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The use of artificial intelligence in the EU will be regulated by the AI Act, the world’s first comprehensive AI law. Find out how it will protect you.
As part of its digital strategy , the EU wants to regulate artificial intelligence (AI) to ensure better conditions for the development and use of this innovative technology. AI can create many benefits , such as better healthcare; safer and cleaner transport; more efficient manufacturing; and cheaper and more sustainable energy.
In April 2021, the European Commission proposed the first EU regulatory framework for AI. It says that AI systems that can be used in different applications are analysed and classified according to the risk they pose to users. The different risk levels will mean more or less regulation.
Learn more about what artificial intelligence is and how it is used
Parliament's priority is to make sure that AI systems used in the EU are safe, transparent, traceable, non-discriminatory and environmentally friendly. AI systems should be overseen by people, rather than by automation, to prevent harmful outcomes.
Parliament also wants to establish a technology-neutral, uniform definition for AI that could be applied to future AI systems.
Learn more about Parliament’s work on AI and its vision for AI’s future
The new rules establish obligations for providers and users depending on the level of risk from artificial intelligence. While many AI systems pose minimal risk, they need to be assessed.
Unacceptable risk AI systems are systems considered a threat to people and will be banned. They include:
Some exceptions may be allowed for law enforcement purposes. “Real-time” remote biometric identification systems will be allowed in a limited number of serious cases, while “post” remote biometric identification systems, where identification occurs after a significant delay, will be allowed to prosecute serious crimes and only after court approval.
AI systems that negatively affect safety or fundamental rights will be considered high risk and will be divided into two categories:
1) AI systems that are used in products falling under the EU’s product safety legislation . This includes toys, aviation, cars, medical devices and lifts.
2) AI systems falling into specific areas that will have to be registered in an EU database:
All high-risk AI systems will be assessed before being put on the market and also throughout their lifecycle. People will have the right to file complaints about AI systems to designated national authorities.
Generative AI, like ChatGPT, will not be classified as high-risk, but will have to comply with transparency requirements and EU copyright law:
High-impact general-purpose AI models that might pose systemic risk, such as the more advanced AI model GPT-4, would have to undergo thorough evaluations and any serious incidents would have to be reported to the European Commission.
Content that is either generated or modified with the help of AI - images, audio or video files (for example deepfakes) - need to be clearly labelled as AI generated so that users are aware when they come across such content.
The law aims to offer start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises opportunities to develop and train AI models before their release to the general public.
That is why it requires that national authorities provide companies with a testing environment that simulates conditions close to the real world.
The Parliament adopted the Artificial Intelligence Act in March 2024 . It will be fully applicable 24 months after entry into force, but some parts will be applicable sooner:
High-risk systems will have more time to comply with the requirements as the obligations concerning them will become applicable 36 months after the entry into force.
IMPORTANT NOTE REGARDING REGISTERING A GROUP OF UNPUBLISHED WORKS
You may register up to 10 unpublished works on the same application, but YOU MUST SELECT the new application for a “ Group of Unpublished Works .”
Click here if you need help finding the application for a “Group of Unpublished Works,” and click here to watch a video that provides step-by-step instructions for completing this application. Click here for answers to frequently asked questions related to this application.
The “Standard Application” MAY NOT BE USED to register a “ collection ” of unpublished works. If you submit 2 or more works on the “Standard Application” the Copyright Office may register only 1 of your works and remove the remaining works from the claim. To register those works you will need to resubmit them using an appropriate application form.
NOTICE TO DEPOSIT ACCOUNT HOLDERS
The Copyright Office is issuing new deposit account numbers to all account holders. Read our announcement about this change. For additional questions, email [email protected] or call (202) 707-6896.
Welcome to the Registration Portal. This is your starting point for all things related to the registration of copyrights.
To get started registering your work, log in to the Electronic Copyright Office (eCO) Registration System at the link below or you may learn more about the different types of works typically registered with the U.S. Copyright Office.
The Copyright Office has implemented a new group registration option for musical works that are published on the same album. Read more .
In addition, the Office has implemented a separate group registration option for sound recordings, photos, artwork, and liner notes that are published on the same album. Read more .
The Copyright Office provides resources and general guidance about the different registration options for databases that primarily consist of non-photographic content. Read more .
The Copyright Office has implemented a new group registration option for short online literary works, such as blog entries, social media posts, and short online articles. Read more .
Read more about the new group registration option for unpublished works.
The Copyright Office has implemented a new group registration option for unpublished works. Read more .
Helpful links.
Learn more about the types of works that can be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office . Select a category below to view helpful resources related to the type of works registered with the U.S. Copyright Office as well as instructions on how to register
Fiction, Non-Fiction, Poetry, Articles, Periodicals
Music, Lyrics, Sound Recordings, Scripts, Stage Plays
Artwork, Illustrations, Jewelry, Fabric, Architecture
Computer Programs, Databases, Blogs, Websites
Movies, TV Shows, Video Games, Animation, Videos
News Photos, Selfies, Wedding Photos, Family Photos
The detection of explosives and explosive devices based upon the volatile compounds they emit is a long-standing tool for law enforcement and physical security. Towards that end, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has become a crucial analytical tool for the identification of volatiles emitted by explosives. Previous SPME studies have identified many volatile compounds emitted by common explosive formulations that serve as the main charge in explosive devices. However, limited research has been conducted on initiators like fuses, detonating cords, and boosters. In this study, a variety of SPME fiber coatings (i.e., polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB), divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS), carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS), and polyacrylate (PA)) were employed for the extraction and analysis of volatiles from Composition C-4 (cyclohexanone, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB)) and Red Dot double-base smokeless powder (nitroglycerine, phenylamine). The results revealed that a PDMS/DVB fiber was optimal. Then, an assortment of explosive items (i.e., detonation cord, safety fuse, slip-on booster, and shape charge) were analyzed with a PDMS/DVB fiber. A variety of volatile compounds were identified, including plasticizers (tributyl acetyl citrate, N-butylbenzenesulfonamide), taggants (DMNB), and degradation products (2-ethyl-1-hexanol).
Taggants, like DMNB, are one of the pivotal components added to explosives. These distinctive chemical markers, deliberately introduced during manufacturing to facilitate the identification of explosives, are commonly detected using SPME GC- MS, but their quantitation remains underexplored. To address this, we investigated total vaporization headspace (TV- HS) GC- MS for quantifying taggants in the headspace of Composition C4. Factors effecting the extraction of DMNB, such as shape and age of the sample, and surface depletion, were also examined. The results revealed that the shape of the sample did not affect the amount of DMNB in the headspace but the older the sample, the more DMNB was detected in the headspace. Surface depletion was also seen in samples that were exposed to air for more than one week. Then calibration curves with calibrants of DMNB in acetone were established for quantitation. The average concentration of DMNB in the headspace was determined to be 125 parts per million (ppm).
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This guide contains resources to help students researching and writing a legal dissertation or other upper-level writing project. Some of the resources in this guide are directed at researching and writing in general, not specifically on legal topics, but the strategies and tips can still be applied. The Law Library maintains a number of other ...
A dissertation is intended to involve the student in a sustained period of independent study. However, it is also expected that students will both use 'informants' (and other primary data sources) and the published literature (and other secondary data sources).
This method of dissertation research aims to reduce the study of law to an essentially descriptive analysis of a large number of technical and co-ordinated legal rules to be found in primary sources. The primary aim of this method of research is to collate, organise and describe legal rules and to offer commentary on the emergence and ...
Writing a Dissertation at LLM level. For many students the completion of writing their Masters dissertation may well be the first occasion that they have been faced with writing such a lengthy, independently researched piece. It can be a daunting prospect but with careful planning and consideration students should be able to focus and adapt their ideas and arguments in order to obtain a high ...
Chapter 1: Setting the scene. Depending on the nature of your dissertation, you may need to set the scene further. In a legal dissertation, by "scene" is meant the bits of law that are relevant to set up key arguments in the main body of the dissertation.
Unlike other law research skills books, Law Dissertations: A Step-by-Step Guide includes a section on empirical research methodology and ethics for the benefit of students who are studying for a Masters in law. Packed full of exercises, worked examples, and tools for self-evaluation, this book is sure to become an essential guide for law ...
Preparing for submission. Publisher's summary. Law Dissertations: A Step-by-Step Guide provides you with all the guidance and information you need to complete and succeed in your LLB, LLM or law-related dissertation. Written in a simple, clear format and with plenty of tools to help you to put the theory into practice, Laura Lammasniemi will ...
Law Dissertations: A Step-by-Step Guide provides you with all the guidance and information you need to complete and succeed in your LLB, LLM or law-related dissertation. Written in a simple, clear format and with plenty of tools to help you to put the theory into practice, Laura Lammasniemi will show you how to make writing your law dissertation easy, without compromising intellectual rigour.
Sociolegal Approaches to the Conduct of Dissertation Research - Introduction - Defining sociolegal studies - The diversity of topics and themes addressed by sociolegal studies - The emphasis on law in action - Policy and the power of ideologies - The diversity of research methods used in sociolegal studies - Ethical and other normative ...
The Thesis. The thesis of your substantial writing paper must meet several requirements: It must be original. It must take a position, advance an argument, or propose a solution. It must be concrete, identifiable, and manageable. It must be novel, useful, nonobvious, and sound. Your approach to the topic may be descriptive, prescriptive, or both.
Writing a Law School Paper I. Choosing a Thesis A. What Is a Thesis and Where Do You Find One A thesis has been defined as "an assertion supportable by arguments and evidence."1 In other words, the thesis is your "take" on an issue. A thesis should explain the issue and what you hope to write about the issue.
This is a guide to finding Harvard Law School ("HLS") student-authored works held by the Library and in online collections. This guide covers HLS S.J.D Dissertations, LL.M. papers, J.D. third-year papers, seminar papers, and prize papers. There have been changes in the HLS degree requirements for written work.
A dissertation is essentially an extended piece of coursework. It involves researching about and writing 10,000 words on a legal topic of your choice. This article aims to provide undergraduate law students who have chosen to study a dissertation with some useful tips and advice which they will hopefully find helpful in achieving a first in ...
This paper offers guidance to law students about to write a postgraduate dissertation on a taught Masters programme. This complements the webpage on writing law essays on conlawfiles.org but is intended more for postgraduate law students on a Masters programme who are writing a substantial 10-20,000 word dissertation. JEL Classification: K10 ...
A thesis statement is an original, supportable hypothesis or assertion about a topic. The thesis targets a specific point or aspect of the law, articulates a problem, and ideally attempts to resolve it. In short, your thesis statement embodies your argument. Your thesis statement develops from the topic you select.
Writing a law dissertation introduction. The hardest part of writing introductions is explaining what you are going to do in a way in which it sets your work out as an important piece of legal research, and so engage your reader without giving the whole plot away. The easiest way to go about this is to start with a general discussion outlining ...
Introduction. A law dissertation is an official piece of writing generally done by a student pursuing a doctorate at any university. It's a document that has details about the topic selected for research by the student and is approved by the professor or guide.
The law dissertation. The law dissertation is the final module in our Master of Laws (LLM). The content of the module has been designed to support you in developing and completing your own research project. This must be based on a legal topic related to one of the individual LLM law modules and linked to one of the themes (international ...
This collection contains Stanford Law School Students' theses and dissertations written to fulfill the academic requirements for advanced degrees. Historically, the collection of Theses and Dissertations were produced as part of the requirement coursework for receiving a Master of Laws (1933-1969), a Juris Doctor (1906-1932), or a Doctor of ...
Law dissertation structure. The final year of your LLB is here, which means it's time to put together a lovely 10,000 or so word law dissertation. Gone are the days of first year where a casual 2,000-word essay would be enough to secure 50% of your module marks. Even the tougher second-year essays, where word counts were raised up to 3,500 ...
Earning a law degree is a crucial step in the path to a legal career and requires a significant investment of money, time and energy. Before heading to law school, prospective law students should ...
5th May 2020 Law Dissertation Help Guide Reference this In-house law team. Writing a law dissertation literature review. Legal academic dissertations at all levels now typically incorporate some type of 'literature review'. Generally this is incorporated in an early section in your dissertation. The following is a guide to help you through ...
Thesis & Dissertation; Thesis & Dissertation Overview Thesis and Dissertation: Getting Started; Conducting a Personal IWE; Setting Goals & Staying Motivated Ways to Approach Revision; Genre Analysis & Reverse Outlining; Sentences: Types, Variety, Concision; Paragraph Organization & Flow; Punctuation; University Thesis and Dissertation Templates
The Columbia Law Review's board of directors temporarily shut down the prestigious legal journal's website on Monday following its publication of an article arguing for the establishment of the Nakba—the ethnic cleansing of Arabs from Palestine to establish and expand the state of Israel—as a novel legal concept. The Interceptreported that Rabea Eghbariah, a Palestinian human rights lawyer ...
The law aims to offer start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises opportunities to develop and train AI models before their release to the general public. That is why it requires that national authorities provide companies with a testing environment that simulates conditions close to the real world.
Although it will depend very much on what you are presenting, the following is an acceptable structure for a law dissertation: Title Page - showing the title of the dissertation and the author. Abstract - summarising what the reader can expect to find in the dissertation. Be concise and don't reference or use quotes in this part (150 ...
For additional information, click on any of the below dates. Current Registration Processing Times October 1, 2023 - March 31, 2024. Previous Registration Processing Times April 1, 2023 - September 30, 2023 October 1, 2022 - March 31, 2023 April 1, 2022 - September 30, 2022 October 1, 2021 - March 31, 2022 April 1, 2021 - September 30, 2021 October 1, 2020 - March 31, 2021 April 1 ...
The detection of explosives and explosive devices based upon the volatile compounds they emit is a long-standing tool for law enforcement and physical security. Towards that end, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has become a crucial analytical tool for the identification of volatiles emitted by explosives. Previous SPME studies have ...
Example dissertation topic. Last modified: 3rd Oct 2019. This law area has 12 dissertation topics and ideas on tort, intellectual property and media law. Please use this material to help you in your law studies and to help craft your very own dissertation topic.... Browse through our latest law dissertation topics.