no homework policy on weekends

The Caravan

Students shouldn’t have homework on weekends.

Jonathan Kuptel '22 , Staff Writer | November 7, 2021

Jonathan Kuptel

MC senior Imari Price works on a assignment for 21st-Century Media class.

Teachers and students have different opinions about homework. Saying it is not fair is the usual argument, but being fair is not the issue. It is about students being prepared. Daily homework assignments can be difficult, and weekends homework assignments are worse. Students operate best when they are well-rested and ready to go. A weekend with no homework would help them to be fresh and ready on Monday morning. Weekend assignments tend to be longer and more difficult. 

The students have a difficult day with classes, practices, and going to school. By Friday, (test day) they are near exhaustion. Most tests are given on Fridays. Homework on Monday-Thursday is time-consuming. Some weekends will include assignments in more than 1 class. Those who go to Mount Carmel are near the end of their rope by 2:40 PM on Friday. I have had other discussions with the senior class and we all feel pretty tired at the end of the day at 2:40 PM. A free weekend helps to get prepared for the next grind to start. No homework weekends assures better sleep cycles and a body that has recovered and refreshed. Weekends include chores around the house and family commitments. This plus weekends assignments lead to a lack of sleep. This means Monday will have a positive attitude. No homework on weekends also means more family time. This is a bonus. 

Alfie Kohn in his book The Homework Myth: Why Are Kids Get Too Much Of A Bad Thing says, “There is no evidence to demonstrate that homework benefits students.” The homework on weekends starts in elementary school and continues throughout high school. 

Mr. Kohn states that homework on weekends starts in elementary school and continues throughout high school. This supports the argument that weekend homework starts in elementary school and now students at Mount Carmel High School have to deal with weekend assignments. The weekend assignments take too much time and are a waste of students’ time. 

Nancy Kalish , author of The Case Against Homework: How Homework Is Hurting Our Children And What We Can Do About It, says “simply busy work” makes learning “a chore rather than a positive, constructive experience.” 

Receiving weekend homework that is not discussed in class and counts only as “busy work” is counterproductive. Students finish the assignments because they are required to be done. When the homework is not reviewed on Monday, it leads to frustration. Busy homework that serves no purpose is never a good idea. 

Gerald LeTender of Penn State’s Education Policy Studies Department points out the “shotgun approach to homework when students receive the same photocopied assignment which is then checked as complete rather than discussed is not very effective.” Some teachers discuss the homework assignments and that validates the assignment. Some teachers however just check homework assignments for completion. LeTender goes on to say, “If there’s no feedback and no monitoring, the homework is probably not effective.” Researchers from the Curry School of Education at the University of Virginia had similar findings in their study “ When Is Homework Worth The Time?” Researchers reported no substantive difference in the grades of students who had homework completion. Adam Maltese, a researcher , noted , “Our results hint that maybe homework is not being used as well as it could be. Even one teacher who assigns busy shotgun homework is enough to be a bad idea. 

Students come to know when homework is the “shotgun approach.” They find this kind of assignment dull. Students have no respect for assignments like this. Quality assignments are appreciated by students. 

Etta Kralovec and John Buell in their book How Homework Disrupts Families, Overburdens Children, And Limits Learning assert that homework contributes to a corporate style, competitive U.S. culture that overvalued work to the detriment of personal and familial well being. They go on to call for an end to homework, but to extend the school day. 

Cooper, Robinson, and Patalc, in 2006 warned that homework could become counter productive. Homework is counterproductive when it is a (shotgun) assignment. To reiterate, not all homework is bad. Bad homework which is not reviewed in class just plain “busy work” is not positive and could be counterproductive. 

Sara Croll, Literacy Coach and Author, believes too much homework causes stress for students. Diana Stelin, teacher, artist, and mother says, “I’m absolutely in favor of this ban. Homework is homework, it doesn’t matter what class it comes from. What it does is create negative associations in students of all ages, takes away their innate desire to learn, and makes the subject a dreaded chore.” 

When students come to dread their homework, they do not do a great job on these assignments. Making students do a lot of homework isn’t beneficial because they get drowsy when they work at it for hours and hours at a time. It is hard for the brain to function properly when it is tired and boring. 

Pat Wayman, Teacher and CEO of HowtoLearn.com says, “Many kids are working as many hours as their overscheduled parents and it is taking a toll.” “Their brains and their bodies need time to be curious, have fun, be creative and just be a kid.” 

No homework on weekends is not just a wish, but it is supported by all of these educators and authors. They all champion limiting homework are totally opposed to homework assignments. Educators and students agree that no homework on weekends is a good idea. Meaningful homework, a longer school day, and discussion of homework are what these educators and authors encourage. 

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Statement on the no-homework policy bills

PASIG CITY, August 28, 2019 – With its issuance of the “Guidelines on Giving Homework or Assignment to All Public Elementary School Pupils,” otherwise known as DepEd Memorandum No. 392, series 2010, the Department of Education (DepEd) reiterates its commitment to the holistic development of learners inside and outside the classroom.

The said issuance aims to enable learners to have more quality time with their parents, family, and friends by limiting the homework/assignment to a reasonable quantity on school days and by eliminating the same during weekends.

It is in this regard that the Department supports the no-homework policy proposed by legislators from the House of Representatives. By ensuring that they complete all assignments and projects in school, the no-homework policy enables our learners to find balance between their academic development and personal growth by having ample time for enjoyable activities with family.

The Department will further study the other provisions of the bills to determine the repercussions on the current teaching and learning process.

Should More Schools Adopt a “No Homework on Weekends” Policy?

“No homework tonight!” From time to time, some teachers surprise their students with that announcement at the closing bell of class. In some schools, though, that’s becoming the norm rather than the exception—at least on specially designated weekends.

A Seasonal Gift for Some

Fall is the season to give thanks and be merry. It’s also the countdown to college admissions due dates. And it’s a great time to land a seasonal job and make some extra money at the end of the year. In states such as Maryland , several schools have designated homework-free weekend periods this fall. It allows over-stressed kids to catch up with other responsibilities—or simply take a breather. The main reason for the break, though, is that college priority and early admissions deadlines for many top colleges in the region occur in the fall.

Schools in Princeton, New Jersey, began implementing one homework-free weekend each semester in 2015, in part to give students more time to pursue interests and passions outside of school. Other New Jersey schools limit the number of minutes students should spend on homework each night. In Hinsdale, Illinois , one high school began offering seniors one homework-free weekend in October “to give harried seniors a little break to prepare for their futures . . . and make sure they have enough time to work on their college applications.” Similarly, schools across the country offer a no-homework weekend at year’s end.

Not Without Downsides

Unfortunately, homework-free weekends sometimes create an unwelcome side effect: extra-homework weekdays. Teachers are still tasked with finishing their lesson plans, and homework is often an important part of that. For students who are working on projects with pending due dates, not working on those projects for an entire weekend may not be feasible. And there’s always the risk that students who are afforded extra time to catch up on college admissions and pursue positive endeavors may simply waste the free time bestowed upon them.

Is homework helpful or harmful?

Some teachers and school districts have taken a blanket approach and banned homework entirely. The value of homework as a whole has been a topic of much debate. In one study , researchers at University of Virginia’s Curry School of Education concluded that math and science homework didn’t lead students to achieve better grades , but it did lead to better standardized test results.

A Stanford researcher concluded that excess homework increases kids’ stress and sleep deprivation. She emphasized that homework shouldn’t be assigned simply as a routine practice; it should have a concrete purpose and benefit. Homework, especially thoughtful homework, is valuable, and eliminating it entirely may be counterproductive to the goal of attending school in the first place: mastering the subject matter.

What do you think?

It’s a safe assumption that most students would strongly favor a homework-free-weekends policy. We’re curious how parents feel about the idea. How would you feel if your child’s school implemented a “no homework on the weekends” policy? Would you worry that your children might fall behind peers in other schools without a similar policy? Or do you think it would encourage your children to engage in more valuable extracurricular activities, get jobs, spend more time completing their college admissions packets, or simply catch up on much-needed sleep? We’d love to know what you think.

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Senate Bill No. 966, 18th Congress of the Republic

Committee details, legislative history.

Entitled: AN ACT ESTABLISHING A NO-HOMEWORK POLICY FOR ALL PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN THE COUNTRY [ FIRST REGULAR SESSION, 18TH CONGRESS ] [ 2019 ] 8/27/2019 Introduced by Senator GRACE POE; 8/28/2019 Read on First Reading and Referred to the Committee on BASIC EDUCATION, ARTS AND CULTURE; (The legislative history/plenary deliberations is prepared by the INDEXING, MONITORING AND LIS SECTION, LEGISLATIVE BILLS AND INDEX SERVICE; The data entry on committee meetings is prepared by the Committee Affairs Bureau)

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DepEd supports proposed no-homework policy

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This is AI generated summarization, which may have errors. For context, always refer to the full article.

MANILA, Philippines – The Department of Education (DepEd) has expressed its support for the no-homework policy bills proposed by lawmakers at the House of Representatives.  

DepEd, in a statement released on Wednesday, August 28, said the measures would “enable learners to have more quality time with their parents, family, and friends by limiting the homework [and] assignment to a reasonable quantity on school days and by eliminating the same during weekends.”  

It said the policy would allow students to “find balance between their academic development and personal growth by having ample time for enjoyable activities with family.”

House Deputy Speaker Evelina Escudero and Quezon City Representative Alfred Vargas filed separate bills  in August.  

Escudero filed House Bill (HB) No. 3611 , which seeks to remove homework as a requirement and have Kinder to Grade 12 students do academic activities solely within school premises.

“Homework assignments can deprive students and parents [of] precious quality time for rest, relaxation, and interaction after schools hours and even on weekend,” the bill’s explanatory note reads.

The bill also seeks to prohibit students from taking textbooks home in order to “lighten the physical burden of schoolchildren,” who, Escudero said, often have to carry heavy bags due to schoolwork that has to be done beyond the school. This will apply to Kinder to Grade 6 students.  

Vargas filed HB No. 3883 , which seeks to eliminate homework on weekends for all elementary and high school students.  

This is so that students can “enjoy their free time from the precisions of school during weekends and to be able to have a quality time with their family and friends.”    

Vargas, in his proposal, also cited a 2018 study that featured discussions on a similar policy in a public school in Western Cape province in South Africa. Vargas said scholars in South Africa had argued “that homework is a burden for children and parents,” has caused the decline of family time, and even undermines learning interest.  

HB 3883 seeks to “promote and protect the physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being of the youth.”

While DepEd welcomed the proposals, teachers groups have slammed the proposed measures.  

The Alliance of Concerned Teachers (ACT) in a statement told Congress to instead focus on reviewing the K to 12 curriculum.

“We are not issuing homework to burden our students. It is demanded of us by the K to 12 program, so much [so] that our performance evaluation system ensures its implementation,” said ACT national chairperson Joselyn Martinez.  

Teacher’s Dignity Coalition said: “Our teachers are trained educators. We know the value of homework. It’s about discipline, responsibility, and continuity of learning.” – Rappler.com

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THE SUSPENSION OF HOMEWORK IN THE PHILIPPINES

• Temps de lecture : 16 min de lecture
• Auteur/autrice de la publication : education_south
• Publication publiée : 2 juin 2022
• Post category: Pédagogie
• Commentaires de la publication : 3 commentaires

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By Joreen Domingo Varly

To the 29 000+ Filipino readers/viewers over the past 3 months, Maraming Salamat po!

INTRODUCTION

Homework or homework assignment has been an inevitable part of a pupils’ academic journey. An academic task that includes a period of reading, writing that has to be completed, textbook exercises to answer, Mathematics problems to be solved, some information to review for the previous or next lesson, and some activities to practice skills.

The primary purpose of giving a homework is to reinforce and increase pupils’ knowledge and improve their learning abilities. This will encourage pupils to engage in active learning. This also promotes a pupil-parent communication and collaboration between pupils.

 But many schools are rethinking homework, some have cut down on the amount they give each week, and others no longer allow weekend assignments. Some have eliminated homework entirely.

Source : OECD (2014)

THE PHILIPPINES’ Suspension of Homework

In September 2010, a memorandum from the Department of education was circulated (and passed on to all the bureau directors, regional directors, school division/city superintendents and Heads of Public elementary school). The   Deped Memorandum No.392 S.2010 highlights the suspension of homework during the weekend. This is to address the concern of parents regarding the amount of time the pupils consume in accomplishing their homework, instead of having an enjoyable and quality time with their family. This memorandum also intends to ease the pupils’ burden about the thought of doing plenty of homework.

In August 2019, the 118 th Congress – Senate Bill No. 966 (authored by Senator Grace Poe) or the proposed “No Homework Law” has been filed. This is a senate bill banning teachers from giving homework to students from kinder to Grade 12 on weekends.

The bill stated that all primary and secondary schools in the country shall not allow teachers to give any network or assignments to students. Under the proposed measure, teachers may only assign homework to students on weekends provided that it be minimal and will not require more than four hours to be completed.  The policy will be applied on both public and private schools.

“Further, it looked at homework hours around the world and found that there wasn’t much of a connection between how much homework students of a particular country do and how well their students score on tests” , the bill read.

Citing a 2014 study from the OECD based on PISA data, the senator noted that additional time spent on homework has a negligible impact on the performance of students after around four hours of homework in a week.  In OECD countries, for example, advantaged students spend 5.7 hours per week doing homework, on average, while disadvantaged students spend an average of 4.1 hours per week.

No homework policy

The Department of Education (DepEd) expressed its support on this filed bill of “No homework policy” saying that it would help learners find balance between personal and academic growth. Since they had been advocating for an all-inclusive learning regime for Filipino students, to include out of the classroom schooling, a policy that will, in effect, restrict teachers from giving homework to students from kindergarten to Grade 12. In hopes that the concept will enable Filipino learners “to find balance between their academic development and personal growth by having ample time for enjoyable activities with family.”

Up to this date, the proposed bill is not yet approved. Apparently, there is need to be circumspect and judicious. The DepEd memorandum of 2010 is still the ruling guideline on giving homework to pupils.

Summary of pros and cons of homework

Let’s look into the summary of homework’s pros and cons:

Source : Joreen Domingo-Varly

NEWS : SEAMEO Secretariat and the Department of Education, Philippines commit to the next phase of SEA-PLM Programme

The SEAMEO Secretariat Director, Dr Ethel Agnes Pascua-Valenzuela, and the Secretary of Education, Philippines, H E Dr Leonor Magtolis Briones, signed the Memorandum of Understanding to spearhead the implementation of activities under the Southeast Asia Primary Learning Metrics (SEA-PLM) 5-Year Strategic Plan, including the SEA-PLM 2024 Survey. The MoU signing ceremony took place in the Office of the Secretary Building at the Department of Education in Manila on Monday, 02 May 2022.

Des manuels pour les pays en voie de développement ? Oui, mais… un ensemble de défis !

Curricula analysis in francophone africa, l’enseignement multilingue : les réalités d’un environnement pédagogique dynamique, cet article a 3 commentaires.

Félicitations à Joreen d’évoquer un problème en émergence dans les pays africains. Au Cameroun où je passe la majorité de mes observations, le problème de” saturation des activités intellectuelle” gagne du terrain, encouragé par cette frénésie de faire avancer les enfants sans respecter le rythme bio-physiologique des enfants. Tenez par exemple, les congés c’est à partir du 10 juin au primaire. Immédiatement, les “saturalistes” ont déjà programmé des cours de rattrapage pour le mois de juillet. Quand est-ce que le cerveau de ces enfants va se reposer? Commençons à mener des réflexions dans ce sens. Châpeau Joreen/

Thanks! Actually I’ve been looking if it has been approved or not yet, then I saw you blog. I know the Finnish almost 100% do not give homework. As a math teacher, in my class, I started not giving them homework (years before the pandemic) even though the bill has not been passed yet.

https://news.yahoo.com/theres-only-far-them-why-123134730.html

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No-Homework Policy: Why Some Educators Say It Benefits Kids

Two bills that propose a no-homework policy for students in kindergarten to senior high school have been submitted in the House of Representatives (HOR). House Bill No. 3883 seeks to prohibit teachers in elementary and high schools to give assignments on weekends, while House Bill No. 3611 proposes a total ban on homework for all students in kindergarten up to senior high school.

The Department of Education (DepEd) Secretary Leonor Briones agreed that kids should be able to spend time with their parents and rest. She also acknowledged that often, it’s the parents, tutor, or yaya who does the child’s homework. The agency has since released new guidelines on giving homework to students.

Both parents and teachers had mixed reactions about the proposal to ban all assignments to be done at home or in their own time. Too much homework is a real concern, and yet there are also essential life skills kids can learn by doing homework. Homework itself is not harmful; it depends on the quality and quantity of tasks assigned to children.

If the “No Homework Policy” is passed into law, the Philippines wouldn’t be the first country to do so. Students in Finland, Denmark, and Sweden already spend zero to just a few hours every week on homework, along with other education policies . Many teachers had also sent their students “ unconventional homework ” (e.g., spend time with parents or try a new activity).

Most parents and kids from these schools and classes loved it — and for valid reasons: The more holistic approach to learning has been proven to produce academic achievers, as well as healthier students who are more confident and more secure. These schools and teachers show that kids can benefit from having little to no homework. Some of the advantages include:

Young kids have more time to play and read.

Preschoolers and early elementary students have yet to develop study skills , so giving homework in the form of exercises might not be a good use of their time. It’s been proven time and time again that young kids learn better through play. They understand and remember better when they’re playing and having fun. If young learners should be given assignments, a 2013 study suggests it should be reading with their parents.

Children have more room to create and explore on their own.

A teacher discovered that when she didn’t give her second-grade students mandatory homework, they started doing more independent learning at home. “This inspiring group of 8-year-olds used their newfound free time to explore subjects and topics of interest to them,” Jaqueline Fiorentino writes in Edutopia . She also encouraged reading and “optional” work to help children review lessons. Giving kids more room to explore and be creative help develop a lifelong learning attitude.

Kids learn about responsibility, plus other social and practical life skills.

In a U.K. school, elementary kids choose between two optional homework schemes , depending on their interests and targets. Both programs aim to help kids take greater responsibility for what and how they learn. An analysis of the school’s homework schemes showed that it helps develop independence, ensure that skills taught in school are followed-up at home, and promote kindness since some tasks involve family, the community, and charity.

Time with family and friends is the foundation for developing a child’s social skills. Spending time and having fun with the people you love makes for good memories which can serve as kids’ happiness anchors and contribute to good mental health . It can also give children opportunities to learn practical skills such as cooking and washing dishes, among others.

Children have more time for rest and sleep.

If parents get exhausted when they’re overworked, kids can also experience burnout. Studies have shown than when kids are tired, they can’t focus and perform tasks. “Your brain has to relax every now and then. If you just constantly work, then you stop learning. And there’s no use in doing that for a longer period of time,” says Finnish school principal Leena Liusvaara .

All the above things considered, homework also has its benefits — and by homework, we don't mean only pen-and-paper tasks. When students are given a reasonable number of appropriate tasks, provided that they actually work on them themselves, they develop good study habits such as organizational skills and time management. The key is always balance.

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There is need to be circumspect and judicious, with the no-homework policy bills proposed by lawmakers in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, welcomed by the Department of Education but slammed by teachers’ groups.

Definitely, those bills will be examined closely and thoroughly during public hearings to be conducted by the committees involved in both chambers, appreciating forwarded arguments and bones of contention from the proponents and those who oppose it.

The bill filed by House Deputy Speaker Evelina Escudero seeks to remove homework as a requirement and have Kinder to Grade 12 students do academic activities entirely within school premises, with the bill’s explanatory note stressing homework assignments “can deprive students and parents (of) precious quality time for rest, relaxation, and interaction after school hours and even on weekend.”

Quezon City Rep. Alfred Vargas, in a separate bill, wants to eliminate homework on weekends for all elementary and high school students. He goes further by citing a 2018 study that featured discussions on a similar policy in a public school in Western Cape province of South Africa where scholars argued “that homework is a burden for children and parents” which had contributed to the decline of family time and compromised learning interest.

In the Senate, Senator Grace Poe filed a bill titled “No Homework Law” banning teachers to give homework or assignments on weekends, the policy to be applicable to both public and private schools.

Poe also cited a study from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s Program for International Student Assessment, and noted that additional time spent on homework had a negligible impact on performance of students.

Some senators like Senator Joel Villanueva have also expressed support for the no-homework policy. Villanueva, who currently chairs the Senate Committee on Higher, Technical and Vocational Education, who said school children “should be able to spend more time with their families and explore things outside the regular class curricula. This will encourage our kids to enhance their creativity and deep thinking.”

We note of the knockdowns raised by the Alliance of Concerned Teachers, the Teachers Dignity Coalition and the Federation of Associations of Private Schools and Administrators as well as the support extended by the Department of Education.

It is axiomatic that we need to make strategies where students can be responsive to the challenges and demands of a very competitive market.

Let’s have the arguments scrutinized properly during the public hearings. But let’s not slam the door shut at this point on what might be the merits of the proposals.

• Department of Education
• Evelina Escudero
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DepEd: No-homework plan to help students attain school-life balance

DepED Secretary Leonor Briones. INQUIRER FILE PHOTO / GRIG C. MONTEGRANDE

MANILA, Philippines — The Department of Education (DepEd) has expressed support to the proposed no-homework policy from kindergarten to high school, stressing it would help students achieve a school-life balance.

DepEd in a statement Wednesday cited Memorandum No. 392 issued in 2010, which advised teachers to limit assignments to a “reasonable quantity” and eliminating it during the weekends. 

“The said issuance aims to enable learners to have more quality time with their parents, family, and friends by limiting the homework/assignment to a reasonable quantity on school days and by eliminating the same during weekends,” Deped said.

“By ensuring that they complete all assignments and projects in school, the no-homework policy enables our learners to find a balance between their academic development and personal growth by having ample time for enjoyable activities with family,” it added.

DepEd Secretary Leonor Briones earlier expressed its support to the proposed legislation, stressing that formal education should be done inside schools. 

“Ang gusto natin, lahat ng pormal na pag-aaral, assignments, projects, whatever, gawin sa loob ng eskwelahan. Pag-uwi nila, libre na sila, free time na nila to be with their parents, with their friends,” Briones said in a recent radio interview. 

Separate bills calling for a no-homework policy were filed at the House of Representatives by Deputy Speaker Evelina Escudero and Quezon City Rep. Alfred Vargas.

Escudero’s bill seeks to eliminate homework and limit school activities within the campus while Vargas’ measure wants to stop teachers from assigning homework during weekends. /kga

RELATED STORIES

Briones supports no homework policy from kindergarten to high school

No-homework bills filed 

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DepEd to issue guidelines regulating weekday homework of students

Ahead of the passage of a law, the Department of Education (DepEd) will issue a directive regulating the giving of homework to students during weekdays, Secretary Leonor Briones told GMA News Online.

Briones said the directive will contain guidelines including the number of homework that will be assigned, the subjects to be included and the students who will be covered by the policy.

The directive will also reiterate DepEd Memorandum No. 392 (series of 2010)  that prohibits homework or assignments during weekends “for pupils to enjoy their childhood and spend quality time with their parents without being burdened by the thought of doing lots of homework.”

Briones said the directive is being finalized for her signature.

“Right now, we are discouraging homework during weekends, but we need to issue a new directive, pending the approval of the bills, that will regulate or limit the homework given on weekdays,” she said.

“In principle, I am supportive of the pending bills in Congress because the final test of the pudding is not really on the homework, we cannot prove the effectiveness of our educational system through homework,” the Education chief added.

There are no guarantees that the kids themselves do the homework, Briones said.

“We know that in a number of cases it is the mother or father, lolo or lola, the tutors or even the yayas who accomplish these homework, so yung output na sina-submit sa school ay hindi output ng bata,” she said.

What should be encouraged within the classrooms is more time for discussions to hone the analytical thinking and assessment of students.

“Data changes, so we can’t always ask them to memorize information and figures.  What we should do is teach them discernment and analytical thinking,” Briones said.

Several bills seeking to implement a “no-homework” policy among kindergarten to Grade 12 students are up for deliberation at the Senate and the House of Representatives.

In House Bill 3611, Deputy Speaker and Sorsogon Representative Evelina Escudero also seeks to compel schools and teachers to implement a "more holistic and effective pedagogy" by conducting all lessons and activities in school.

Apart from a no-homework policy, House Bill 3611 also proposes that all kindergarden and Grade 6 students will deposit and leave their textbooks in school. No textbook will be brought home to "prevent the adverse effects" of carrying heavy bags to-and-from schools. —KBK, GMA News

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STAKEHOLDERS' PERCEPTIONS ON "NO HOMEWORK POLICY" IN A PHILIPPINE PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOL

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Educators' expectations and understandings of parental involvement in our nation's schools are often disconnected from the reality of students' home lives. This qualitative study purports that educators often lose opportunities to more fully understand and serve students, particularly when perceptions of parental involvement and home-school-community relationships are not accurate or expansive enough to appreciate the nuances of different cultural, economic, or geographic circumstances. Parent (or caregiver) engagement, as we define it, encapsulates both parent voice and parent presence. Parent voice implies not only that parents have ideas and opinions about their children, but also that educators are receptive to this voice, allowing for an open, multidirectional flow of communication. Similarly, parent presence refers to actions related to the voices of caregivers. Based on a grounded theory model of qualitative research, we used a small, theoretically derived sample of parents involved with a local parent education program to further understand parent engagement, presenting detailed descriptions of conversations and writing done by participants through focus groups and interviews. From these data, new models of parent voice and presence emerged. These models act as precursors to a reconfigured and more comprehensive model of parent engagement. Crucial to the final model is an understanding of parent participation in children's lives that is fluid, robust, and specific to context and culture. The final model presented herein is a combination of parent voice and parent presence, whereby children's well being is central to the interactions. (Contains 3 figures and 3 endnotes.)

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Self-regulated learning refers to the processes used by learners to systematically and actively attain their personal goals. As such, it involves an individual’s use of cognition, behavior, and affect to sustain this pursuit (Zimmerman & Schunk, 2011 ). Bandura’s ( 2012 ) social cognitive theory explains individual learning, development, acquisition of knowledge, and self-regulated competency within a social context, in which parents, peers, and teachers play a signifi cant role as social models. Social cognitive theory research has been of interest to educators, parents, and policymakers because of its explanatory power in understanding human development, its practicality, and its applicability to learning. A unique contribution of social cognitive theory is its emphasis on the triadic interaction between the person, behavior, and the environment. This triadic model accounts for how individuals are not dependent exclusively on the environment but are able to manipulate, react, and influence their environment. Personal factors such as cognition and affect also come into play.

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Denis A Tan

Homework or assignment is widely known as an educational activity, which primary purpose is to help the students improve their performances however some studies showed that assignment has a negative impact on students’ social lives and more assignment increases stress level and physical problems. In the Philippines, a “No Homework Policy” during weekends for all student levels was issued by President Rodrigo R. Duterte. This study explores the possible effect of having and not having assignments on weekends on the transmuted mean scores and performance of high school students. The study was conducted at Central Mindanao University Laboratory High School (CMULHS), in Maramag, Bukidnon using two sections of Grade 11 students. The data was treated using the descriptive statistics. ANCOVA was used to determine if a significant difference exist. Result of the study reveals that class with assignments had a higher transmuted mean scores as compared to those without assignments. An increased performance from midterm to final term was noted in the with assignment group however, there is no significant difference in the performance of the students with and without assignments.

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Imane Radif

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Parent involvement in and engagement with children's learning has been shown to strongly influence student achievement, engagement, motivation and school completion. However, parent involvement decreases once students reach middle school, as subject content gets harder, the number of teachers increases, and students are less likely to share their homework and learning with parents. To this end, the flipped learning approach has received growing attention, with evidence of improved higher order thinking and collaborative skills, and increased transparency for parents. This article explores school leader, parent, student and teacher perceptions of the flipped learning approach, through the lens of a one-year case study of two rural South Australian schools, in order to uncover how the approach affects parent engagement. Findings reveal that, whilst stakeholders feel that the flipped approach is beneficial for absent students, to reinforce content and increase student responsibility, it has not improved transparency for parents, with a disconnect between what schools think parents know and are engaging in, and the actual level of parent engagement in student learning. Recommendations for schools implementing the flipped learning approach are provided against a bioecological model, adapted for this study. Practitioner notes What is already known about this topic  Parents play a vital role in the learning journey of students, although less is known about their perceptions of flipped learning (FL) in schools.  FL has been gaining popularity, however far less research has been undertaken in schools. What this paper adds  Stakeholders feel that FL supports students who are absent or who require content reinforcement, increases students' sense of responsibility, centres parent-teacher conversations more on learning, and has the potential to increase student engagement.  Whilst teachers feel that FL increases transparency for parents, parents and students do not.  Misconceptions of parent engagement and knowledge of school processes can hinder FL efficacy. Implications for practice and/or policy  Schools should conduct a needs analysis and implement a whole school approach to parent engagement and implementing FL, with school leaders playing a key role.  Increased support of FL through funding of equipment and professional development, as well as less staffing changes.  Gaining support from governing council, and offering combined FL workshops for parents and teachers may increase transparency and strengthen links between home and school.

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