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• Dissertation zitieren – Voraussetzungen und Anleitung

Dissertation zitieren - Voraussetzungen und Anleitung

Veröffentlicht am 29. Juli 2019 von Mandy Theel . Aktualisiert am 25. Jänner 2024.

Gib beim Zitieren von Dissertationen die Art der Arbeit und das Studienfach an. Falls die Arbeit nicht publiziert wurde, füge den Zusatz ,unveröffentlicht‘ und die Universität hinzu.

Zitiere eine Dissertation nur, wenn

• es sich um Forschungsergebnisse oder Erkenntnisse des Autors selbst handelt,
• die Ergebnisse Mehrwert für deine Arbeit bieten und
• die Arbeit öffentlich zugänglich ist.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Wissenschaftliche arbeiten als quelle nutzen, dissertation im text zitieren, dissertation im literaturverzeichnis.

Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten von anderen Studierenden können als Quelle für die eigene Arbeit dienen.

Beispiele für die Nutzung einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit:

• als Inspirationsquelle für die eigene Thematik in der Einleitung ,
• im theoretischen Rahmen oder in der Methodik  als Ausgangspunkt für die eigene Forschung,
• in deinem Fazit als Beispiel für weiterführende Forschung.

Dissertationen zitieren

Generell empfiehlt es sich, nur Dissertationen oder Doktorarbeiten zu zitieren.

In Deutschland und der Schweiz besteht die Veröffentlichungspflicht von Dissertationen. Das bedeutet, dass alle Dissertationen zitierwürdig in einem Verlag oder einer elektronischen Datenbank publiziert werden müssen.

Dadurch werden die Dissertationen für eine große Leserschaft öffentlich zugänglich und auch als Quelle in deiner Arbeit für deine Leserschaft einsehbar.

Bachelorarbeit oder Masterarbeit zitieren

Bachelorarbeiten oder Masterarbeiten sind in der Regel nicht veröffentlicht, das heißt, sie sind  nicht in z. B. einem Verlag oder einer öffentlichen Datenbank publiziert.

Möchtest du z. B. aus einer Bachelorarbeit zitieren, musst du daher den Zusatz unveröffentlicht in der Quellenangabe angeben.

Wenn eine Bachelorarbeit oder Masterarbeit öffentlich zugänglich ist, z. B. mit einer URL oder in einer Bibliothek, ist es möglich, diese zu zitieren. Sie ist dadurch zwar nicht im wissenschaftlichen Sinne veröffentlicht bzw. publiziert, jedoch für deine Leserschaft nachvollziehbar.

Da die Bewertungskriterien für diese Arbeiten jedoch meist unbekannt und die Inhalte nicht vertrauenswürdig genug sind, raten wir davon ab.

Möchtest du eine fehlerfreie Arbeit abgeben?

Mit einem Lektorat helfen wir dir, deine Abschlussarbeit zu perfektionieren.

Neugierig? Bewege den Regler von links nach rechts!

Zu deiner Korrektur

Füge an der Stelle im Fließtext, an der du aus der Dissertation zitierst oder paraphrasierst , einen kurzen Verweis ein.

Je nach Zitierweise kann sich der Verweis direkt im Fließtext ( APA , MLA und Harvard-Zitierweise ) oder in der Fußnote ( Deutsche Zitierweise ) befinden.

Die Quellenangabe einer Dissertation im Literaturverzeichnis ist fast wie die Quellenangabe eines Buches aufgebaut.

Die Quellenangabe enthält:

• Titel der Dissertation
• Art der Dissertation
• Studienfach
• Verlag oder Hochschule und Erscheinungsort

Du findest alle Informationen auf dem Titel der Dissertation.

Akademische Grade wie Doktortitel (Dr.) können in der Quellenangabe weggelassen werden.

Verwende diese nur, wenn du selbst nicht auf die Originalquelle zugreifen kannst.

Art der Dissertation und Studienfach

Übernimm für die Art der Dissertation und das Studienfach immer den genauen Wortlaut, der auf der Titelseite selbst verwendet wird.

Verlag oder Universität und Erscheinungsort

Wurde die Dissertation bei einem Verlag veröffentlicht, solltest du diesen in deiner Quellenangabe nennen.

Falls die Dissertation über die Hochschule veröffentlicht wurde, musst du den vollständigen Namen und den Ort der Hochschule angeben.

Dissertationen sind häufig über Open-Access-Veröffentlichungen zugänglich. Füge in diesem Fall die URL deiner Quellenangabe hinzu.

Zu den Scribbr-Generatoren

Diesen Scribbr-Artikel zitieren

Wenn du diese Quelle zitieren möchtest, kannst du die Quellenangabe kopieren und einfügen oder auf die Schaltfläche „Diesen Artikel zitieren“ klicken, um die Quellenangabe automatisch zu unserem kostenlosen Zitier-Generator hinzuzufügen.

Theel, M. (2024, 25. Jänner). Dissertation zitieren - Voraussetzungen und Anleitung. Scribbr. Abgerufen am 27. Mai 2024, von https://www.scribbr.at/richtig-zitieren-at/dissertation-zitieren/

War dieser Artikel hilfreich?

Mandy Theel

Das hat anderen studenten noch gefallen, abbildungen zitieren - anleitung und beispiele, abschlussarbeit zitieren – voraussetzungen und anleitung, apa-richtlinien: abbildungen und tabellen zitieren.

APA Style 7th Edition: Citing Your Sources

• Basics of APA Formatting
• In Text Quick View
• Block Quotes
• Books & eBooks
• Thesis/Dissertation

Standard Format

Formatting rules, various examples.

• Audiovisual
• Conference Presentations
• Social Media
• Legal References
• Reports and Gray Literature
• Academic Integrity and Plagiarism
• Additional Resources
• Reference Page

Adapted from American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed).  https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Formatting:

• Italicize the title
• Identify whether source is doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis in parentheses after the title

See Ch. 10 pp. 313-352 of APA Manual for more examples and formatting rules

• << Previous: Articles
• Next: Websites >>
• Last Updated: Apr 22, 2024 9:37 AM
• URL: https://libguides.usc.edu/APA7th

Dissertation zitieren

Wissenschaftliche dissertation als quelle nutzen, unveröffentlichte dissertation.

Meier, Wolf: Korrektes Zitieren in Abschlussarbeiten. Zitierweisen für akademische Arbeiten, unv. Diss., Fachhochschule XXX, 2021.

Gedruckte Dissertation

Meier, Wolf: Korrektes Zitieren in Abschlussarbeiten. Zitierweisen für akademische Arbeiten. Fachhochschulstudien XVII, Stuttgart, 2021.

Zitierwürdigkeit einer Dissertation

Dissertation im text zitieren , dissertation im literaturverzeichnis .

• Autor mit Nach- und Vornamen
• Titel und Untertitel der Dissertation
• Art der Dissertation und Studienfach
• Verlag oder Hochschule, Erscheinungsjahr und Erscheinungsort

Dissertation im Literaturverzeichnis richtig angeben

Häufig gestellte fragen, kann ich für meine facharbeit auch aus einer dissertation zitieren, was mache ich, wenn ich wichtige informationen aus einer unveröffentlichten doktorarbeit verwenden will, müssen dissertationen grundsätzlich gedruckt werden.

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in APA

How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in APA

In this citation guide, you will learn how to reference and cite an undergraduate thesis, master’s thesis, or doctoral dissertation. This guide will also review the differences between a thesis or dissertation that is published and one that has remained unpublished. The guidelines below come from the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2020a), pages 333 and 334. Please note that the association is not affiliated with this guide.

Alternatively, you can visit EasyBib.com for helpful citation tools to cite your thesis or dissertation .

Guide Overview

Citing an unpublished thesis or dissertation, citing a published dissertation or thesis from a database, citing a thesis or dissertation published online but not from a database, citing a thesis or dissertation: reference overview, what you need.

Since unpublished theses can usually only be sourced in print form from a university library, the correct citation structure includes the university name where the publisher element usually goes.

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year published). Title in sentence case [Unpublished degree type thesis or dissertation]. Name of institution.

Ames, J. H., & Doughty, L. H. (1911). The proposed plans for the Iowa State College athletic field including the design of a reinforced concrete grandstand and wall [Unpublished bachelor’s thesis]. Iowa State University.

In-text citation example:

• Parenthetical :  (Ames & Doughty, 1911)
• Narrative :  Ames & Doughty (1911)

If a thesis or dissertation has been published and is found on a database, then follow the structure below. It’s similar to the format for an unpublished dissertation/thesis, but with a few differences:

• The institution is presented in brackets after the title
• The archive or database name is included

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year published). Title in sentence case (Publication or Document No.) [Degree type thesis or dissertation, Name of institution]. Database name.

Examples 1:

Knight, K. A. (2011). Media epidemics: Viral structures in literature and new media (Accession No. 2013420395) [Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

Trotman, J.B. (2018). New insights into the biochemistry and cell biology of RNA recapping (Document No. osu1523896565730483) [Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses & Dissertations Center.

In the example given above, the dissertation is presented with a Document Number (Document No.). Sometimes called a database number or publication number, this is the identifier that is used by the database’s indexing system. If the database you are using provides you with such a number, then include it directly after the work’s title in parentheses.

If you are interested in learning more about how to handle works that were accessed via academic research databases, see Section 9.3 of the Publication Manual.

In-text citation examples :

• Parenthetical citation : (Trotman, 2018)
• Narrative citation : Trotman (2018)

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year Published). Title in sentence case [Degree type thesis or dissertation, Name of institution]. Name of archive or collection. URL

Kim, O. (2019). Soviet tableau: cinema and history under late socialism [Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh]. Institutional Repository at the University of Pittsburgh. https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/37669/7/Olga%20Kim%20Final%20ETD.pdf

Stiles, T. W. (2001). Doing science: Teachers’ authentic experiences at the Lone Star Dinosaur Field Institute [Master’s thesis, Texas A&M University]. OAKTrust. https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2001-THESIS-S745

It is important to note that not every thesis or dissertation published online will be associated with a specific archive or collection. If the work is published on a private website, provide only the URL as the source element.

In-text citation examples:

• Parenthetical citation : (Kim, 2019)
• Narrative citation : Kim (2019)
• Parenthetical citation : (Stiles, 2001)
• Narrative citation : Stiles (2001)

We hope that the information provided here will serve as an effective guide for your research. If you’re looking for even more citation info, visit EasyBib.com for a comprehensive collection of educational materials covering multiple source types.

If you’re citing a variety of different sources, consider taking the EasyBib citation generator for a spin. It can help you cite easily and offers citation forms for several different kinds of sources.

To start things off, let’s take a look at the different types of literature that are classified under Chapter 10.6 of the Publication Manual :

• Undergraduate thesis
• Master’s thesis
• Doctoral dissertation

You will need to know which type you are citing. You’ll also need to know if it is published or unpublished .

When you decide to cite a dissertation or thesis, you’ll need to look for the following information to use in your citation:

• Author’s last name, and first and middle initials
• Year published
• Title of thesis or dissertation
• If it is unpublished
• Publication or document number (if applicable; for published work)
• Degree type (bachelor’s, master’s, doctoral)
• Thesis or dissertation
• Name of institution awarding degree
• DOI (https://doi.org/xxxxx) or URL (if applicable)

Since theses and dissertations are directly linked to educational degrees, it is necessary to list the name of the associated institution; i.e., the college, university, or school that is awarding the associated degree.

To get an idea of the proper form, take a look at the examples below. There are three outlined scenarios:

• Unpublished thesis or dissertation
• Published thesis or dissertation from a database
• Thesis or dissertation published online but not from a database

American Psychological Association. (2020a). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

American Psychological Association. (2020b). Style-Grammar-Guidelines. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/parenthetical-versus-narrative

Published August 10, 2012. Updated March 24, 2020.

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Elise Barbeau. Michele Kirschenbaum is a school library media specialist and the in-house librarian at EasyBib.com. Elise Barbeau is the Citation Specialist at Chegg. She has worked in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing.

APA Formatting Guide

APA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Multiple Authors
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Parenthetical Citations
• Reference Page
• Sample Paper
• APA 7 Updates
• View APA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all APA Examples

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To cite a published thesis in APA style, it is important that you know some basic information such as the author, publication year, title of the thesis, institute name, archive name, and URL (uniform resource locator). The templates for an in-text citation and reference list entry of a thesis, along with examples, are given below:

In-text citation template and example:

Use the author surname and the publication year in the in-text citation.

Author Surname (Publication Year)

Cartmel (2007)

Parenthetical:

(Author Surname, Publication Year)

(Cartmel, 2007)

Reference list entry template and example:

The title of the thesis is set in sentence case and italicized. Enclose the thesis and the institute awarding the degree inside brackets following the publication year. Then add the name of the database followed by the URL.

Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Title of the thesis [Master’s thesis, Institute Name]. Name of the Database. URL

Cartmel, J. (2007). Outside school hours care and schools [Master’s thesis, Queensland University of Technology]. EPrints. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/17810/1/Jennifer_Cartmel_Thesis.pdf

To cite an unpublished dissertation in APA style, it is important that you know some basic information such as the author, year, title of the dissertation, and institute name. The templates for in-text citation and reference list entry of an online thesis, along with examples, are given below:

Author Surname (Year)

Averill (2009)

(Author Surname, Year)

(Averill, 2009)

The title of the dissertation is set in sentence case and italicized. Enclose “Unpublished doctoral dissertation” inside brackets following the year. Then add the name of the institution awarding the degree.

Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Title of the dissertation [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Name of the Institute.

Averill, R. (2009). Teacher–student relationships in diverse New Zealand year 10 mathematics classrooms: Teacher care [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Victoria University of Wellington.

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How to Cite a Dissertation in Harvard Style

Published by Alaxendra Bets at August 27th, 2021 , Revised On September 25, 2023

What is a Dissertation?

In the UK, countries of Western Europe, as well as New Zealand and Australia, the term ‘ dissertation ’ is used instead of a ‘thesis.’ The majority of the remaining countries in the world prefer to use ‘thesis’ instead of ‘dissertation.’

Both represent the same thing, though: a full-length, academic piece of writing that students must submit after their undergraduate, post-graduate (Master), or PhD studies.

More specifically, a dissertation can refer to:

• Large-scale research as part of a degree.
• An article based on a small-scale study as part of a degree.
• A review of another study, research or an accumulation of both.
• Other full-length body texts are a requirement of the student’s degree program, no matter which level it is.

1.    Basic Format

In Harvard, the following in-text citation format is used for the dissertation:

(Author Surname, Year Published)

For example, ‘Occasionally the talent for drawing passes beyond mere picture-copying and shows the presence of a real artistic capacity of no mean order. (Darius, 2014)’

In Harvard, the following reference list entry format is used for the dissertation:

Author Surname, Author Initials. (Year Published). Title of the dissertation in italics. Level. Institution Name.

For example, reference list entry for the above source would be:

Darius, H. (2014). Running head: SAVANT SYNDROME – THEORIES AND EMPIRICAL FINDINGS . University of Skövde, University of Turku.

However, a slightly different format is also used in some institutions. According to that, in-text citations are done in the following way:

Author surname Year, p.#

For instance, Exelby (1997, p. 3) described the process … OR … processing gold (Exelby 1997, p. 3).

But in the case of reference list entries, these ‘other’ institutions recommend naming the dissertation title not in italics but in single quotation marks. The format would then be:

Author Surname, Initials Year of Publication, ‘Title of thesis in single quotation marks’, Award, Institution issuing degree, Location of the institution.

So, according to this format, the above example’s reference list entry would be:

Exelby, HRA 1997, ‘Aspects of Gold and Mineral Liberation’, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld.

Whichever format is followed largely depends on one’s institutional guidelines. The format specified by the university is the one that should be followed. Furthermore, it should be followed consistently throughout a manuscript.

2.    Citing a Dissertation Published Online

The format for both in-text and reference list entries is the same for online and print dissertations. For example:

• In-text citation: (Ram 2012) OR (Ram 2011, p. 130)
• Reference list entry: Ram, R 2012, ‘Development of the International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities’, PhD thesis, The University of Sydney, viewed 23 May 2014, <http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8208>.

An important point to note: While referencing dissertations published online, the URL may or may not be enclosed within < > symbols. Whichever format is chosen, it should be used consistently throughout the text.

3.    Citing an Unpublished Dissertation

This type of dissertation also uses the same formatting for in-text and reference list entries in Harvard style. For example:

• In-text citation: (Sakunasingha 2006) OR (Sakunasingha 2006, p. 36)
• Reference list entry: Sakunasingha, B 2006, ‘An empirical study into factors influencing the use of value-based management tools’, DBA thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW.

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Frequently Asked Questions

How do i cite my dissertation.

To cite your dissertation, follow your chosen citation style (e.g., APA, MLA). Generally, include author name, year, title, and source details. For APA: Author. (Year). Title. Source. For MLA: Author. “Title.” Degree, University, Year.

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• Diplomarbeiten zitieren – Voraussetzungen und Anleitung

Diplomarbeiten zitieren - Voraussetzungen und Anleitung

Veröffentlicht am 30. Dezember 2022 von Lisa Glöckler . Aktualisiert am 22. März 2023.

Diplomarbeiten anderer Studierender solltest du in der Regel nicht zitieren.

Diplomarbeiten sind meist weder zitierfähig noch zitierwürdig. Deshalb erfüllen sie nicht die Kriterien von Quellen, die in wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten zitiert oder paraphrasiert werden dürfen.

Ausnahmen: In einem wissenschaftlichen Verlag veröffentlichte Diplomarbeiten sind zitierfähig und können als Quelle geeignet sein.

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Deshalb sind die meisten diplomarbeiten nicht zitierfähig, diese diplomarbeiten sind zitierfähig, diplomarbeiten als quelle im text und im literaturverzeichnis, weitere interessante artikel, häufig gestellte fragen.

Alle Quellen, die du in einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit zitierst oder paraphrasierst, müssen zitierfähig und zitierwürdig sein. Das trifft auf die meisten Diplomarbeiten nicht zu.

• Diplomarbeiten sind in der Regel nicht zitierfähig, da sie meist nicht veröffentlicht und nicht öffentlich einsehbar sind.
• Diplomarbeiten sind in der Regel nicht zitierwürdig, da sie meist nicht peer-reviewt oder lektoriert werden und ihre wissenschaftliche Qualität nur schwer nachvollziehbar ist.

Wusstest du schon, dass ...

Scribbr durchschnittlich 150 Fehler pro 1000 Wörter korrigiert?

Unsere Sprachexperten verbessern vor Abgabe deiner Abschlussarbeit den akademischen Ausdruck, die Interpunktion und sprachliche Fehler.

Erfahre mehr zur Korrektur

Um zitierfähig und zitierwürdig zu sein, muss eine Diplomarbeit vier Kriterien erfüllen. Du kannst sie als Quelle nutzen, wenn sie

• in einem seriösen und wissenschaftlichen Verlag veröffentlicht ,
• öffentlich zugänglich und einsehbar ,
• wissenschaftlich ausgezeichnet und
• peer-reviewt oder lektoriert ist.

Diplomarbeiten, die einen Sperrvermerk enthalten, darfst du nicht zitieren.

Die Quellenangabe einer Diplomarbeit im Literaturverzeichnis ist abhängig davon,

• ob die Diplomarbeit veröffentlicht oder unveröffentlicht ist und
• welchen Zitierstil du verwendest.

APA-Zitierweise

Um eine veröffentlichte Diplomarbeit nach APA zu zitieren , fügst du

• die Quellenverweise im Text nach APA-Standard ein und gibst
• die Quellenangabe im Literaturverzeichnis nach APA-Standard in diesem Format an:

Nachname, Initial des Vornamens. (Veröffentlichungsjahr). Titel der Diplomarbeit (Diplomarbeit, Fachbereich). Name des Verlags, Stadt.

Bei einer unveröffentlichten Diplomarbeit gibst du den Zusatz ‚unveröffentlicht‘ in der Quellenangabe an.

Harvard-Zitierweise

Um eine veröffentlichte Diplomarbeit nach der Harvard-Zitierweise zu zitieren, fügst du

• die Quellenverweise nach Harvard im Text ein und gibst
• die Quellenangabe im Literaturverzeichnis nach Harvard in diesem Format an:

Nachname, Vorname (Veröffentlichungsjahr): Titel der Diplomarbeit, Diplomarbeit, Fachbereich, Stadt: Name des Verlags.

Deutsche Zitierweise

Um eine veröffentlichte Diplomarbeit nach der Deutschen Zitierweise zu zitieren, fügst du

• die Quellenverweise als Fußnoten im Text ein und gibst
• die Quellenangabe im Literaturverzeichnis nach der Deutschen Zitierweise in diesem Format an:

Nachname, Vorname: Titel der Diplomarbeit, Diplomarbeit, Fachbereich, Stadt: Name des Verlags, Veröffentlichungsjahr.

MLA-Zitierweise

Um eine Diplomarbeit nach MLA zu zitieren , fügst du

• die Quellenverweise im Text ein und gibst
• die Quellenangabe im Literaturverzeichnis in diesem Format an:

Nachname, Vorname. Titel der Diplomarbeit . Veröffentlichungsjahr. Name der Universität, Diplomarbeit.

Bezüglich der Quellenangabe unveröffentlichter Diplomarbeiten können die Richtlinien variieren.

Informiere dich in deinem Fachbereich, ob du den Zusatz ‚unveröffentlicht‘ oder andere Elemente in der Quellenangabe einer unveröffentlichten Diplomarbeit einfügen sollst.

In unserer Wissensdatenbank findest du weitere anschauliche Artikel mit Erklärungen, Beispielen und Quizfragen zum Thema Zitieren und Plagiat .

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APA-Richtlinien

• Verweise im Text
• Zeichensetzung
• Indirekter Quellen
• APA Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift

Nein, die meisten Diplomarbeit sind weder zitierfähig noch zitierwürdig. Deshalb solltest du keine Diplomarbeiten zitieren .

In einem wissenschaftlichen Verlag veröffentlichte Diplomarbeiten können eine Ausnahme darstellen.

Ja, du kannst eine im wissenschaftlichen Sinne veröffentlichte Diplomarbeit zitieren , wenn du ihre Zitierwürdigkeit geprüft hast.

Eine Diplomarbeit ist zitierwürdig, wenn sie wissenschaftlich ausgezeichnet und peer-reviewt oder lektoriert ist.

Nein, du solltest keine unveröffentlichten Diplomarbeiten zitieren , da sie nicht zitierfähig und in der Regel auch nicht zitierwürdig sind.

Du solltest Diplomarbeiten nur als Quelle nutzen, wenn sie

• wissenschaftlich ausgezeichnet,
• peer-reviewt oder lektoriert,
• in einem seriösen und wissenschaftlichen Verlag veröffentlicht und
• öffentlich zugänglich und einsehbar sind.

Quellen für diesen Artikel

Wir empfehlen Studierenden nachdrücklich, Quellen in ihrer Arbeit zu verwenden. Du kannst unseren Artikel zitieren oder dir mit den Artikeln weiter unten einen tieferen Einblick verschaffen.

Glöckler, L. (2023, 22. März). Diplomarbeiten zitieren - Voraussetzungen und Anleitung. Scribbr. Abgerufen am 27. Mai 2024, von https://www.scribbr.de/richtig-zitieren/diplomarbeiten-zitieren/

The Modern Language Association Of Ameri. (2021). MLA Handbook (Official) (9. Aufl.). MODERN LANGUAGE ASSN OF AMER.

Universität zu Köln. (2017, 26. Oktober). Überprüfbarkeit. Uni Koln . https://uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/storyline2/story_content/external_files/Handout_%C3%9Cberpr%C3%BCfbarkeit.pdf

Wagenknecht, N. & Guccini. (2018, Mai). Leitfaden zum Zitieren und Bibliographieren. Georg-August-Universität Göttingen . https://uni-goettingen.de/de/document/download/3a96ab2412f777f505bea848a3bdb800.pdf/Zitierleitfaden_13.05.2018.pdf

War dieser Artikel hilfreich?

Lisa Glöckler

Das hat anderen studierenden noch gefallen, bachelorarbeit zitieren – voraussetzungen und anleitung, dissertation zitieren - voraussetzungen und anleitung, masterarbeit zitieren - voraussetzungen und anleitung, aus versehen plagiiert finde kostenlos heraus.

• So zitierst du eine Dissertation richtig

Dissertation im Text zitieren

Harvard-zitierweise, chicago-stil.

• Was gibt es bei einer unveröffentlichten Dissertation zu beachten?

Gedruckte Dissertation

Dissertation im literaturverzeichnis, dissertation im literaturverzeichnis angeben, harvard-zitierweise, wissenschaftliche arbeiten als quelle nutzen, was gibt es bei einer unveröffentlichten dissertation zu beachten .

How do I cite a dissertation in MLA style?

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook . For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

A dissertation is a unique type of source. It is a finished, stand-alone work written under the auspices of an institution. In a change from the previous edition of the MLA Handbook ,    we do not distinguish between published and unpublished dissertations. To cite a dissertation, include in the entry the author, title, and date of publication as core elements. As an optional element, list the institution granting the degree and a description of the work.

Njus, Jesse. Performing the Passion: A Study on the Nature of Medieval Acting . 2010. Northwestern U, PhD dissertation.

If you accessed the dissertation through an online repository, include this fact as the title of the second container:

Njus, Jesse. Performing the Passion: A Study on the Nature of Medieval Acting . 2010. Northwestern U, PhD dissertation.  ProQuest , search.proquest.com/docview/305212264?accountid=7432.

Citation guides

All you need to know about citations

How to cite a PhD thesis in MLA

To cite a PhD thesis in a reference entry in MLA style 9th edition include the following elements:

• Author(s) name: Give the last name and name as presented in the source (e. g. Watson, John). For two authors, reverse only the first name, followed by ‘and’ and the second name in normal order (e. g. Watson, John, and John Watson). For three or more authors, list the first name followed by et al. (e. g. Watson, John, et al.)
• Thesis title: Titles are italicized when independent. If part of a larger source add quotation marks and do not italize.
• Year of publication: Give the year of publication as presented in the source.
• University: Give the name of the institution.
• Degree: Type of degree.

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a PhD thesis in MLA style 9th edition:

Author(s) name . Thesis title . Year of publication . University , Degree .

Take a look at our works cited examples that demonstrate the MLA style guidelines in action:

A PhD thesis with one author

Confait, Marina Fatima . Maximising the contributions of PHD graduates to national development: the case of the Seychelles . 2018 . Edith Cowan U , PhD thesis .

Bowkett, David . Investigating the ligandability of plant homeodomains . 2015 . Oxford U , PhD thesis .

This citation style guide is based on the MLA Handbook (9 th edition).

More useful guides

• MLA 8th ed. Style Guide: Dissertations, Theses
• MLA, 8th Edition: Master's Thesis or Project
• How do I cite a dissertation in MLA style?

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Types of Dissertations & Guidelines

There are two ways to prepare and structure a dissertation (= written version of your doctoral project) at the Medical Faculty of HHU Düsseldorf: as a monograph or based on one or more publications. The form has no influence on the later evaluation of the dissertation.

This "classic" style can always be chosen, regardless of whether you have already published your results in a journal, want to publish them, or are not aiming for publication in a journal.

Chapter breakdown:

1.  Summary (in German and English) 2. Introduction 3. Material and methods 4. Results 5. Discussion (incl. conclusion)

Exceptions to the above outline are only permitted for dissertations from the Institute for the History of Medicine, as these have a fundamentally different structure.

In any case, the dissertation must be provided with a special title page and the format template for dissertations in accordance with the requirements of the doctoral regulations.

Prerequisite for this style is at least one undivided first authorship in an internationally recognised peer-reviewed journal listed on PubMed or ISI Web of Knowledge (PhD in Medical Sciences: at least two undivided first authorships and at least one co-authorship).

Chapter Breakdown:

• Summary (in German and English)
• Introduction
• Publication(s)
• Discussion (incl. conclusion)

Further methods, results or details not mentioned in the publication may be additionally listed in the publication-based dissertation.

The chapters Summary, Introduction and Discussion must be reworded and may not be copied from the publication. This also includes direct quotations from the publication.

Guidelines & Checklist Dissertations

• Checklist for Dissertations (112 KB, pdf, 22.03.2024)
• Guidelines for Preparation - Monograph (112 KB, pdf, 18.08.2020)
• Guidelines for Preparation - Publication-based (115 KB, pdf, 18.08.2020)
• Template as Appendix of Doctoral Regulations (415 KB, pdf, 25.09.2020)
• Template as Appendix of PhD Doctoral Regulations (543 KB, pdf, 03.01.2024)

Tips for writing a PhD dissertation: FAQs answered

From how to choose a topic to writing the abstract and managing work-life balance through the years it takes to complete a doctorate, here we collect expert advice to get you through the PhD writing process

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Embarking on a PhD is “probably the most challenging task that a young scholar attempts to do”, write Mark Stephan Felix and Ian Smith in their practical guide to dissertation and thesis writing. After years of reading and research to answer a specific question or proposition, the candidate will submit about 80,000 words that explain their methods and results and demonstrate their unique contribution to knowledge. Here are the answers to frequently asked questions about writing a doctoral thesis or dissertation.

What’s the difference between a dissertation and a thesis?

Whatever the genre of the doctorate, a PhD must offer an original contribution to knowledge. The terms “dissertation” and “thesis” both refer to the long-form piece of work produced at the end of a research project and are often used interchangeably. Which one is used might depend on the country, discipline or university. In the UK, “thesis” is generally used for the work done for a PhD, while a “dissertation” is written for a master’s degree. The US did the same until the 1960s, says Oxbridge Essays, when the convention switched, and references appeared to a “master’s thesis” and “doctoral dissertation”. To complicate matters further, undergraduate long essays are also sometimes referred to as a thesis or dissertation.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines “thesis” as “a dissertation, especially by a candidate for a degree” and “dissertation” as “a detailed discourse on a subject, especially one submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of a degree or diploma”.

• Ten platinum rules for PhD supervisors
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The title “doctor of philosophy”, incidentally, comes from the degree’s origins, write Dr Felix, an associate professor at Mahidol University in Thailand, and Dr Smith, retired associate professor of education at the University of Sydney , whose co-authored guide focuses on the social sciences. The PhD was first awarded in the 19th century by the philosophy departments of German universities, which at that time taught science, social science and liberal arts.

How long should a PhD thesis be?

A PhD thesis (or dissertation) is typically 60,000 to 120,000 words ( 100 to 300 pages in length ) organised into chapters, divisions and subdivisions (with roughly 10,000 words per chapter) – from introduction (with clear aims and objectives) to conclusion.

The structure of a dissertation will vary depending on discipline (humanities, social sciences and STEM all have their own conventions), location and institution. Examples and guides to structure proliferate online. The University of Salford , for example, lists: title page, declaration, acknowledgements, abstract, table of contents, lists of figures, tables and abbreviations (where needed), chapters, appendices and references.

A scientific-style thesis will likely need: introduction, literature review, materials and methods, results, discussion, bibliography and references.

As well as checking the overall criteria and expectations of your institution for your research, consult your school handbook for the required length and format (font, layout conventions and so on) for your dissertation.

A PhD takes three to four years to complete; this might extend to six to eight years for a part-time doctorate.

What are the steps for completing a PhD?

Before you get started in earnest , you’ll likely have found a potential supervisor, who will guide your PhD journey, and done a research proposal (which outlines what you plan to research and how) as part of your application, as well as a literature review of existing scholarship in the field, which may form part of your final submission.

In the UK, PhD candidates undertake original research and write the results in a thesis or dissertation, says author and vlogger Simon Clark , who posted videos to YouTube throughout his own PhD journey . Then they submit the thesis in hard copy and attend the viva voce (which is Latin for “living voice” and is also called an oral defence or doctoral defence) to convince the examiners that their work is original, understood and all their own. Afterwards, if necessary, they make changes and resubmit. If the changes are approved, the degree is awarded.

The steps are similar in Australia , although candidates are mostly assessed on their thesis only; some universities may include taught courses, and some use a viva voce. A PhD in Australia usually takes three years full time.

In the US, the PhD process begins with taught classes (similar to a taught master’s) and a comprehensive exam (called a “field exam” or “dissertation qualifying exam”) before the candidate embarks on their original research. The whole journey takes four to six years.

A PhD candidate will need three skills and attitudes to get through their doctoral studies, says Tara Brabazon , professor of cultural studies at Flinders University in Australia who has written extensively about the PhD journey :

• master the academic foundational skills (research, writing, ability to navigate different modalities)
• time-management skills and the ability to focus on reading and writing
• determined motivation to do a PhD.

How do I choose the topic for my PhD dissertation or thesis?

It’s important to find a topic that will sustain your interest for the years it will take to complete a PhD. “Finding a sustainable topic is the most important thing you [as a PhD student] would do,” says Dr Brabazon in a video for Times Higher Education . “Write down on a big piece of paper all the topics, all the ideas, all the questions that really interest you, and start to cross out all the ones that might just be a passing interest.” Also, she says, impose the “Who cares? Who gives a damn?” question to decide if the topic will be useful in a future academic career.

The availability of funding and scholarships is also often an important factor in this decision, says veteran PhD supervisor Richard Godwin, from Harper Adams University .

Define a gap in knowledge – and one that can be questioned, explored, researched and written about in the time available to you, says Gina Wisker, head of the Centre for Learning and Teaching at the University of Brighton. “Set some boundaries,” she advises. “Don’t try to ask everything related to your topic in every way.”

James Hartley, research professor in psychology at Keele University, says it can also be useful to think about topics that spark general interest. If you do pick something that taps into the zeitgeist, your findings are more likely to be noticed.

You also need to find someone else who is interested in it, too. For STEM candidates , this will probably be a case of joining a team of people working in a similar area where, ideally, scholarship funding is available. A centre for doctoral training (CDT) or doctoral training partnership (DTP) will advertise research projects. For those in the liberal arts and social sciences, it will be a matter of identifying a suitable supervisor .

Avoid topics that are too broad (hunger across a whole country, for example) or too narrow (hunger in a single street) to yield useful solutions of academic significance, write Mark Stephan Felix and Ian Smith. And ensure that you’re not repeating previous research or trying to solve a problem that has already been answered. A PhD thesis must be original.

What is a thesis proposal?

After you have read widely to refine your topic and ensure that it and your research methods are original, and discussed your project with a (potential) supervisor, you’re ready to write a thesis proposal , a document of 1,500 to 3,000 words that sets out the proposed direction of your research. In the UK, a research proposal is usually part of the application process for admission to a research degree. As with the final dissertation itself, format varies among disciplines, institutions and countries but will usually contain title page, aims, literature review, methodology, timetable and bibliography. Examples of research proposals are available online.

How to write an abstract for a dissertation or thesis

The abstract presents your thesis to the wider world – and as such may be its most important element , says the NUI Galway writing guide. It outlines the why, how, what and so what of the thesis . Unlike the introduction, which provides background but not research findings, the abstract summarises all sections of the dissertation in a concise, thorough, focused way and demonstrates how well the writer understands their material. Check word-length limits with your university – and stick to them. About 300 to 500 words is a rough guide ­– but it can be up to 1,000 words.

The abstract is also important for selection and indexing of your thesis, according to the University of Melbourne guide , so be sure to include searchable keywords.

It is the first thing to be read but the last element you should write. However, Pat Thomson , professor of education at the University of Nottingham , advises that it is not something to be tackled at the last minute.

How to write a stellar conclusion

As well as chapter conclusions, a thesis often has an overall conclusion to draw together the key points covered and to reflect on the unique contribution to knowledge. It can comment on future implications of the research and open up new ideas emanating from the work. It is shorter and more general than the discussion chapter , says online editing site Scribbr, and reiterates how the work answers the main question posed at the beginning of the thesis. The conclusion chapter also often discusses the limitations of the research (time, scope, word limit, access) in a constructive manner.

It can be useful to keep a collection of ideas as you go – in the online forum DoctoralWriting SIG , academic developer Claire Aitchison, of the University of South Australia , suggests using a “conclusions bank” for themes and inspirations, and using free-writing to keep this final section fresh. (Just when you feel you’ve run out of steam.) Avoid aggrandising or exaggerating the impact of your work. It should remind the reader what has been done, and why it matters.

How to format a bibliography (or where to find a reliable model)

Most universities use a preferred style of references , writes THE associate editor Ingrid Curl. Make sure you know what this is and follow it. “One of the most common errors in academic writing is to cite papers in the text that do not then appear in the bibliography. All references in your thesis need to be cross-checked with the bibliography before submission. Using a database during your research can save a great deal of time in the writing-up process.”

A bibliography contains not only works cited explicitly but also those that have informed or contributed to the research – and as such illustrates its scope; works are not limited to written publications but include sources such as film or visual art.

Examiners can start marking from the back of the script, writes Dr Brabazon. “Just as cooks are judged by their ingredients and implements, we judge doctoral students by the calibre of their sources,” she advises. She also says that candidates should be prepared to speak in an oral examination of the PhD about any texts included in their bibliography, especially if there is a disconnect between the thesis and the texts listed.

Can I use informal language in my PhD?

Don’t write like a stereotypical academic , say Kevin Haggerty, professor of sociology at the University of Alberta , and Aaron Doyle, associate professor in sociology at Carleton University , in their tongue-in-cheek guide to the PhD journey. “If you cannot write clearly and persuasively, everything about PhD study becomes harder.” Avoid jargon, exotic words, passive voice and long, convoluted sentences – and work on it consistently. “Writing is like playing guitar; it can improve only through consistent, concerted effort.”

Be deliberate and take care with your writing . “Write your first draft, leave it and then come back to it with a critical eye. Look objectively at the writing and read it closely for style and sense,” advises THE ’s Ms Curl. “Look out for common errors such as dangling modifiers, subject-verb disagreement and inconsistency. If you are too involved with the text to be able to take a step back and do this, then ask a friend or colleague to read it with a critical eye. Remember Hemingway’s advice: ‘Prose is architecture, not interior decoration.’ Clarity is key.”

How often should a PhD candidate meet with their supervisor?

Since the PhD supervisor provides a range of support and advice – including on research techniques, planning and submission – regular formal supervisions are essential, as is establishing a line of contact such as email if the candidate needs help or advice outside arranged times. The frequency varies according to university, discipline and individual scholars.

Once a week is ideal, says Dr Brabazon. She also advocates a two-hour initial meeting to establish the foundations of the candidate-supervisor relationship .

The University of Edinburgh guide to writing a thesis suggests that creating a timetable of supervisor meetings right at the beginning of the research process will allow candidates to ensure that their work stays on track throughout. The meetings are also the place to get regular feedback on draft chapters.

“A clear structure and a solid framework are vital for research,” writes Dr Godwin on THE Campus . Use your supervisor to establish this and provide a realistic view of what can be achieved. “It is vital to help students identify the true scientific merit, the practical significance of their work and its value to society.”

How to proofread your dissertation (what to look for)

Proofreading is the final step before printing and submission. Give yourself time to ensure that your work is the best it can be . Don’t leave proofreading to the last minute; ideally, break it up into a few close-reading sessions. Find a quiet place without distractions. A checklist can help ensure that all aspects are covered.

Proofing is often helped by a change of format – so it can be easier to read a printout rather than working off the screen – or by reading sections out of order. Fresh eyes are better at spotting typographical errors and inconsistencies, so leave time between writing and proofreading. Check with your university’s policies before asking another person to proofread your thesis for you.

As well as close details such as spelling and grammar, check that all sections are complete, all required elements are included , and nothing is repeated or redundant. Don’t forget to check headings and subheadings. Does the text flow from one section to another? Is the structure clear? Is the work a coherent whole with a clear line throughout?

Ensure consistency in, for example, UK v US spellings, capitalisation, format, numbers (digits or words, commas, units of measurement), contractions, italics and hyphenation. Spellchecks and online plagiarism checkers are also your friend.

How do you manage your time to complete a PhD dissertation?

Treat your PhD like a full-time job, that is, with an eight-hour working day. Within that, you’ll need to plan your time in a way that gives a sense of progress . Setbacks and periods where it feels as if you are treading water are all but inevitable, so keeping track of small wins is important, writes A Happy PhD blogger Luis P. Prieto.

Be specific with your goals – use the SMART acronym (specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and timely).

And it’s never too soon to start writing – even if early drafts are overwritten and discarded.

“ Write little and write often . Many of us make the mistake of taking to writing as one would take to a sprint, in other words, with relatively short bursts of intense activity. Whilst this can prove productive, generally speaking it is not sustainable…In addition to sustaining your activity, writing little bits on a frequent basis ensures that you progress with your thinking. The comfort of remaining in abstract thought is common; writing forces us to concretise our thinking,” says Christian Gilliam, AHSS researcher developer at the University of Cambridge ’s Centre for Teaching and Learning.

Make time to write. “If you are more alert early in the day, find times that suit you in the morning; if you are a ‘night person’, block out some writing sessions in the evenings,” advises NUI Galway’s Dermot Burns, a lecturer in English and creative arts. Set targets, keep daily notes of experiment details that you will need in your thesis, don’t confuse writing with editing or revising – and always back up your work.

What work-life balance tips should I follow to complete my dissertation?

During your PhD programme, you may have opportunities to take part in professional development activities, such as teaching, attending academic conferences and publishing your work. Your research may include residencies, field trips or archive visits. This will require time-management skills as well as prioritising where you devote your energy and factoring in rest and relaxation. Organise your routine to suit your needs , and plan for steady and regular progress.

How to deal with setbacks while writing a thesis or dissertation

Have a contingency plan for delays or roadblocks such as unexpected results.

Accept that writing is messy, first drafts are imperfect, and writer’s block is inevitable, says Dr Burns. His tips for breaking it include relaxation to free your mind from clutter, writing a plan and drawing a mind map of key points for clarity. He also advises feedback, reflection and revision: “Progressing from a rough version of your thoughts to a superior and workable text takes time, effort, different perspectives and some expertise.”

“Academia can be a relentlessly brutal merry-go-round of rejection, rebuttal and failure,” writes Lorraine Hope , professor of applied cognitive psychology at the University of Portsmouth, on THE Campus. Resilience is important. Ensure that you and your supervisor have a relationship that supports open, frank, judgement-free communication.

If you would like advice and insight from academics and university staff delivered direct to your inbox each week, sign up for the Campus newsletter .

Authoring a PhD Thesis: How to Plan, Draft, Write and Finish a Doctoral Dissertation (2003), by Patrick Dunleavy

Writing Your Dissertation in Fifteen Minutes a Day: A Guide to Starting, Revising, and Finishing Your Doctoral Thesis (1998), by Joan Balker

Challenges in Writing Your Dissertation: Coping with the Emotional, Interpersonal, and Spiritual Struggles (2015), by Noelle Sterne

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• Writing Tips

How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in IEEE Referencing

• 2-minute read
• 24th March 2021

Did you know you can cite someone else’s thesis or dissertation in your own work? In this post, we’ll explain how this works in IEEE referencing .

Citing a Thesis or Dissertation in IEEE Referencing

In-text citations in IEEE referencing use numbers in square brackets:

Reactive forensics focuses on an incident after it has occurred [1].

These numbers point to sources in the reference list, with sources numbered in the order you cite them (i.e., the first source is always [1], the second is [2], and so on).

For more on citing sources IEEE style, see our blog post on the subject .

Adding a Thesis or Dissertation in an IEEE Reference List

In an IEEE reference list, the basic format for a thesis or dissertation is:

[#] INITIAL (S). Surname, “Title of thesis or dissertation,” Qualification Type, Department Name, University Name, City of University, State/Country, Year.

If possible, you should abbreviate any commonly used terms from this list in the entry (e.g., “University” is usually abbreviated to just “Univ.”).

You can see how this might look in practice below:

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[1] C. P. Clark, “A digital forensic management framework,” MSc Dissertation, Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, 2020.

Make sure to include the hanging indent in all references as well.

Theses and Dissertations Accessed Online

If you accessed a thesis or dissertation online, give either a URL or DOI at the end of the reference. The exact format depends on which you give:

• For a URL (i.e., a regular web address), include “[Online]” and the URL itself with no final punctuation at the end of the reference.
• For a DOI , add the DOI after a comma and end the reference with a period.

You can see examples of both styles below:

[1] C. P. Clark, “A digital forensic management framework,” MSc Dissertation, Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1923/

[2] B. S. Bello, “Reverse engineering the behaviour of Twitter bots,” PhD Thesis, School of Informatics, Univ. of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Year, doi: 10.25392/leicester.data.12662456.v1.

Otherwise, though, the reference format is the same as shown above.

Expert IEEE Proofreading

Hopefully, you now feel confident citing a thesis or a dissertation in IEEE style. If you’d like further help checking your references, why not submit a free sample document and select IEEE referencing on upload to see how our experts work?

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Know How to Structure Your PhD Thesis

• 4 minute read
• 35.6K views

Table of Contents

In your academic career, few projects are more important than your PhD thesis. Unfortunately, many university professors and advisors assume that their students know how to structure a PhD. Books have literally been written on the subject, but there’s no need to read a book in order to know about PhD thesis paper format and structure. With that said, however, it’s important to understand that your PhD thesis format requirement may not be the same as another student’s. The bottom line is that how to structure a PhD thesis often depends on your university and department guidelines.

But, let’s take a look at a general PhD thesis format. We’ll look at the main sections, and how to connect them to each other. We’ll also examine different hints and tips for each of the sections. As you read through this toolkit, compare it to published PhD theses in your area of study to see how a real-life example looks.

Main Sections of a PhD Thesis

In almost every PhD thesis or dissertation, there are standard sections. Of course, some of these may differ, depending on your university or department requirements, as well as your topic of study, but this will give you a good idea of the basic components of a PhD thesis format.

• Abstract : The abstract is a brief summary that quickly outlines your research, touches on each of the main sections of your thesis, and clearly outlines your contribution to the field by way of your PhD thesis. Even though the abstract is very short, similar to what you’ve seen in published research articles, its impact shouldn’t be underestimated. The abstract is there to answer the most important question to the reviewer. “Why is this important?”
• Introduction : In this section, you help the reviewer understand your entire dissertation, including what your paper is about, why it’s important to the field, a brief description of your methodology, and how your research and the thesis are laid out. Think of your introduction as an expansion of your abstract.
• Literature Review : Within the literature review, you are making a case for your new research by telling the story of the work that’s already been done. You’ll cover a bit about the history of the topic at hand, and how your study fits into the present and future.
• Theory Framework : Here, you explain assumptions related to your study. Here you’re explaining to the review what theoretical concepts you might have used in your research, how it relates to existing knowledge and ideas.
• Methods : This section of a PhD thesis is typically the most detailed and descriptive, depending of course on your research design. Here you’ll discuss the specific techniques you used to get the information you were looking for, in addition to how those methods are relevant and appropriate, as well as how you specifically used each method described.
• Results : Here you present your empirical findings. This section is sometimes also called the “empiracles” chapter. This section is usually pretty straightforward and technical, and full of details. Don’t shortcut this chapter.
• Discussion : This can be a tricky chapter, because it’s where you want to show the reviewer that you know what you’re talking about. You need to speak as a PhD versus a student. The discussion chapter is similar to the empirical/results chapter, but you’re building on those results to push the new information that you learned, prior to making your conclusion.
• Conclusion : Here, you take a step back and reflect on what your original goals and intentions for the research were. You’ll outline them in context of your new findings and expertise.

Tips for your PhD Thesis Format

As you put together your PhD thesis, it’s easy to get a little overwhelmed. Here are some tips that might keep you on track.

• Don’t try to write your PhD as a first-draft. Every great masterwork has typically been edited, and edited, and…edited.
• Work with your thesis supervisor to plan the structure and format of your PhD thesis. Be prepared to rewrite each section, as you work out rough drafts. Don’t get discouraged by this process. It’s typical.
• Make your writing interesting. Academic writing has a reputation of being very dry.
• You don’t have to necessarily work on the chapters and sections outlined above in chronological order. Work on each section as things come up, and while your work on that section is relevant to what you’re doing.
• Don’t rush things. Write a first draft, and leave it for a few days, so you can come back to it with a more critical take. Look at it objectively and carefully grammatical errors, clarity, logic and flow.
• Know what style your references need to be in, and utilize tools out there to organize them in the required format.
• It’s easier to accidentally plagiarize than you think. Make sure you’re referencing appropriately, and check your document for inadvertent plagiarism throughout your writing process.

PhD Thesis Editing Plus

Want some support during your PhD writing process? Our PhD Thesis Editing Plus service includes extensive and detailed editing of your thesis to improve the flow and quality of your writing. Unlimited editing support for guaranteed results. Learn more here , and get started today!

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Reference management. Clean and simple.

How to format your references using the Angewandte Chemie International Edition citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Angewandte Chemie International Edition . For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors .

• Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

• Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

• Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Angewandte Chemie International Edition .

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

• Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

• News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

• In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets :

• About the journal
• Other styles
• IEEE Sensors Journal
• Current Landscape Ecology Reports