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Structural design analysis research topics ideas, research topics ideas for structural design analysis  for ms phd thesis.

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• Conceptual Structural Design and Comparative Power System Analysis of Ozone Dynamics Investigation Nano-satellite (ODIN)
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• The structural design of the decay volume for the Search for Hidden Particles (SHIP) project
• Undergraduate Structural Design and Analysis of a LEED-Certified Residential Building
• Structural Design and Analysis of Plastic Component Reactors for Solar Hydrogen Production
• Multi-objective constrained Bayesian optimization for structural design
• Structural design of metal catalysts based on ZIFs: From nanoscale to atomic level
• Constitutive models for the structural analysis of composite materials for the finite element analysis: A review of recent practices
• Structural calculation analysis and design of a Towering concrete building
• Human joint-inspired structural design for a bendable/foldable/stretchable/twistable battery: achieving multiple deformabilities
• Lightweight Engineering Design of Nonlinear Dynamic Systems with Gradient-Based Structural Design Optimization
• Structural and Aeroelastic Design, Analysis, and Experiments of Inflatable Airborne Wings
• Advanced Structural Analysis of Innovative Steel–Glass Structures with Respect to the Architectural Design
• PepTherDia: database and structural composition analysis of approved peptide therapeutics and diagnostics
• Optimum structural design of seat frames for commercial vehicles
• Modal and structural analysis on a main feed water regulating valve under different loading conditions
• Research on Structural Design of an Isolated High-Rise Building with Enlarged Base and Multiple Tower Layer in High-Intensity Area
• Optimum Structural Design of Fuel Cell Stacks for Improving the Resistance to Mechanical Shock
• Design and structural analysis of inbuilt car jack system
• Structural design for modular integrated construction with parameterized level set-based topology optimization method
• Rate sensitivity analysis of structural behaviors of recycled aggregate concrete frame
• Structural analysis of silica aerogels for the interlayer dielectric in semiconductor devices
• Design, Synthesis, and Structural Analysis of Cladosporin-Based Inhibitors of Malaria Parasites
• Deep learning-based procedure for structural design of cold-formed steel channel sections with edge-stiffened and un-stiffened holes under axial compression
• In-Place Analysis for Structural Integrity Assessment of Fixed Steel Offshore Platform
• Preconditioning wind speeds for standardised structural design
• Wind load and structural analysis for standalone solar parabolic trough collector
• Structural Analysis on the Separated and Integrated Differential Gear Case for the Weight Reduction
• Comparison between Probabilistic and Possibilistic Approaches for Structural Uncertainty Analysis
• Estimation of coefficient of variation for structural analysis: The correlation interval approach
• Aluminium alloys as structural material: A review of research
• Integrity of Revit with structural analysis softwares
• Influence of the rubber end plate on the hysteretic performance of SC-BRBs and structural seismic design
• High‐Performance Cathode Materials for Potassium‐Ion Batteries: Structural Design and Electrochemical Properties
• Structural Analysis of Laterally Aerated Moving Bed (LAMB) Dryer by using Robot Structural Analysis (RSA) Profes…
• … Optimization to Reduce Electromagnetic Force Induced Vibration for the Specific Frequency of PMSM Motor Using Electromagnetic-Structural Coupled Analysis
• Using a hybrid system dynamics and interpretive structural modeling for risk analysis of design phase of the construction projects
• Review of current practice in probabilistic structural fire engineering: permanent and live load modelling
• Multilayered structural design of flexible films for smart thermal management
• Engineering Criticality Assessments of Floating Offshore Platforms Based on Time Domain Structural Response Analysis
• The association between vertebral endplate structural defects and back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
• Engine Roll and Its Impact on Powertrain Battery Cable Structural Design
• Partial Least Squares Structural Squation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Analysis for Social and Management Research: A Literature Review
• Embodied energy and embodied carbon of structural building materials: Worldwide progress and barriers through literature map analysis
• Design and structural analyses of a reciprocating S1223 high-lift wing for an RA-driven VTOL UAV
• Single-atom alloy catalysts: structural analysis, electronic properties and catalytic activities
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• Structural analysis and optimization design of mechanical pendulum of differential capacitance seismometer
• Key technology and application analysis of zeolite adsorption for energy storage and heat-mass transfer process: A review
• Extraction of ultra-low gossypol protein from cottonseed: Characterization based on antioxidant activity, structural morphology and functional group analysis
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• Experimental and numerical analysis of CFRP-SPCC hybrid laminates for automotive and structural applications with cost analysis assessment
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• Performance-based wind-induced structural and envelope damage assessment of engineered buildings through nonlinear dynamic analysi
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• Structural testing of a shear web attachment point on a composite lattice cylinder for aerospace applications
• Numerical investigation on vibration characteristics and structural behaviour of different go-kart chassis configuration
• Structural Analysis of A Two-Wheeler Disc Brake
• A simple model for nonlinear analysis of steel plate shear wall structural systems
• Valve Plate Structural Optimal Design and Flow Field Analysis for the Aviation Bidirectional Three-Port Piston Pump
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• Structural design process and subsequent flight mechanical evaluation in preliminary aircraft design: demonstrated on passenger ride comfort assessment
• 2D fracture mechanics analysis of HFMI treatment effects on the fatigue behaviour of structural steel welds
• Analysis of mental health symptoms and insomnia levels of intensive care nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic with a structural equation model
• A new Hybrid Taguchi-salp swarm optimization algorithm for the robust design of real-world engineering problems
• Unraveling the limitations of solid oxide electrolytes for all-solid-state electrodes through 3D digital twin structural analysis
• Strength and Reliability of Structural Steel Roofs Subjected to Ponding Loads
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• On structural and practical identifiability
• Structural Analysis and Optimization of Aircraft Wings Through Dimensional Reduction
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• Structural assessment of eccentrically loaded GFRP reinforced circular concrete columns: Experiments and finite element analysis
• Comparison of fly ash, PVA fiber, MgO and shrinkage-reducing admixture on the frost resistance of face slab concrete via pore structural and fractal analysis
• Exploring the causes of design changes in building construction projects: An interpretive structural modeling approach
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• Design and Validation of a Scalable, Reconfigurable and Low-Cost Structural Health Monitoring System
• Building-integrated agriculture: Are we shifting environmental impacts? An environmental assessment and structural improvement of urban greenhouses
• Structural optimization of ultra-thin leaf spring for weakening elastic hysteresis effect and enhancing fatigue life
• Advanced structural models for high-fidelity aeroelastic simulations
• Structural analysis of human femur bone to select an alternative composite material
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• A novel structural configuration of modular floating wind farms with self-adaptive property
• Structural Design and Property Evaluations of Foam-based Composite Materials: Effect of Perforation Depth and Foam Density on the Mechanical, Sound Absorption …
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• Probabilistic-based structural assessment of a historic stone arch bridge
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• Morphological and structural analysis of treated sisal fibers and their impact on mechanical properties in cementitious composites
• Life-cycle management cost analysis of transportation bridges equipped with seismic structural health monitoring systems
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The Constructor

40 seminar/project topics in structural engineering.

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The specification of final year project's topics may have some influence on the future job or career of students. It, therefore, becomes very crucial to select an apt topic since students are going to do great and extensive research about it, it is possible that such a topic may open doors to different horizons in the field.

In this article, forty topics about structural engineering are presented which can be used for both seminars and graduation projects. There are lots of topic out there, but these are selected from literature and efforts made to specify most novel topics.

These topics deal with various aspects of structures such as improving certain aspects of design, repair damaged structures, study properties of structures under various modes of loading including static and dynamic like seismic forces. These project topics may need numerical modelling, experimental works, or combination thereof.

• Pushover analysis – cyclic loading, deterioration effect in RC Moment Frames in pushover analysis
• Rehabilitation – Evaluation of drift distribution
• Analysis of large dynamic structure in environment industry
• Theoretical study on High frequency fatigue behavior of concrete
• Seismic analysis of interlocking blocks in walls
• Estimation of marine salts behavior around the bridge structures
• A comparative study on durability of concrete tunnels undertaken in AP irrigation projects
• Prefabricated multistory structure, exposure to engineering seismicity
• Shape optimization of Reinforced underground tunnels
• Properties of Fiber Cement Boards for building partitions
• Behavior of RC Structures subjected to blasting
• The use of green materials in the construction of buildings
• Finite element model for double composite beam
• A new composite element for FRP Reinforced Concrete Slab
• Effect of shear lag on anchor bolt tension in a base plate
• Elastic plastic bending, load carrying capacity of steel members
• FE Analysis of lateral buckling of a plate curved in nature
• Green energy and indoor technologies for smart buildings
• Building environmental assessment methodology
• Numerical study on strengthening of composite bridges
• Strengthening effect for RC member under negative bending
• Effect of negative Poisson’s ratio on  bending of RC member
• Macroeconomic cause within the life cycle of bridges
• Long term deflections of long-span bridges
• Structural damage detection in plates using wavelet theories (transforms)
• Hybrid Simulations: Theory and Applications
• Engineered Wood in Cold Climate
• Mechanical Properties and Engineering Application of Modern Timber
• Hybrid Structural Systems and Innovation Design Method
• Design of Reinforced Concrete Block Masonry Basement
• Nonlinear Analysis of a New 3D Skip-Floor Staggered Shear Wall Structure
• Advances in Civil Infrastructure Engineering
• Mechanical Performance of an Irregular Kiewitt Dome Structure
• Shear Distribution Coefficient Study under Horizontal Force
• Structural Damage Identification Method and Program Designing Based on Statistical Analysis
• Prescriptive or Performance Design for Fire?
• Deflection Control by Design
• New Code Provisions for Long Term Deflection Calculations
• Retrofitting and Repairing with composite materials
• Epoxy Coated Reinforcement and Crack Control

Madeh Izat Hamakareem

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Top 25+ Best Project Topics In Structural Engineering

Structural engineering is a critical field in the design and analysis of various structures, such as buildings, bridges, tunnels, and dams. It involves the application of mathematical and scientific principles to understand and predict the behavior of structures under different loading conditions.

Structural engineers are responsible for ensuring the stability, safety, and reliability of structures, as well as minimizing their environmental impact. They must consider various factors, including the materials used, the loads and stresses the structure will bear, the effects of natural disasters like earthquakes and hurricanes, and the impact of environmental factors such as wind and water.

The importance of structural engineering cannot be overstated, as it plays a vital role in the construction and maintenance of infrastructure around the world. A poorly designed or constructed structure can have disastrous consequences, leading to property damage, injury, and loss of life. Conversely, a well-designed and properly constructed structure can withstand even the most severe conditions and stand the test of time.

Projects in structural engineering provide students and professionals with the opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge to real-world problems. These projects can take many forms, such as designing a building or bridge, conducting structural analysis, or developing new materials or construction techniques.

By working on projects, students and professionals can gain practical experience and develop skills that are essential for success in the field. They can also learn how to work collaboratively, communicate effectively, and solve complex problems.

In addition to providing valuable learning experiences, projects in structural engineering can also lead to new discoveries and innovations in the field. For example, a student might develop a new structural design that is more efficient and cost-effective than existing designs, or a team of professionals might discover a new material that is stronger and more durable than traditional building materials.

Moreover, projects can help identify gaps in current knowledge and areas that require further research. This can lead to new research projects and funding opportunities, which can drive innovation and advance the field.

Projects in structural engineering offer students and professionals the opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge to real-world problems, develop practical skills, and drive innovation in the field. By working on projects, individuals can deepen their understanding of key concepts, discover new solutions, and contribute to the development and improvement of infrastructure around the world.

PROJECT TOPICS IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

The aim of this article is to provide inspiration and guidance for students and professionals seeking project ideas in the field of structural engineering. The article will highlight the importance of projects in this field, including their role in applying theoretical knowledge to real-world problems, developing practical skills, and driving innovation.

The article will also provide a range of project ideas, from simple to complex, for students and professionals to consider. These ideas will cover different areas of structural engineering, such as building design, bridge construction, and structural analysis.

Additionally, the article will provide resources for finding additional information and support for those who wish to pursue a project in structural engineering. These resources will include academic journals, professional associations, and online communities where individuals can connect with others in the field and share their project ideas and experiences.

Overall, the aim of this article is to inspire and guide students and professionals in structural engineering by providing a range of project ideas and resources for further exploration and development. By encouraging individuals to pursue projects in this field, the article seeks to contribute to the development and improvement of infrastructure worldwide.

Proceeding to the Main Important Question,  How do I choose a project topic for structural engineering ?

General Topics in Structural Engineering

• Bridge design and analysis: Discuss the unique challenges of designing and analyzing bridges, such as accounting for various loads and stresses, choosing appropriate materials, and ensuring safety for all users.
• Building design and analysis: Discuss the considerations involved in designing and analyzing buildings, including factors such as load-bearing capacity, durability, aesthetics, and environmental impact.
• Seismic analysis and design: Explain the importance of seismic analysis and design, including predicting and mitigating the effects of earthquakes on buildings and other structures.
• Wind analysis and design: Discuss the challenges of designing buildings and bridges that can withstand high winds and wind loads, and how wind tunnel testing can aid in this process.
• Structural materials and construction techniques: Introduce the different materials and techniques used in structural engineering, including concrete, steel, timber, and composites, and how these choices impact the design and analysis of structures.

Specific Project Ideas

• Investigating the effects of different materials on structural strength: Discuss how students or professionals could test and compare the strength and durability of different materials in structural applications, and how this knowledge could inform future designs.
• Designing a bridge that can withstand extreme weather conditions: Challenge students or professionals to design a bridge that can withstand high winds, heavy snow loads, or other extreme weather events, and explain the considerations involved in such a project.
• Creating a model of a building that can resist seismic activity: Encourage students or professionals to design and test a building model that can withstand earthquakes or other seismic events, and explain the importance of seismic analysis in structural engineering.
• Evaluating the impact of vibrations on building structures: Explain the challenges involved in designing buildings that can resist vibrations from sources such as earthquakes, wind, or machinery, and challenge students or professionals to investigate the effects of different types of vibrations on building structures.
• Analyzing the effects of different construction techniques on building durability: Encourage students or professionals to investigate how different construction techniques, such as modular construction or prefabrication, impact the durability and stability of buildings and other structures.

It’s a seemingly tough question before you start on your project work, one approach to narrow your choices down is to decide your future objectives.

By that I mean, you want to get a technical/non-technical job after that or pursue your career in the academic world.

A topic which is more relevant to industry requirement (stress analysis, crack propagation, health monitoring, optimization, material modelling) can get you jobs in mechanical fields.

However, if you are planning long term research on some topic, then you can check research areas of professors at technical institutes.

Some will ring a bell and you will associate yourself with them, check how many research papers are being published in that area by google scholar search.

If it is a hot topic, it will have some value and scope for future work.

Some Major Topics For Structural Projects

• Theoretical study on High-frequency fatigue behaviour of concrete
• Shape optimisation of Reinforced underground tunnels
• Pushover analysis – cyclic loading, deterioration effect in RC Moment Frames in pushover analysis
• Prefabricated multistory structure, exposure to engineering seismicity
• Properties of Fiber Cement Boards for building partitions
• Seismic analysis of interlocking blocks in walls
• Rehabilitation – Evaluation of drift distribution
• A comparative study on durability of concrete tunnels undertaken in AP irrigation projects
• Analysis of large dynamic structure in the environment industry
• Estimation of marine salts behaviour around the bridge structures

What Are The Best Project Topics In Civil Engineering For The Final Year?

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List Of Winning Dissertation Topics In Structural Engineering

The study of structural engineering involves learning about building structures as well as non-building structures where structural integrity affects whether an object can function correctly and safely (e.g., vehicles, medical equipment, machinery, etc.). In working towards a graduate or doctoral degree in structural engineering you will have to complete a dissertation. Choosing a great topic is essential, so we’ve come up with this list of ideas to help get you started:

• Discussing the importance of structural engineering in today’s world. Engineers from different specialty areas must work together to create designs that function properly, efficiently, and safely. Why is communication so important in this field?
• The important of multi-disciplinary engineering work. Provide a case study for the Tower in Dubai as an example of multi-disciplinary cooperation and the accomplishments it is as a result of professionals from around the world working together.
• Describe the important function that structural engineering has on space exploration and why companies like SpaceX are at the forefront of the revitalization of this industry because of innovations in structural engineering.
• Examine techniques used for determining asphalt and road deterioration and provide an argument as to whether the techniques are outdated or if they still provide the necessary information for accurate analysis and evaluation.
• What role do structural engineers have in a lot of the low cost but mass produced development machinery being used in third world and poor countries from around the globe? Are these short term solutions or that will need replacing in a matter of years?
• How has the structural engineering discipline changed in the computer age? Are software and hardware that can provide more precise equations and solutions eventually replacing the need for humans to make evaluations on an object’s integrity?
• What role do structural engineers play in furthering medical technologies such as cross-country machines used for intricate and precise surgeries and procedures? Does this open up the door for an even greater need of engineers specializing in this field?
• The challenges of oversea investment: How have larger companies’ investment in oversea production affected the U.S. ability to retain structural engineers to work on local projects rather than those that generate greater revenue and a higher pay from companies?
• The networking principal in third-zone engineering: How is this recent technique for evaluating building structures revolutionizing the entire industry?
• Discuss the limitations of CAD principles being applied to today’s engineering projects and how it can be a recipe for economic and environmental troubles in the new century?

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1.1: Introduction to Structural Analysis

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• Felix Udoeyo
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Introduction to Structural Analysis

1.1 Structural Analysis Defined

A structure, as it relates to civil engineering, is a system of interconnected members used to support external loads. Structural analysis is the prediction of the response of structures to specified arbitrary external loads. During the preliminary structural design stage, a structure’s potential external load is estimated, and the size of the structure’s interconnected members are determined based on the estimated loads. Structural analysis establishes the relationship between a structural member’s expected external load and the structure’s corresponding developed internal stresses and displacements that occur within the member when in service. This is necessary to ensure that the structural members satisfy the safety and the serviceability requirements of the local building code and specifications of the area where the structure is located.

1.2 Types of Structures and Structural Members

There are several types of civil engineering structures, including buildings, bridges, towers, arches, and cables. Members or components that make up a structure can have different forms or shapes depending on their functional requirements. Structural members can be classified as beams, columns and tension structures, frames, and trusses. The features of these forms will be briefly discussed in this section.

1.2.1 Beams

Beams are structural members whose longitudinal dimensions are appreciably greater than their lateral dimensions. For example, the length of the beam, as shown in Figure 1.1 , is significantly greater than its breadth and depth. The cross section of a beam can be rectangular, circular, or triangular, or it can be of what are referred to as standard sections, such as channels, tees, angles, and I-sections. Beams are always loaded in the longitudinal direction.

1.2.2 Columns and Tension Structures

Columns are vertical structural members that are subjected to axial compression, as shown in figure 1.2a . They are also referred to as struts or stanchions. Columns can be circular, square, or rectangular in their cross sections, and they can also be of standard sections. In some engineering applications, where a single-member strength may not be adequate to sustain a given load, built-up columns are used. A built-up column is composed of two or more standard sections, as shown in Figure 1.2b . Tension structures are similar to columns, with the exception that they are subjected to axial tension.

1.2.3 Frames

Frames are structures composed of vertical and horizontal members, as shown in Figure 1.3a . The vertical members are called columns, and the horizontal members are called beams. Frames are classified as sway or non-sway. A sway frame allows a lateral or sideward movement, while a non-sway frame does not allow movement in the horizontal direction. The lateral movement of the sway frames are accounted for in their analysis. Frames can also be classified as rigid or flexible. The joints of a rigid frame are fixed, whereas those of a flexible frame are moveable, as shown in Figure 1.3b .

1.2.4 Trusses

Trusses are structural frameworks composed of straight members connected at the joints, as shown in Figure 1.4 . In the analysis of trusses, loads are applied at the joints, and members are assumed to be connected at the joints using frictionless pins.

1.3 Fundamental Concepts and Principles of Structural Analysis

1.3.1 Equilibrium Conditions

Civil engineering structures are designed to be at rest when acted upon by external forces. A structure at rest must satisfy the equilibrium conditions, which require that the resultant force and the resultant moment acting on a structure be equal to zero. The equilibrium conditions of a structure can be expressed mathematically as follows:

1.3.2 Compatibility of Displacement

The compatibility of displacement concept implies that when a structure deforms, members of the structure that are connected at a point remain connected at that point without void or hole. In other words, two parts of a structure are said to be compatible in displacements if the parts remain fitted together when the structure deforms due to the applied load. Compatibility of displacement is a powerful concept used in the analysis of indeterminate structures with unknown redundant forces in excess of the three equations of equilibrium. For an illustration of the concept, consider the propped cantilever beam shown in Figure 1.5a . There are four unknown reactions in the beam: the reactive moment, a vertical and horizontal reaction at the fixed end, and another vertical reaction at the prop at point B . To determine the unknown reactions in the beam, one more equation must be added to the three equations of equilibrium. The additional equation can be obtained as follows, considering the compatibility of the structure:

1.3.3 Principle of Superposition

The principle of superposition is another very important principle used in structural analysis. The principle states that the load effects caused by two or more loadings in a linearly elastic structure are equal to the sum of the load effects caused by the individual loading. For an illustration, consider the cantilever beam carrying two concentrated loads P 1 , and P 2 , in Figure 1.6a . Figures 1.6b and 1.6c are the responses of the structure in terms of the displacement at the free end of the beam when acted upon by the individual loads. By the principle of superposition, the displacement at the free end of the beam is the algebraic sum of the displacements caused by the individual loads. This can is written as follows:

In this equation, ∆ B is the displacement at B ; ∆ BP 1 and ∆ BP 2 are the displacements at B caused by the loads P 1 and P 2 , respectively.

1.3.4 Work-Energy Principle

The work-energy principle is a very powerful tool in structural analysis. Work is defined as the product of the force and the distance traveled by the force, while energy is defined as the ability to do work. Work can be transformed into various energy, including kinetic energy, potential energy, and strain energy. In the case of a structural system, based on the law of conservation of energy, work done W is equal to the strain energy U stored when deforming the system. This is expressed mathematically as follows:

The total work done is represented as follows:

Thus, the strain energy is written as follows:

1.3.5 Virtual Work Principle

The virtual work principle is another powerful and useful analytical tool in structural analysis. It was developed in 1717 by Johann Bernoulli. Virtual work is defined as the work done by a virtual or imaginary force acting on a deformable body through a real distance, or the work done by a real force acting on a rigid body through a virtual or fictitious displacement. To formulate this principle in the case of virtual displacements through a rigid body, consider a propped cantilever beam subjected to a concentrated load P at a distance x from the fixed end, as shown in Figure 1.8a . Suppose the beam undergoes an elementary virtual displacement δu at the propped end, as shown in Figure 1.8b . The total virtual work performed is expressed as follows:

Since the beam is in equilibrium, δW = 0 (by the definition of the principle of virtual work of a body).

The principle of virtual work of a rigid body states that if a rigid body is in equilibrium, the total virtual work performed by all the external forces acting on the body is zero for any virtual displacement.

1.3.6 Structural Idealization

Structural idealization is a process in which an actual structure and the loads acting on it are replaced by simpler models for the purpose of analysis. Civil engineering structures and their loads are most often complex and thus require rigorous analysis. To make analysis less cumbersome, structures are represented in simplified forms. The choice of an appropriate simplified model is a very important aspect of the analysis process, since the predictive response of such idealization must be the same as that of the actual structure. Figure 1.9a shows a simply supported wide-flange beam structure and its load. The plan of the same beam is shown in Figure 1.9b , and the idealization of the beam is shown in Figure 1.9c . In the idealized form, the beam is represented as a line along the beam’s neutral axis, and the load acting on the beam is shown as a point or concentrated load because the load occupies an area that is significantly less than the total area of the structure’s surface in the plane of its application. Figures 1.10a and 1.10b depict a frame and its idealization, respectively. In the idealized form, the two columns and the beam of the frame are represented by lines passing through their respective neutral axes. Figures 1.11a and 1.11b show a truss and its idealization. Members of the truss are represented by lines passing through their respective neutral axes, and the connection of members at the joints are assumed to be by frictionless pins.

1.3.7 Method of Sections

The method of sections is useful when determining the internal forces in structural members that are in equilibrium. The method involves passing an imaginary section through the structural member so that it divides the structure into two parts. Member forces are determined by considering the equilibrium of either part. For a beam in equilibrium that is subjected to transverse loading, as shown in Figure 1.12 , the internal forces include an axial or normal force, N , shear force, V , and bending moments, M .

1.3.8 Free-Body Diagram

A free-body diagram is a diagram showing all the forces and moments acting on the whole or a portion of a structure. A free-body diagram must also be in equilibrium with the actual structure. The free-body diagram of the entire beam shown in Figure 1.13a is depicted in Figure 1.13b . If the free-body diagram of a segment of the beam is desired, the segment will be isolated from the entire beam using the method of sections. Then, all the external forces on the segment and the internal forces from the adjoining part of the structure will be applied to the isolated part.

1.4 Units of Measurement

The two most commonly used systems in science and technology are the International System of Units (SI Units) and the United States Customary System (USCS).

1.4.1 International System of Units

In the SI units, the arbitrarily defined base units include meter (m) for length, kilogram (kg) for mass, and second (s) for time The unit of force, newton (N), is derived from Newton’s second law. One newton is the force required to give a kilogram of mass an acceleration of 1 m/s 2 . The magnitude, in newton, of the weight of a body of mass m is written as follows:

W (N) = m (kg) × g (m/s 2 )

g = 9.81 m/s 2

1.4.2 United States Customary System

In the United States Customary System, the base units include foot (ft) for length, second (s) for time, and pound (lb) for force. The slug for mass is a derived unit. One slug is the mass accelerated at 1 ft/s 2 by a force of 1 lb. The mass of a body, in slug, is determined as follows:

The two systems of units are summarized in Table 1.1 below.

Table 1.1. Comparison of unit measurement systems.

Table 1.2. Unit conversion.

1.4.3 SI Prefixes

Prefixes are used in the International System of Units when numerical quantities are quite large or small. Some of these prefixes are presented in Table 1.3 .

Table 1.3. SI prefixes.

Chapter Summary

Introduction to structural analysis: Structural analysis is defined as the prediction of structures’ behavior when subjected to specified arbitrary external loads.

Types of structures : Structural members can be classified as beams, columns and tension structures, frames, and trusses.

Fundamental concepts of structural analysis: The fundamental concept and principles of structural analysis discussed in the chapter include equilibrium conditions, compatibility of displacement, principle of superposition, work-energy principle, virtual work principle, structural idealization, method of sections, and free-body diagram.

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Quantification of structural resistance (capacity), or capacity of a structure under a broad range of loading conditions (structural demands) is a challenging problem, given the diversity of construction materials, structural systems and loading patterns a structure may have to experience over its lifetime.

Modern structural engineering benefits from an expanding array of established and emerging technologies offering unprecedented opportunities for creativity and innovation under the increasingly generic label of "performance-based engineering".

Research Topics

• Structural Mechanics Structural stability and buckling, inelastic analysis, fatigue, plates and shells, numerical simulation, finite element modelling and analysis.
• Steel Structures Cold-formed thin-walled members (tubular, open-section, perforated), advanced steel materials (stainless steel, high-strength steel), steel materials at elevated temperatures and post-fire condition, tubular structures and welded connections.
• Concrete Structures Reinforcing systems for regular/high-performance concrete structures, sustainable concrete materials, reinforcement corrosion, concrete structures under dynamic loading, condition assessment (NDT) and structural health monitoring, forensic engineering.
• Dynamic Loading on Structures Impact dynamics, blast loading, armour and protection systems (metals, concrete, composites, cellular materials), earthquake analysis and design, structural robustness against extreme conditions.
• Energy Infrastructure Analysis and integrity of critical components (tanks, vessels, piping, pipelines), offshore structures and pipelines, offshore platforms for renewable energy, condition assessment of “aging infrastructure”.
• Structural Applications of Composite Materials Advanced composite materials (e.g. FRP, textile reinforced mortars) for strengthening/rehabilitation of damaged or deficient structural elements, and for new construction applications: FRP reinforcement of concrete, all-FRP structures, and polymer composite structures for renewable energy (e.g. tidal and wind turbines); polymer adhesive joints; structures made of hybrid and innovative materials.
• Fire Effects on Structures and Materials Structural analysis and design accounting for thermal/mechanical fire effects on construction materials and structures (steel, concrete, timber, FRP, and composite construction); experimental and computational work; multi-scale approach: from micro scale to full structural frame.
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Design, Analysis, and Fabrication of Lattice Structures for Structural and Thermal Applications

  Designing lightweight, stiff, and thermally compliant structures is an ongoing challenge  in various engineering industries, especially within aerospace. Aircraft and spacecraft are  designed to withstand extreme structural loads and thermal changes with the minimum  amount of weight possible. Advances in computational design and analysis, as well  as metal additive manufacturing (AM), have created new opportunities to design and  fabricate complex structures for loading conditions seen on aircraft and spacecraft.  

This thesis explores the application of lattice structures to various structural and thermal  aerospace applications, analyzes them under their respective loading conditions, and the  utilization of metal AM to fabricate many of the designs. Using unique lattice generation  methods and bimetallic lattice unit cell designs, multiple components and processes are  created to advance the adoption of AM for complex structures in the aerospace field.  

A lattice generation method based on the bubble-mesh method is used to create tetra hedral lattice structures with the ability to alter the following geometric parameters:  the cell size/lattice density, strut diameter, and intersection rounding. A relationship  between these parameters is evaluated and it is found that the strut diameter and  intersection rounding have the greatest structural effects on the lattice. These findings  are then used to apply these lattice structures to various aerospace components such as a  jet engine bracket, airplane bearing bracket, and an optical instrument mounting bracket.  The FEA results show that the latticed designs can withstand their respective loading  conditions. Additionally, latticed cubes are created using this lattice generation method  to understand their optimal printability. FEA is used again to explore the structural  and thermal behavior of the latticed cubes during the metal AM process. The latticed  vi  cubes are additively manufactured and will be scanned to validate the FEA results.  

The lattice generation method is then used to re-design a payload adapter to explore  a self-consuming spacecraft concept. The lattice is used to reduce the weight of the  structure, but the gaps of the lattice will be filled with propellant so it can be extracted  and used as fuel during a satellite mission. This work focuses on the structural integrity  of the latticed payload adapter, and simulations are used to understand its structural  behavior. It is then additively manufactured and tested under compression to validate  the simulations. Finally, a separate bimetallic triangular lattice unit cell is designed,  analyzed, and tested to explore bimetallic AM for fabricating controllable coefficient of  thermal expansion (CTE) structures. These bimetallic structures are created so that  their geometry and CTE of their respective materials minimize their expansion in a  specified direction. Computational and analytical models are developed to describe  this behavior, and multi-material/bimetallic AM is used to create these structures.  The structures will then undergo CTE testing and the results are used to validate the  computational and analytical models.  

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Machine Learning Models for Computational Structural Mechanics

The numerical simulation of physical systems plays a key role in different fields of science and engineering. The popularity of numerical methods stems from their ability to simulate complex physical phenomena for which analytical solutions are only possible for limited combinations of geometry, boundary, and initial conditions. Despite their flexibility, the computational demand of classical numerical methods quickly escalates as the size and complexity of the model increase. To address this limitation, and motivated by the unprecedented success of Deep Learning (DL) in computer vision, researchers started exploring the possibility of developing computationally efficient DL-based algorithms to simulate the response of complex systems. To date, DL techniques have been shown to be effective in simulating certain physical systems. However, their practical application faces an important common constraint: trained DL models are limited to a predefined set of configurations. Any change to the system configuration (e.g., changes to the domain size or boundary conditions) entails updating the underlying architecture and retraining the model. It follows that existing DL-based simulation approaches lack the flexibility offered by classical numerical methods. An important constraint that severely hinders the widespread application of these approaches to the simulation of physical systems.

In an effort to address this limitation, this dissertation explores DL models capable of combining the conceptual flexibility typical of a numerical approach for structural analysis, the finite element method, with the remarkable computational efficiency of trained neural networks. Specifically, this dissertation introduces the novel concept of “Finite Element Network Analysis” (FENA), a physics-informed, DL-based computational framework for the simulation of physical systems. FENA leverages the unique transfer knowledge property of bidirectional recurrent neural networks to provide a uniquely powerful and flexible computing platform. In FENA, each class of physical systems (for example, structural elements such as beams and plates) is represented by a set of surrogate DL-based models. All classes of surrogate models are pre-trained and available in a library, analogous to the finite element method, alleviating the need for repeated retraining. Another remarkable characteristic of FENA is the ability to simulate assemblies built by combining pre-trained networks that serve as surrogate models of different components of physical systems, a functionality that is key to modeling multicomponent physical systems. The ability to assemble pre-trained network models, dubbed network concatenation , places FENA in a new category of DL-based computational platforms because, unlike existing DL-based techniques, FENA does not require ad hoc training for problem-specific conditions.

While FENA is highly general in nature, this work focuses primarily on the development of linear and nonlinear static simulation capabilities of a variety of fundamental structural elements as a benchmark to demonstrate FENA's capabilities. Specifically, FENA is applied to linear elastic rods, slender beams, and thin plates. Then, the concept of concatenation is utilized to simulate multicomponent structures composed of beams and plate assemblies (stiffened panels). The capacity of FENA to model nonlinear systems is also shown by further applying it to nonlinear problems consisting in the simulation of geometrically nonlinear elastic beams and plastic deformation of aluminum beams, an extension that became possible thanks to the flexibility of FENA and the intrinsic nonlinearity of neural networks. The application of FENA to time-transient simulations is also presented, providing the foundation for linear time-transient simulations of homogeneous and inhomogeneous systems. Specifically, the concepts of Super Finite Network Element (SFNE) and network concatenation in time are introduced. The proposed concepts enable training SFNEs based on data available in a limited time frame and then using the trained SFNEs to simulate the system evolution beyond the initial time window characteristic of the training dataset. To showcase the effectiveness and versatility of the introduced concepts, they are applied to the transient simulation of homogeneous rods and inhomogeneous beams. In each case, the framework is validated by direct comparison against the solutions available from analytical methods or traditional finite element analysis. Results indicate that FENA can provide highly accurate solutions, with relative errors below 2 % for the cases presented in this work and a clear computational advantage over traditional numerical solution methods. 

The consistency of the performance across diverse problem settings substantiates the adaptability and versatility of FENA. It is expected that, although the framework is illustrated and numerically validated only for selected classes of structures, the framework could potentially be extended to a broad spectrum of structural and multiphysics applications relevant to computational science.

CAREER: Multi-Physics Transient Holography: A Non-Intrusive Imaging Approach for the Identification of Structural Damage in Mechanical Systems

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Structural analysis and design of concrete bridges Current modelling procedures and impact on design Master of Science Thesis in the Master's Programme Structural Engineering and Building Performance Design

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Structural Evaluation and Retrofitting of a Commercial Building

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• First Online: 26 October 2022
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• Ashika A. Sharma 12 ,
• Manish Haveri 13 &
• Akshayakumar V. Hanagodimath 13  

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering ((LNCE,volume 285))

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This thesis describes of structural evaluation and retrofitting of a commercial building. It explains the need for strengthening of columns as the building is being added with an extra storey. This procedure starts by gathering the information of the existing building from the building owner. The AutoCAD plan with structural details is acquired and then the non-destructive tests are performed to know the current strength of the existing building. The building is analysed for the current loads and the additional loads using ETABs software. Suitable retrofitting methods are then selected for the under-strength elements to increase the strength and the designs are done manually for selected methods. The best one is chosen and again analysed in ETABs after retrofitting is done to the building. The existing footings are checked for additional loads from adding an extra storey. The cost comparison is done between the selected retrofitting methods and then the thesis winded up with conclusions.

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Lorenz W (2007) In: 5th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions in New Delhi. Bautechnik, 84(2), pp.146–147

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Acknowledgements

Expressing my gratitude to my Mr. Manish Haveri and Mr. Akshayakumar V Hannagodimath for their support and suggestions to improvise and Dr. Nayana N Patil, HOD Department of Civil Engineering, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences for giving constant support to carry out this project.

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Ashika A. Sharma

Manish Haveri & Akshayakumar V. Hanagodimath

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Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA

Krishna R. Reddy

Army Cadet College Wing, Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

Susheel Kalia

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India

Srinivas Tangellapalli

School of Environmental Sciences, Shobhit University Gangoh, Gangoh, India

Divya Prakash

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Sharma, A.A., Haveri, M., Hanagodimath, A.V. (2023). Structural Evaluation and Retrofitting of a Commercial Building. In: Reddy, K.R., Kalia, S., Tangellapalli, S., Prakash, D. (eds) Recent Advances in Sustainable Environment . Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 285. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5077-3_17

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EU AI Act: first regulation on artificial intelligence

The use of artificial intelligence in the EU will be regulated by the AI Act, the world’s first comprehensive AI law. Find out how it will protect you.

As part of its digital strategy , the EU wants to regulate artificial intelligence (AI) to ensure better conditions for the development and use of this innovative technology. AI can create many benefits , such as better healthcare; safer and cleaner transport; more efficient manufacturing; and cheaper and more sustainable energy.

In April 2021, the European Commission proposed the first EU regulatory framework for AI. It says that AI systems that can be used in different applications are analysed and classified according to the risk they pose to users. The different risk levels will mean more or less regulation.

Learn more about what artificial intelligence is and how it is used

What Parliament wants in AI legislation

Parliament's priority is to make sure that AI systems used in the EU are safe, transparent, traceable, non-discriminatory and environmentally friendly. AI systems should be overseen by people, rather than by automation, to prevent harmful outcomes.

Parliament also wants to establish a technology-neutral, uniform definition for AI that could be applied to future AI systems.

Learn more about Parliament’s work on AI and its vision for AI’s future

AI Act: different rules for different risk levels

The new rules establish obligations for providers and users depending on the level of risk from artificial intelligence. While many AI systems pose minimal risk, they need to be assessed.

Unacceptable risk

Unacceptable risk AI systems are systems considered a threat to people and will be banned. They include:

• Cognitive behavioural manipulation of people or specific vulnerable groups: for example voice-activated toys that encourage dangerous behaviour in children
• Social scoring: classifying people based on behaviour, socio-economic status or personal characteristics
• Biometric identification and categorisation of people
• Real-time and remote biometric identification systems, such as facial recognition

Some exceptions may be allowed for law enforcement purposes. “Real-time” remote biometric identification systems will be allowed in a limited number of serious cases, while “post” remote biometric identification systems, where identification occurs after a significant delay, will be allowed to prosecute serious crimes and only after court approval.

AI systems that negatively affect safety or fundamental rights will be considered high risk and will be divided into two categories:

1) AI systems that are used in products falling under the EU’s product safety legislation . This includes toys, aviation, cars, medical devices and lifts.

2) AI systems falling into specific areas that will have to be registered in an EU database:

• Management and operation of critical infrastructure
• Education and vocational training
• Employment, worker management and access to self-employment
• Access to and enjoyment of essential private services and public services and benefits
• Law enforcement
• Migration, asylum and border control management
• Assistance in legal interpretation and application of the law.

All high-risk AI systems will be assessed before being put on the market and also throughout their lifecycle. People will have the right to file complaints about AI systems to designated national authorities.

Transparency requirements

Generative AI, like ChatGPT, will not be classified as high-risk, but will have to comply with transparency requirements and EU copyright law:

• Disclosing that the content was generated by AI
• Designing the model to prevent it from generating illegal content
• Publishing summaries of copyrighted data used for training

High-impact general-purpose AI models that might pose systemic risk, such as the more advanced AI model GPT-4, would have to undergo thorough evaluations and any serious incidents would have to be reported to the European Commission.

Content that is either generated or modified with the help of AI - images, audio or video files (for example deepfakes) - need to be clearly labelled as AI generated so that users are aware when they come across such content.

Supporting innovation

The law aims to offer start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises opportunities to develop and train AI models before their release to the general public.

That is why it requires that national authorities provide companies with a testing environment that simulates conditions close to the real world.

The Parliament adopted the Artificial Intelligence Act in March 2024 . It will be fully applicable 24 months after entry into force, but some parts will be applicable sooner:

• The ban of AI systems posing unacceptable risks will apply six months after the entry into force
• Codes of practice will apply nine months after entry into force
• Rules on general-purpose AI systems that need to comply with transparency requirements will apply 12 months after the entry into force

High-risk systems will have more time to comply with the requirements as the obligations concerning them will become applicable 36 months after the entry into force.

More on the EU’s digital measures

• Cryptocurrency dangers and the benefits of EU legislation
• Fighting cybercrime: new EU cybersecurity laws explained
• Boosting data sharing in the EU: what are the benefits?
• EU Digital Markets Act and Digital Services Act
• Five ways the European Parliament wants to protect online gamers
• Artificial Intelligence Act

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