the presentation period

The Feast of the Presentation

According to the Church’s liturgical calendar, the feast held on Feb. 2 each year is in honor of the Presentation of the Lord. Some Catholics recall this day as the feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary because such was the feast day named until the 1969 changes in the Church’s calendar.

In fact, according to Luke’s Gospel, the presentation of Jesus and the purification of the Blessed Mother took place in the Temple on the same day, and both are remembered during Mass on Feb. 2. Also, in several countries, Candlemas is simultaneously celebrated on this day and involves a candlelight procession that was popularized in the Middle Ages. Until the Second Vatican Council the feasts on Feb. 2 ended the Christmas season. Today, the season ends in January on the feast of the Baptism of our Lord.

As early as the fourth century Christians commemorated the presentation of Jesus in the Temple, but, at the time, there was no feast name attached. In seventh-century Rome, the Church named the celebration the feast of the Purification of the Blessed Mother Mary, and it remained that way for nearly 1,300 years. In the reforms after Vatican II, the feast was given a stronger focus on Jesus (by stressing the Presentation of Jesus), but clearly the events of purification and presentation that took place when Jesus was 40 days old (see Lk 2:22-39) are tied together and thus commemorated together.

Purification and Presentation

Under Mosaic law found in the Old Testament Book of Leviticus, a Jewish woman who gave birth to a child was considered unclean (see 12:1-8). The mother of a newborn could not routinely go out into public and had to avoid all things sacred, including the Temple. If her child was a male, this exclusion lasted for 40 days. If the child was female, the period lasted 80 days. This was a ceremonial seclusion and not the result of sin or some kind of wrongdoing on the part of the mother.

At the end of the 40 or 80 days the woman presented herself at the Temple to be purified. If the baby was her firstborn male child, the infant was brought along to the Temple to be dedicated to the Lord. The law in Exodus specifies that the first male child belongs to God (see 13:2-16). This law is a tribute to God for His sparing the firstborn Israelite males during the time of the Exodus from Egypt. The firstborn Egyptian male children, of course, were not spared.

The mother’s purification ritual obliged her to bring, or purchase at the Temple, a lamb and a turtledove as sacrificial offerings. The lamb was offered in thanksgiving to God for the successful birth of the child; the turtledove was a sin offering. Families that could not afford a lamb could bring two pigeons or two turtledoves. After these animals were sacrificed, the Temple priest prayed over the woman and she could once again resume her normal role or status.

Mary, the ever spotless Mother of God, certainly did not have to comply with this ritual, but did so to honor God and observe all the rules handed down by Moses. She was the holiest of all women, but she still submitted to the humbling requirements of the law. She remained at home for 40 days, denied herself all association with sacred things and on the day required walked the five miles from Bethlehem to the Temple in Jerusalem. Arriving at the Temple, Mary likely stood in line and waited her turn to see the priest.

Nunc Dimittis

In Luke’s Gospel, Jesus, Mary and Joseph go to the Temple offering two turtledoves for Mary’s purification. Along with Mary’s willing submission, Jesus is presented into the hands of the priest and thus to God. In accordance with the Old Testament, the child was blessed and then bought or ransomed back by the family who would pay five shekels into the Temple treasury. The Savior of the world is ransomed in the manner of every other Hebrew boy. “When the days were completed for their purification according to the law of Moses, they took him up to Jerusalem to present him to the Lord, just as it is written in the law of the Lord, ‘Every male that opens the womb shall be consecrated to the Lord’”(Lk 2:22-24; see Nm 18:15-16).

The Gospel of Luke explains that the old prophet Simeon and the prophetess Anna were at the Temple that day (see 2:22-38). They, like many others, had spent their lifetime waiting, longing for a Messiah, and the Holy Spirit had revealed to Simeon that he would not die until he had seen the Savior. Among all the children and mothers coming into the Temple, Simeon recognized Jesus as the Christ Child; he held Jesus and exclaimed this hymn of thanksgiving, “Now, Master, you may let your servant go in peace, according to your word, for my eyes have seen your salvation, which you prepared in sight of all the peoples, a light for revelation to the Gentiles, and glory for your people Israel” (2:29-32). The hymn has traditionally been termed the Nunc Dimittis , from the Latin, “ Nunc dimittis servum tuum, Domine, secundum verbum tuum in pace .”

Like Mary, Jesus the Divine Son of God did not have to undergo these rituals, but His parents willingly complied in order to pay tribute to Jewish laws, to avoid any possible scandal and in so doing demonstrated profound humility. They acquiesced to the law like all poor Jewish families.

The Holy Family must have experienced great joy, even wonder at all that had happened to them. Consider the events of the previous weeks. First, the shepherds miraculously arrived to adore and praise Jesus on the night He was born. And now, Simeon, another stranger, singles out Jesus as the Savior, not only of Israel but of the world. Someday all the other children being presented will know Jesus as their Savior. But here in the Temple there is also pain. The old prophet, moved by the Holy Spirit, tells Mary that she will experience unspeakable grief because of the outrageous way the world would judge and treat her Son. But Mary remained always committed to God’s will and to her Son.

Feb. 2 is on the liturgical calendar as the feast of the Presentation of the Lord, but in addition to the presentation, the Mass recalls Mary’s humble submission to the purification ritual.

D.D. Emmons writes from O’Fallon, Ill.  

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Field 48 (‘Period for presentation in days’) in Letter of Credit (L/C)

F48 is an optional field in MT700 swift message of Documentary letter of credit.

F48 (Period of Presentation) field defines the period of time in calendar days by which the presentation of documents should be made in the negotiating bank. The beneficiary will do the presentation/negotiation to get the payment.

From the F44C(Latest Date of Shipment) , the countdown will start. Normally the period is up to the LC expiry date mentioned in F31D(Date and Place of Expiry).

The date can be mentioned 7,10,14,21 any days as agreed between buyer and seller but not later than the LC expiry date.

If the field is not mentioned in the documentary credit then a default of 21 days is considered. But must not exceed the expiry date as I told you earlier.

Within this presentation period, the beneficiary submits negotiable documents mentioned in 46A(Documents Required)   to the presenting bank as per instruction in F41D or F41A(Available With..By…)

As a common practice, LC  validity is kept 90days (one quarter) to maintain the same charge. In that case, the latest date of shipment is mentioned as 69 days. The presentation period is 21 days if there’s no specific requirement from the buyer or seller.

The presentation can be both Electronic records or paper documents.

Do you have any thoughts about this? let me know in the comments.

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3 thoughts on “ field 48 (‘period for presentation in days’) in letter of credit (l/c) ”.

Is it possible for a period of presentation in an L/C to exceed 21 days? Let’s say 60 days from bill of lading date but within the LC validity.

Can F48 be 31, after bill of lading date? Thanks.

Hi Eddie, F48 is an optional field that comes after F71D (charges) as per SWIFT format. can you share more about your inquiry?

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The hidden expiration date on every export letter of credit.

However, another date equal in importance is referred to as the last date for presentation. The presentation period—the window of time in which the exporter must present documents—is tied to the ship date as indicated in the original transport document.

Letter of Credit Presentation Period

A letter of credit includes terminology similar to “documents must be presented within 10 days after the bill of lading date but within the validity of the letter of credit.” For example, if the shipment took place on January 1, documents must be presented no later than January 11 or the expiration date if earlier. If the expiration date is January 5, documents must be presented by January 5, not the 11th.

Some letters of credit require a presentation period of seven days, some 15, etc. If the letter of credit does not state a presentation date, the exporter has 21 days according to UCP Article 14c. Exporters should be aware of this requirement and feel confident they can work within the stated time period. If not, they should request an amendment.

Why does a letter of credit include these time requirements? The importer stipulates them because a delay in presentation can create problems. When the goods arrive at the customs entry point, the importer needs the documents to clear the goods. If not cleared in a timely manner, the goods will go into storage and incur daily charges.

With a short presentation period, the importer can force the exporter to deliver the documents to the bank quickly. Once the documents enter banking channels, they will find their way to the importer in due time for customs clearance.

An alert exporter, however, must ask several key questions:

• How quickly after shipment can the documents be assembled and presented to the bank?
• Can unusual situations cause delays?
• Can the consular's signature be obtained (for a specific country) within the time limit?

Some consulates are located in distant cities and only sign documents once a week. If the appointed day for signing documents falls on a holiday, in either country involved in the transaction, then one more week must be added to the time frame. While 10, 15 or even 21 days may seem like adequate time, it can slip away quickly.

Like what you read?   Subscribe today   to the International Trade Blog to get the latest news and tips for exporters and importers delivered to your inbox.

This article was first published in December 2014 and has been updated to include current information, links and formatting.

About the Author: Roy Becker

Roy Becker was President of Roy Becker Seminars based in Centennial, Colorado. His company specialized in educating companies how to mitigate the financial risk of importing and exporting. Previous to starting the training company, Roy had over 30 years experience working in the international departments of several banks where he assisted many importers and exporters with the intricate banking needs associated with international trade.

Roy served as adjunct faculty in the International MBA programs at the University of Denver and University of Colorado in Denver. He conducted seminars at the World Trade Center Denver and The Center for Financial Training Western States, and was a guest lecturer at several Denver area Universities.

Roy retired in 2021.

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Difference between LC expiry and shipment date expiry

The information provided here is part of Online export import training guide 

Some of you in the export import trade may get confused about the date of expiry of Letter of Credit and the date of expiry of shipment under LC  transactions. What is date of expiry of Letter of Credit? What does shipment date under LC mean?  Let us discuss the difference between LC expiry date and shipment expiry date under Letter of Credit transactions.

What is Shipment date expiry under Letter of Credit?  

In a Letter of Credit, there will be a date of shipment of goods and date of expiry of LC. The date of shipment of goods means, the consignment has to be shipped out from seller’s place on or before the last date of shipment of letter of credit. So, the Bill of Lading date should be on or before the date of shipment mentioned on Letter of Credit as 'Shipment Date'. If letter of credit says, ‘ON BOARD’ Bill of lading, the date of ‘on board’ bill of lading should be on or before the date of ‘ON BOARD’ shipment date mentioned in the letter of credit. If letter of credit (LC) just says shipment date, then the BL date can be the date on or before the completion of export customs formalities. What is expiry date of Letter of Credit?  

LC expiry date means the last date to submit the exported documents with bank for negotiation of documents. Here, the exporter need to submit all required documents with bank after export as per the guidelines mentioned in the letter of credit. Means, Letter of Credit is void if shipped goods before the date mentioned in LC for shipment, but not submitted documents for negotiation within the validity period of Letter of Credit.

Here, we have discussed about the difference between date of expirty of Letter of Credit and date of expiry of shipment date under LC transactions in international business.  Do you wish to add more information about LC expiry and shipment expiry under Letter of Credit?  Share below your experience in handling LC  about shipment date expiry and LC expiry. Comment below your thoughts about this article - Date of expiry of LC and Date of expiry of shipments under Letter of Credit.

The above information is a part of Import Export course online

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How to Structure your Presentation, with Examples

August 3, 2018 - Dom Barnard

For many people the thought of delivering a presentation is a daunting task and brings about a  great deal of nerves . However, if you take some time to understand how effective presentations are structured and then apply this structure to your own presentation, you’ll appear much more confident and relaxed.

Here is our complete guide for structuring your presentation, with examples at the end of the article to demonstrate these points.

Why is structuring a presentation so important?

If you’ve ever sat through a great presentation, you’ll have left feeling either inspired or informed on a given topic. This isn’t because the speaker was the most knowledgeable or motivating person in the world. Instead, it’s because they know how to structure presentations – they have crafted their message in a logical and simple way that has allowed the audience can keep up with them and take away key messages.

Research has supported this, with studies showing that audiences retain structured information  40% more accurately  than unstructured information.

In fact, not only is structuring a presentation important for the benefit of the audience’s understanding, it’s also important for you as the speaker. A good structure helps you remain calm, stay on topic, and avoid any awkward silences.

What will affect your presentation structure?

Generally speaking, there is a natural flow that any decent presentation will follow which we will go into shortly. However, you should be aware that all presentation structures will be different in their own unique way and this will be due to a number of factors, including:

• Whether you need to deliver any demonstrations
• How  knowledgeable the audience  already is on the given subject
• How much interaction you want from the audience
• Any time constraints there are for your talk
• What setting you are in
• Your ability to use any kinds of visual assistance

Before choosing the presentation’s structure answer these questions first:

• What is your presentation’s aim?
• Who are the audience?
• What are the main points your audience should remember afterwards?

When reading the points below, think critically about what things may cause your presentation structure to be slightly different. You can add in certain elements and add more focus to certain moments if that works better for your speech.

What is the typical presentation structure?

This is the usual flow of a presentation, which covers all the vital sections and is a good starting point for yours. It allows your audience to easily follow along and sets out a solid structure you can add your content to.

1. Greet the audience and introduce yourself

Before you start delivering your talk, introduce yourself to the audience and clarify who you are and your relevant expertise. This does not need to be long or incredibly detailed, but will help build an immediate relationship between you and the audience. It gives you the chance to briefly clarify your expertise and why you are worth listening to. This will help establish your ethos so the audience will trust you more and think you’re credible.

Read our tips on  How to Start a Presentation Effectively

2. Introduction

In the introduction you need to explain the subject and purpose of your presentation whilst gaining the audience’s interest and confidence. It’s sometimes helpful to think of your introduction as funnel-shaped to help filter down your topic:

• Introduce your general topic
• Explain your topic area
• State the issues/challenges in this area you will be exploring
• State your presentation’s purpose – this is the basis of your presentation so ensure that you provide a statement explaining how the topic will be treated, for example, “I will argue that…” or maybe you will “compare”, “analyse”, “evaluate”, “describe” etc.
• Provide a statement of what you’re hoping the outcome of the presentation will be, for example, “I’m hoping this will be provide you with…”
• Show a preview of the organisation of your presentation

In this section also explain:

• The length of the talk.
• Signal whether you want audience interaction – some presenters prefer the audience to ask questions throughout whereas others allocate a specific section for this.
• If it applies, inform the audience whether to take notes or whether you will be providing handouts.

The way you structure your introduction can depend on the amount of time you have been given to present: a  sales pitch  may consist of a quick presentation so you may begin with your conclusion and then provide the evidence. Conversely, a speaker presenting their idea for change in the world would be better suited to start with the evidence and then conclude what this means for the audience.

Keep in mind that the main aim of the introduction is to grab the audience’s attention and connect with them.

3. The main body of your talk

The main body of your talk needs to meet the promises you made in the introduction. Depending on the nature of your presentation, clearly segment the different topics you will be discussing, and then work your way through them one at a time – it’s important for everything to be organised logically for the audience to fully understand. There are many different ways to organise your main points, such as, by priority, theme, chronologically etc.

• Main points should be addressed one by one with supporting evidence and examples.
• Before moving on to the next point you should provide a mini-summary.
• Links should be clearly stated between ideas and you must make it clear when you’re moving onto the next point.
• Allow time for people to take relevant notes and stick to the topics you have prepared beforehand rather than straying too far off topic.

When planning your presentation write a list of main points you want to make and ask yourself “What I am telling the audience? What should they understand from this?” refining your answers this way will help you produce clear messages.

4. Conclusion

In presentations the conclusion is frequently underdeveloped and lacks purpose which is a shame as it’s the best place to reinforce your messages. Typically, your presentation has a specific goal – that could be to convert a number of the audience members into customers, lead to a certain number of enquiries to make people knowledgeable on specific key points, or to motivate them towards a shared goal.

Regardless of what that goal is, be sure to summarise your main points and their implications. This clarifies the overall purpose of your talk and reinforces your reason for being there.

Follow these steps:

• Signal that it’s nearly the end of your presentation, for example, “As we wrap up/as we wind down the talk…”
• Restate the topic and purpose of your presentation – “In this speech I wanted to compare…”
• Summarise the main points, including their implications and conclusions
• Indicate what is next/a call to action/a thought-provoking takeaway
• Move on to the last section

5. Thank the audience and invite questions

Conclude your talk by thanking the audience for their time and invite them to  ask any questions  they may have. As mentioned earlier, personal circumstances will affect the structure of your presentation.

Many presenters prefer to make the Q&A session the key part of their talk and try to speed through the main body of the presentation. This is totally fine, but it is still best to focus on delivering some sort of initial presentation to set the tone and topics for discussion in the Q&A.

Other common presentation structures

The above was a description of a basic presentation, here are some more specific presentation layouts:

Demonstration

Use the demonstration structure when you have something useful to show. This is usually used when you want to show how a product works. Steve Jobs frequently used this technique in his presentations.

• Explain why the product is valuable.
• Describe why the product is necessary.
• Explain what problems it can solve for the audience.
• Demonstrate the product  to support what you’ve been saying.
• Make suggestions of other things it can do to make the audience curious.

Problem-solution

This structure is particularly useful in persuading the audience.

• Briefly frame the issue.
• Go into the issue in detail showing why it ‘s such a problem. Use logos and pathos for this – the logical and emotional appeals.
• Provide the solution and explain why this would also help the audience.
• Call to action – something you want the audience to do which is straightforward and pertinent to the solution.

Storytelling

As well as incorporating  stories in your presentation , you can organise your whole presentation as a story. There are lots of different type of story structures you can use – a popular choice is the monomyth – the hero’s journey. In a monomyth, a hero goes on a difficult journey or takes on a challenge – they move from the familiar into the unknown. After facing obstacles and ultimately succeeding the hero returns home, transformed and with newfound wisdom.

Storytelling for Business Success  webinar , where well-know storyteller Javier Bernad shares strategies for crafting compelling narratives.

Another popular choice for using a story to structure your presentation is in media ras (in the middle of thing). In this type of story you launch right into the action by providing a snippet/teaser of what’s happening and then you start explaining the events that led to that event. This is engaging because you’re starting your story at the most exciting part which will make the audience curious – they’ll want to know how you got there.

• Great storytelling: Examples from Alibaba Founder, Jack Ma

Remaining method

The remaining method structure is good for situations where you’re presenting your perspective on a controversial topic which has split people’s opinions.

• Go into the issue in detail showing why it’s such a problem – use logos and pathos.
• Rebut your opponents’ solutions  – explain why their solutions could be useful because the audience will see this as fair and will therefore think you’re trustworthy, and then explain why you think these solutions are not valid.
• After you’ve presented all the alternatives provide your solution, the remaining solution. This is very persuasive because it looks like the winning idea, especially with the audience believing that you’re fair and trustworthy.

Transitions

When delivering presentations it’s important for your words and ideas to flow so your audience can understand how everything links together and why it’s all relevant. This can be done  using speech transitions  which are words and phrases that allow you to smoothly move from one point to another so that your speech flows and your presentation is unified.

Transitions can be one word, a phrase or a full sentence – there are many different forms, here are some examples:

Moving from the introduction to the first point

Signify to the audience that you will now begin discussing the first main point:

• Now that you’re aware of the overview, let’s begin with…
• First, let’s begin with…
• I will first cover…
• My first point covers…
• To get started, let’s look at…

Shifting between similar points

Move from one point to a similar one:

• In the same way…
• Likewise…
• Equally…
• This is similar to…
• Similarly…

Internal summaries

Internal summarising consists of summarising before moving on to the next point. You must inform the audience:

• What part of the presentation you covered – “In the first part of this speech we’ve covered…”
• What the key points were – “Precisely how…”
• How this links in with the overall presentation – “So that’s the context…”
• What you’re moving on to – “Now I’d like to move on to the second part of presentation which looks at…”

Physical movement

You can move your body and your standing location when you transition to another point. The audience find it easier to follow your presentation and movement will increase their interest.

A common technique for incorporating movement into your presentation is to:

• Start your introduction by standing in the centre of the stage.
• For your first point you stand on the left side of the stage.
• You discuss your second point from the centre again.
• You stand on the right side of the stage for your third point.
• The conclusion occurs in the centre.

Key slides for your presentation

Slides are a useful tool for most presentations: they can greatly assist in the delivery of your message and help the audience follow along with what you are saying. Key slides include:

• An intro slide outlining your ideas
• A  summary slide  with core points to remember
• High quality image slides to supplement what you are saying

There are some presenters who choose not to use slides at all, though this is more of a rarity. Slides can be a powerful tool if used properly, but the problem is that many fail to do just that. Here are some golden rules to follow when using slides in a presentation:

• Don’t over fill them  – your slides are there to assist your speech, rather than be the focal point. They should have as little information as possible, to avoid distracting people from your talk.
• A picture says a thousand words  – instead of filling a slide with text, instead, focus on one or two images or diagrams to help support and explain the point you are discussing at that time.
• Make them readable  – depending on the size of your audience, some may not be able to see small text or images, so make everything large enough to fill the space.
• Don’t rush through slides  – give the audience enough time to digest each slide.

Guy Kawasaki, an entrepreneur and author, suggests that slideshows should follow a  10-20-30 rule :

• There should be a maximum of 10 slides – people rarely remember more than one concept afterwards so there’s no point overwhelming them with unnecessary information.
• The presentation should last no longer than 20 minutes as this will leave time for questions and discussion.
• The font size should be a minimum of 30pt because the audience reads faster than you talk so less information on the slides means that there is less chance of the audience being distracted.

Here are some additional resources for slide design:

• 7 design tips for effective, beautiful PowerPoint presentations
• 11 design tips for beautiful presentations
• 10 tips on how to make slides that communicate your idea

Group Presentations

Group presentations are structured in the same way as presentations with one speaker but usually require more rehearsal and practices.  Clean transitioning between speakers  is very important in producing a presentation that flows well. One way of doing this consists of:

• Briefly recap on what you covered in your section: “So that was a brief introduction on what health anxiety is and how it can affect somebody”
• Introduce the next speaker in the team and explain what they will discuss: “Now Elnaz will talk about the prevalence of health anxiety.”
• Then end by looking at the next speaker, gesturing towards them and saying their name: “Elnaz”.
• The next speaker should acknowledge this with a quick: “Thank you Joe.”

From this example you can see how the different sections of the presentations link which makes it easier for the audience to follow and remain engaged.

Example of great presentation structure and delivery

Having examples of great presentations will help inspire your own structures, here are a few such examples, each unique and inspiring in their own way.

How Google Works – by Eric Schmidt

This presentation by ex-Google CEO  Eric Schmidt  demonstrates some of the most important lessons he and his team have learnt with regards to working with some of the most talented individuals they hired. The simplistic yet cohesive style of all of the slides is something to be appreciated. They are relatively straightforward, yet add power and clarity to the narrative of the presentation.

Start with why – by Simon Sinek

Since being released in 2009, this presentation has been viewed almost four million times all around the world. The message itself is very powerful, however, it’s not an idea that hasn’t been heard before. What makes this presentation so powerful is the simple message he is getting across, and the straightforward and understandable manner in which he delivers it. Also note that he doesn’t use any slides, just a whiteboard where he creates a simple diagram of his opinion.

The Wisdom of a Third Grade Dropout – by Rick Rigsby

Here’s an example of a presentation given by a relatively unknown individual looking to inspire the next generation of graduates. Rick’s presentation is unique in many ways compared to the two above. Notably, he uses no visual prompts and includes a great deal of humour.

However, what is similar is the structure he uses. He first introduces his message that the wisest man he knew was a third-grade dropout. He then proceeds to deliver his main body of argument, and in the end, concludes with his message. This powerful speech keeps the viewer engaged throughout, through a mixture of heart-warming sentiment, powerful life advice and engaging humour.

As you can see from the examples above, and as it has been expressed throughout, a great presentation structure means analysing the core message of your presentation. Decide on a key message you want to impart the audience with, and then craft an engaging way of delivering it.

By preparing a solid structure, and  practising your talk  beforehand, you can walk into the presentation with confidence and deliver a meaningful message to an interested audience.

It’s important for a presentation to be well-structured so it can have the most impact on your audience. An unstructured presentation can be difficult to follow and even frustrating to listen to. The heart of your speech are your main points supported by evidence and your transitions should assist the movement between points and clarify how everything is linked.

Research suggests that the audience remember the first and last things you say so your introduction and conclusion are vital for reinforcing your points. Essentially, ensure you spend the time structuring your presentation and addressing all of the sections.

lcviews CoronAdvice #7: Dates and timelines under LCs

The new blogpost in the segment “lcviews CoronAdvice” aims to address one of the questions frequently asked during the clovid-19 crises: Is it possible to amend the dates and timelines applicable to a documentary credit – this in order to allow for more time; thereby contemplating delays caused by the fact that many banks work based on their contingency plans and that many countries are in different phases of lockdown.

Initially, it must be mentioned that most of the challenges facing the Trade Finance industry right now relate to LCs already issued. This means that the content of the LC – as well as the UCP 600 provisions will apply. Therefore, in order to change the applicable dates and timelines, there must be made an amendment to the LC. (For new LCs the “correct” dates and timelines can simply be inserted).

According to UCP 600 article 10(a) in order to amend an LC, agreement is required by the issuing bank, the confirming bank (if any) and the beneficiary.

This means that any date or timeline in the LC or the UCP 600 can simply be changed by way of an amendment – given the relevant parties agree to it. However, it must be stressed that although the LC; by its nature is a separate transaction from the sale or other contract (UCP 600 article 4(a)); the LC is of course based upon the agreement between the buyer and the seller. It would be common for contracts to include dates and timelines (e.g. in respect of the agreed delivery date). The dates and timelines in the LC would normally be based upon – and correspond with the dates and timelines in the agreement. This means that when considering amending dates and timelines in the LC, the content of the underlying agreement must of course be considered. 

With that said, the dates and timelines potentially in scope for this are the following:

Date of expiry

UCP 600 article 10 addresses the issue of expiry; which must be read in context with how the LC is available. The outset is that an LC must state an expiry date for presentation. The expiry date is the latest date a presentation must be made – at the place where the LC is available. I.e. at the counters of the bank with which the LC is available. There are two basic scenarios:

1: Where there is a nominate bank (either specified by name – or simply “any bank”)

In such case the place for presentation is at the counters of the (or “a”) nominated bank  OR  at the counters of the issuing bank.

The date of expiry is the same regardless if the beneficiary makes the presentation to the nominated bank or to the issuing bank. 

An example:

Issuing Bank: Bank ISS in India

Nominated Bank: Bank NOM in the UK

Applicant: IMP Trader in India

Beneficiary: EXP Trader in the UK

LC Available with Bank NOM and expires 1 May 2020 in the UK.

In such case EXP Trader (in the UK) must present the documents EITHER to Bank NOM (UK) OR to Bank ISS (India). Regardless to whom the beneficiary chooses to present, the latest date a presentation must be made is 1 May 2020.

Of course, the normal course of action would be for EXP Trader to present to Bank NOM. However, if that – for some reason – is not possible EXP Trader may need to make a direct presentation to Bank ISS. In such case, there could be a need to extend the expiry date.

Also, as mentioned above there may well be other reasons to consider extending the LC expiry date. For example, that it is not possible for EXP Trader to deliver the goods as originally agreed. However, such amendment to the LC should be aligned with the existing agreement, and there may well be a need to change the contract accordingly.

2: Where the LC is only available with the issuing bank

In such case, the place for presentation is at the counters of the issuing bank (only), and the presentation must be made to the issuing bank no later than 1 May 2020. This applies even when there is an advising bank (that is not a nominated bank) involved.

Advising Bank: Bank ADV in the UK

LC Available with Bank ISS and expires 1 May 2020 in India.

In such case the presentation must be made to Bank ISS (India). The latest date a presentation must be made is 1 May 2020.

The normal course of action would be for EXP Trader to “present” the documents to Bank ADV in due time before the expiry date, allowing Bank ADV to forward the documents (on their behalf) to Bank ISS.

As indicated, the fact that there is an advising bank does not change the fact that the presentation must be presented at the issuing bank no later than 1 May 2020.  

Again, it may not possible for EXP Trader to deliver the goods as originally agreed, and therefore an amendment extending the expiry date may be considered. However, such amendment to the LC should be aligned with the existing agreement, and there may well be a need to change the agreement accordingly.

For both examples above, it is also important to consider that an extension of the expiry date could incur extra charges (e.g. issuance commission and amendment commission).

Period for presentation

UCP 600 article 14(c) addresses the period for presentation. Basically, this sub-article applies when the presentation includes a “transport document” (i.e. one of the transport documents described in UCP 600 articles 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25). In such case, the presentation by (or on behalf of) the beneficiary must be made not later than 21 calendar days after the date of shipment, however, not later than the expiry date of the LC (see above). 

As can be seen, the default period for presentation according to UCP 600 article 14(c) is 21 days. This period is commonly modified (often reduced) in the LC. In such case it is the number of days mentioned in the LC that apply.

In a situation where there are delays, it may well take longer time than normally to obtain the documents needed to be presented under the LC. For that reason, there may well be a need, to have a longer period for presentation. In such case, there are 2 issues to consider

* The documents may potentially have a longer transit time between the seller and the buyer – and there is the risk that the goods arrive before the documents, and it may be challenging for the buyer to obtain release of the goods (e.g. because the bill of lading has not arrived timely).

* Normally an LC is structured so that the date of expiry, latest date of shipment and period for presentation are aligned. I.e.:

“Latest date of shipment” + “period for presentation” = “date of expiry”

This means that changing the “period for presentation” may trigger changes to “latest date of shipment” and “date of expiry”.

Latest date of shipment

As such the “latest date of shipment” is not defined in the UCP 600. There are, however, different places throughout the UCP 600 where “latest date of shipment” is mentioned, i.e.:

* Sub-article 29(c); latest date for shipment will not be extended as a result of the expiry date or the last day for presentation falls on a day when the bank to which presentation is to be made is closed.

* Sub-article 31(b); if the presentation consists of more than one set of transport documents, the latest date of shipment as evidenced on any of the sets of transport documents will be regarded as the date of shipment.

* Sub-article 38(g); the latest shipment date or given period for shipment is part of the data that may be changed when transferring the LC.

However, where it is primarily important in the context of this “lcviews CoronAdvice” is that all of the UCP 600 transport articles (i.e. articles 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25) in one form or the other define “shipment”.

Most LCs issued include a latest shipment date, which is the latest date (based on the presented transport document) that goods covered by the LC must be shipped. 

LC information (excerpts):

:31D: DATE AND PLACE OF EXPIRY

200501 IN UNITED KINGDOM

:44E: PORT OF LOADING

:44F: PORT OF DISCHARGE

CHINESE PORT

:44C: LATEST DATE OF SHIPMENT

:46A: DOCUMENTS REQUIRED

+ FULL SET ON BOARD MARINE BILLS OF LADING ISSUED TO ORDER OF ISSUING BANK NOTIFY APPLICANT MARKED FREIGHT PREPAID

:48: PERIOD FOR PRESENTATION

Presentation information:

Documents presented by the beneficiary to the nominated bank:  24 April 2020

Goods shipped on board (bill of lading):  6 April 2020

The goods are shipped on board 6 April 2020, which is acceptable because the LC indicates 10 April 2020 as latest date of shipment.

As the period for presentation is 21 days, the presentation must be made no later than 27 April 2020 (i.e. 6 April 2020 + 21 days).

There may well be good reasons to consider extending “latest date of shipment”, as it may not be possible for the beneficiary to ship the goods as originally agreed. However, such amendment to the LC should be aligned with the existing underlying agreement, and there may well be a need to change the agreement accordingly. Likewise, such amendment could also trigger amendments to the date of expiry (see above).

Maturity/due date

According to UCP 600 article 6(b) an LC must state whether it is available by  sight payment ,  deferred payment ,  acceptance  or  negotiation .

For the purpose of deferred payment and acceptance, it will apply that the payment is due a fixed period of time after a determinable date (e.g. shipment or sight).

For the purpose of negotiation, the LC may both be payable at sight – or at a future date (as determined by the LC).

For the scenarios where the LC is payable at a future date – that later date will be determined by the wording of the LC. ISBP 745 section B offers guidance in that respect. 

:41A: AVAILABLE WITH

BY DEF PAYMENT

:42P: DEFERRED PAYMENT DETAILS

90 DAYS AFTER SHIPMENT

Following that, payment is due 5 July 2020 (i.e. 6 April 2020 + 90 days).

It is possible to change the deferred payment period in the LC via an amendment. However, such amendment to the LC should be aligned with the underlying agreement, and there may well be a need to change the agreement accordingly. 

Timeline to determine if a presentation is complying

According to UCP 600 article 14(b) the bank (nominated bank (acting on its nomination), confirming bank and issuing bank) each have a maximum of five banking days following the day of presentation to determine if a presentation is complying. This provision is further qualified by UCP 600 article 16(d) which states that the notice of refusal (if any), must be given by telecommunication or, if that is not possible, by other expeditious means  no later than the close of the fifth banking day following the day of presentation .  

It is important to understand that this provision is relevant for the banks; I.e. the rationale for changing the “five days period” is for example that the involved banks have activated their contingency planes; and (as an example) the bank officers are working from home – and therefore need more time to examine the presentation and send the notice of refusal. In that respect it is important to understand that the “five days period” is actually a “ maximum  of five days period”. I.e. in reality the period could be shorter. In any case, if the timeline to determine if a presentation is complying is to be changed (for the specific LC) then that is possible via an amendment.

In summing up the above, it is possible to change all timelines and dates in an LC and the UCP 600 – but it must be done using the normal way of amending LCs. 

Also, it is important to bear in mind that the LC is based upon the underlying agreement between the buyer and the seller, meaning that amendments to the LC should reflect amendments to the underlying agreement.

* In order to change the applicable dates and timelines, there must be made an amendment to the LC. 

* Any date or timeline in the LC or the UCP 600 can simply be changed by way of an amendment – given the relevant parties agree to it.

* When considering amending dates and timelines in the LC, the content of the underlying agreement must of course be considered.

*  Changing a date or timeline, for example the “period for presentation” may trigger changes to other timelines or dates, for example “latest date of shipment” and “date of expiry”

Look out; more “lcviews CoronAdvice” to come.

Meanwhile – as always, take care of the LC – but take special care of each other during these difficult times.

Kind regards

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• v.17(12); 2021 Dec

Ten simple rules for effective presentation slides

Kristen m. naegle.

Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America

Introduction

The “presentation slide” is the building block of all academic presentations, whether they are journal clubs, thesis committee meetings, short conference talks, or hour-long seminars. A slide is a single page projected on a screen, usually built on the premise of a title, body, and figures or tables and includes both what is shown and what is spoken about that slide. Multiple slides are strung together to tell the larger story of the presentation. While there have been excellent 10 simple rules on giving entire presentations [ 1 , 2 ], there was an absence in the fine details of how to design a slide for optimal effect—such as the design elements that allow slides to convey meaningful information, to keep the audience engaged and informed, and to deliver the information intended and in the time frame allowed. As all research presentations seek to teach, effective slide design borrows from the same principles as effective teaching, including the consideration of cognitive processing your audience is relying on to organize, process, and retain information. This is written for anyone who needs to prepare slides from any length scale and for most purposes of conveying research to broad audiences. The rules are broken into 3 primary areas. Rules 1 to 5 are about optimizing the scope of each slide. Rules 6 to 8 are about principles around designing elements of the slide. Rules 9 to 10 are about preparing for your presentation, with the slides as the central focus of that preparation.

Rule 1: Include only one idea per slide

Each slide should have one central objective to deliver—the main idea or question [ 3 – 5 ]. Often, this means breaking complex ideas down into manageable pieces (see Fig 1 , where “background” information has been split into 2 key concepts). In another example, if you are presenting a complex computational approach in a large flow diagram, introduce it in smaller units, building it up until you finish with the entire diagram. The progressive buildup of complex information means that audiences are prepared to understand the whole picture, once you have dedicated time to each of the parts. You can accomplish the buildup of components in several ways—for example, using presentation software to cover/uncover information. Personally, I choose to create separate slides for each piece of information content I introduce—where the final slide has the entire diagram, and I use cropping or a cover on duplicated slides that come before to hide what I’m not yet ready to include. I use this method in order to ensure that each slide in my deck truly presents one specific idea (the new content) and the amount of the new information on that slide can be described in 1 minute (Rule 2), but it comes with the trade-off—a change to the format of one of the slides in the series often means changes to all slides.

Top left: A background slide that describes the background material on a project from my lab. The slide was created using a PowerPoint Design Template, which had to be modified to increase default text sizes for this figure (i.e., the default text sizes are even worse than shown here). Bottom row: The 2 new slides that break up the content into 2 explicit ideas about the background, using a central graphic. In the first slide, the graphic is an explicit example of the SH2 domain of PI3-kinase interacting with a phosphorylation site (Y754) on the PDGFR to describe the important details of what an SH2 domain and phosphotyrosine ligand are and how they interact. I use that same graphic in the second slide to generalize all binding events and include redundant text to drive home the central message (a lot of possible interactions might occur in the human proteome, more than we can currently measure). Top right highlights which rules were used to move from the original slide to the new slide. Specific changes as highlighted by Rule 7 include increasing contrast by changing the background color, increasing font size, changing to sans serif fonts, and removing all capital text and underlining (using bold to draw attention). PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor.

Rule 2: Spend only 1 minute per slide

When you present your slide in the talk, it should take 1 minute or less to discuss. This rule is really helpful for planning purposes—a 20-minute presentation should have somewhere around 20 slides. Also, frequently giving your audience new information to feast on helps keep them engaged. During practice, if you find yourself spending more than a minute on a slide, there’s too much for that one slide—it’s time to break up the content into multiple slides or even remove information that is not wholly central to the story you are trying to tell. Reduce, reduce, reduce, until you get to a single message, clearly described, which takes less than 1 minute to present.

Rule 3: Make use of your heading

When each slide conveys only one message, use the heading of that slide to write exactly the message you are trying to deliver. Instead of titling the slide “Results,” try “CTNND1 is central to metastasis” or “False-positive rates are highly sample specific.” Use this landmark signpost to ensure that all the content on that slide is related exactly to the heading and only the heading. Think of the slide heading as the introductory or concluding sentence of a paragraph and the slide content the rest of the paragraph that supports the main point of the paragraph. An audience member should be able to follow along with you in the “paragraph” and come to the same conclusion sentence as your header at the end of the slide.

Rule 4: Include only essential points

While you are speaking, audience members’ eyes and minds will be wandering over your slide. If you have a comment, detail, or figure on a slide, have a plan to explicitly identify and talk about it. If you don’t think it’s important enough to spend time on, then don’t have it on your slide. This is especially important when faculty are present. I often tell students that thesis committee members are like cats: If you put a shiny bauble in front of them, they’ll go after it. Be sure to only put the shiny baubles on slides that you want them to focus on. Putting together a thesis meeting for only faculty is really an exercise in herding cats (if you have cats, you know this is no easy feat). Clear and concise slide design will go a long way in helping you corral those easily distracted faculty members.

Rule 5: Give credit, where credit is due

An exception to Rule 4 is to include proper citations or references to work on your slide. When adding citations, names of other researchers, or other types of credit, use a consistent style and method for adding this information to your slides. Your audience will then be able to easily partition this information from the other content. A common mistake people make is to think “I’ll add that reference later,” but I highly recommend you put the proper reference on the slide at the time you make it, before you forget where it came from. Finally, in certain kinds of presentations, credits can make it clear who did the work. For the faculty members heading labs, it is an effective way to connect your audience with the personnel in the lab who did the work, which is a great career booster for that person. For graduate students, it is an effective way to delineate your contribution to the work, especially in meetings where the goal is to establish your credentials for meeting the rigors of a PhD checkpoint.

Rule 6: Use graphics effectively

As a rule, you should almost never have slides that only contain text. Build your slides around good visualizations. It is a visual presentation after all, and as they say, a picture is worth a thousand words. However, on the flip side, don’t muddy the point of the slide by putting too many complex graphics on a single slide. A multipanel figure that you might include in a manuscript should often be broken into 1 panel per slide (see Rule 1 ). One way to ensure that you use the graphics effectively is to make a point to introduce the figure and its elements to the audience verbally, especially for data figures. For example, you might say the following: “This graph here shows the measured false-positive rate for an experiment and each point is a replicate of the experiment, the graph demonstrates …” If you have put too much on one slide to present in 1 minute (see Rule 2 ), then the complexity or number of the visualizations is too much for just one slide.

Rule 7: Design to avoid cognitive overload

The type of slide elements, the number of them, and how you present them all impact the ability for the audience to intake, organize, and remember the content. For example, a frequent mistake in slide design is to include full sentences, but reading and verbal processing use the same cognitive channels—therefore, an audience member can either read the slide, listen to you, or do some part of both (each poorly), as a result of cognitive overload [ 4 ]. The visual channel is separate, allowing images/videos to be processed with auditory information without cognitive overload [ 6 ] (Rule 6). As presentations are an exercise in listening, and not reading, do what you can to optimize the ability of the audience to listen. Use words sparingly as “guide posts” to you and the audience about major points of the slide. In fact, you can add short text fragments, redundant with the verbal component of the presentation, which has been shown to improve retention [ 7 ] (see Fig 1 for an example of redundant text that avoids cognitive overload). Be careful in the selection of a slide template to minimize accidentally adding elements that the audience must process, but are unimportant. David JP Phillips argues (and effectively demonstrates in his TEDx talk [ 5 ]) that the human brain can easily interpret 6 elements and more than that requires a 500% increase in human cognition load—so keep the total number of elements on the slide to 6 or less. Finally, in addition to the use of short text, white space, and the effective use of graphics/images, you can improve ease of cognitive processing further by considering color choices and font type and size. Here are a few suggestions for improving the experience for your audience, highlighting the importance of these elements for some specific groups:

• Use high contrast colors and simple backgrounds with low to no color—for persons with dyslexia or visual impairment.
• Use sans serif fonts and large font sizes (including figure legends), avoid italics, underlining (use bold font instead for emphasis), and all capital letters—for persons with dyslexia or visual impairment [ 8 ].
• Use color combinations and palettes that can be understood by those with different forms of color blindness [ 9 ]. There are excellent tools available to identify colors to use and ways to simulate your presentation or figures as they might be seen by a person with color blindness (easily found by a web search).
• In this increasing world of virtual presentation tools, consider practicing your talk with a closed captioning system capture your words. Use this to identify how to improve your speaking pace, volume, and annunciation to improve understanding by all members of your audience, but especially those with a hearing impairment.

Rule 8: Design the slide so that a distracted person gets the main takeaway

It is very difficult to stay focused on a presentation, especially if it is long or if it is part of a longer series of talks at a conference. Audience members may get distracted by an important email, or they may start dreaming of lunch. So, it’s important to look at your slide and ask “If they heard nothing I said, will they understand the key concept of this slide?” The other rules are set up to help with this, including clarity of the single point of the slide (Rule 1), titling it with a major conclusion (Rule 3), and the use of figures (Rule 6) and short text redundant to your verbal description (Rule 7). However, with each slide, step back and ask whether its main conclusion is conveyed, even if someone didn’t hear your accompanying dialog. Importantly, ask if the information on the slide is at the right level of abstraction. For example, do you have too many details about the experiment, which hides the conclusion of the experiment (i.e., breaking Rule 1)? If you are worried about not having enough details, keep a slide at the end of your slide deck (after your conclusions and acknowledgments) with the more detailed information that you can refer to during a question and answer period.

Rule 9: Iteratively improve slide design through practice

Well-designed slides that follow the first 8 rules are intended to help you deliver the message you intend and in the amount of time you intend to deliver it in. The best way to ensure that you nailed slide design for your presentation is to practice, typically a lot. The most important aspects of practicing a new presentation, with an eye toward slide design, are the following 2 key points: (1) practice to ensure that you hit, each time through, the most important points (for example, the text guide posts you left yourself and the title of the slide); and (2) practice to ensure that as you conclude the end of one slide, it leads directly to the next slide. Slide transitions, what you say as you end one slide and begin the next, are important to keeping the flow of the “story.” Practice is when I discover that the order of my presentation is poor or that I left myself too few guideposts to remember what was coming next. Additionally, during practice, the most frequent things I have to improve relate to Rule 2 (the slide takes too long to present, usually because I broke Rule 1, and I’m delivering too much information for one slide), Rule 4 (I have a nonessential detail on the slide), and Rule 5 (I forgot to give a key reference). The very best type of practice is in front of an audience (for example, your lab or peers), where, with fresh perspectives, they can help you identify places for improving slide content, design, and connections across the entirety of your talk.

Rule 10: Design to mitigate the impact of technical disasters

The real presentation almost never goes as we planned in our heads or during our practice. Maybe the speaker before you went over time and now you need to adjust. Maybe the computer the organizer is having you use won’t show your video. Maybe your internet is poor on the day you are giving a virtual presentation at a conference. Technical problems are routinely part of the practice of sharing your work through presentations. Hence, you can design your slides to limit the impact certain kinds of technical disasters create and also prepare alternate approaches. Here are just a few examples of the preparation you can do that will take you a long way toward avoiding a complete fiasco:

• Save your presentation as a PDF—if the version of Keynote or PowerPoint on a host computer cause issues, you still have a functional copy that has a higher guarantee of compatibility.
• In using videos, create a backup slide with screen shots of key results. For example, if I have a video of cell migration, I’ll be sure to have a copy of the start and end of the video, in case the video doesn’t play. Even if the video worked, you can pause on this backup slide and take the time to highlight the key results in words if someone could not see or understand the video.
• Avoid animations, such as figures or text that flash/fly-in/etc. Surveys suggest that no one likes movement in presentations [ 3 , 4 ]. There is likely a cognitive underpinning to the almost universal distaste of pointless animations that relates to the idea proposed by Kosslyn and colleagues that animations are salient perceptual units that captures direct attention [ 4 ]. Although perceptual salience can be used to draw attention to and improve retention of specific points, if you use this approach for unnecessary/unimportant things (like animation of your bullet point text, fly-ins of figures, etc.), then you will distract your audience from the important content. Finally, animations cause additional processing burdens for people with visual impairments [ 10 ] and create opportunities for technical disasters if the software on the host system is not compatible with your planned animation.

Conclusions

These rules are just a start in creating more engaging presentations that increase audience retention of your material. However, there are wonderful resources on continuing on the journey of becoming an amazing public speaker, which includes understanding the psychology and neuroscience behind human perception and learning. For example, as highlighted in Rule 7, David JP Phillips has a wonderful TEDx talk on the subject [ 5 ], and “PowerPoint presentation flaws and failures: A psychological analysis,” by Kosslyn and colleagues is deeply detailed about a number of aspects of human cognition and presentation style [ 4 ]. There are many books on the topic, including the popular “Presentation Zen” by Garr Reynolds [ 11 ]. Finally, although briefly touched on here, the visualization of data is an entire topic of its own that is worth perfecting for both written and oral presentations of work, with fantastic resources like Edward Tufte’s “The Visual Display of Quantitative Information” [ 12 ] or the article “Visualization of Biomedical Data” by O’Donoghue and colleagues [ 13 ].

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the countless presenters, colleagues, students, and mentors from which I have learned a great deal from on effective presentations. Also, a thank you to the wonderful resources published by organizations on how to increase inclusivity. A special thanks to Dr. Jason Papin and Dr. Michael Guertin on early feedback of this editorial.

Funding Statement

The author received no specific funding for this work.

• Effective Presentation Skills Tutorial
• Handling Questions and Answers

At the end of your presentation, if it is appropriate for the type of presentation, solicit questions from the audience.

Responding to Audience Questions

When someone is asking a question, make eye contact with that person, listen positively, and acknowledge by saying "thank you for that question," or say "that is an excellent question" or "that is an important question".

If the audience is in a large room and cannot hear each other's questions, repeat the question loudly for everyone to hear, before answering it.

If you know the answer to the question, respond appropriately and briefly so you can take more questions and not spend too much time on one question.

Effective Response to Question

This video clip is an example of a presenter effectively responding to an audience member's question .

Ineffective Response to Question

This video clip is an example of a presenter ineffectively responding to an audience member's question .

If the question is not relevant to the presentation, say something like, "I am really sorry that question is outside the scope of this presentation, but I will be happy to stay after the presentation and discuss it with you."

Effective Response to Off-topic Question

This video clip is an example of a presenter effectively responding to an off-topic question or one in which he or she does not know the answer .

Inappropriate Response to Off-topic Question

This video clip is an example of a presenter inappropriately responding to an off-topic question or one in which he or she does not know the answer .

If time is running out for answering all of the questions, say, "I am sorry. I am running out of time, but I will take one last question, and then I will be available at the end to answer any remaining questions."

If you do not know the answer to a question say, "That is an interesting question, and I will have to get back to you later on that" or ask the audience "Can someone help me with this?" or be gracious and acknowledge you do not know the answer at that time.

If an audience member criticizes or attacks what you had covered in your presentation, do not attack back, but separate the valid criticism from the personal attack, and respond to the criticism appropriately.

Some things not to do during the question and answer period:

• Shuffling papers or technology and not making eye contact with the questioner
• Belittling the questioner
• Calling those who want to ask questions by their physical characteristics
• Not taking questions in the sequence they are asked, but focusing on certain people or a side of the room

Asking Good Questions

If you are in the audience, know also how to ask good questions to indicate that you are following the presentation.

You can ask some general questions about any topic, and you may be genuinely curious about some things presented.

• What were the most challenging aspects, or what surprised you the most, in conducting this project?
• Why did you choose this particular methodology or argument instead of another one?
• How did you collect the data? Were there any problems in collecting data? What was the sample size?
• How did you validate your work? Did you validate with a real problem or situation?
• What are some of the limitations of your work?
• What recommendations do you have for further exploration in this project?

Learning to ask good questions at the end of a presentation demonstrates your active participation.

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Mr. Old Man For those who eat, sleep and breathe Letters of Credit & Cycling

How to determine the presentation period when multiple sets of bills of lading are presented.

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Dear Mr. Old Man,

Let me go straight to the point and ask you this question.

Regarding The Tenor of L/C, ISBP Paragraph 43(e) and (f) stated that:

– If more than one set of BoL is presented under one draft, the date of the LAST BoL will be used for the calculation of the maturity date.

– If a BoL showing more than one on board notation, …, the EARLIEST of these on board dates would be used for calculation of the evidences on board vessel

Correspondingly, on calculating of the latest date of shipment, ISBP Paragraph 105 stated that:

– … In the event that more than one set of BoLs are presented and incorporate different dates of shipment, the LATEST of these dates of shipment will be taken for the calculation of any presentation period.

– Nonetheless, there is NO article/paragraph stipulating how to determine the presentation date for BoL showing more than one board notations.

On Frequently asked questions under UCP 600 of Gary Collyer, the same issue has been raised but the suggested answer cannot be considered comprehensive enough.

I want to ask your opinion on this situation?

Thanks and best regards.

Thomas —————–

Dear Thomas,

I would like to note that ICC has just published a new ISBP version called ISBP 745 paragraph E19 of which can answer your question. Please find below herewith paragraph E19 ISBP 745:

a. When a credit prohibits partial shipment, and more than one set of original bills of lading are presented covering shipment from one or more ports of loading (as specifically allowed, or within a geographical area or range of ports stated in the credit), each set is to indicate that it covers the shipment of goods on the same vessel and same journey and that the goods are destined for the same port of discharge.

b. When a credit prohibits partial shipment, and more than one set of original bills of lading are presented in accordance with paragraph E19 (a) and incorporate different dates of shipment, the latest of these dates is to be used for the calculation of any presentation period and must fall on or before the latest shipment date stated in the credit.

c. When partial shipment is allowed, and more than one set of original bills of lading are presented as part of a single presentation made under one covering schedule or letter and incorporate different dates of shipment, on different vessels or the same vessel for a different journey, the earliest of these dates is to be used for the calculation of any presentation period, and each of these dates must fall on or before the latest shipment date stated in the credit.

So, I wish to answer your questions as follows:

In line with paragraphs E19 (a) and (b) ISBP 745, the latest date shall be used for calculation of the presentation period for both situations.

As ISBP 745 is silent as to the situation where a bill of lading shows more than one dated on board notation, my answer had to be based on paragraphs E19 (a) and (b). I thought the principle applied to the situation in E19 (a) and (b) could apply to the situation in question. In my opinion, paragraph E19 should have included this situation.

I hope you are now quite satisfied with my answer.

Kind regards, Mr. Old Man

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D/P AT XXX DAYS AFTER BL DATE

QUESTIONS REGARDING BPO

NEGOTIATION WITH OR WITHOUT RECOURSE

WHETHER A CONFIRMING BANK IS A NOMINATED BANK AND…

WHETHER DOCUMENTS CAN BE PRESENTED DIRECTLY TO THE ISSUING BANK

Why is field 46a optional.

WHERE A MMTD CANNOT BE ISSUED IN NEGOTIABLE FORM

Documents are to be presented within xx days from/after shipment date.

CLAIMS PAYABLE, SETTLING AGENT, FRANCHISE, EXCESS (DEDUCTIBLE)

Reimbursement claim, insurance document issued to order of the issuing bank.

CHANGING PAYMENT TERMS OF THE LC

AMOUNT OF COVER

LC WITH SPECIAL PAYMENT CONDITION

Abbreviations, tolerance applicable against individual quantities, lc is transferable, another case of assignment of proceeds.

AUTHENTICATION OF CORRECTIONS ON BILL OF LADING AND INVOICE

Domestic lc, why available by payment instead of available by negotiation, assignment in favour of the nominated bank, invoice not issued by the beneficiary, address of the beneficiary, certificate of origin indicating a quantity greater than that stated in the credit, lc confirmed by the first advising bank, a full set of bills of lading means a full set of original bills of lading, the name of the country need not be stated, cargo to be released with more than one bill of lading to be surrendered, counter guarantee.

STAMP IN A LANGUAGE OTHER THAN THAT REQUIRED IN THE CREDIT

Correction and alteration, a certificate must be issued by the entity stated in the credit, documents presented directly to the issuing bank, bl and bl rider signed with different signatures, need the name of the country be stated, where original bills of lading are not required to be presented, shipped on board the pre-carriage vessel, place of availability vs place of expiry, place of presentation, when lc requires presentation of less than a full set of original bills of lading, express bill of lading, where documents under d/p are not paid, where the bl date is referred to as the date of issuance, whether sub-article 14 (c) is applicable, bill of lading dated prior to lc issuance date.

WHICH PARTY WILL PAY CONFIRMATION FEES?

NẾU LC QUY ĐỊNH CẢNG BỐC HÀNG LÀ ANY CHINESE PORT, VẬN ĐƠN XUẤT TRÌNH THỂ HIỆN CẢNG BỐC HÀNG LÀ HONG KONG HAY TAIPEI CÓ HỢP LỆ?

MUST ALL ORIGINALS BE PRESENTED?

Consignee on documents other than certificate of origin (updated with isbp 821).

ĐƯỜNG TRANH BÍCH HỌA YÊN KHÊ

Đừng vội vàng chia sẻ những tin tức “pha ke”.

August 5, 2013 at 11:08 pm

chippink writes:Dear Mr.Old Man,First of all, i am so sorry if i make a question to you in a wrong place, because i can not find where i can make a new article in your blog. i got the problem that the quantity shown as follows: + Invoice : 1,500 MT+ Packing list : 1,500 MT+ B/L: 1.500 MT the problem here is decimal mark. The true number here is one thousand five hundred MT and B/L also means one thousand five hundred MT. However, Based on decimal mark, if we call quantity on invoice and packing list to be one thousand five hundred MT, the B/L will read it as one point five MT. I also met another case, L/C stipulates:quanity: 15.200 MTunit price: USD2,000/MTamount: USD30,400Invoice showed quanity: 15,2 MTunit price: USD2,000/MTamount: USD30,400In this case, we can see the quantity should be 15.2 I/O 15,2, but we also can understand that is fifteen point two. Should i ignore those mistake? i haven't seen this subject on UCP. Thank you so much! And have a nice week, Mr.Old Man. ^^

mroldmanvcb

August 6, 2013 at 10:08 am

I would classify these errors as misspelling or typing errors. If they do not affect the meaning of the figure or make us misunderstanding, then they do not make the document discrepant.

April 21, 2016 at 11:06 pm

Please help us to clarify the issue relating to determine the presentation period: In case LC prohibits partial shipment, however, more than one set of BL presented as part of a single presentation made under one covering letter show the discrepancy – partial shipment. It means: different date of shipment, on different vessel. How can we determine the presentation period

April 22, 2016 at 3:39 pm

As indicated in the covering schedule you can refuse the documents stating the discrepancy “partial shipment”. What if LC prohibits partial shipment and more than one set of original bills of lading are presented as part of a single presentation made under one covering schedule or letter and incorporate different dates of shipment, on different vessels or the same vessel for a different journey?

This situation is not covered in ISBP, but I think ISBP 745 para. 19 (c) can be applied, i.e. the earliest of these dates is to be used for the calculation of presentation period.

June 22, 2016 at 10:51 am

Revisiting the issue – determining the latest presentation date in case of multiple bill of ladings, we have concerns: 1. LC prohibits partial shipment, multiple bill of ladings show: different date of shipment, different vessels. We know that in this case late shipment is effected–> this is a discrepancy. But which date we define the latest presentation date: earliest or latest date.

2. lc allows partial shipment, multiple bill of ladings show: different date of shipment, same vessels, same destination. which date we define the latest presentation date: earliest or latest date.

In my opinion which date to calculate is based on terms and conditions of lc which allows partial shipment or no. In case lc prohibit partial shipment, even multiple bill of lading shows partial shipment effected, we still use the latest date of shipment to calculate???. Similiar to second case, it will be the earliest date. Is it correct

Can you advise any ICC commission relating to the issue

Thanks and best regards

June 23, 2016 at 10:39 am

Your question makes me think much!!!

My view is as follows:

1. Shipment on more than one vessel is a partial shipment. Case No. 1 is not covered by ISBP E19. So in addition to the discrepancy “partial shipment”, you may cite the discrepancy “late presentation” based on the any shipment date which constitutes late presentation. I don’t think the presenter can reject the discrepancy.

2. Shipment on different dates but on the same vessel is not a partial shipment. So, based on ISBP E19 (b), the latest of the shipment dates is to be used for calculation of the presentation period.

I don’t think ISBP E19 (b) is apopropriate for Case No. 2.

Vivek Singh

May 17, 2017 at 7:08 am

Hi Mr. Old Man,

Further to your comment on CASE 2 above, since LC allows partial shipment ISBP 745 para E19 (c) will apply, the earliest date will be used for calculation of maturity date.

Regards, Vivek

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How to Nail the Q&A After Your Presentation

• Caroline Webb

You can’t rehearse it, but you can be prepared.

When preparing to give a presentation, most professionals focus their energy on the main portion of their talk — their key messages, slides, and takeaways. And far too few people think through how you’ll answer questions at the end of the presentation can be a big mistake. If you’re worried about how to hand the Q&A, there are several things you can do. Change your mindset. Rather than dreading this part of the talk, develop an appreciation for the conversation. It’s a good thing that people have follow-up questions and want to further engage with your content. Beforehand, think through the types of questions audience members might ask. Put yourself in your shoes and ask yourself what concerns they might have about how your message impacts their job. Then, when you’re asked a question, especially one that might be contentious, start your answer by focusing on where you and the person asking it agree. This makes the person feel seen and connected to you. And if you’re asked a question out of left field, be curious. Ask follow-up questions that help you understand what they’re getting at and where they’re coming from.

If you’re not a huge fan of public speaking , you’re in good company. It’s such a widely shared source of anxiety that when psychologists want to induce unpleasant stress in a person for experimental purposes, they often use a public speaking task called the Trier Social Stress Test . The test requires people to give a talk and do sums in front of a panel of impassive listeners, and it reliably generates stress markers such as a faster heart rate, raised cortisol levels, and “enhanced skin conductance,” which is the polite way of saying sweaty palms.

• Caroline Webb  is the author of  How to Have a Good Day: Harness the Power of Behavioral Science to Transform Your Working Life .  She is also CEO of coaching firm  Sevenshift , and a Senior Adviser to McKinsey & Company. Follow her on Twitter  @caroline_webb_ ,  Facebook , or  Google + .

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LC Document Discrepancies– Know What It Is & How To Deal With It

The discrepancy in LC can be explained as an error or defect. Error or defect that has been figured out at the time of checking documents in Letter of Credit documents are explained as discrepancies in Letter of Credit documents. So, if the conditions are not met in the documents are do not comply with the LC clause they can be explained as discrepancies in LC documents. Banks do deduct a certain amount if discrepant documents are observed around.

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Following are the major LC Discrepancies that are found in LC documents.

1. Late Shipment

If the goods are shipped after the shipment date which is mentioned in LC, it will be considered discrepant. So, be it a bill of lading or as per delivery challan – they will be late shipment if the date exceeds the mentioned date.

2. Late Presentation

If the documents are not presented within the prescribed time as mentioned in the LC clause by the beneficiary to the beneficiary bank, then the document can be discrepant. Generally, 21 days of presentation time is given for document presentation.

3. LC Expired

If the beneficiary’s bank receives the document after the LC expiry date, that will be a discrepancy as well. Normally banks don’t accept such documents, but if the applicant is okay with the expired date – that won’t be an issue. The expiry date of LC is considered taking into consideration the beneficiary banks covering.

4. Absence of Documents

If any documents are missing concerning the LC clause, that can be termed discrepancy. For example, if the Insurance document is mentioned in the LC clause, but is absent in the document list – it can be termed discrepant. Even if the beneficiary submits two originals instead of asked three originals, it can be explained discrepant document.

5. Incomplete Bill of Lading

As explained in UCP 600, the bill of lading must indicate the name of the carrier and should be signed by either the carrier or named agent on behalf of the carrier or the master or the named agent on behalf of the master. If banks don’t face the carrier’s name on the face of BL, they can term it as discrepant.

6. Incorrect Details about Goods or Services

The details about goods in Commercial Invoice should be liable to the LC clause, or the proforma invoice. There can be a nominal downfall over the price, or quantity but the unit price should be the same. Even minor spelling errors on the name of goods can result in discrepancies.

7. Endorsement

Generally, Bill of Exchange or Transport documents should be endorsed in the name of LC Issuing Bank. If the insurance clause is not demanding direct in favor of the LC issuing bank, the insurance documents should be endorsed too – else the issuing bank has the right to quote discrepancy for these set of documents.

8. Dates in Documents

Insurance should be done before the shipment date, else that can be termed discrepancies. Any other documents that have been asked should not be before the LC opening date, else that would be part of discrepancies as well. Dates will be carefully examined by LC issuing bank.

9. Non Compliance to LC Clause

If LC clauses and documents presented contradict, they can be part of discrepancies as well. For example: if it has been mentioned that all documents should bear LC Number, LC Date, and Harmonic Code – it means all the documents that have been asked for should have them. Else, they will be part of the discrepancy.

Dealing with Discrepant Documents

LC issuing banks, who receive the documents, should inform the beneficiary banks within five days about the discrepancy of the documents that are being found through SWIFT message. They have this right to quote discrepancy before information to the applicant as well. Once informed, banks will convey the applicant about the discrepancy documents and if applicants are willing to accept the discrepancies – they can go for the release of documents.

It has to be understood that discrepant documents do not lead to cancellation of LC, applicant will have the right to reject the documents if they are not ready to accept the discrepancies and return the documents without making any payment thereby.

(Mr. Dwaipayan Regmi is a banker.)

From The Author:

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One thought on “ LC Document Discrepancies– Know What It Is & How To Deal With It ”

We are in a case where supplier has sent us the discrepant document. Shipper is forcing us to accept the shipment, while we do not want to. Discrepancies are as follows.

1. Insurance certificate showing excess deductible clause, and not showing insurance company’s agent in destination country 2. Vessel certificate required under 46-A not presented.

We can return the document, but the shipper can clear the discrepancies and submit the documents.

Presentation period under the LC was 21 days from shipment date. Although shipper submitted the documents under the presentation period, but it was not complying presentation due to discrepancies. 21 days has already passed now. If the shipper resubmits the document now, would there be another discrepancy for late submission? and is the buyer anyway liable to accept the shipment?

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Presentation Period "Within the validity of the LC"

Post by CSNg » Sun May 27, 2012 2:58 am

Presentation Period

Post by Sabrina » Sun May 27, 2012 4:23 am

Return to “Letter of Credit Forum”

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Ten simple rules for effective presentation slides

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliation Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America

• Kristen M. Naegle

Published: December 2, 2021

• https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009554
• Reader Comments

Citation: Naegle KM (2021) Ten simple rules for effective presentation slides. PLoS Comput Biol 17(12): e1009554. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009554

Copyright: © 2021 Kristen M. Naegle. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Funding: The author received no specific funding for this work.

Competing interests: The author has declared no competing interests exist.

Introduction

The “presentation slide” is the building block of all academic presentations, whether they are journal clubs, thesis committee meetings, short conference talks, or hour-long seminars. A slide is a single page projected on a screen, usually built on the premise of a title, body, and figures or tables and includes both what is shown and what is spoken about that slide. Multiple slides are strung together to tell the larger story of the presentation. While there have been excellent 10 simple rules on giving entire presentations [ 1 , 2 ], there was an absence in the fine details of how to design a slide for optimal effect—such as the design elements that allow slides to convey meaningful information, to keep the audience engaged and informed, and to deliver the information intended and in the time frame allowed. As all research presentations seek to teach, effective slide design borrows from the same principles as effective teaching, including the consideration of cognitive processing your audience is relying on to organize, process, and retain information. This is written for anyone who needs to prepare slides from any length scale and for most purposes of conveying research to broad audiences. The rules are broken into 3 primary areas. Rules 1 to 5 are about optimizing the scope of each slide. Rules 6 to 8 are about principles around designing elements of the slide. Rules 9 to 10 are about preparing for your presentation, with the slides as the central focus of that preparation.

Rule 1: Include only one idea per slide

Each slide should have one central objective to deliver—the main idea or question [ 3 – 5 ]. Often, this means breaking complex ideas down into manageable pieces (see Fig 1 , where “background” information has been split into 2 key concepts). In another example, if you are presenting a complex computational approach in a large flow diagram, introduce it in smaller units, building it up until you finish with the entire diagram. The progressive buildup of complex information means that audiences are prepared to understand the whole picture, once you have dedicated time to each of the parts. You can accomplish the buildup of components in several ways—for example, using presentation software to cover/uncover information. Personally, I choose to create separate slides for each piece of information content I introduce—where the final slide has the entire diagram, and I use cropping or a cover on duplicated slides that come before to hide what I’m not yet ready to include. I use this method in order to ensure that each slide in my deck truly presents one specific idea (the new content) and the amount of the new information on that slide can be described in 1 minute (Rule 2), but it comes with the trade-off—a change to the format of one of the slides in the series often means changes to all slides.

• PPT PowerPoint slide
• PNG larger image
• TIFF original image

Top left: A background slide that describes the background material on a project from my lab. The slide was created using a PowerPoint Design Template, which had to be modified to increase default text sizes for this figure (i.e., the default text sizes are even worse than shown here). Bottom row: The 2 new slides that break up the content into 2 explicit ideas about the background, using a central graphic. In the first slide, the graphic is an explicit example of the SH2 domain of PI3-kinase interacting with a phosphorylation site (Y754) on the PDGFR to describe the important details of what an SH2 domain and phosphotyrosine ligand are and how they interact. I use that same graphic in the second slide to generalize all binding events and include redundant text to drive home the central message (a lot of possible interactions might occur in the human proteome, more than we can currently measure). Top right highlights which rules were used to move from the original slide to the new slide. Specific changes as highlighted by Rule 7 include increasing contrast by changing the background color, increasing font size, changing to sans serif fonts, and removing all capital text and underlining (using bold to draw attention). PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009554.g001

Rule 2: Spend only 1 minute per slide

When you present your slide in the talk, it should take 1 minute or less to discuss. This rule is really helpful for planning purposes—a 20-minute presentation should have somewhere around 20 slides. Also, frequently giving your audience new information to feast on helps keep them engaged. During practice, if you find yourself spending more than a minute on a slide, there’s too much for that one slide—it’s time to break up the content into multiple slides or even remove information that is not wholly central to the story you are trying to tell. Reduce, reduce, reduce, until you get to a single message, clearly described, which takes less than 1 minute to present.

Rule 3: Make use of your heading

When each slide conveys only one message, use the heading of that slide to write exactly the message you are trying to deliver. Instead of titling the slide “Results,” try “CTNND1 is central to metastasis” or “False-positive rates are highly sample specific.” Use this landmark signpost to ensure that all the content on that slide is related exactly to the heading and only the heading. Think of the slide heading as the introductory or concluding sentence of a paragraph and the slide content the rest of the paragraph that supports the main point of the paragraph. An audience member should be able to follow along with you in the “paragraph” and come to the same conclusion sentence as your header at the end of the slide.

Rule 4: Include only essential points

While you are speaking, audience members’ eyes and minds will be wandering over your slide. If you have a comment, detail, or figure on a slide, have a plan to explicitly identify and talk about it. If you don’t think it’s important enough to spend time on, then don’t have it on your slide. This is especially important when faculty are present. I often tell students that thesis committee members are like cats: If you put a shiny bauble in front of them, they’ll go after it. Be sure to only put the shiny baubles on slides that you want them to focus on. Putting together a thesis meeting for only faculty is really an exercise in herding cats (if you have cats, you know this is no easy feat). Clear and concise slide design will go a long way in helping you corral those easily distracted faculty members.

Rule 5: Give credit, where credit is due

An exception to Rule 4 is to include proper citations or references to work on your slide. When adding citations, names of other researchers, or other types of credit, use a consistent style and method for adding this information to your slides. Your audience will then be able to easily partition this information from the other content. A common mistake people make is to think “I’ll add that reference later,” but I highly recommend you put the proper reference on the slide at the time you make it, before you forget where it came from. Finally, in certain kinds of presentations, credits can make it clear who did the work. For the faculty members heading labs, it is an effective way to connect your audience with the personnel in the lab who did the work, which is a great career booster for that person. For graduate students, it is an effective way to delineate your contribution to the work, especially in meetings where the goal is to establish your credentials for meeting the rigors of a PhD checkpoint.

Rule 6: Use graphics effectively

As a rule, you should almost never have slides that only contain text. Build your slides around good visualizations. It is a visual presentation after all, and as they say, a picture is worth a thousand words. However, on the flip side, don’t muddy the point of the slide by putting too many complex graphics on a single slide. A multipanel figure that you might include in a manuscript should often be broken into 1 panel per slide (see Rule 1 ). One way to ensure that you use the graphics effectively is to make a point to introduce the figure and its elements to the audience verbally, especially for data figures. For example, you might say the following: “This graph here shows the measured false-positive rate for an experiment and each point is a replicate of the experiment, the graph demonstrates …” If you have put too much on one slide to present in 1 minute (see Rule 2 ), then the complexity or number of the visualizations is too much for just one slide.

Rule 7: Design to avoid cognitive overload

The type of slide elements, the number of them, and how you present them all impact the ability for the audience to intake, organize, and remember the content. For example, a frequent mistake in slide design is to include full sentences, but reading and verbal processing use the same cognitive channels—therefore, an audience member can either read the slide, listen to you, or do some part of both (each poorly), as a result of cognitive overload [ 4 ]. The visual channel is separate, allowing images/videos to be processed with auditory information without cognitive overload [ 6 ] (Rule 6). As presentations are an exercise in listening, and not reading, do what you can to optimize the ability of the audience to listen. Use words sparingly as “guide posts” to you and the audience about major points of the slide. In fact, you can add short text fragments, redundant with the verbal component of the presentation, which has been shown to improve retention [ 7 ] (see Fig 1 for an example of redundant text that avoids cognitive overload). Be careful in the selection of a slide template to minimize accidentally adding elements that the audience must process, but are unimportant. David JP Phillips argues (and effectively demonstrates in his TEDx talk [ 5 ]) that the human brain can easily interpret 6 elements and more than that requires a 500% increase in human cognition load—so keep the total number of elements on the slide to 6 or less. Finally, in addition to the use of short text, white space, and the effective use of graphics/images, you can improve ease of cognitive processing further by considering color choices and font type and size. Here are a few suggestions for improving the experience for your audience, highlighting the importance of these elements for some specific groups:

• Use high contrast colors and simple backgrounds with low to no color—for persons with dyslexia or visual impairment.
• Use sans serif fonts and large font sizes (including figure legends), avoid italics, underlining (use bold font instead for emphasis), and all capital letters—for persons with dyslexia or visual impairment [ 8 ].
• Use color combinations and palettes that can be understood by those with different forms of color blindness [ 9 ]. There are excellent tools available to identify colors to use and ways to simulate your presentation or figures as they might be seen by a person with color blindness (easily found by a web search).
• In this increasing world of virtual presentation tools, consider practicing your talk with a closed captioning system capture your words. Use this to identify how to improve your speaking pace, volume, and annunciation to improve understanding by all members of your audience, but especially those with a hearing impairment.

Rule 8: Design the slide so that a distracted person gets the main takeaway

It is very difficult to stay focused on a presentation, especially if it is long or if it is part of a longer series of talks at a conference. Audience members may get distracted by an important email, or they may start dreaming of lunch. So, it’s important to look at your slide and ask “If they heard nothing I said, will they understand the key concept of this slide?” The other rules are set up to help with this, including clarity of the single point of the slide (Rule 1), titling it with a major conclusion (Rule 3), and the use of figures (Rule 6) and short text redundant to your verbal description (Rule 7). However, with each slide, step back and ask whether its main conclusion is conveyed, even if someone didn’t hear your accompanying dialog. Importantly, ask if the information on the slide is at the right level of abstraction. For example, do you have too many details about the experiment, which hides the conclusion of the experiment (i.e., breaking Rule 1)? If you are worried about not having enough details, keep a slide at the end of your slide deck (after your conclusions and acknowledgments) with the more detailed information that you can refer to during a question and answer period.

Rule 9: Iteratively improve slide design through practice

Well-designed slides that follow the first 8 rules are intended to help you deliver the message you intend and in the amount of time you intend to deliver it in. The best way to ensure that you nailed slide design for your presentation is to practice, typically a lot. The most important aspects of practicing a new presentation, with an eye toward slide design, are the following 2 key points: (1) practice to ensure that you hit, each time through, the most important points (for example, the text guide posts you left yourself and the title of the slide); and (2) practice to ensure that as you conclude the end of one slide, it leads directly to the next slide. Slide transitions, what you say as you end one slide and begin the next, are important to keeping the flow of the “story.” Practice is when I discover that the order of my presentation is poor or that I left myself too few guideposts to remember what was coming next. Additionally, during practice, the most frequent things I have to improve relate to Rule 2 (the slide takes too long to present, usually because I broke Rule 1, and I’m delivering too much information for one slide), Rule 4 (I have a nonessential detail on the slide), and Rule 5 (I forgot to give a key reference). The very best type of practice is in front of an audience (for example, your lab or peers), where, with fresh perspectives, they can help you identify places for improving slide content, design, and connections across the entirety of your talk.

Rule 10: Design to mitigate the impact of technical disasters

The real presentation almost never goes as we planned in our heads or during our practice. Maybe the speaker before you went over time and now you need to adjust. Maybe the computer the organizer is having you use won’t show your video. Maybe your internet is poor on the day you are giving a virtual presentation at a conference. Technical problems are routinely part of the practice of sharing your work through presentations. Hence, you can design your slides to limit the impact certain kinds of technical disasters create and also prepare alternate approaches. Here are just a few examples of the preparation you can do that will take you a long way toward avoiding a complete fiasco:

• Save your presentation as a PDF—if the version of Keynote or PowerPoint on a host computer cause issues, you still have a functional copy that has a higher guarantee of compatibility.
• In using videos, create a backup slide with screen shots of key results. For example, if I have a video of cell migration, I’ll be sure to have a copy of the start and end of the video, in case the video doesn’t play. Even if the video worked, you can pause on this backup slide and take the time to highlight the key results in words if someone could not see or understand the video.
• Avoid animations, such as figures or text that flash/fly-in/etc. Surveys suggest that no one likes movement in presentations [ 3 , 4 ]. There is likely a cognitive underpinning to the almost universal distaste of pointless animations that relates to the idea proposed by Kosslyn and colleagues that animations are salient perceptual units that captures direct attention [ 4 ]. Although perceptual salience can be used to draw attention to and improve retention of specific points, if you use this approach for unnecessary/unimportant things (like animation of your bullet point text, fly-ins of figures, etc.), then you will distract your audience from the important content. Finally, animations cause additional processing burdens for people with visual impairments [ 10 ] and create opportunities for technical disasters if the software on the host system is not compatible with your planned animation.

Conclusions

These rules are just a start in creating more engaging presentations that increase audience retention of your material. However, there are wonderful resources on continuing on the journey of becoming an amazing public speaker, which includes understanding the psychology and neuroscience behind human perception and learning. For example, as highlighted in Rule 7, David JP Phillips has a wonderful TEDx talk on the subject [ 5 ], and “PowerPoint presentation flaws and failures: A psychological analysis,” by Kosslyn and colleagues is deeply detailed about a number of aspects of human cognition and presentation style [ 4 ]. There are many books on the topic, including the popular “Presentation Zen” by Garr Reynolds [ 11 ]. Finally, although briefly touched on here, the visualization of data is an entire topic of its own that is worth perfecting for both written and oral presentations of work, with fantastic resources like Edward Tufte’s “The Visual Display of Quantitative Information” [ 12 ] or the article “Visualization of Biomedical Data” by O’Donoghue and colleagues [ 13 ].

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the countless presenters, colleagues, students, and mentors from which I have learned a great deal from on effective presentations. Also, a thank you to the wonderful resources published by organizations on how to increase inclusivity. A special thanks to Dr. Jason Papin and Dr. Michael Guertin on early feedback of this editorial.

• View Article
• PubMed/NCBI
• Google Scholar
• 3. Teaching VUC for Making Better PowerPoint Presentations. n.d. Available from: https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/making-better-powerpoint-presentations/#baddeley .
• 8. Creating a dyslexia friendly workplace. Dyslexia friendly style guide. nd. Available from: https://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/advice/employers/creating-a-dyslexia-friendly-workplace/dyslexia-friendly-style-guide .
• 9. Cravit R. How to Use Color Blind Friendly Palettes to Make Your Charts Accessible. 2019. Available from: https://venngage.com/blog/color-blind-friendly-palette/ .
• 10. Making your conference presentation more accessible to blind and partially sighted people. n.d. Available from: https://vocaleyes.co.uk/services/resources/guidelines-for-making-your-conference-presentation-more-accessible-to-blind-and-partially-sighted-people/ .
• 11. Reynolds G. Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery. 2nd ed. New Riders Pub; 2011.
• 12. Tufte ER. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. 2nd ed. Graphics Press; 2001.

• L/C Consultancy

What is Letter of Credit

• Types of Letters of Credit
• Parties to Letters of Credit
• Risks in Letters of Credit
• Letter of Credit Transaction
• Availability of Letters of Credit
• Confirmation and Confirmed Letter of Credit
• Letter of Credit Fees
• Discrepancies
• Irrevocable Letter of Credit Sample
• Irrevocable Deferred Payment Letter of Credit Sample in Swift Format
• Confirmed Letter of Credit Sample
• Red Clause Letter of Credit Sample
• Field 40A: Form of Documentary Credit
• Field 20: Documentary Credit Number
• Field 23: Reference to Pre-Advice
• Field 31C: Date of Issue
• Field 40E: Applicable Rules
• Field 31D: Date and Place of Expiry
• Field 51a: Applicant Bank
• Field 50: Applicant
• Field 59: Beneficiary
• Field 32B: Currency Code, Amount
• Field 39A: Percentage Credit Amount Tolerance
• Field 39B: Maximum Credit Amount
• Field 39C: Additional Amounts Covered
• Field 41a: Available With … By …
• Field 42C: Drafts at
• Field 42a: Drawee
• Field 42M: Mixed Payment
• Field 42P: Negotiation/Deferred Payment Details
• Field 43P: Partial Shipments
• Field 43T: Transshipment
• Field 44A: Place of Taking in Charge/Dispatch from …/ Place of Receipt
• Field 44E: Port of Loading/Airport of Departure
• Field 44F: Port of Discharge/Airport of Destination
• Field 44B: Place of Final Destination/Place of Delivery
• Field 44C: Latest Date of Shipment
• Field 44D: Shipment Period
• Field 45A: Description of Goods and/or Services
• Field 46A: Documents Required
• Field 47A: Additional Conditions
• Field 71B: Charges
• Field 48: Period for Presentation
• Field 49: Confirmation Instructions
• Field 53a: Reimbursing Bank
• Field 78: Instructions to the Paying/Accepting/Negotiating Bank
• Field 57a: Advise Through Bank
• Field 72: Sender to Receiver Information
• MT 705 Pre-Advice of a Documentary Credit
• MT 707 Amendment to a Documentary Credit
• MT 710 Advice of a Third Bank’s or a Non-Bank’s Documentary Credit
• MT 720 Transfer of a Documentary Credit
• MT 730 Acknowledgement
• MT 732 Advice of Discharge
• MT 734 Advice of Refusal
• MT 740 Authorisation to Reimburse
• MT 742 Reimbursement Claim
• MT 747 Amendment to an Authorisation to Reimburse
• MT 750 Advice of Discrepancy
• MT 752 Authorisation to Pay, Accept or Negotiate
• MT 754 Advice of Payment/Acceptance/Negotiation
• MT 756 Advice of Reimbursement or Payment
• ISBP: International Standard Banking Practices
• URR 725 – The Uniform Rules for Bank-to-Bank Reimbursements
• URC 522 – ICC Uniform Rules for Collections
• URBPO – ICC Uniform Rules for Bank Payment Obligations – ICC Publication No. 750
• ICC Uniform Rules for Forfaiting (URF 800)
• Stand-by Letters of Credit
• Types of Standby Letters of Credit
• What are the Differences Between Standby Letters of Credit and Commercial Letters of Credit?
• ISP 98 – International Standby Practices
• Standby Letter of Credit Sample in Swift Format
• Bank Guarantees
• Bank Guarantee Sample in MT 760 Swift Format
• Performance Guarantee Sample
• Advance Payment Bank Guarantee Sample
• Tender Bank Guarantee Sample
• Retention Money Guarantee Sample
• Proforma Invoice
• International Sales Contract
• Bill of Lading
• Multimodal Bill of Lading
• Charter Party Bill of Lading
• Sea Waybill (Non-Negotiable Bill of Lading)
• Rail Transport Document (CIM)
• Road Transport Document (CMR)
• Bill of Exchange
• Commercial Invoice
• Certified Commercial Invoice and Legalized Commercial Invoice
• Insurance Documents
• Health Certificate
• Inspection Certificate
• Packing List and Weight List
• Pre-Export Verification of Conformity (PVoC) Certificate
• Shipment Advice
• Questions and Answers
• Letter of Credit Consultancy

• Letter of Credit Documents
• Letter of Credit Basics
• How to Work With a Letter of Credit

What Happens if Letter of Credit is Silent in Regards to the Period of Presentation

Letters of credit without presentation periods.

Documents must be presented to the nominated banks within allowed time frame under letters of credit payments.

Otherwise issuing banks or confirming banks raise late presentation discrepancy .

According to the  letters of credit rules  a presentation consists of a  transport document  should be presented to the  nominated bank  within 21 days after the  date of shipment , but not later than the  expiry date  of the letter of credit.

If the letter of credit does not require presentation of a transport document, then the presentation period does not become effective.

Under such a scenario, the documents must be presented to the nominated bank before the expiry date .

If the letter of credit is silent in regards to the period of presentation , the documents must be presented to the nominated bank before the expiry date, when the letter of credit does not ask for a transport document.

A Serbian food exporter signs a proforma invoice with in importer located in Kuwait. The letter of credit amount is 75.000 EUR and partial shipments are not allowed.

Expiry date of the letter of credit is 15.February.2019.

The letter of credit is silent in regards to the presentation period, which means that there is no Field 48 -Period for Presentation indicated in the letter of credit.

Option 1: Letter of credit does not ask for a presentation of a transport document:

• The beneficiary must present the document to the nominated bank before the expiry date of the letter of credit.

Option 2: Letter of credit asks for a presentation of a transport document:

Under the same scenario, please assume that selected transportation mode is sea shipment and transport document is a bill of lading and latest date of shipment is 10.January.2019.

• The beneficiary must complete the shipment before 10.January.2019 and presents the document to the nominated bank within 21 days after the  date of shipment , but not later than the  expiry date  of the letter of credit.

Related Articles:

• Stale Documents
• Stale Bill of Lading
• Shipping Documents
• Date of Shipment
• What Does Latest Date of Shipment and Expiry Date Mean in a Letter of Credit?
• How to Determine Date of Shipment on a Bill of Lading?
• How to Complete a Bill of Lading under a Letter of Credit Payment?

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How to Work With a Letter of Credit Sample?

The 2024 Hyundai Santa Fe is Primed for Active Urban Lifestyles

Experienced by Kimatni D. Rawlins

Hyundai is undergoing a transformative period of redesigns and aspirational technology enhancements to uplift its current and future product portfolio. Next up is the 2024 Santa Fe which is so drastically different in presentation that one can easily mistake it for a Land Rover. The immersion of active urban lifestyles, naturalistic values, and innovational conveniences is presented perfectly in the wider, longer, and thoughtfully aggressive Santa Fe.

Right off the bat, the rectangular physique of the 5 th generation Hyundai Santa Fe presents more angles and defined lines as opposed to curves and bubbles. This indicates that Hyundai preferred interior space and a standard third row to accompany that off-road-ready demeanor of modern and past Outlanding SUVs. In fact, the enlarged liftgate opens high enough for people 6’9″ tall to stand under like my media partner Brian Armstead. The expansive cargo area is perfect for transporting larger objects such as widescreen TVs or a set of bikes. Hyundai refers to this technique as the “Open for More” concept. At first glance the rear looks strange with the tailgate edges abruptly meeting the side panels. Yet the design scheme makes sense for what the brand is achieving.

“The original Santa Fe was our very first SUV in the U.S. more than two decades ago,” said José Muñoz, president and CEO of Hyundai Motor North America. Today, we have a well-recognized and respected portfolio of 14 SUV models that include internal combustion engine, hybrid, plug-in hybrid, electric, and hydrogen fuel cell electric models.”

One of the cooler design touches is the H-theme found on the exterior and interior in various ways such as the H-shaped LED headlamp and taillamp signatures and the lower bumper. The SUV’s grille is grittier, the shoulders are more robust, and the wheels are sportier. Large octagonally shaped fender flares, floating roof racks, a dual-paned sunroof, and ten exterior paints inspired by nature boost the attraction of the latest Santa Fe. Some of these inspirational hues consist of Terracotta Orange, Ecotronic Gray Pearl, Ultimate Red Metallic, Earthy Brass Matte, and Rockwood Green Pearl.

For special consideration of thrill seekers, Hyundai composed the Santa Fe XRT to offer more capabilities including camping, mountain biking, fishing, hiking, etc. It comes with standard AWD, 18” dark alloy wheels and 30” all-terrain tires, black roof rails, dark chrome and black trim elements, and exterior cladding (although not aggressive like most adventure models). The XRT gains 1.3″ of ground clearance while towing has been increased to 4,000 pounds due to extra cooling techniques. While venturing onto beaten paths, over rocky roads, up steep hills, and through dried-up creeks, the XRT handled its business like mountain goats traversing untamed territory. The vehicle also employs a few cameras that are helpful for off-roading. I was, indeed, pleasantly surprised!

Hyundai utilizes a standard 2.5-liter turbo 4-cylinder engine featuring 277-horsepower and 311 lb.-ft. of torque to get the Santa Fe going. It’s linked to an improved performing 8-speed DCT transmission with paddle shifters attached to the robust, robotic steering wheel. Acceleration is not the SUV’s forte, but it’s better than the prior generation and Sport mode feels like a Sport mode. The ride quality is compliant as well. Expect 24 combined mpg and a 3,500-pound towing capacity. The highly fuel-efficient Santa Fe Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) operates from a smaller 1.6-liter GDI and pairs with a 6-speed automatic transmission.

When behind the wheel, which has excellent on-center steering, the driver will be appeased by the tech-heavy Panoramic Curved Display incorporating the 12.3″ digital gauge cluster and multimedia features. The H-shaped design motif is repeated inside the quiet cabin including the shape of the air vents and cup holders. Eco-friendly materials, four interior colors — Obsidian Black, Supersonic Gray, Pecan Brown, and Forest Green – Bose audio, 15-watt dual wireless charger pads, ambient lighting, 6.6″ Touch-Type Climate Control, dual glove compartments (UV Sterilization Tray), and more buttons and dials than swiping features enhance the cozy environment. Within this calm and savvy living space, other technology benefits include a sliding Bi-directional center console with a storage bin accessible from the 2 nd row.

Advanced safety systems elevate the Santa Fe by way of Forward Collision-Avoidance Assist, Lane Following Assist, Highway Driving Assist, Intelligent Speed Limit Assist, Rear View Monitor, Rear Cross-Traffic Collision-Avoidance Assist, Front and Rear Parking Distance Warning, Safe Exit Assist, and a Driver Attention Warning system to keep vehicle operators alert behind the wheel.

Pricing starts at $33,950 for a 2024 Hyundai Santa Fe SE FWD. Other trims include the SEL, XRT, Limited, and the $46,500 Calligraphy FWD. AWD is an additional $1,800 on all models except the XRT. Specifically, the Santa Fe Calligraphy features 2 nd -row captain’s chairs, premium Nappa leather, a 12” heads-up display, a driver’s side relaxation seat, and 21″ alloy rims with Pirelli Scorpion tires.

While rebuilding the all-new Hyundai Santa Fe, the designers and engineers considered everything with active families in mind. As a result, the new Santa Fe is refreshing, stylish, and tougher than expected. Overall, the SUV is on point and made for an enjoyable few days of test-driving outside of Nashville, TN.