizers such as lithium, valproic acid, and carbamazepine also enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis [ 70 - 72 ]. Lithium directly inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and inositol signaling [ 73 ]. VPA enhances gene expression likely by inhibiting HDACs, indirectly blocks GSK-3 activity, and suppresses inositol signaling [ 71 , 74 - 76 ]. Although it remains unclear whether the GSK-3 and inositol signaling are actually linked with clinical effects of mood stabilizers, the data suggest a common molecular pathway constituting the pathophysiology of depression and related mood disorders that converges on adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

Substance withdrawal

Various drugs such as alcohol, psychostimulants, opiates and N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists generate a physiological response called withdrawal symptoms during abstinence in humans and experimental animals [ 77 - 80 ]. The characteristics of affective symptoms caused by drug withdrawal and major depressive disorder are strikingly similar [ 80 ]. Depressed mood and anhedonia are commonly present with both drug abstinence and depressive disorders [ 81 ]. Hyperphagia, hypersomnia, feelings of fatigue, and suicidal ideation are also observed in both conditions [ 82 , 83 ]. Disruptions of the HPA axis are also seen during drug withdrawal, and are accompanied by increased levels of cortisol and elevated cerebrospinal levels of CRF [ 84 ]. In addition, elevated levels of cortisol, ACTH and β-endorphin during early cocaine withdrawal resemble those in depressed patients [ 85 ]. Brain-imaging studies using positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have revealed that methamphetamine withdrawal induces decreased glucose metabolism in the anterior cingulate cortex and insula, and increased metabolic activity in the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, all of which are frequently observed in clinical depression [ 86 ].

Much evidence shows that depression and related mood disorders are accompanied by abnormalities in dopaminergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), regions that are core parts of the brain reward circuit [ 87 ]. It is well established that depressed patients have difficulties in the expression of pleasure and acquisition of motivation, which are mainly governed by a normal NAc-VTA dopamine circuit [ 88 ]. Consistently, it has been shown that a deregulation of dopamine D2 receptor signaling results in depression-like behaviors in experimental animals [ 89 ], and that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) knockout mice with altered dopamine D1 receptor signaling exhibit decreased depression-related behaviors [ 90 ]. Because nearly all drugs of abuse directly or indirectly activate monoaminergic neurotransmission in the limbic system, resulting in reward sensations [ 91 , 92 ], it has been postulated that counter-adaptations may occur in opposition to the reward effects with chronic drug intake, generating cognitive, motivational, and affective impairments, including depression-like symptoms during the drug withdrawal period [ 93 ].

As described above, in many ways, depressive mood subsequent to drug withdrawal shares common characteristics, such as neuro-hormonal changes, regional brain activity, and pharmacological responses, with clinical depression. However, it needs to be emphasized that the onset, course, duration, and other factors such as involvement of substances diagnostically distinguishes substance-induced mood disorders from major depressive disorders [ 94 , 95 ]. Some experimental data also hint at differences between these conditions at the molecular level, demanding cautions when interpreting the related observations. For example, dopamine transporter densities are increased in the striatum in both cases [ 96 ], but serotonin transporter densities are elevated in the brainstem during the early stage of cocaine abstinence [ 97 ], but not in clinical depression [ 98 ]. Also, some abstinent drug addicts have been treated with antidepressant drugs to reduce drug craving, but the positive effect of these drugs needs further validation [ 99 ]. Nonetheless, insights from these views not only tell us that brain reward circuits composed of the mesolimbic system are potentially important in understanding depression, but also provide a useful behavioral readout for depressive mood in experimental animals.

Circadian rhythms

Circadian rhythm is a roughly 24-hour cycle of biochemical, physiological, and behavioral processes under control of internal clock [ 100 - 102 ]. From the clinical point of view, a potential link between circadian rhythms and depression or related mood disorders has long been postulated. For example, it is relatively well known that insufficient length of light phase to entrain the circadian rhythm can be causative for the development of seasonal affective disorders [ 103 , 104 ]. Also, abnormal regulation of sleep/wake cycles, body temperature, blood pressure, and various endocrine functions under the control of circadian clock are prominent symptoms of mood disorders [ 102 , 105 - 110 ]. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the link are still largely unknown.

Recently, interesting observations have been made in the mutant mouse that has a deletion of 19th exon of Clock gene, a core component of molecular clock. The mouse exhibits hyperactive VTA dopaminergic neurons and behavioral phenotypes that are reminiscence of mania seen in bipolar disorder patients [ 111 , 112 ]. Moreover, lithium, a mood stabilizer for bipolar depression patients, effectively inhibits GSK3β, a core regulatory component in the molecular clock. Lithium also has an effect on the nuclear entry of Period-Cryptochrome heterodimers, a key process to form a negative loop in the molecular clock, likely through an inhibition of GSK3β activity. Furthermore, lithium appears to regulate activity of Rev-erb α that links the negative loop to the positive loop in the biological clock [ 113 - 116 ].

Potential links between circadian rhythm and the monoamine system are also reported. The synthesis and/or secretion of monoamine neurotransmitters and the function of their receptors are under influence of circadian rhythms. The circadian rhythmicity of dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in dopaminergic neurons is also disrupted when the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, the central part of endogenous clock, is damaged [ 117 ]. Moreover, monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) expression is regulated by dimer formation of Clock and Bmal1, and MAO-A activity accordingly shows a circadian rhythmicity [ 118 ]. Conversely, the expression of circadian genes such as Clock, Per1 , and Bmal1 is stimulated when dopamine D1 receptor is activated, and suppressed when dopamine D2 receptor is activated in the limbic area [ 119 ]. Collectively, the molecular clock appears to be tightly interconnected with monoamine systems, which might explain symptomatic correlation between circadian rhythm and depression at the molecular level.

Although the relationship among the daily variations of mood, endogenous molecular clock, and the expression of depressive symptoms is complicated, normalization of the biological rhythms of a depressive individual could have a beneficial effect. In this regard, the recent development of agomelatine as an antidepressant is of great interest. Agomelatine is a potent agonist for melatonin receptors and has capacity to reset the internal circadian clock [ 120 , 121 ]. Intriguingly, it also exhibits antagonistic activity on 5-HT 2 C receptor, thereby indirectly enhancing the dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmission [ 122 - 124 ]. Moreover, agomelatine affects differentially various stages of neurogenesis in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus [ 125 ]. Further understanding of the molecular basis of agomelatine action and its efficacy may provide interesting insight into the interface between circadian rhythm and pathophysiology of depression.

Functional anatomy

Information on brain regions and neural circuitry responsible for the expression and progression of a disease is an important platform to better diagnose the disease and to properly interpret the observations obtained from molecular, cellular, and tissue experiments in the clinically relevant context. While various brain regions are known to be involved in regulation of mood or emotion, definite information on central neural circuits responsible for mood disorders is still incomplete, mainly because anatomical lesions in patients have been less consistently found relative to other various neurological disorders such as some neurodegenerative diseases. However, there are neuropathological and neuroradiological studies that have established interesting associations between mood disorders and structural abnormalities in the brain. For example, glial reduction was observed in anterior cingulate gyrus and neuronal abnormalities were detected in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in post-mortem neuropathological studies of mood disorder patients [ 126 , 127 ]. Radiological studies using MRI also revealed reduced volumes of orbitofrontal and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex [ 128 - 130 ], electrical stimulation of which correlatively elicits an antidepressant effect [ 131 ]. Most notably, reductions in hippocampal volume in depressed elderly patients were reported [ 132 , 133 ].

Recent brain imaging studies mainly using fMRI are adding information on brain regions that play important roles in depressive symptoms at the functional level [ 134 ]. Functional changes in brain regions such as prefrontal/cingulate cortex, hippocampus, striatum, amygdala, and thalamus are correlated with depression [ 52 ]. The neocortex and hippocampus also appear to play critical roles in the symptoms related to the cognitive deficits that are prevalent in depressed patients [ 55 ], and the nucleus accumbens and amygdala seem to be core regions for anhedonia and emotional memory-related symptoms [ 135 , 136 ]. The functional changes in the hypothalamus are also linked to sleep- and appetite-associated symptoms [ 137 ]. Research on these topics is now being accelerated by fast advances in brain imaging technologies, and the outcome, in combination with the information from the conventional anatomical studies, is driving the generation of a higher-resolution picture of the neural circuitry relevant to depression.

A prerequisite for effective control of depression and related mood disorders is to understand their detailed molecular pathways. Although the classical stress model of depression and current understanding of antidepressant action appears to be partially linked via epigenetic mechanisms and hippocampal neurogenesis (Figure ​ (Figure1), 1 ), obviously, the current picture of the pathophysiology of depression is largely incomplete, and thus many potential hypotheses are being generated and tested, forming fragmented neurobiological views of depression and related mood disorders. One major task in the field must be to integrate the relevant hypotheses to formulate a bigger picture of the pathophysiology of depression and related disorders. A key step may be to define the high-resolution neural circuitry of depression, which will provide a platform to better interpret the observations obtained from molecular, cellular, and tissue experiments at the organism level. Another critical step will be to identify 'depression genes' that are causative for depression. This will help us generate genetic animal models that may not only be critical for clarifying many issues in depression research using experimental animals, but may also be useful for assessing the potential efficacy of candidate antidepressants. Finally, the most challenging task in the field is to overcome the limitations of current therapies, which are only effective in a fraction of patients. It has long been expected that novel antidepressants targeting non-monoamine systems would enlarge the extent of treatable patients (Figure ​ (Figure1), 1 ), but the progress still falls short of expectations, thereby leaving it as a pressing task in the field.

Approaches to the development of antidepressants targeting non-monoaminergic components . Chronic stress can cause hypercortisolemia which results in neuronal damages in the hippocampus, thereby weakening the feedback inhibition on HPA axis. Chronic stress also can inhibit the expression of neurotrophic factors through epigenetic mechanisms. On the other hand, chronic treatment of antidepressants and mood stabilizers can establish epigenomic environments that favor the expression of anti-depression genes. The targets may include genes for neurotrophic factors which prevent neuronal damages and enhance hippocampal neurogenesis. Some of approaches to the development of antidepressants targeting non-monoaminergic components are also shown.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

SL, JJ, and YK collected information and participated in drafting the manuscript. SKP wrote the manuscript and coordinated the drafting process. All authors read and approved the final form of the manuscript.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a grant (2009K001271) from Brain Research Center of the 21st Century Frontier Research Program and by grants, 331-2007-1- {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"C00213","term_id":"1432443"}} C00213 , 3-200900000001605, and 20090076351, funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology, the Republic of Korea.

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Evolution and emerging trends in depression research from 2004 to 2019: a literature visualization analysis.

• 1 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
• 2 School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China

Depression has become a major threat to human health, and researchers around the world are actively engaged in research on depression. In order to promote closer research, the study of the global depression knowledge map is significant. This study aims to map the knowledge map of depression research and show the current research distribution, hotspots, frontiers, and trends in the field of depression research, providing researchers with worthwhile information and ideas. Based on the Web of Science core collection of depression research from 2004 to 2019, this study systematically analyzed the country, journal, category, author, institution, cited article, and keyword aspects using bibliometric and data visualization methods. A relationship network of depression research was established, highlighting the highly influential countries, journals, categories, authors, institutions, cited articles, and keywords in this research field. The study identifies great research potential in the field of depression, provides scientific guidance for researchers to find potential collaborations through collaboration networks and coexistence networks, and systematically and accurately presents the hotspots, frontiers, and shortcomings of depression research through the knowledge map of global research on depression with the help of information analysis and fusion methods, which provides valuable information for researchers and institutions to determine meaningful research directions.

Introduction

Health issues are becoming more and more important to people due to the continuous development of health care. The social pressures on people are becoming more and more pronounced in a social environment that is developing at an increasing rate. Prolonged exposure to stress can have a negative impact on brain development ( 1 ), and depression is one of the more typical disorders that accompany it. Stress will increase the incidence of depression ( 2 ), depression has become a common disease ( 3 ), endangering people's physical health. Depression is a debilitating mental illness with mood disorders, also known as major depression, clinical depression, or melancholia. In human studies of the disease, it has been found that depression accounts for a large proportion of the affected population. According to the latest data from the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics in 2019, there are more than 350 million people with depression worldwide, with an increase of about 18% in the last decade and an estimated lifetime prevalence of 15% ( 4 ), it is a major cause of global disability and disease burden ( 5 ), and depression has quietly become a disease that threatens hundreds of millions of people worldwide.

Along with the rise of science communication research, the quantification of science is also flourishing. As a combination of “data science” and modern science, bibliometrics takes advantage of the explosive growth of research output in the era of big data, and uses topics, authors, publications, keywords, references, citations, etc. as research targets to reveal the current status and impact of the discipline more accurately and scientifically. Whereas, there is not a wealth of bibliometric studies related to depression. Fusar-Poli et al. ( 6 ) used bibliometrics to systematically evaluate cross-diagnostic psychiatry. Hammarström et al. ( 7 ) used bibliometrics to analyze the scientific quality of gender-related explanatory models of depression in the medical database PubMed. Tran et al. ( 8 ) used the bibliometric analysis of research progress and effective interventions for depression in AIDS patients. Wang et al. ( 9 ) used bibliometric methods to analyze scientific studies on the comorbidity of pain and depression. Shi et al. ( 10 ) performed a bibliometric analysis of the top 100 cited articles on biomarkers in the field of depression. Dongping et al. ( 11 ) used bibliometric analysis of studies on the association between depression and gut flora. An Chunping et al. ( 12 ) analyzed the literature on acupuncture for depression included in PubMed based on bibliometrics. Yi and Xiaoli ( 13 ) used a bibliometric method to analyze the characteristics of the literature on the treatment of depression by Chinese medicine in the last 10 years. Zhou and Yan ( 14 ) used bibliometric method to analyze the distribution of scientific and technological achievements on depression in Peoples R China. Guaijuan ( 15 ) performed a bibliometric analysis of the interrelationship between psoriasis and depression. Econometric analysis of the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and depression was performed by Yunzhi et al. ( 16 ) and Shauni et al. ( 17 ) performed a bibliometric analysis of domestic and international research papers on depression-related genes from 2003 to 2007. A previous review of depression-related bibliometric studies revealed that there is no bibliometric analysis of global studies in the field of depression, including country network analysis, journal network analysis, category network analysis, author network analysis, institutional network analysis, literature co-citation analysis, keyword co-presentation analysis, and cluster analysis.

The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive and systematic literature-based data mining and metrics analysis of depression-related research. More specifically, this analysis focuses on cooperative network and co-presentation analysis, based on the 36,477 papers included in the Web of Science Core Collection database from 2004 to 2019, and provides an in-depth analysis of cooperative network, co-presentation network, and co-citation through modern metrics and data visualization methods. Through the mining of key data, the data correlation is further explored, and the results obtained can be used to scientifically and reasonably predict the depression-related information. This study aims to show the spatial and temporal distribution of research countries, journals, authors, and institutions in the field of depression in a more concise manner through a relational network. A deeper understanding of the internal structure of the research community will help researchers and institutions to establish more accurate and effective global collaborations, in line with the trend of human destiny and globalization. In addition, the study will allow for the timely identification of gaps in current research. A more targeted research direction will be established, a more complete picture of the new developments in the field of depression today will be obtained, and the research protocol will be informed for further adjustments. The results of these analyses will help researchers understand the evolution of this field of study. Overall, this paper uses literature data analysis to find research hotspots in the field of depression, analyze the knowledge structure within different studies, and provide a basis for predicting research frontiers. This study analyzed the literature in the field of depression using CiteSpace 5.8.R2 (64-bit) to analyze collaborative networks, including country network analysis, journal network analysis, category network analysis, researcher network analysis, and institutional network analysis using CiteSpace 5.8.R2 (64-bit). In addition, literature co-citation, keyword co-presentation, and cluster analysis of depression research hotspots were also performed. Thus, exploring the knowledge dimensions of the field, quantifying the research patterns in the field, and uncovering emerging trends in the field will help to obtain more accurate and complete information. The large amount of current research results related to depression will be presented more intuitively and accurately with the medium of information technology, and the scientific evaluation of research themes and trend prediction will be provided from a new perspective.

Data Sources

The data in this paper comes from the Web of Science (WoS) core collection. The time years were selected as 2004–2019. First, the literature was retrieved after entering “depression” using the title search method. A total of 73,829 articles, excluding “depression” as “suppression,” “decline,” “sunken,” “pothole,” “slump,” “low pressure,” “frustration.” The total number of articles with other meanings such as “depression” was 5,606, and the total number of valid articles related to depression was 68,223. Next, the title search method was used to search for studies related to “major depressive disorder” not “depression,” and a total of 8,070 articles were retrieved. For the two search strategies, a total of 76,293 records were collected. The relevant literature retrieved under the two methods were combined and exported in “plain text” file format. The exported records included: “full records and references cited.” CiteSpace processed the data to obtain 41,408 valid records, covering all depression-related research articles for the period 2004–2019, and used this as the basis for analysis.

Processing Tools

CiteSpace ( 18 ), developed by Chao-Mei Chen, a professor in the School of Information Science and Technology at Drexel University, is a Java-based program with powerful data visualization capabilities and is one of the most widely used knowledge mapping tools. The software version used in this study is CiteSpace 5.8.R2 (64-bit).

Methods of Analysis

This study uses bibliometrics and data visualization as analytical methods. First, the application of bibliometrics to the field of depression helped to identify established and emerging research clusters, demonstrating the value of research in this area. Second, data visualization provides multiple perspectives on the data, presenting correlations in a clearer “knowledge graph” that can reveal underestimated and overlooked trends, patterns, and differences ( 19 ). CiteSpace is mainly based on the “co-occurrence clustering idea,” which extracts the information units (keywords, authors, institutions, countries, journals, etc.) in the data by classification, and then further reconstructs the data in the information units to form networks based on different types and strengths of connections (e.g., keyword co-occurrence, author collaboration, etc.). The resulting networks include nodes and links, where the nodes represent the information units of the literature and the links represent the existence of connections (co-occurrence) between the nodes. Finally, the network is measured, statistically analyzed, and presented in a visual way. The analysis needs to focus on: the overall structure of the network, key nodes and paths. The key evaluation indicators in this study are: betweenness centrality, year, keyword frequency, and burst strength. Betweenness centrality (BC) is the number of times a node acts as the shortest bridge between two other nodes. The higher the number of times a node acts as an “intermediary,” the greater its betweenness centrality. Betweenness centrality is a measure of the importance of articles found and measured by nodes in the network by labeling the category (or authors, journals, institutions, etc.) with purple circles. There may be many shortest paths between two nodes in the network, and by counting all the shortest paths of any two nodes in the network, if many of the shortest paths pass through a node, then the node is considered to have high betweenness centrality. In CiteSpace, nodes with betweenness centrality over 0.1 are called critical nodes. Year, which represents the publication time of the article. Frequency, which represents the number of occurrences. Burst strength, an indicator used to measure articles with sudden rise or sudden decline in citations. Nodes with high burst strength usually represent a shift in a certain research area and need to be focused on, and the burst article points are indicated in red. The nodes and their sizes and colors are first analyzed initially, and further analyzed by betweenness centrality indicators for evaluation. Each node represents an article, and the larger the node, the greater the frequency of the keyword word and the greater the relevance to the topic. Similarly, the color of the node represents time: the warmer the color, the more recent the time; the colder the color, the older the era; the node with a purple outer ring is a node with high betweenness centrality; the color of each annual ring can determine the time distribution: the color of the annual ring represents the corresponding time, and the thickness of one annual ring is proportional to the number of articles within the corresponding time division; the dominant color can reflect the relative concentration of the emergence time; the node The appearance of red annual rings in the annual rings means hot spots, and the frequency of citations has been or is still increasing rapidly.

Large-Scale Assessment

Country analysis.

During the period 2004–2019, a total of 157 countries/territories have conducted research on depression, which is about 67.38% of 233 countries/territories worldwide. This shows that depression is receiving attention from many countries/regions around the world. Figure 1 shows the geographical distribution of published articles for 157 countries. The top 15 countries are ranked according to the number of articles published. Table 1 lists the top 15 countries with the highest number of publications in the field of depression worldwide from 2004 to 2019. These 15 countries include 4 Asian countries (Peoples R China, Japan, South Korea, Turkey), 2 North American countries (USA, Canada), 1 South American country (Brazil), 7 European countries (UK, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, France, Spain, Sweden), and 1 Oceania country (Australia).

Figure 1 . Geographical distributions of publications, 2004–2019.

Table 1 . The top 15 productive countries.

Overall, the main distribution of these articles is in USA and some European countries, such as UK, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, France, Spain, and Sweden. This means that these countries are more interested and focused on research on depression compared to others. The total number of publications across all research areas in the Web of Science core collection is similar to the distribution of depression research areas, with the trend toward USA, UK, and Peoples R China as leading countries being unmistakable, and USA has been a leader in the field of depression, with far more articles published than any other country. It can also be seen that USA is the country with the highest betweenness centrality in the network of national collaborations analyzed in this paper. USA research in the field of depression is closely linked to global research, and is an important part of the global collaborative network for depression research. As of 2019, the total number of articles published in depression performance research in USA represents 27.13% of the total number of articles published in depression worldwide, which is ~4 times more than the second-place country, UK, which is far ahead of other countries. Peoples R China, as the third most published country, has a dominant number of articles, but its betweenness centrality is 0.01, reflecting the fact that Peoples R China has less collaborative research with other countries, so Peoples R China should strengthen its foreign collaborative research and actively establish global scientific research partnerships to seek development and generate breakthroughs in cooperation. The average percentage of scientific research on depression in each country is about 0.19%, also highlighting the urgent need to address depression as one of the global human health problems. The four Asian countries included in the top 15 countries are Peoples R China, Japan, South Korea, and Turkey, with Peoples R China ranking third with 6.72% of the total number of all articles counted. The distribution may be explained by the fact that Peoples R China is the largest developing country with a rapid development rate as the largest. Along with the steady rise in the country's economic power, people are creating economic benefits and their health is becoming a consumable commodity. The lifetime prevalence and duration of depression varies by country and region ( 2 ), but the high prevalence and persistence of depression worldwide confirms the increasing severity of the disease worldwide. The WHO estimates that more than 300 million people, or 4.4% of the world's population, suffer from depression ( 20 ), with the number of people suffering from depression increasing at a patient rate of 18.4% between 2005 and 2015. Depression, one of the most prevalent mental illnesses of our time, has caused both physical and psychological harm to many people, and it has become the leading cause of disability worldwide today, and in this context, there is increased interest and focus on research into depression. It is expected that a more comprehensive understanding of depression and finding ways to prevent and cope with the occurrence of this disease can help people get rid of the pain and shadow brought by depression, obtain a healthy and comfortable physical and mental environment and physical health, and make Chinese contributions to the cause of human health. Undoubtedly, the occurrence of depressive illnesses in the context of irreversible human social development has stimulated a vigorous scientific research environment on depression in Peoples R China and other developing countries and contributed to the improvement of research capacity in these countries. Moreover, from a different perspective, the geographical distribution of articles in this field also represents the fundamental position of the country in the overall scientific and academic research field.

Growth Trend Analysis

Figure 2 depicts the distribution of 38,433 articles from the top 10 countries in terms of the number of publications and the trend of growth during 2004–2019.

Figure 2 . The distribution of publications in top 10 productive countries, 2004–2019. Source: author's calculation. National development classification criteria refer to “Human Development Report 2020” ( 21 ).

First, the number of articles published per year for the top 10 countries in terms of productivity was counted and then the white bar chart in Figure 2 was plotted, with the year as the horizontal coordinate and total publications as the vertical coordinate, showing the distribution of the productivity of articles in the field of depression per year. The total number of publications for the period 2004–2019 is 38,433. Based on the white bars and line graphs in Figure 2 , we can divide this time period into three growth periods. The number of publications in each growth period is calculated based on the number of publications per year. As can be seen from the figure, the period 2004–2019 can be divided into three main growth periods, namely 2004–2009, 2010–2012, and 2013–2019, the first growth period being from 2004 to 2009, the number of publications totaled 6,749, accounting for 23.97% of all publications; from 2010 to 2012, the number of publications totaled 8,236, accounting for 17.56% of all publications; and from 2013 to 2019, the number of publications totaled 22,473, accounting for 58.47% of all publications. Of these, 2006 was the first year of sharp growth with an annual growth rate of 19.97%, 2009 was the second year of sharp growth with an annual growth rate of 17.64%, and 2008 was the third year of sharp growth with an annual growth rate of 16.09%. In the last 5 years, 2019 has also shown a sharp growth trend with a growth rate of 14.34%. Notably, in 2010 and 2013, there was negative growth with the growth rate of −3.39 and −1.45%. In the last 10 years, depression research has become one of the most valuable areas of human research. It can also be noted that the number of publications in the field of depression in these 10 countries has been increasing year after year.

Second, the analysis is conducted from the perspective of national development, divided into developed and developing countries, as shown in the orange bar chart in Figure 2 , where the horizontal coordinate is year and the vertical coordinate is total publications, comparing the article productivity variability between developed and developing countries. The top 10 most productive countries in the field of depression globally include nine developed countries and one developing country, respectively. During the period 2004–2019, 34,631 papers were published in developed countries and 3,802 papers were published in developing countries, with developed countries accounting for 90.11% of the 38,433 articles and developing countries accounting for 9.89%, and the total number of publications in developed countries was about 9 times higher than that in developing countries. During the period 2004–2019, the number of publications in developed countries showed negative growth in 2 years (2010 and 2013) with growth rates of −3.39 and −1.45%, respectively. The rest of the years showed positive growth with growth rates of 1.52% (2005), 19.97 (2006), 8.11 (2007), 12.70 (2008), 17.64 (2009), 13.22 (2011), 10.17 (2012), 16.09 (2014), 10.46 (2015), 4.10 (2016), 1.59 (2017), 3.91 (2018), and 14.34 (2019), showing three periods of positive growth: 2004–2009, 2011–2012, and 2014–2019, with the highest growth rate of 19.97% in 2006. Recent years have also shown a higher growth trend, with a growth rate of 14.34% in 2019. It is worth noting that developing countries have been showing positive growth in the number of articles in the period 2004–2019, with annual growth rates of 81.25 (2005), 17.24 (2006), 35.29 (2007), 19.57 (2008), 65.45 (2009), 13.19 (2010), 29.13 (2011), 54.89 (2012), 12.14 (2013), 36.36 (2014), 14.92 (2015), 16.02 (2016), 10.24 (2017), 21.17 (2018), and 31.37 (2019), with the highest growth rate of 81.25% in 2005. In the field of depression research, developed countries are still the main force and occupy an important position.

Further, 10 countries with the highest productivity in the field of depression are compared, total publications in the vertical coordinate, and the colored scatter plot contains 10 colored dots, representing 10 different countries. On the one hand, the variability of the contributions of different countries in the same time frame can be compared horizontally. On the other hand, it is possible to compare vertically the variability of the growth of different countries over time. Among them, USA, with about 40.29% of the world's publications in the field of depression, has always been a leader in the field of depression with its rich research results. Peoples R China, as the only developing country, ranks 3rd in the top 10 countries with high production of research papers in the field of depression, and Peoples R China's research in the field of depression has shown a rapid growth trend, and by 2016, it has jumped to become the 2nd largest country in the world, with the number of published papers increasing year by year, which has a broad prospect and great potential for development.

Distribution of Periodicals

Table 2 lists the top 15 journals in order of number of journal co-citations. In the field of depression, the top 15 cited journals accounted for 19.06% of the total number of co-citations, nearly one in five of the total number of journal co-citations. In particular, the top 3 journals were ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT (ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY), J AFFECT DISORDERS (JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS), and AM J PSYCHIAT (AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY), with co-citation counts of 20,499, 20,302, and 20,143, with co-citation rates of 2.09, 2.07, and 2.06%, respectively. The main research area of ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT is Psychiatry; the main research area of the journal J AFFECT DISORDERS is Neurosciences and Neurology, Psychiatry; AM J PSYCHIAT is the main research area of Psychiatry, and the three journals have “psychiatry” in common, making them the most frequently co-cited journals in the field of depression.

Table 2 . The top 15 co-cited journals.

Figure 3 shows the network relationship graph of the cited journals from 2004 to 2019. The figure takes g-index as the selection criteria, the scale factor k = 25 to include more nodes. Each node of the graph represents each journal, the node size represents the number of citation frequencies, the label size represents the size of the betweenness centrality of the journal in the network, and the links between journals represent the co-citation relationships. The journal co-citation map reflects the structure of the journals, indicating that there are links between journals and that the journals include similar research topics. These journals included research topics related to neuroscience, psychiatry, neurology, and psychology. The journal with betweenness centrality size in the top 1 was ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, with betweenness centrality size of 0.07, and impact shadows of 14.48. ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, has research themes of Psychiatry. In all, these journals in Figure 3 occupy an important position in the journal's co-citation network and have strong links with other journals.

Figure 3 . Prominent journals involved in depression. The betweenness centrality of a node in the network measures the importance of the position of the node in the network. Two types of nodes may have high betweenness centrality scores: (1) Nodes that are highly connected to other nodes, (2) Nodes are positioned between different groups of nodes. The lines represent the link between two different nodes.

Distribution of Categories

Table 3 lists the 15 most popular categories in the field of depression research during the period 2004–2019. In general, the main disciplines involved are neuroscience, psychology, pharmacy, medicine, and health care, which are closely related to human life and health issues. Of these, psychiatry accounted for 20.78%, or about one-five, making it the most researched category. The study of depression focuses on neuroscience, reflecting the essential characteristics of depression as a category of mental illness and better reflecting the fact that depression is an important link in the human public health care. In addition, Table 3 shows that the category with the highest betweenness centrality is Neuroscience, followed by Public, Environment & Occupational Health, and then Pharmacology & Pharmacy, with betweenness centrality of 0.16, 0.13, and 0.11, respectively. It is found that the research categories of depression are also centered on disciplines such as neuroscience, public health and pharmacology, indicating that research on depression requires a high degree of integration of multidisciplinary knowledge and integration of information from various disciplines in order to have a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the depression.

Table 3 . The top 15 productive categories, 2004–2019.

Figure 4 shows the nine categories with the betweenness centrality in the category research network, with Neuroscience being the node with the highest betweenness centrality in this network, meaning that Neuroscience is most strongly linked to all research categories in the field of depression research. Depression is a debilitating psychiatric disorder with mood disorders. It is worth noting that the development of depression not only has psychological effects on humans, but also triggers many somatic symptoms that have a bad impact on their daily work and life, giving rise to the second major mediating central point of research with public health as its theme. The somatization symptoms of depression often manifest as abnormalities in the cardiovascular system, and many studies have looked at the pathology of the cardiovascular system in the hope of finding factors that influence the onset of depression, mechanisms that trigger it or new ways to treat it. Thus, depression involves not only the nervous system, but also interacts with the human cardiovascular system, for example, and the complexity of depression dictates that the study of depression is an in-depth study based on complex systems.

Figure 4 . Prominent categories involved in depression, 2004–2019. The betweenness centrality of a node in the network measures the importance of the position of the node in the network. Two types of nodes may have high betweenness centrality scores: (1) Nodes that are highly connected to other nodes, (2) Nodes are positioned between different groups of nodes. The lines represent the link between two different nodes.

Author Statistics

The results of the analysis showed that there were many researchers working in the field of depression over the past 16 years, and 63 of the authors published at least 30 articles related to depression. Table 4 lists the 15 authors with the highest number of articles published. It includes the rank of the number of articles published, author, country, number of articles published in depression-related studies, total number of articles included in Web of Science, total number of citations, average number of citations, and H-index. According to the statistics, seven of the top 15 authors are from USA, three from the Netherlands, one from Canada, one from Australia, one from New Zealand, one from Italy, and one from Germany. From this, it can be seen that these productive authors are from developed countries, thus it can be inferred that developed countries have a better research environment, more advanced research technology and more abundant research funding. The evaluation indicators in the author co-occurrence network are frequency, betweenness centrality and time of first appearance. The higher the frequency, i.e., the higher the number of collaborative publications, the more collaboration, the higher the information dissemination rate, the three authors with the highest frequency in this author co-occurrence network are MAURIZIO FAVA, BRENDA W. J. H. PENNINX, MADHUKAR H. TRIVEDI; the higher the betweenness centrality, i.e., the closer the relationship with other authors, the more collaboration, the higher the information dissemination rate, the three authors with the highest betweenness centrality are the three authors with the highest betweenness centrality are MICHAEL E. THASE, A. JOHN RUSH; the time of first appearance, i.e., the longer the influence generated by the author's research, the higher the information dissemination rate; in addition, the impact factor and citations can also reflect the information dissemination efficiency of the authors.

Table 4 . The top 15 authors in network of co-authorship, 2004–2019.

The timezone view ( Figure 5 ) in the author co-occurrence network clearly shows the updates and interactions of author collaborations, for example. All nodes are positioned in a two-dimensional coordinate with the horizontal axis of time, and according to the time of first posting, the nodes are set in different time zones, and their positions are sequentially upward with the time axis, showing a left-to-right, bottom-up knowledge evolution diagram. The time period 2004–2019 is divided into 16 time zones, one for each year, and each circle in the figure represents an author, and the time zone in which the circle appears is the year when the author first published an article in the data set of this study. The closer the color, the warmer the color, the closer the time, the colder the color, the older the era, the thickness of an annual circle, and the number of articles within the corresponding time division is proportional, the dominant color can reflect the relative concentration of the emergence time, the nodes appear in the annual circle of the red annual circle, that is, on behalf of the hot spot, the frequency of being cited was or is still increasing sharply. Nodes with purple outer circles are nodes with high betweenness centrality. The time zone view demonstrates the growth of author collaboration in the field, and it can be found from the graph that the number of author collaborations increases over time, and the frequency of publications in the author collaboration network is high; observe that the thickness of the warm annual rings in the graph is much greater than the thickness of the cold annual rings, which represents the increase of collaboration in time; there are many authors in all time zones, which indicates that there are many research collaborations and achievements in the field, and the field is in a period of collaborative prosperity. The linkage relationship between the sub-time-periods can be seen by the linkage relationship between the time periods, and it can be found from the figure that there are many linkages in the field in all time periods, which indicates that the author collaboration in the field of depression research is strong.

Figure 5 . Timezone view of the author's co-existing network in depression, 2004–2019. The circle represents the author, the time zone in which the circle appears is the year in which the author first published in this study dataset, the radius of the circle represents the frequency of appearance, the color represents the different posting times, the lines represent the connections between authors, and the time zone diagram shows the evolution of author collaboration.

Institutional Statistics

Table 5 lists the top 15 research institutions in network of co-authors' institutions. These include 10 American research institutions, two Netherlands research institutions, one UK research institution, one Canadian research institution and one Australian research institution, all of which, according to the statistics, are from developed countries. Of these influential research institutions, 66.7% are from USA. Figure 6 shows the collaborative network with these influential research institutions as nodes. Kings Coll London (0.2), Univ Michigan (0.17), Univ Toronto (0.15), Stanford Univ (0.14), Univ Penn (0.14), Univ Pittsburgh (0.14), Univ Melbourne (0.12), Virginia Commonwealth Univ (0.12), Columbia Univ (0.1), Duke Univ (0.1), Massachusetts Gen Hosp (0.1), Vrije Univ Amsterdam (0.1), with betweenness centrality >0.1. Kings Coll London has a central place in this collaborative network and is influential in the field of depression research. Table 6 lists the 15 institutions with the strong burst strength. The top 3 institutions are all from USA. Univ Copenhagen, Univ Illinois, Harvard Med Sch, Boston Univ, Univ Adelaide, Heidelberg Univ, Univ New South Wales, and Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai have had strong burst strength in recent years. It suggests that these institutions may have made a greater contribution to the field of depression over the course of this year and more attention could be paid to their research.

Table 5 . The top 15 institutions in network of co-authors' institutions, 2004–2019.

Figure 6 . Prominent institutions involved in depression, 2004–2019. The betweenness centrality of a node in the network measures the importance of the position of the node in the network. Two types of nodes may have high betweenness centrality scores: (1) Nodes that are highly connected to other nodes, (2) Nodes are positioned between different groups of nodes. The lines represent the link between two different nodes.

Table 6 . The top 15 institutions with the strongest citation bursts, 2004–2019.

Summing up the above analysis, it can be seen that the research institutions in USA are at the center of the depression research field, are at the top of the world in terms of quantity and quality of research, and are showing continuous growth in vitality. Research institutions in USA, as pioneers among all research institutions, lead and drive the development of depression research and play an important role in cutting-edge research in the field of depression.

Article Citations

Table 7 lists the 16 articles that have been cited more than 1,000 times within the statistical range of this paper from 2004 to 2019. As can be seen from the table, the most cited article was written by Dowlati et al. from Canada and published in BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY 2010, which was cited 2,556 times. In addition, 11 of these 16 highly cited articles were from the USA. Notably, two articles by Kroenke, K as first author appear in this list, ranked 7th and 11th, respectively. In addition, there are three articles from Canada, one article from Switzerland, and one article from the UK. And interestingly, all of these countries are developed countries. It can be reflected that developed countries have ample research experience and high quality of research in the field of depression research. On the other hand, it also reflects that depression is a key concern in developed countries. These highly cited articles provide useful information to many researchers and are of high academic and exploratory value.

Table 7 . The top 15 frequency cited articles, 2004–2019.

Research Hotspots Ang Frontiers

Keyword analysis.

The keyword analysis of depression yielded the 25 most frequent keywords in Table 8 and the keyword co-occurrence network in Figure 7 . Also, the data from this study were detected by burst, the 25 keywords with the strongest burst strength were obtained in Table 9 . These results bring out the popular and cutting-edge research directions in the field clearly.

Table 8 . Top 25 frequent keywords in the period of 2004–2019.

Figure 7 . Keyword co-occurrence network in depression, 2004–2019.

Table 9 . Top 25 keywords with strongest citation bursts in the period of 2004–2019.

The articles on depression during 2004–2019 were analyzed in 1-year time slices, and the top 25 keywords with the highest frequency of occurrence were selected from each slice to obtain the keyword network shown in Table 8 . The top 25 keywords with the highest frequencies were: symptom, disorder, major depression, prevalence, meta-analysis, anxiety, risk, scale, association, quality of life, health, risk factor, stress, validity, validation, mental health, women, double blind, brain, population, disease, impact, primary care, mood, and efficacy. High-frequency nodes respond to popular keywords and are an important basis for the field of depression research.

Figure 7 shows the co-occurrence network mapping of keywords regarding depression research. Each circle in the figure is a node representing a keyword, and the greater the betweenness centrality, the more critical the position of the node in the network. The top 10 keywords in terms of betweenness centrality are: symptom (0.6), major depression (0.28), prevalence (0.27), disorder (0.25), double blind (0.18), risk factor (0.12), stress (0.11), children (0.1), schizophrenia (0.1), and expression (0.1). Nodes with high betweenness centrality reflect that the keyword forms a co-occurrence relationship with multiple other keywords in the domain. A higher betweenness centrality indicates that it is more related to other keywords, and therefore, the node plays an important role in the study. Relatively speaking, these nodes represent the main research directions in the field of depression; they are also the key research directions in this period, and to a certain extent, represent the research hotspots in this period.

Burst detection was performed on the keywords, and the 25 keywords with the strongest strength were extracted, as shown in Table 9 . These keywords contain: fluoxetine, community, follow up, illness, psychiatric disorder, dementia, trial, placebo, disability, serotonin reuptake inhibitor, myocardial infarction, hospital anxiety, antidepressant treatment, late life depression, United States, epidemiology, major depression, model, severity, adolescent, people, prefrontal cortex, management, meta-analysis, and expression. The keywords that burst earlier include fluoxetine (2004), community (2004), follow up (2004), illness (2004), and psychiatric disorder (2004), are keywords that imply that researchers focused on themes early in the field of depression. As researchers continue to explore, the study of depression is changing day by day, and the keywords that have burst in recent years are people (2015), prefrontal cortex (2016), management (2016), meta-analysis (2017), and expression (2017). Reflecting the fact that depression research in recent years has mainly focused on human subjects, the focus has been on the characterization of populations with depression onset. The relationship between depression and the brain has aroused the curiosity of researchers, what exactly are the causes that trigger depression and what are the effects of depression for the manifestation of depression have caused a wide range of discussions in the research community, and the topics related to it have become the most popular studies and have been the focus of research in recent years. All of these research areas showed considerable growth, indicating that research into this area is gaining traction, suggesting that it is becoming a future research priority. The keywords with the strongest burst strength are fluoxetine (111.2), community (110.08), antidepressant treatment (94.28), severity (88.35), meta-analysis (86.42), people (85.33), and follow up (84.46). The rapid growth of research based on these keywords indicates that these topics are the most promising and interesting. The keywords that has been around the longest burst are follow up (2004–2013), model (2013–2019), hospital anxiety (2008–2013), severity (2014–2019), and psychiatric disorder (2004–2008), researchers have invested a lot of research time in these research directions, making many research results, and responding to the exploratory value and significance of research on these topics. At the same time, the longer duration of burst also proves that these research directions have research potential and important value.

Research Hotspots

Hotspots must mainly have the characteristics of high frequency, high betweenness centrality, strong burst, and time of emergence can be used as secondary evaluation indicators. The higher the number of occurrences, the higher the degree of popularity and attention. The higher betweenness centrality means the greater the influence and the higher the importance. Nodes with strong burst usually represent key shift nodes and need to be focused on. The time can be dynamically adjusted according to the target time horizon of the analysis. Thus, based on the results of statistical analysis, it is clear that the research hotspots in the field of depression can be divided into four main areas: etiology (external factors, internal factors), impact (quality of life, disease symptoms, co-morbid symptoms), treatment (interventions, drug development, care modalities), and assessment (population, size, symptoms, duration of disease, morbidity, mortality, effectiveness).

Risk factors for depression include a family history of depression, early life abuse and neglect, and female sexuality and recent life stressors. Physical illnesses also increase the risk of depression, particularly increasing the prevalence associated with metabolic (e.g., cardiovascular disease) and autoimmune disorders.

Research on the etiology of depression can be divided into internal and external factors. In recent years, researchers have increasingly focused on the impact of external factors on depression. Depression is influenced by environmental factors related to social issues, such as childhood experiences, social interactions, and lifestyles. Adverse childhood experiences are risk factors for depression and anxiety in adolescence ( 37 ) and are a common pathway to depression in adults ( 38 ). Poor interpersonal relationships with classmates, family, teachers, and friends increase the prevalence of depression in adolescents ( 39 ). Related studies assessed three important, specific indicators of the self-esteem domain: social confidence, academic ability, and appearance ( 40 ). The results suggest that these three dimensions of self-esteem are key risk factors for increased depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents. The vulnerability model ( 41 ) suggests that low self-esteem is a causal risk factor for depression, and low self-esteem is thought to be one of the main causes of the onset and progression of depression, with individuals who exhibit low self-esteem being more likely to develop social anxiety and social withdrawal, and thus having a sense of isolation ( 42 ), which in turn leads to subsequent depression. Loneliness predicts depression in adolescents. Individuals with high levels of loneliness experience more stress and tension from psychological and physical sources in their daily lives, which, combined with insufficient care from society, can lead to depression ( 43 ). A mechanism of association exists between life events and mood disorders, with negative life events being directly associated with depressive symptoms ( 44 ). In a cross-sectional study conducted in Shanghai, the prevalence of depression was higher among people who worked longer hours, and daily lifestyle greatly influenced the prevalence of depression ( 45 ). A number of studies in recent years have presented a number of interesting ideas, and they suggest that depression is related to different environmental factors, such as temperature, sunlight hours, and air pollution. Environmental factors have been associated with suicidal behavior. Traffic noise is a variable that triggers depression and is associated with personality disorders such as depression ( 46 ). The harmful effects of air pollution on mental health, inhalation of air pollutants can trigger neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and induce dopaminergic neurotoxicity. A study showed that depression was associated with an increase in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) ( 47 ).

Increased inflammation is a feature of many diseases and even systemic disorders, such as some autoimmune diseases [e.g., type 1 diabetes ( 48 ) or rheumatoid arthritis ( 49 )] and infectious diseases [e.g., hepatitis and sepsis ( 50 )], are associated with an inflammatory response and have been found to increase the risk of depression. A growing body of evidence supports a bidirectional association between depression and inflammatory processes, with stressors and pathogens leading to excessive or prolonged inflammatory responses when combined with predisposing factors (e.g., childhood adversity and modifying factors such as obesity). The resulting illnesses (e.g., pain, sleep disorders), depressive symptoms, and negative health (e.g., poor diet, sedentary lifestyle) may act as mediating pathways leading to inflammation and depression. In terms of mechanistic pathways, cytokines induce depression by affecting different mood-related processes. Elevated inflammatory signals can dysregulate the metabolism of neurotransmitters, damaging neurons, and thus altering neural activity in the brain. In addition cytokines can modulate depression by regulating hormone levels. Inflammation can have different effects on different populations depending on individual physiology, and even lower levels of inflammation may have a depressive effect on vulnerable individuals. This may be due to lower parasympathetic activity, poorer sensitivity to glucocorticoid inhibitory feedback, a greater response to social threat in the anterior oral cortex or amygdala and a smaller hippocampus. Indeed, these are all factors associated with major depression that can affect the sensitivity to the inhibitory consequences of inflammatory stimuli.

Depression triggers many somatization symptoms, which can manifest as insomnia, menopausal syndrome, cardiovascular problems, pain, and other somatic symptoms. There is a link between sleep deprivation and depression, with insomnia being a trigger and maintenance of depression, and more severe insomnia and chronic symptoms predicting more severe depression. Major depression is considered to be an independent risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease and a predictor of cardiovascular events ( 51 ). Patients with depression are extremely sensitive to pain and have increased pain perception ( 52 ) and is associated with an increased risk of suicide ( 53 , 54 ), and generally the symptoms of these pains are not relieved by medication.

Studies have shown that depression triggers an inflammatory response, promoting an increase in cytokines in response to stressors vs. pathogens. For example, mild depressive symptoms have been associated with an amplified and prolonged inflammatory response ( 55 , 56 ) following influenza vaccination in older adults and pregnant women. Among women who have recently given birth, those with a lifetime history of major depression have greater increases in both serum IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptors after delivery than women without a history of depression ( 57 ). Pro-inflammatory agents, such as interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), for specific somatization disorders [e.g., hepatitis C or malignant melanoma ( 58 , 59 )], although effective for somatic disorders, pro-inflammatory therapy often leads to psychiatric side effects. Up to 80% of patients treated with IFN-α have been reported to suffer from mild to moderate depressive symptoms.

Clinical trials have shown better antidepressant treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs compared to placebo, either as monotherapy ( 60 , 61 ) or as an add-on treatment ( 62 – 65 ) to antidepressants ( 66 , 67 ). However, findings like whether NSAIDs can be safely used in combination with antidepressants are controversial. Patients with depression often suffer from somatic co-morbidities, which must be included in the benefit/risk assessment. It is important to consider the type of medication, duration of treatment, and dose, and always balance the potential treatment effect with the risk of adverse events in individual patients. Depression, childhood adversity, stressors, and diet all affect the gut microbiota and promote gut permeability, another pathway that enhances the inflammatory response, and effective depression treatment may have profound effects on mood, inflammation, and health. Early in life gut flora colonization is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation and affects the enteric nervous system, which is associated with the risk of major depression, gut flora dysbiosis leads to the onset of TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses, and pro-inflammatory factors are closely associated with depression. Clinical studies have shown that in the gut flora of depressed patients, pro-inflammatory bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae and Desulfovibrio are enriched, while short-chain fatty acid producing bacteria are reduced, and some of these bacterial taxa may transmit peripheral inflammation into the brain via the brain-gut axis ( 68 ). In addition, gut flora can affect the immune system by modulating neurotransmitters (5-hydroxytryptamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, etc.), which in turn can influence the development of depression ( 69 ). Therefore, antidepressant drugs targeting gut flora are a future research direction, and diet can have a significant impact on mood by regulating gut flora.

As the molecular basis of clinical depression remains unclear, and treatments and therapeutic effects are limited and associated with side effects, researchers have worked to discover new treatment modalities for depression. High-amplitude low-frequency musical impulse stimulation as an additional treatment modality seems to produce beneficial effects ( 70 ). Studies have found electroconvulsive therapy to be one of the most effective antidepressant treatment therapies ( 71 ). Physical exercise can promote molecular changes that lead to a shift from a chronic pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state in the peripheral and central nervous system ( 72 ). Aromatherapy is widely used in the treatment of central nervous system disorders ( 73 ). By activating the parasympathetic nervous system, qigong can be effective in reducing depression ( 74 ). The exploration of these new treatment modalities provides more reference options for the treatment of depression.

Large-scale assessments of depression have found that the probability of developing depression varies across populations. Depression affects some specific populations more significantly, for example: adolescents, mothers, and older adults. Depression is one of the disorders that predispose to adolescence, and depression is associated with an increased risk of suicide among college students ( 75 ). Many women develop depression after childbirth. Depression that develops after childbirth is one of the most common complications for women in the postpartum period ( 76 ). The health of children born to mothers who suffer from postpartum depression can also be adversely affected ( 77 ). Depression can cause many symptoms within the central nervous system, especially in the elderly population ( 78 ).

Furthermore, one of the most consistent findings of the association between inflammation and depression is the elevated levels of peripheral pro-inflammatory markers in depressed individuals, and peripheral pro-inflammatory marker levels can also be used as a basis for the assessment of depressed patients. Studies have shown that the following pro-inflammatory markers have been found to be at increased levels in depressed individuals: CRP ( 79 , 80 ), IL-6 ( 22 , 79 , 81 , 82 ), TNF–α, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) ( 79 , 82 ), however, this association is not unidirectional and the subsequent development of depression also increases pro-inflammatory markers ( 82 , 83 ). These biomarkers are of great interest, and depressed patients with increased inflammatory markers may represent a relatively drug-resistant population.

Frontier Analysis

The exploration and analysis of frontier areas of depression were based on the results of the analysis of the previous section on keywords. According to the evaluation index and analysis idea of this study, the frontier research topics need to have the following four characteristics: low to medium frequency, strong burst, high betweenness centrality, and the research direction in recent years. Therefore, combining the results of keyword analysis and these characteristics, it can be found that the frontier research on depression also becomes clear.

Research on Depression Characterized by Psychosexual Disorders

Exploration of biological mechanisms based on depression-associated neurological disorders and analysis of depression from a neurological perspective have always been the focus of research. Activation of neuroinflammatory pathways may contribute to the development of depression ( 84 ). A research model based on the microbial-gut-brain axis facilitates the neurobiology of depression ( 85 ). Some probiotics positively affect the central nervous system due to modulation of neuroinflammation and thus may be able to modulate depression ( 86 ). The combination of environmental issues and the neurobiological study of depression opens new research directions ( 46 ).

Research on Relevant Models of Depression

How to develop a model that meets the purpose of the study determines the outcome of the study and has become the direction that researchers have been exploring in recent years. Martínez et al. ( 87 ) developed a predictive model to assess factors that modify the treatment pathway for postpartum depression. Nie et al. ( 88 ) extended the work on predictive modeling of treatment-resistant depression to establish a predictive model for treatment-resistant depression. Rational modeling methods and behavioral testing facilitate a more comprehensive exploration of depression, with richer studies and more scientifically valid findings.

Research and Characterization of the Depressed Patient Population

Current research on special groups and depression has received much attention. In a study of a group of children, 4% were found to suffer from depression ( 89 ). The diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders is an important component of pediatric care. Second, some studies of populations with distinct characteristics have been based primarily on female populations. Maternal perinatal depression is also a common mental disorder with a prevalence of over 10% ( 90 ). In addition, geriatric depression is a chronic and specific disorder ( 91 ). Studies based on these populations highlight the characteristics of the disorder more directly than large-scale population explorations and are useful for conducting extended explorations from specific to generalized.

Somatic Comorbidities Associated With Depression

Depression often accompanies the onset and development of many other disorders, making the study of physical comorbidities associated with depression a new landing place for depression research. Depression is a complication of many neurological or psychopathological disorders. Depression is a common co-morbidity of glioblastoma multiforme ( 92 ). Depression is an important disorder associated with stroke ( 93 ). Chronic liver disease is associated with depression ( 94 ). The link between depressive and anxiety states and cancer has been well-documented ( 95 ). In conclusion, depression is associated with an increased risk of lung, oral, prostate, and skin cancers, an increased risk of cancer-specific death from lung, bladder, breast, colorectal, hematopoietic system, kidney, and prostate cancers, and an increased risk of all-cause mortality in lung cancer patients. The early detection and effective intervention of depression and its complications has public health and clinical implications.

Research on Mechanisms of Depression

Research based on the mechanisms of depression includes the study of disease pathogenesis, the study of drug action mechanisms, and the study of disease treatment mechanisms. Research on the pathogenesis of depression has focused more on the study of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Social pressure can change the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ( 96 ). Studies on the mechanism of action of drugs are mostly based on their effects on the central nervous system. The antidepressant effects of Tanshinone IIA are mediated by the ERK-CREB-BDNF pathway in the hippocampus of mice ( 97 ). Research on the mechanisms of depression treatment has also centered on the central nervous system. It has been shown that the vagus nerve can transmit signals to the brain that can lead to a reduction in depressive behavior ( 98 ).

In this study, based on the 2004–2019 time period, this wealth of data is effectively integrated through data analysis and processing to reproduce the research process in a particular field and to co-present global trends in homogenous fields while organizing past research.

Journals that have made outstanding contributions in this field include ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, J AFFECT DISORDERS and AM J PSYCHIAT. PSYCHIATRY, NEUROSCIENCES & NEUROLOGY and CLINICAL NEUROLOGY are the three most popular categories. The three researchers with the highest number of articles were MAURIZIO FAVA (USA), BRENDA W. J. H. PENNINX (NETHERLANDS) and MADHUKAR H TRIVEDI (USA). Univ Pittsburgh (USA), Kings Coll London (UK) and Harvard Univ (USA) are three of the most productive and influential research institutions. A Meta-Analysis of Cytokines in Major Depression, Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: Implications for clinical practice and Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression are key articles. Through keyword analysis, a distribution network centered on depression was formed. Although there are good trends in the research on depression, there are still many directions to be explored in depth. Some recommendations regarding depression are as follows.

(1) The prevention of depression can be considered by focusing on treating external factors and guiding the individual.

Faced with the rising incidence of depression worldwide and the difficulty of treating depression, researchers can think more about how to prevent the occurrence of depression. Depressed moods are often the result of stress, not only social pressures on the individual, but also environmental pressures in the developmental process, which in turn have an unhealthy relationship with the body and increase the likelihood of depression. The correlation between external factors and depression is less well-studied, but the control of external factors may be more effective in the short term than in the long term, and may be guided by self-adjustment to avoid major depressive disorder.

(2) The measurement and evaluation of the degree of depression should be developed in the direction of precision.

In the course of research, it has been found that the Depression Rating Scale is mostly used for the detection and evaluation of depression. This kind of assessment is more objective, but it still lacks accuracy, and the research on measurement techniques and methods is less, which is still at a low stage. Patients with depression usually have a variety of causes, conditions, and duration of illness that determine the degree of depression. Therefore, whether these scales can truly accurately measure depression in depressed patients needs further consideration. Accurate measurement is an important basis for evidence-based treatment of depression, and thus how to achieve accurate measurement of depression is a research direction that researchers can move toward.

Therefore, there is an urgent need for further research to address these issues.

A systematic analysis of research in the field of depression in this study concludes that the distribution of countries, journals, categories, authors, institutions, and citations may help researchers and research institutions to establish closer collaboration, develop appropriate publication plans, grasp research hotspots, identify valuable research ideas, understand current emerging research, and determine research directions. In addition, there are still some limitations that can be overcome in future work. First, due to the lack of author and address information in older published articles, it may not be possible to accurately calculate their collaboration; second, although the data scope of this paper is limited to the Web of Science, it can adequately meet our objectives.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.

Author Contributions

HW conceived and designed the analysis, collected the data, performed the analysis, and wrote the paper. XT, XW, and YW conceived and designed the analysis. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 81973495.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Keywords: depression, major depressive disorder, bibliometrics, visual analysis, knowledge graphs, CiteSpace

Citation: Wang H, Tian X, Wang X and Wang Y (2021) Evolution and Emerging Trends in Depression Research From 2004 to 2019: A Literature Visualization Analysis. Front. Psychiatry 12:705749. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.705749

Received: 06 May 2021; Accepted: 05 October 2021; Published: 29 October 2021.

Reviewed by:

Copyright © 2021 Wang, Tian, Wang and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Yun Wang, wangyun@bucm.edu.cn

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Rates of distress, depression have doubled among transgender Americans since 2014: Study

by Ernie Mundell

The rate of self-reported mental distress and depression among American adults who identify as transgender or gender-diverse (TGD) has more than doubled between 2014 and 2022, an analysis of federal health data reveals.

During that time, "a record number of enacted laws has threatened the rights and protections of TGD people, including restricting access to gender-affirming care and permitting discrimination in public accommodations," noted a team of researchers led by health care policy investigator Michael Liu, of Harvard Medical School.

The findings are published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine .

Liu's team tracked survey data from the federal government's ongoing Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, which follows the self-reported physical and mental health of U.S. adults over time.

The analysis started in 2014, the first year in which gender identity was added to the survey, and tracked data through 2022.

Liu's team found that the "prevalence of frequent mental distress increased from 18.8% in 2014 to 38.9% in 2022" among transgender or gender-diverse people.

In contrast, the rise in mental distress was less steep among cisgender people—from 11.2% to 15.5%.

Depression rates among transgender and gender-diverse adults also rose sharply between 2014 and 2022—more than doubling from 19.7% to 51.3%, Liu's group found. Over the same time period, depression rates among cisgender adults rose only slightly, from 18.6% to 21.1%.

Even physical health was affected: During the study period, the percentage of transgender/gender-diverse adults who rated their health as just "fair" or "poor" went from 26.6% to 35.1%, while that number remained stable at just over 17% among cisgender people.

In a linked journal editorial, three experts in health policy say the Harvard findings are not unexpected.

Dr. Carl Streed of Boston University, Kellan Baker of the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health in Baltimore, and Arjee Javellana Restar of the University of Washington School of Public Health in Seattle point to hundreds of state bills "explicitly targeting transgender and nonbinary populations" proposed in 2023 and 2024.

"These efforts to exclude transgender and nonbinary people from civic life threaten the well-being of the more than 1.6 million transgender and nonbinary people in the U.S.," the experts said.

Increasing stigma means transgender and gender-diverse Americans are dealing with daily assaults on mental health, including deliberate misuse of pronouns, issues around restroom access, discrimination on the job and even acts of violence, the editorialists said.

It's probably not going to get better anytime soon.

"Given the sociopolitical trajectory of the U.S. regarding increasing discrimination and political attacks on transgender and nonbinary people, we can expect to see worsening mental health in these populations for the foreseeable future," the experts said.

Carl G. Streed et al, Association of Political Assaults With the Health of Transgender and Nonbinary Persons, JAMA Internal Medicine (2024). DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.2553

Find out more about the impact of discrimination on health at the Mental Health Foundation .

2024 HealthDay. All rights reserved.

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