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Home / Blog / CBSE Class 11 Sample Paper 2023-24 for All Subjects (PDF)

CBSE Class 11 Sample Paper 2023-24 for All Subjects (PDF)

Last Updated on Apr 11, 2024

CBSE class 11 sample papers will be crucial for the students in their exam preparation. By solving the model question papers, students can identify their weak and strong areas. Practising with the sample papers will also help understand the types of questions asked and manage the time during the exams.

In this article, you can download the PDF of CBSE Class 11 sample question papers 2023-24 for all the subjects. We have also mentioned the solutions for the class XI sample papers. Moreover, you’ll also get to know about the paper pattern and marking scheme for question papers.

Must Check: RBSE Class 11th Syllabus 2024

CBSE Class 11 Sample Papers 2024 – Download PDF

Given below are the links to download the pdf of CBSE Class 11 sample papers with solutions for the 2023-24 session. It includes Class 11 question papers pdf for all subjects such as Chemistry, Accounts, English, Maths, Physics, Biology, Hindi, Economics, etc.

Students can use these sample question papers to practice for their 2023-24 half-yearly exams .

Also Check: CBSE Class 11 Sample Papers 2024

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CBSE Class 11 Sample Papers 2021-22 PDF

Benefits of solving cbse class 11 sample papers.

Along with the preparation for the exams, practising with sample papers is also important. Students generally take class 11 lightly and as a result, get low marks. However, solving CBSE class 11 sample papers will help them in their preparations. In the following section, you’ll find the benefits of solving mock test papers.

Increases the confidence of students in their preparation and reduces exam fear.
Gives a clear understanding of students’ weak and strong areas.
By solving the class 11 sample papers, students can revise the entire syllabus before exams.
Our sample papers are replicas of actual papers hence students know the question marking pattern along with the time allotted.
After solving sample papers students can focus on the topic which can still ambush them on exam day.
Helps students in managing their time and increase their writing speed.

How CBSE Sample Paper Class 11 Enhances Learning?

Now, let’s delve deeper into how you can make the most of CBSE Class 11 Sample Paper 2023-24.

– Start early: Begin practising with sample papers well in advance to cover all topics.

– Consistency is key: Set a regular schedule for solving sample papers.

– Analyze your performance: After each attempt, analyze mistakes and rectify them.

– Seek guidance: If you face challenges, don’t hesitate to ask teachers or peers for help.

– Simulate exam conditions: Attempt sample papers under timed conditions to build stamina.

Paper Pattern/Marking Scheme for CBSE Class 11th 2023-24

As you might have checked the class 11 sample papers for different subjects, you should also know the paper pattern and marking scheme of the question papers .

The marking scheme helps us to know how much percentage of weightage is given to a particular subject, chapter, or skill. With the help of the marking scheme, students can check the minimum marks required to clear the exams. At the same time, it also helps the student to strive for good marks to get distinctions in the subjects.

In the following sections, we have mentioned the paper pattern and marking scheme for each subject in PDF format. Therefore, students can download the PDF and start their preparation accordingly.

CBSE Class 11 Paper Pattern and Marking Scheme for All Subjects 2023-24

The question papers of all the subjects are divided into two main sections. Theoretical and practical assessments.

For those Subjects’ question papers having 70 total marks, 30 marks are assessed through internal assessment or practical projects.
For those Subjects’ question papers having 80 total marks, 20 marks are assessed through internal assessment or practical projects.

Mentioned below are the CBSE Class 11 paper pattern and marking design for all the subjects categorized based on Commerce, Science and Arts. Students can download the latest PDF by clicking on the links.

Class 11 Question Paper Pattern and Marking Scheme for Hindi and English 2022-23

Question Paper Design 2022-23 and Marking Scheme for Hindi core (code 302)
Question Paper Design 2022-23 and marking scheme for Hindi elective (code 002)
Question Paper Design 2022-23 and Marking Scheme for English Core (code no 301)
Question Paper Design 2022-23 and marking Scheme for English Elective Class 11 (code no 100)

Class 11 Question Paper Pattern and Marking Scheme for Commerce Subjects for 2022-23

Question Paper Design 2022-23 and Marking scheme for Accounts code 055
Question Paper Design 2022-23 and Marking scheme for Business studies code 054
Question Paper Design 2022-23 and Marking scheme for Economics code 030
Question Paper Design 2022-23 and Marking Scheme for Maths code 041
Question Paper Design 2022-23 and Marking scheme for entrepreneurship code 066

Check out the detailed and latest CBSE class 11 commerce syllabus of the 2023 board exams.

11th Question Paper Pattern and Marking Scheme for Science Subjects for 2023-24

Question Paper structure 2022-23 and Marking Scheme for Physics code 042
Question Paper structure 2022-23 and Marking Scheme for Chemistry code 043
Question Paper structure 2022-23 and Marking Scheme for Biology code 044
Question Paper Design 2022-23 and Marking Scheme for Applied Mathematics code 241

Class 11 Question Paper Pattern and Marking Scheme for Arts Subjects 2023-24

Question Paper Design 2022-23 and Marking Scheme for History code 027
Question Paper structure 2022-23 and Marking Scheme for Geography code 029
Question Paper structure 2022-23 and Marking Scheme for Sociology code 039
Question Paper structure 2022-23 and Marking Scheme for Psychology code 037

Good Schools use an absolute grading system for class 11 and a positional grading system for 12 std. used for class 12. The marking scheme for both Class 12 is similar to class 11 in the CBSE board.

Preparation Tips for Class 11 2024 Exams

First, complete the topics that are easy and cover higher marks weightage in the exams. Then, move on to the hard topics.
Focus on NCERT. In your class 11 question papers, 80-90% portion will be from NCERT.
Make and follow a study plan so that you can complete the syllabus at least 2 months before the exams.
Revise the entire course at least 2 times.
In the last month, solve 1 class 11 sample paper daily.

In this blog, you’ve got the CBSE class 11 sample papers for 2023-24 of all subjects with solutions. Students must know the benefits of solving the model test papers and make it an integral part of their preparation. Along with this, now you also know the paper pattern and marking scheme for class 11 exams. Start your preparation accordingly and excel in the class 11th exams.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Q1. Does the CBSE release the Class 11 Sample Papers?

Ans. No, CBSE does not release the Class 11 sample papers. It only issues the sample question papers for classes 10th and 12th.

Q2. Where can I find the Class 11 sample papers?

Ans. Students can download the class 11 sample papers from this page.

Q3. What are the benefits of solving the sample papers?

Ans. Sample papers will help you in knowing your strong and weak points. Other than that, you also know how to manage your time in exams. Moreover, it will give you the feeling of real exams and you’ll learn how to handle pressure.

Q4. From where I can download the class 11th half-yearly sample papers for the 2023-24 exams?

Ans. Students can download the class 11th half-yearly sample papers from the above section.

Q5. Has CBSE released the sample papers for the 2023-24 exams?

Ans. Yes, CBSE has released the sample papers for classes 10th and 12th on its official website.

Q6. How many sample papers are released by CBSE?

Ans. CBSE releases only one sample paper for each subject.

Q7. Are the CBSE sample papers tougher than the actual exam papers?

Ans. Seeing the previous year’s question papers and sample papers, we can say that the sample papers are either of the same difficulty levels or sometimes tougher than the actual exams.

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CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11 with Solution 2024-25

CBSE Sample Papers

Sample Questions Paper with Solutions for CBSE Class 11 - Free PDF Download

Vedantu has brought the CBSE Sample Question Paper for Class 11 with solutions so that students can prepare themselves better for Class 11 exams. They will be able to evaluate their exam preparation with the help of these papers. These sample papers are available in PDF format on Vedantu and students can download them for free. CBSE Sample Question Paper for Class 11 is available for all subjects on Vedantu. Our highly experienced teachers have researched and curated these papers as per the latest CBSE syllabus for Class 11 . Students can refer to these solved papers for their exam preparation.

Class 11 has a vast syllabus that includes multiple subjects from various domains. To thoroughly prepare for these subjects, students will need the assistance of sample question papers designed by the subject experts of Vedantu. These papers have been prepared by keeping in mind the previous question papers, the latest exam pattern and following the latest CBSE syllabus to cover all the topics.

Hence, solving these CBSE sample papers will enable you to grab the concepts well and develop the ideal answering skills to ace all the exams.

CBSE Class 11 Sample Papers with Solutions 2024-25

Cbse sample papers for class 11 with solutions.

There are different subjects that we study in Class 11 such as Physics, Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics, History, Geography, Political Studies, Language subjects, etc. In History, we learn about the Indus valley civilization and ancient India, on the other hand, we get to learn about the demand and supply in Economics at the macro level. We learn gravitation, thermodynamics, the structure of the atom in Science, and assets and liabilities in accountancy. For all these subjects, you can find Sample Question Paper for Class 11 here on Vedantu. These papers will be helpful for those students who struggle to find such papers in one place. It will also be helpful for those who don't know what kind of paper will come from such a vast syllabus and how to answer different questions.

Merits of attempting Class 11 Sample Question Papers

Solving sample question papers will be useful because these papers are prepared as per the latest pattern of CBSE and the new syllabus and their marking system by the experts of Vedantu after thorough research.

Standard answers are being provided along with the sample papers so that students can improve their answering methods.

Solving Class 11 sample question paper will help the students to improve writing or presentation skills and learn time management while attempting the paper.

Students can evaluate themselves and their preparation by solving these papers.

CBSE Class 11 sample question paper will help students to create a strong base which will help them in Class 12 as well.

Importance of CBSE Sample Class 11 Question Papers and Solutions

Class 11 is an essential stage of a student's academic career. At this stage, he is introduced to many topics of a subject. Multiple such subjects need more attention and studying for preparation. The students will also need the complete study material for the preparation and the set of sample papers for each subject.

The sample papers compiled by the experts of Vedantu will be the best bet for checking the preparation level of the subjects. The questions compiled in these sample papers are all based on the fundamental topics included in the syllabus. Answering these questions accurately will require a proper conceptual foundation. Hence, these sample papers will be the ideal assessment tool that students should follow.

Benefits of CBSE Sample Class 11 Question Papers and Solutions

You will find all the sample papers for this syllabus in one place. All you have to do is to download them by choosing the right subject and proceed with your practice sessions.

You will also get accurate solutions for all these sample papers. Check the answers given in the CBSE Sample Class 11 Question Papers solutions and develop your answering skills.

Refer to the solutions to clarify doubts and strengthen your preparation. By comparing your answers with the solutions, you can easily find out the sections of the syllabus of a subject that need more attention.

These sample papers also come with precise solutions developed by the same experts. These solutions follow the CBSE Class 11 standards so students can easily correlate with the answering format and the topics used to formulate them. This is why the sample papers are considered an integral part of the study material students need to prepare for Class 11 subjects.

Download CBSE Sample Class 11 Question Papers and Solutions PDF

Get the free PDF versions of these sample papers from here and solve them at your convenience. Refer to the solutions of these question papers to find out where you need to become better at answering fundamental questions. Broaden your preparation by considering these questions as suggestions to follow and practice. Follow the answering methods of the experts to learn how to use the concepts and contexts of chapters to ace the exams.

Thus, we hope that the CBSE Sample Question Paper for Class 11 will help the students to understand the pattern of a particular subject and will help them to revise the syllabus as well. By getting these papers you won't have to waste your time in searching for appropriate sample papers with answers. Vedantu is your end solution. We believe that these sample papers will surely help you to score good marks in the examination. You can also check notes or Important questions of different subjects on our platform. These will help you to grow in your academic journey.

Important Study Materials for CBSE Class 11

FAQs on CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11 with Solution 2024-25

1. Do I have to pay to download these sample papers?

These are available absolutely free of cost on Vedantu for all.

2. How these sample papers will be useful?

You have to solve the sample papers in a timespan of 3 hours and then evaluate the answer sheet with the standard answers provided. This way you will be well prepared for your examinations. Also, it will help you identify the topics in which you are weak and hence enhance your exam preparation.

3. Where can I download CBSE sample question papers with Solutions for Class 11 for free?

A student can easily download the CBSE Sample Questions Paper with Solutions for Class 11 from Vedantu for absolutely free. This will help the students understand the exam pattern better for the multiple subjects that the student learns in their Class 11th. This will not only boost the confidence of the students but also give a sense of similarity to them while facing the respective examination. Vedantu helps the students immensely for preparation of their examinations.

You can avail all the well-researched and good quality chapters, sample papers, syllabus on various topics from the website of Vedantu and its mobile application available on the play store.

4. How many subject question papers for the CBSE board examinations are available on the website of Vedantu?

The CBSE Sample Questions Paper with Solutions for Class 11 provides Free downloadable PDF for the following Subjects: Class 11 Maths, Class 11 Physics, Class 11 Chemistry, Class 11 Business Studies, Class 11 Economics and Class 11 Accountancy. The students can access the subject as per their need and download them for free from the website. Thus, a student can study these papers whenever he/she wants and practice them to score better marks in their upcoming exams.

5. How will CBSE sample question papers with solutions for Class 11 help me for my exam preparation?

Yes, definitely. Not only at Vedantu one can find sample question papers with appropriate patterns to study for their exams but also they can access the solutions for the same to prepare better. They can come up with their own answer keys and then check the standard solutions given in the solutions PDF. Thus one can analyze his/her solution and strengthen their answers for the exam day.

6. Are sample papers enough to score good in Class 11 in CBSE?

Sample papers are great help but certainly not enough to ace in Class 11 in CBSE . Please visit Vedantu for your respective subject as study materials are provided for all the subjects a student needs to learn in class 11. This will ensure you learn concepts better and eventually scores will improve in your final exams.

CBSE Study Materials for Class 11

Jee study materials, neet study materials.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11 All Subjects 2024-25 in the format of MCQ with OMR sheet of answers subjects like Maths, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Business studies, Accountancy, Sociology, History (Itihas), Geography (Bhugol), English, Hindi Elective (Hindi Achchhik). All Stream’s papers are given below to download free in PDF format. Sample papers for Physical Education are in given in Physical Education for Class 11 section.

Sample Papers for Class 11 Maths Session 2024 Term 1

Class 11 Maths Sample Paper 1
Class 11 Maths Sample Paper 1 OMR Sheet
Class 11 Maths Sample Paper 1 Answers

Sample Papers for Class 11 Physics for 2024 Term 1

Class 11 Physics Sample Paper 1
Class 11 Physics Sample Paper 1 OMR Sheet
Class 11 Physics Sample Paper 1 Answers

Sample Papers for Class 11 Biology for 2024 Term 1

Class 11 Biology Sample Paper 1
Class 11 Biology Sample Paper 1 OMR Sheet
Class 11 Biology Sample Paper 1 Answers

Sample Papers for Class 11 English for 2024 Term 1

Class 11 English Sample Paper 1
Class 11 English Sample Paper 1 OMR Sheet
Class 11 English Sample Paper 1 Answers

Sample Papers for Class 11 Accounts for 2024 Term 1

Class 11 Accounts Sample Paper 1
Class 11 Accounts Sample Paper 1 OMR Sheet
Class 11 Accounts Sample Paper 1 Answers

Sample Papers for Class 11 Business Studies for 2024 Term 1

Class 11 Business Studies Sample Paper 1
Class 11 Business Studies Sample Paper 1 OMR Sheet
Class 11 Business Studies Sample Paper 1 Answers

Sample Papers for Class 11 Economics for 2024 Term 1

Class 11 Economics Sample Paper 1
Class 11 Economics Sample Paper 1 OMR Sheet
Class 11 Economics Sample Paper 1 Answers

Sample Papers for Class 11 History and Geography for 2024 Term 1

Class 11 History Sample Paper 1
Class 11 History Sample Paper 1 OMR Sheet
Class 11 History Sample Paper 1 Answers
Class 11 Geography Sample Paper 1
Class 11 Geography Sample Paper 1 OMR Sheet
Class 11 Geography Sample Paper 1 Answers

Sample Papers for Class 11 Hindi and Sanskrit for 2024 Term 1

Class 11 Hindi Sample Paper 1
Class 11 Hindi Sample Paper 1 OMR Sheet
Class 11 Hindi Sample Paper 1 Answers
Class 11 Sanskrit Sample Paper 1
Class 11 Sanskrit Sample Paper 1 OMR Sheet
Class 11 Sanskrit Sample Paper 1 Answers

Sample Papers for Class 11 Physical Education for 2024 Term 1

Class 11 Physical Education Sample Paper 1
Class 11 Physical Education Sample Paper 1 OMR Sheet
Class 11 Physical Education Sample Paper 1 Answer

Sample Papers for Class 11 Home Science, Political Science and Sociology for 2024 Term 1

Class 11 Home Science Sample Paper 1
Class 11 Home Science Sample Paper 1 OMR Sheet
Class 11 Home Science Sample Paper 1 Answers
Class 11 Political Science Sample Paper 1
Class 11 Political Science Sample Paper 1 OMR Sheet
Class 11 Political Science Sample Paper 1 Answers
Class 11 Sociology Sample Paper 1
Class 11 Sociology Sample Paper 1 OMR Sheet
Class 11 Sociology Sample Paper 1 Answers

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11 All Subjects are given below to download in PDF format. Sample Papers are prepared from the latest NCERT Books and these are according to new CBSE Syllabus. Join the discussion forum to ask your doubts related to NIOS board or CBSE Board.

SAMPLE PAPERS FOR ACCOUNTANCY

Sample Practice Paper 1
Sample Practice Paper 2
Sample Practice Paper 3

SAMPLE PAPERS FOR BUSINESS STUDIES

Sample Practice Paper 1 English Medium
Sample Practice Paper 2 English Medium
Sample Practice Paper 1 Hindi Medium
Sample Practice Paper 2 Hindi Medium

SAMPLE PAPERS FOR CHEMISTRY

Sample Practice Paper 4

SAMPLE PAPERS FOR ECONOMICS

SAMPLE PAPERS FOR Economics in Hindi

SAMPLE PAPERS FOR ENGLISH

SAMPLE PAPERS FOR Bhugol

Sample Practice Paper 5
Sample Practice Paper 6

SAMPLE PAPERS FOR Itihas

SAMPLE PAPERS FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Sample Practice Paper 3 Hindi Medium
Sample Practice Paper 4 Hindi Medium

Sample Practice Paper 1

Sample Practice Paper 2

Sample Practice Paper 3

SAMPLE PAPERS FOR BIOLOGY

Sample Practice Paper 4

Sample Practice Paper 5

Sample Practice Paper 6

Sample Practice Paper 7

Sample Practice Paper 8

Sample Practice Paper 9

SAMPLE PAPERS FOR Hindi

SAMPLE PAPERS FOR MATHS

SAMPLE PAPERS FOR Political Science in Hindi

SAMPLE PAPERS FOR SOCIOLOGY

For other study material visit to NCERT Solutions main page. Solutions are based on latest CBSE Curriculum 2024-25 for the coming CBSE exams. In the solutions sections a NCERT Books for each chapter named as REVISION BOOK is also given for better practice for exams. You can prepare more confidently through these books along with NCERT Exemplar Books issued by CBSE. Always give feedback or suggestions so that we can prepare the contents as well as website more user friendly.

Download NCERT Books and Offline Apps 2024-25 based on new CBSE Syllabus. Ask your doubts related to NIOS or CBSE Board and share your knowledge with your friends and other users through Discussion Forum.

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11th Maths - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Tiruppur District ) | Mr. D. Srinivasan - English Medium Download Here
11th Maths - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Virudhunagar District ) | Mr. Gowtham Raja - English Medium Download Here
11th Maths - First Mid Term Exam Model Question Paper 2019-2020 | Mr. S. Saravana Kumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Maths - First Mid Term Exam Model Question Paper 2019-2020 | Mr. T. Gowtham Raja - English Medium Download Here
11th Maths - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Coimbatore District) | Mr.M. Ramachandran - English Medium Download Here
11th Maths - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Kanchipuram District) | Mr.B.Balaji - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Maths - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Tiruvannamalai District) | Mr. A.Vijayaraj - English Medium Download Here
11th Maths First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Thirunelveli District) | Mr.M. Siva Kumar- English Medium Download Here
11th Physics - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Trichy District) | Mr. K. Ponnan - English Medium Download Here
11th Physics - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Tanjore District) | Mrs. A. Vennila - English Medium Download Here
11th Physics - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Kanchipuram District) | Mr. B. Balaji - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Physics - First Mid Term Exam Model Question Paper 2019-2020 | Mr. G. Thirumoorthy - English Medium Download Here
11th Physics - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Thiruvannamalai District) | Mr.A.Vijayaraj - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Physics - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Coimbatore District) | Mr.Mugilan - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Physics - First Mid Term Question Answer Key 2018-2019 (Tirunelveli District) | Ms. R. Saigouweri - English Medium Download Here
11th Physics - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Thirunelveli District) | Mr.M. Siva Kumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Chemistry - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Trichy District) | Mr. K. Ponnan - English Medium Download Here
11th Chemistry - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Tirunelveli District ) | Mr. M. Sivakumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Chemistry - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Vellore District) | Mr.Balamurugan - English Medium Download Here
11th Chemistry - First Mid Term Exam Question Paper 2018-2019 | Mr. E. Prabagar - English Medium Download Here
11th Chemistry - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Kanchipuram District) | Mr.M. Anbalagan - English Medium Download Here
11th Chemistry - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Kanchipuram District) | Mr.B.Balaji - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Chemistry - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Tiruvannamalai District) | Mr. A.Vijayaraj - English Medium Download Here
11th Chemistry - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Thirunelveli District) | Mr.M. Siva Kumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Biology - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Tirunelveli District ) | Mr. M. Sivakumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Bio Botany - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper with Answer Key 2019-2020 ( Namakkal District) | Shri Krishna - English Medium Download Here
11th Bio Botany - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper with Answer Key 2019-2020 ( Namakkal District) | Shri Krishna - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Bio Zoology - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper with Answer Key 2019-2020 ( Namakkal District) | Shri Krishna - English Medium Download Here
11th Bio Zoology - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper with Answer Key 2019-2020 ( Namakkal District) | Shri Krishna - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Biology - First Mid Term Exam Answer Key 2018-2019 (Thirunelveli District) | Mrs.S.Esakkiyammal - English Medium Download Here
11th Bio-Botany - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Kanchipuram District) | Mr.B.Balaji - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Botany - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Kanchipuram District) | Mr.B.Balaji - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Biology - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Thirunelveli District) | Mr.M. Siva Kumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Biology - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Thiruvannamalai District) | Mr.A.Vijayaraj - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Zoology - Answer Key For First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Vellore District) | Mr. S. Velu - English Medium Download Here
11th Zoology - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Vellore District) | Mr. S. Velu - English Medium Download Here
11th Zoology - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Kanchipuram District) | Mr.B.Balaji - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Biology - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Trichy District) | Mr. K. Ponnan - English Medium Download Here
11th PS Botany - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper with Answer Key 2019-2020 ( Namakkal District) | Shri Krishna - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th PS Botany - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper with Answer Key 2019-2020 ( Namakkal District) | Shri Krishna - English Medium Download Here
11th PS Zoology - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper with Answer Key 2019-2020 ( Namakkal District) | Shri Krishna - English Medium Download Here
11th PS Zoology - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper with Answer Key 2019-2020 ( Namakkal District) | Shri Krishna - Tamil Medium Download Here
Computer Science
11th Computer Science - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Kanchipuram District) | Mr. Bharath Uma - English Medium Download Here
11th Computer Science - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Tiruvannamalai District) | Mr. T. Parkunan - English Medium Download Here
11th Computer Science - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Tiruvannamalai District) | Mr. T. Parkunan - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Computer Science - First Mid Term Exam Answer Key 2019-2020 ( Virudhunagar District ) | Mr. M . Rajivgandhi - English Medium Download Here
11th Computer Science - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Covai District ) | Mr. Pradeep Kumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Computer Science - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Tirunelveli District ) | Mr. M. Sivakumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Computer Science - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper with Answer Key 2019-2020 ( Namakkal District) | Shri Krishna - English Medium Download Here
11th Computer Science - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Kanyakumari District) | Mr.Jermin Jersha - English Medium Download Here
11th Computer Science - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Madurai District) | Mr.Parmasivam - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Computer Science - First Mid Term Question Paper with Answer Key 2018-2019 (Thirunelveli District) | Mr.U.Vellathurai - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Computer Science - First Mid Term Question Paper with Answer Key 2018-2019 (Virudhunagar District) | Mrs. M. Geetha - English Medium Download Here
11th Computer Science - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Thirunelveli District) | Mr.M. Siva Kumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Computer Science - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Coimbatore District) | Mr. M.Sivakumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Computer Application - First Mid Term Model Question Paper 2018-2019 | Mr. Amirtha Lingam - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Computer Science - First Mid Term Model Question Paper 2018-2019 | Mr. S.M.Muneer Basha - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Computer Science - First Mid Term Question Paper with Answer Key 2018-2019 (Virudhunagar District) | Mr. M.Prabhu - English Medium Download Here
Computer Application
11th Computer Application - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Kanchipuram District) | Mr. G. Sudharsan - English Medium Download Here
11th Computer Application - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Tirunelveli District ) | Mr. M. Sivakumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Computer Application - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper with Answer Key 2019-2020 ( Namakkal District) | Shri Krishna - English Medium Download Here
Computer Technology
11th Computer Technology - First Mid Term Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Kanyakumari District) | Mrs. A. Basira Nasreen - Tamil Medium Download Here
Business Maths
11th Business Maths - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper with Answer Key 2019-2020 ( Kanchipuram District) | Mr. C. Selvam - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Business Maths - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Virudnthunagar District ) | Mr. S. Senthil Kumar - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Business Maths - First Mid Term Exam Question Paper 2018-2019 (Madurai District) | Mr. Manoj Kumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Business Maths - First Mid Term Exam Question Paper with Answer Key 2018-2019 (Kanchipuram District) | Mr. C. Selvam - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Business Maths - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Coimbatore District) | Ms.Amuthasurabhi - English Medium Download Here
11th Business Maths - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Trichy District) | Mr. K. Ponnan - English Medium Download Here
11th Commerce - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Tiruppur District) | Mr. D. Srinivasan - English Medium Download Here
11th Commerce - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Tanjore District ) | Mrs. A Vennila - English Medium Download Here
11th Commerce - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper with Answer Key 2019-2020 ( Namakkal District) | Shri Krishna - English Medium Download Here
11th Commerce - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper with Answer Key 2019-2020 ( Namakkal District) | Shri Krishna - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Commerce - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 (Kanyakumari District) | Mrs. A. Baseera Nasrin - English Medium Download Here
11th Commerce - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Kanchipuram District) | Mr. B. Balaj - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Commerce - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Tirunelveli District ) | Mr. M. Sivakumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Commerce - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Salem District ) | Mr. G. Prakash - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Commerce - Answer Key for First Mid Term Exam Question Paper 2018-2019 (Vilupuram District) | Mr. M. Khader - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Commerce - First Mid Term Question Paper with Answer Key 2018-2019 (Madurai District) | Mr.M. Muthuselvam - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Commerce - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Kanyakumari District) | Mr.B.Balaji - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Commerce - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Kanchipuram District) | Mr.B.Balaji - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Commerce - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Thirunelveli District) | Mr.M. Siva Kumar - English Medium Download Here
Accountancy
11th Accountancy - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper with Answer Key 2019-2020 ( Kanchipuram District ) | Mr. B. Balaji - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Accountancy - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Kanchipuram District ) | Mr. B. Balaji - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Acccountancy - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Tanjore District ) | Mrs. A Vennila - English Medium Download Here
11th Accountancy - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Trichy District) | Mr. K. Ponnan - English Medium Download Here
11th Accountancy - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Tirunelveli District ) | Mr. M. Sivakumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Acccountancy - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Kanchipuram District ) | Mr. Devarajan - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Accountancy - First Mid Term Question Paper 2019-2020 | Mr. D. Srinivasan - English Medium Download Here
11th Accountancy - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Vellore District) | Mr.Balamurugan - English Medium Download Here
11th Accountancy - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Kanchipuram District) | Mr.B.Balaji - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Accountancy - First Mid Term Exam Question Paper 2018-2019 (Madurai District) | Mr. Manoj Kumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Accountancy - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Thirunelveli District) | Mr.M. Siva Kumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Accountancy - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Coimbatore District) | Mr. S.Mugundhan - English Medium Download Here
11th Accountancy - Answer Key for First Mid Term Exam Question Paper 2018-2019 (Vilupuram District) | Mr. M. Khader - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Maths - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2018-2019 (Vilupuram District) | Mr. Prabhu - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th Economics - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Tanjore District) | Mrs. A. Vennila - English Medium Download Here
11th Economics - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Tirunelveli District ) | Mr. D. Srinivasan - English Medium Download Here
11th Economics - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Thirunelveli District) | Mr. A. Sivakumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Economics - First Mid Term Exam Original Question Paper 2019-2020 ( Tanjore District ) | Mrs. A Vennila - English Medium Download Here
11th Economics - First Mid Term Exam Question Paper 2018-2019 (Madurai District) | Mr. Manoj Kumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Economics - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Coimbatore District) | Ms.Amuthasurabhi - English Medium Download Here
11th Economics - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Thirunelveli District) | Mr.M. Siva Kumar - English Medium Download Here
11th Economics - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Kanchipuram District) | Mr.B.Balaji - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th History - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Kanchipuram District) | Mr.B.Balaji - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th History - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Thiruvarur District) | Mr. M.Shankar - Tamil Medium Download Here
11th History - First Mid Term Question Paper 2018-2019 (Dindigul District) | Mr. Thangapandy - Tamil Medium Download Here
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Study Material

Home>CBSE Class 11 and 12 Syllabus

Class 11 Practice Papers

There are numerous government organizations working for free of cost to provide digital material for the students in order to help them get one step closer to their dream marks. One such website is DoE (Department of Education, Delhi), they provide one of the best practice papers to help you crack your class 11 examinations. In class 11, having a deeper knowledge of the concepts is very prominent for the success of the students. Therefore, you need to practice the variety of questions from different resources of various websites. We at Educart provide our students all these materials compiled at one place without requiring you to login anywhere.

Below, we have provided the links of the downloadable PDF files, now you don’t need to run from one website to another in order to download the important resources required for your examination.

<red> → <red>CBSE Class 11 English Core Practice Papers PDF

<red> → <red>cbse class 11 mathematics practice papers pdf, <red> → <red>cbse class 11 physics practice papers pdf, <red> → <red>cbse class 11 chemistry practice papers pdf, <red> → <red>cbse class 11 biology practice papers pdf, <red> → <red>cbse class 11 accountancy practice papers pdf, <red> → <red>cbse class 11 business studies practice papers pdf, <red> → <red>cbse class 11 economics practice papers pdf, <red> → <red>cbse class 11 physical education practice papers pdf.

📈 Trending: 2024-25 CBSE Class 11 Syllabus

📝 Recommended: Important Questions PDFs for Class 11

📚 Don’t Miss: Class 11 2024-25 Question Banks

Here are some tips which you can use to become topper in your class 11 examination!

Make a daily, weekly and monthly schedule, this way you will be able to systematically cope up with the stress and complete your syllabus in the time bound manner.
Analyze the previous year questions and then practice the above sample papers to consolidate your concepts.
Differentiate the questions into 3 categories easy, average and difficult and try to first get done with practicing questions from easy and average altogether so that you don’t leave any question from these 2 categories.
Use Pomodoro technique that goes like this: ‘study for 25 minutes and take 5 minutes break’ and repeat this process until your study slots get concluded.
Do timely revision, understand the Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve, doing the above things will not only fetch you marks more than you ever expected but will also land you at a very high rank in class 11 examinations.

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Class 11 Accountancy Sample Papers with Answers PDF Download

Author : Palak Khanna

Updated On : September 14, 2023

If you are preparing for class 11 board exams, then practicing the previous year's question papers is one of the best-suggested preparation methods to succeed better in the exam.

Question papers will help improve your time management skills and problem-solving skills. Try to solve as many questions as possible from previous papers and analyze your performance after completing each paper.

In this way, you can check your preparation levels and overcome mistakes. Are you looking for the previous year's papers for the class 11 Accountancy subject?

You can download Accountancy Sample Papers Class 11 from the post below and enhance your preparation.

Download Class 11 Accounts Sample Papers with Solutions PDF

Solving sample papers will help improve your time management skills and problem-solving skills. Also, it will help you understand the Important Topics for Class 11 Accounts and improve your speed and accuracy in the final exam.

Download the Sample Papers of Accounts Class 11 by clicking on the direct links in the table below.

Download Free Study Material for Class 11 Accountancy by Super Grads

Download CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11 Accountancy

Download Accountancy Class 11 sample papers for CBSE from the table below.

Download Class 11 ICSE Accountancy Sample Papers PDF

Before attempting the previous year's papers, you must be thorough with all the concepts of the Class 11 Accountancy Syllabus , as this will let you know in which area you are strong and which area you are weak.

Class 11 Accountancy Sample Questions

We have provided some sample questions here to help you get an idea about the type of questions that will be asked in the exam.

Q) The main objectives of bookkeeping are:

A) Complete recording of transactions

B) Ascertainment of the financial effect on the business

C) Analysis and interpretation of data

Read more : Short tricks to prepare for Class 11 Commerce

Q) Financial Statement is a part of

A) Accounting

B) Book-Keeping

C) Both

Q) Management accounting:

A) Is a clerical work

B) Is accounting for future

C) Is a recording technique of the management related transactions

D) Is the analysis of past business activities

Q) Double accounting system owes its origin to:

A) Luces Pacioli

B) Audam smith

D) Kori marx

Read more : Short Tricks to prepare for Class 11 Business Studies

Q) The problems related to price-rise are handled under:

A) Management Accounting

B) Cost accounting

C) Financial Accounting

D) Initiation accounting

What is the Importance of Solving Class 11th Accounts Sample Papers?

There are various advantages to solving sample paper class 11 accountancy, and those are as follows:

You can know the difficulty level of the exam.
Understand the exam pattern, syllabus, and topic weighting in depth.
You will get an idea about the Class 11 Accountancy Important Questions from the exam point of view.
Improve your speed and performance by solving previous years' papers.
Help improve your time management skills and problem-solving skills.
You can familiarise yourself with the questions that can be asked in the exam.
You can know which topics you are weak and strong in and how to improve in weaker sections.

Read more : Short tricks to prepare for Class 11 Applied Mathematical Reasoning

How to Utilize Accountancy Class 11 Sample Papers?

It is observed that, despite having all the sample papers, you do not know how to use and solve them. So, here's how to efficiently use CBSE Sample Papers for class 11 accountancy.

Solve at least 1-2 question papers every week so that you can know your preparation level and have time to improve on the weak areas.
While solving, attempt the easier questions first and then move to tricky questions, as it will increase your confidence.
After solving, make sure to check all your answers and allot marks yourself for every question.
Then, analyze your performance and start correcting your mistakes.

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Click to view more related papers, display_name = "class 11" && $paper->display_name = "class 12") { // echo $paper->display_name." questions papers and worksheets"; } //else { // echo $paper->display_name." sample papers and previous year papers"; //} //>, cbse class 11 physical education previous year question papers.

Question Papers of Physical Education for Class 11 are the best tool to prepare for final examinations. These previous year papers and board papers are in accordance with CBSE guidelines and prescribed syllabus and thus after solving them students get enough confidence and practice to face the forthcoming exams. Here on Ribblu one can get lot of Question Papers for Class 11 Physical Education in PDF format for free

Total Papers :

Physical Education Topics to be covered for Class 11 Science

Changing Trends and career in Physical Education
Olympic Value Education
Physical Fitness, Wellness and Lifestyle
Physical Education and Sports for CWSN (Children with Special Needs-Divyang)
Physical Activity and Leadership Training
Test, Measurement and Evaluation
Fundamentals of Anatomy, physiology and kinesiology in sports
Psychology and Sports
Taining and Doping in Sports

Structure of CBSE Physical Education Sample Paper for Class 11 Science is

For Preparation of exams students can also check out other resource material

CBSE Class 11 Physical Education Sample Papers

CBSE Class 11 Physical Education Worksheets

CBSE Class 11 Physical Education Test Papers

CBSE Class 11 Physical Education Important Questions

CBSE Class 11 Physical Education Revision Notes

Question Papers of Other Subjects of Class 11

Importance of Question Bank for Exam Preparation?

In order to access the level of preparation done by any particular student he or she needs to solve Previous Year Question Papers. These papers act as perfect tools to practise for the final board exam. If one wants to get a clear look and feel of how final exam papers are framed in terms of level of difficulty, time and other aspects then , all students must make sure that they attempt these papers once their course revision is finished. Few benefits of solving Previous Question Papers are given below:

Revising the subject is very good practice but until and unless one Solves the past question papers in the lookalike environment as in board exam or final class room exam, there is most likely that student may not be able to identify and check whether the understanding of all concepts of the subject are complete or not. It is only after students attempt the question paper in the same time frame he or she is able to judge the capability of solving the paper in the stipulated time frame. It highlights the weak areas if any and gives students ample amount of time to work on those areas and be better prepared before exams.
Knowing everything is great but it is of no use unless the implementation and results are not matching with that. There is always a risk of the case in which in spite of knowing everything a student falls short of time to complete the entire question paper and thus loses marks. Generally CBSE Board papers and previous year questions are generally of 3 hour duration. So while practicing such papers it is imperative to create a final exam or board like environment at home and ensure that the Question paper is attempted only in 3 hours and then check whether it was possible to complete the paper in the desired amount of time. Often at first students take longer than expected, and thus they get early warning to practice more and increase the speed.
Students with anxiety issues need previous year papers more than anyone for overcoming such issues. Since they do not know what questions will be asked in the CBSE board they create panic in their mind due to this fear of the unknown and get scared with the idea that they might not be able to do well in exams. Thus such students need to complete at-least 7-10 Question papers prior to the exams, to gain confidence and get into a better frame of mind.

Question Papers of Other Classes

To Prepare better for CBSE paperclass; ?> " title="Download Free CBSE Papers">Ribblu.com brings to you all the previous years papers & worksheets of subject; ?//> for CBSE paperclass; ?>. This CBSE paper and worksheet can be instrumental in students achieving maximum marks in their exams. These Papers and worksheets help students gain confidence and make them ready to face their school examinations. These Papers and worksheets school wise, covers important concepts from an examination perspective. Students and parents can download all the available papers & worksheets directly in the form of PDF. One can use these papers and worksheets to get extensive practice and familiarise themselves with the format of the question paper.

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Class 11 Physical Education Question Paper Mid Term Exam - Manav

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Accountancy
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CBSE Sample Papers Class 11 Accountancy 2024

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Download the app to get CBSE Sample Papers 2023-24, NCERT Solutions (Revised), Most Important Questions, Previous Year Question Bank, Mock Tests, and Detailed Notes.

We have updated CBSE Sample Papers for class 11 Accountancy as per the new exam pattern for the session 2023-24. These are based on the new marking scheme and blueprint released by CBSE for Class 11 students. We are providing Accountancy sample papers for Class 11 that are very helpful to success in CBSE exams. These Sample Papers are available for free download on the myCBSEguide app and website in PDF format. You can download CBSE marking scheme and blueprint along with the Sample Papers.

Download Accountancy Sample Papers as PDF

CBSE Sample Papers Class 11 Accountancy 2023-24

We at myCBSEguide provide CBSE Class 11 Sample Papers of Accountancy for the year 2024 with solutions in PDF format for free download. This CBSE model question paper follows NCERT textbooks and the CBSE syllabus. All students must check the latest syllabus and marking scheme. Sample papers for Class 11 Accountancy and other subjects are available for download as PDFs on the mobile app too. myCBSEguide provides sample papers with solutions for the academic session 2023-24.

Class 11 – Accountancy Sample Paper – 01 (2023-24)

Maximum Marks: 80 Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

This question paper contains 34 questions. All questions are compulsory.
This question paper is divided into two parts, Part A and B.
Question 1 to 17 and 27 to 29 carries 1 mark each.
Questions 18 to 20 and 30 to 32 carries 3 marks each.
Questions from 21 to 23 carries 4 marks each.
Questions from 24 to 26, 33 and 34 carries 6 marks each.

Class 11 Accountancy Sample Paper Part A

The vouchers which are prepared for transactions not involving cash, i.e. non-cash transactions, are known as ________ vouchers. a) Token b) Credit c) Transfer d) Unilateral
Assertion (A): Statements prepared through management account are helpful in decision making process. Reason (R): The information provided by management accounts is financial and non-financial as well. a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
Goodwill account is a: a) Nominal Account b) Real Account c) None of these d) Personal Account

Purchase of machine by cash means:

Source of documents are a) Cash Memo b) Both Cash Memo and Invoice c) Neither Cash Memo Nor Invoice d) Invoice

Which of the following is not a limitation of accounting?

A provision is a charge against profit whereas reserve is an appropriation of profit.
Provision is made for a known liability or expense the amount of which is not certain whereas reserve is created for strengthening the financial position of the business.
Provision is deducted before calculating taxable profits whereas a reserve is created from profit after tax and therefore it has no effect on taxable profit.
All of these

When a total of the debit side of an account exceeds the total of its credit side, the account is said to have ________.

Owner of the business is treated as creditor to the extent of his capital;
All expenses incurred to earn revenue or a particular period should be charged against that revenue to determine the net income: Financial statements are prepared on 31st March every year.
A business purchased goods for ₹ 200,000 and sold 75% of such goods during the accounting year ended 31st March, 2020. The market value of the remaining goody was ₹ 43,000 Accountant valued closing stock it cost: Identify the concept violated in the above situation. a) Matching b) Conservatism c) Business entity d) Accounting period
Under which concept owner of the business is treated as creditor to the extent of his capital. a) Conservatism b) Business entity c) Matching d) Accounting period
Which of the following is not a fixed asset? a) Computers b) Furniture c) Building d) Cash in hand
Return of goods purchased on credit to the suppliers will be entered in ____ Book. a) Purchase b) Sales c) Sales Return d) Purchase Return
When goods are returned to supplier assets and ________ are ________ by same amount. a) liabilities, increased b) assets, decreased c) liabilities, decreased d) assets, increased
Balance with bank
Plant and Machinery

Out of the following assets, which one is not an intangible asset?

Goods sold for Cash Rs 25,000 plus 12% IGST. Sales A/c will be credited by: a) Rs 28,000 b) Rs 22,000 c) Rs 25,000 d) None of these
How secret reserve can be created a) All of these b) By charging capital expenditure to revenue c) Under valuating stock d) By making excessive provisions
Distinguish between debtors and creditors.
The bank overdraft as per Cash Book on 31st December 2013 ₹ 63,400.
Interest on overdraft for 6 months ending 31st December 2013, ₹ 1,600 is entered in the Pass Book.
Bank charges of ₹ 300 for the above period are debited in the Pass Book.
Cheques issued but not cashed prior to 31st December 2013 amounted to ₹ 11,680.
Cheques paid into bank but not cleared before 31st December 2013 were for ₹ 21,700.
Interest on investments collected by the bank is credited in the Pass Book ₹ 12,000.

On 31st March 2018, the Bank Pass Book of Naresh & Co. showed an overdraft of Rs.10,700. From the following particulars prepare Bank Reconciliation Statement

Cheques issued before 31-03-2018 but presented for payment after that date amounted to Rs.900.
Cheques paid into the Bank but not collected and credited until 31-03- 2018 amounted to Rs.2,200.
Interest on overdraft amounting to Rs.1,200 did not appear in the Cash Book.
Rs.5,000 being interest on investments collected by the Bank and credited in the Pass Book were not shown in the Cash Book.
Bank charges of Rs.50 were not entered in the Cash Book.
Rs.800 in respect of dishonoured cheque were entered in the Pass Book but not in the Cash Book.

Journal Entries

Journalise the following transactions:

Wages paid for the installation of Machinery Rs 600 was posted to Wages A/c.
Repairs to Machinery Rs 400 debited to Machinery A/c.
Repairs paid for the overhauling of second-hand machinery purchased Rs 1,000 was debited to Repairs A/c.
Own business material 8,000 and wages Rs 2,000 were used for the construction of the building. No adjustment was made in the books.
Furniture purchased for Rs 5,000 was posted to Purchases A/c as Rs 500.
Old machinery sold to Karim at its Book value of Rs 2,000 was recorded through sales book.
Total of Sales Returns Book Rs 3,000 was not posted to the ledger. Rectify the above errors and prepare Suspense Account to ascertain the original difference in Trial Balance.

There was a difference of Rs. 8,595 in a trial balance. It has been transferred to debit side of suspense account. Later on following errors were discovered. Pass the rectifying entries and prepare the suspense account.

Rs 283 discount received from a creditor had been duly entered in his account but not posted to discount account.
Goods bought from a merchant for Rs 770 had been posted to the credit of his account as Rs. 7,700.
Rs 6,000 owing by a customer had been omitted from the schedule of sundry debtors.
An item of Rs 2,026 entered in the sales return book had been posted to the debit of the customer who returned the goods.

Class 11 Accountancy Sample Paper Part B

_____ is the arrangement of various assets and liabilities in a particular order

Loss on sale of an old car is debited to: a) Profit and Loss A/c b) Depreciation A/c c) None of these d) Car A/c

Calculate provision for doubtful debt. If debtor closing balance is Rs.3,400 and provision for the reserve of doubtful debts at 10% on sundry debtors

Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts.
From the following information, prepare the Trading Account for the year ended 31st March, 2017: Adjusted Purchases ₹ 15,00,000; Sales ₹ 21,40,000; Returns Inwards ₹ 40,000; Freight and Packing ₹ 15,000; Packing Expenses on Sales ₹ 20,000; Depreciation ₹ 36,000; Factory Expenses ₹ 60,000; Closing Stock ₹ 1,20,000.
Why is it necessary to create a provision for doubtful debts at the time of preparation of final accounts?

TRIAL BALANCE as on 31st March, 2019

Value of Closing Stock as on 31st March, 2019 was ₹ 27,000

From the following trial balance, prepare the trading and profit and loss account for the year ended 31st March 2013 and the balance sheet as at that date

The following adjustments are to be made :

Stock in the shop on 31st March, 2019 was ₹ 64,480.
Half the amount of X’s Bill is irrecoverable.
Create a provision of 5% on other debtors.
Wages include ₹ 600 for erection of new Machinery.
Depreciate Machinery by 5% and Furniture by 10%.
Commission includes ₹300 being Commission received in advance.

To practice more questions & prepare well for exams, download myCBSEguide App . It provides complete study material for CBSE, NCERT, JEE (main), NEET-UG and NDA exams. Teachers can use Examin8 App to create similar papers with their own name and logo.

From the following trial balance extracted from the books of MMN, prepare the trading and profit and loss account for the year ended 31st December, 2013 and the balance sheet as at that date.

Additional Adjustments Charge depreciation on land and building at 2 {tex}\frac 12{/tex} %, on plant and machinery account at 10% and on furniture and fixtures at 10%. Make a provision of 5% on debtors for doubtful debts. Carry forward the following unexpired amounts.

Fire insurance Rs 125
Rates and taxes Rs 240
Apprentice premium Rs 400
Closing stock Rs 29,390

Class 11 – Accountancy Sample Paper – 01 (Solution)

Class 11 accountancy sample paper part a solution.

(c) Transfer Explanation: Transfer
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Real Account Explanation: Goodwill account is a Real Account, goodwill is an intangible asset and all assets are real.
(b) Both Cash Memo and Invoice Explanation: yes. Cash memo are prepared on cash sale or cash purchase and Invoices are on credit transaction of sale and purchase. these both are source documents, on the basis of which we record transaction.
(d) Option (iv) Explanation: Option (iv)
(b) Conservatism Explanation: Conservatism
(b) Business entity Explanation: Business entity
(b) a – (iii), b – (i), c – (ii) Explanation: General reserve is created for no specific purpose to meet any unforeseen contingency, specific reserve is created to meet a specific expense and capital reserves are created out of capital profits which may or may not involve cash receipt.
(d) Cash in hand Explanation: Cash in hand is a current asset, not a fixed asset.
(d) Purchase Return Explanation: We prepare seprate books of credit transaction for purchase, sale , purchase return or sale return. So, when we return goods to the which are purchase on credit from supplier it will be recorded in purchase return book.
(c) liabilities, decreased Explanation: Stock (assets) will reduce due to purchase return and creditors (liabilities) will also decrease by the same amount.
(c) Rs 25,000 Explanation: Cash A/c … Dr. … 28,000 To Sales A/c … 25,000 To IGST A/c … 3,000 So, Sales A/c will be credited by Rs 25,000.
(a) All of these Explanation: Secret Reserve :- A secret reserve is one whose existence is not disclosed in the balance sheet. It can be created by all the methods mentioned above by suppressing sales, by charging over depreciation etc. It is created without showing to public.

Journal Entries In The Books Of Amrit, Delhi

Working Notes:

An accounting standard is a common set of principles, standards and procedures that define the basis of financial accounting policies and practices. Accounting standards improve the transparency of financial reporting in all countries. Accounting standards are principles that guide and standardizes the process of accounting and is notified by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. The advantages are:

Accounting practice is standardized and hence comparison of accounts of different companies is possible.
Window dressing manipulation is not possible.

Books of Ravinder Associates Trial Balance as on March 31, 2017

Journal Entry

Bank Reconciliation Statement as on 31st December 2013

BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT as on March 31, 2018

Journal of Hema

In the Books of Rahul Journal Entries

Suspense Account

Rectifying Entries

Suspense A/c

MACHINERY ACCOUNT

PROVISION FOR DEPRECIATION ACCOUNT

DEPRECIATION ACCOUNT

Depreciation under the straight-line method is calculated on original cost of asset after reducing salvage value. Each year same amount of depreciation is charged. When provision for depreciation account is prepared depreciation is charged through provision for depreciation account and not asset account.

Machinery Account

Provision for Depreciation Account

Machinery Disposal Account

Working Note:

Class 11 Accountancy Sample Paper Part B Solution

(a) Profit and Loss A/c Explanation: Loss on sale of the car will be transferred to Profit and Loss A/c.

Trading Account for the year ended 31st March, 2017

For recording business transactions, the convention of conservatism is followed which states that provision should be made for expected profit and gains should not be accounted for. As it is not possible to accurately know the amount of bad debts. Therefore, in order to bring an element of certainty in the amount of bad debts from debtors a provision for doubtful debts is created to cover the loss of possible bad debts. A firm must be convinced with the amount of net debtors which it is going to realize by the end of the financial year and for this purpose, provision for doubtful debts certainly provides a helping hand.

JOURNAL OF SHAMIT

TRADING ACCOUNT OF SHAMIT for the year ended 31st March, 2019

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT OF SHAMIT for the year ended 31st March, 2019

Trading & Profit and Loss A/c

Balance Sheet

Trading Account of Mr. Alok for the year ended March 31, 2019

Profit and Loss Account of Mr. Alok for the year ended March 31, 2019

Balance Sheet of Mr. Alok as at March 31, 2019

Working Note:- Calculation of Depreciation:- Depreciation of Machinery = ₹14,400 + ₹600 {tex}\times {/tex} 5% = ₹ 750 Calculation of Provision for Doubtful debts:- Provision for doubtful debts = Sundry Debtors – Further Bad debts – Amount recovered {tex}\times {/tex} Rate Provision for doubtful debts = (₹30,000 – ₹500 – ₹500) {tex}\times{/tex} 5% Provision for doubtful debts = ₹1,450 When adjustments are given in trial balance all the adjustments will be taken in the balance sheet only. Adjustments that are given after trial balance will be shown both in trading and profit and loss account and balance sheet. To practice more questions & prepare well for exams, download myCBSEguide App . It provides complete study material for CBSE, NCERT, JEE (main), NEET-UG and NDA exams. Teachers can use Examin8 App to create similar papers with their own name and logo.

The Trading and Profit and Loss account & Balance Sheet of MMN will be prepared in the following manner :

Trading and Profit and loss Account for the year ended 31st December, 2013

Balance Sheet as at 31st December,2013

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Answer of question number 4 is incorrect but explanation is correct.

sorry wrongly I said answer of question 4 is wrong but it is correct.

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The Economic Theory That Explains Why Americans Are So Mad

Annie lowrey talks about how the affordability crisis is shaping how americans perceive the state of the economy..

[MUSIC PLAYING]

From New York Times Opinion, this is “The Ezra Klein Show.”

I’ve been thinking about this episode for a bit, so I’m going to spend a couple of minutes here, setting it up.

Back in September, the economist put out this interesting model that pulled in a bunch of different bits of economic data, so things like the unemployment rate, inflation, gas prices, the S&P 500. And they used all that to predict how people would feel about the economy. And they showed that from 1980 to 2019. All these bits of data, they do predict how people feel about the economy.

And then the pandemic hits and the model completely falls apart.

By late 2023, the model is looking at low unemployment, it’s looking at falling inflation, it’s looking at a great stock market, and it predicts consumer sentiment. It’s going to be 98 out of 100, 98 out of 100. That is Joe Biden gets his face on a coin territory. Here, in reality, the actual consumer sentiment was 69. That is Joe Biden might lose re-election territory.

There’s been this debate for a year or two now about whether the economy is good or it is bad. And the language of that, the binariness bothers me. It’s like asking if the 19th century was good or bad. I mean, good or bad for whom? Compared to what? The economy is like this vast, multidimensional hyperobject. It’s a little too big for good or bad. I think we need to be more precise.

This debate is not about whether the economy is good or bad. The debate is about our expectations. Given what we’ve seen before, we would expect — we did expect people to be happier with the economy than they are right now, a lot happier. One way you can try to reconcile that is you can say, the public is misinformed or misled.

There’s this Guardian Harris poll that came out a few weeks ago. It found 56 of Americans, 56 think we’re in a recession, 49 percent think the S&P 500 is down this year, and 49 percent think that unemployment is at a 50-year high. For the record, we are not in a recession. The S&P 500 is at a record high. And unemployment is at 3.9 percent, which is extremely low. So factually, people are wrong about the economy.

But it gets weirder than that because when you ask people how they’re doing, they say they’re doing pretty well. The Federal Reserve collects this data. In 2016, 70 percent of Americans said they were doing at least OK financially. In 2018, 75 percent said they were doing at least OK. And in 2023, 72 percent said they were doing at least OK. So that doesn’t look like an economy that people are experiencing in a way where they should think we’re in a recession or at a 50-year high in unemployment. And yet, people are unhappy about something.

So go back to that Federal Reserve report. By the way, if you’re a nerd who wants to read along here, I’m looking at “The Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households in 2023.” On page 10, they have this chart, which shows the main financial challenges people said they were facing in 2016 and in 2023 — inflation, living expenses, debt, retirement costs, medical costs, educational costs, employment. But in 2016, none of those get above percent, and 53 percent of people say they’re facing no real financial challenges at all. So that’s 2016.

In 2023, they ask the same question but get a very different response. 35 percent say inflation is their main financial challenge. 21 percent say basic living expenses. Only 31 percent say they’re not facing any challenges at all. So yeah, people say their financial situation is at least OK, but they also say they’re facing much more financial challenge than they were eight years ago. And they’re very clear about what those challenges are.

So I’ve been working around this big theory of the economy right now. And it’s based on something that got published in The Atlantic in February of 2020, that cursed month right before everything shuts down.

In February of 2020, there’s this big piece on what they call “the great affordability crisis.” And the point the piece makes is that a lot is looking good in the economy — unemployment is down, wages are rising, people are feeling good. But if you look at the things people really need, housing, health care, education, child care, costs have just exploded. Quote, “The spiraling cost of living has become a central facet of American economic life.”

That piece read a little counterintuitively at the time. People felt the economy was great. How could you say there’s a crisis? And people hadn’t been paying much attention to costs for a while. The big problems after the Great Recession had been unemployment, consumer demand, financial fragility. This affordability problem, it was building in the background, but it wasn’t the thing we were looking at.

But then the pandemic hit, and then came inflation. And it was like this portal of salience for prices. Suddenly, all anybody was focused on was prices. The monthly inflation report got the attention that the monthly jobs report used to get — gas prices, food prices, car prices. Then the Federal Reserve begins raising interest rates, that makes it much harder to borrow money, much harder to finance buying a home.

And so the economy reorders itself to piss you off about how expensive everything is all of the time. The price of a cup of coffee is a reminder of the cost of a house, of child care, of a car, of a movie ticket. Maybe you can pay it. Maybe your financial situation is even OK after you pay it. But it doesn’t mean you like it and you’re reminded of it constantly.

What happened is not that the economy is terrible now and it was great in 2019, it’s at an affordability problem was building in 2019, a cost of living problem. Then inflation hit, and it made prices much worse, and it made the cost of living problem much worse. And now, prices and affordability are the part of the economy that people are seeing, and they hate it.

The 2020 Atlantic piece, which has done so much to shape my thinking, it was written by Annie Lowrey. She’s a staff writer at The Atlantic and an economics correspondent. She’s the author of the book “Give People Money.” And a little awkwardly for this podcast, she’s also my wife — or I’m her husband. So you can imagine what pillow talk is like in my home, but there’s really no one for me better to talk about this with. As always, my email, [email protected].

Annie Lowrey, welcome to the show.

Thank you for having me.

It’s a little bit of an odd —

It’s a really weird —

It’s a really weird — It’s also one of the strange things about it is that we’re in a really nice podcasting studio, but we’re sitting like five feet apart from one another. So it has a little like, are we in a legal dispute?

Yeah, that’s a rich person’s Thanksgiving.

[LAUGHS] Exactly.

But unfortunate to have you here because as you know better than other people do, this piece you wrote years ago has wormed its way into my brain. And I bring it up every six months. And it’s become like the way I see the economy.

So 2020, right before the entire world shuts down, you write “The Great Affordability Crisis.” What led to writing the piece?

Both you and I became reporters during the George W. Bush administration. And I was doing a lot of intense beat reporting during the Obama administration. And throughout this entire period, and this is what people are experiencing in the economy, the economy is defined by low growth, low interest rates, low inflation, high inequality. And the primary problem that policymakers are trying and failing to solve has to do with consumer demand, with demand in the economy. The issue is that people aren’t making enough money to buy things.

This entire time, this cost of living crisis is also brewing. And you can even date it somewhat earlier, but I think probably, the aughts are a good place to start it, where the cost of — I identify four things, but there are probably five. These are costs that are big and are sticky, and that you are not transacting frequently. And the four things are health care, child care, higher ed, so higher ed debt, and then housing. And the cost of all four of those things becomes really, really brutal, not just for low income Americans, but middle income, and in some cases, even upper-middle income Americans.

And it really changes our relationship to the economy. And it sneaks up on us again because we’re in this circumstance in which the primary issue is wages and low demand.

You said there was a fifth that you would have included if you’d gone back. What was number five?

Elder care, which is a really, really big issue and has some of the same pressures as child care in terms of wages and accessibility. This is actually becoming a bigger issue as the American population ages.

Why is inflation low? Because housing is going up, child care is going up, the education is going up. So how do prices seem low to people, even as the affordability of basic — the basic items of both middle class life and upward mobility are skyrocketing?

There’s two things that I think are quite important here. So one is that you can have inflation increasing just a little bit more for these items than the overall rate of inflation. And over time, that’s going to lead you to a big problem because if these are large parts of family budgets and large parts of the economy overall, if you have inflation in health care, that’s one percentage point higher than the overall rate of inflation, you’re going to develop a problem really quickly.

The second thing is that our consumer expenditure statistics and our inflation statistics do not take into account the trade offs that people make in order to keep their personal budgets reasonable. So let’s say, as an example, that you would like to live with your partner in a high cost city like D.C., and you’d like to rent an apartment together, but you can’t. So instead, you’re living together in a group house. You probably don’t have a consumer expenditure problem on paper in terms of the amount of money that you’re spending on rent, but you really don’t like the feeling of that.

So I think especially, when it comes to housing, folks, for instance, maybe you’d really like to — you get a great job in LA and you’d really like to live there, but you have three kids and you’re like, I can’t afford that. So you stay where you are. And so your — by being pushed out to a different urban area or an exurb or a suburb, you are probably keeping your spending in line, but you’re probably pretty upset. And cost pressures are still defining your life in some sense. And so that’s why I think that these snuck up on people.

There are two things during this period that are really cheap or maybe two baskets of things. One is things you do buy a lot of. You don’t buy your house very often. You pay your mortgage monthly, but you don’t buy a lot of houses if you’re a normal person. But you do buy a lot of food. You do go to the gas station a lot.

And in this period, consumer purchasing is pretty cheap, right? Things are cheap. You can get a flat screen television for very little money, laptops, smartphones, all these kind of electronics famously come way down. And money is cheap. Interest rates are low.

How much was the cheapness of other things, the cheapness of money, the cheapness of debt, the cheapness of consumer electronics, cheapness of food, creating a sense that prices were under control that allowed some of these other things to go nuts.

Absolutely. So the consumer expenditure that people notice the most — I would say, probably, the two that they notice the most are gas and food. Gas is really important because it’s a throughput. So if the price of gas goes up, the price of other things goes up. But also people, it’s a pretty large single purchase that a lot of folks make every couple days or maybe once a week, and it’ll be like 100 bucks to fill up your tank or $50 to fill up your tank.

And food, folks tend to transact really, really frequently with that. So if you have the cost of stuff that you are purchasing in a store frequently is really pretty low, I think the perception of inflation can be somewhat lower. I think people don’t really think of health care and rent as being really important parts of inflation, but they are because they’re a big part of the overall consumer basket.

So then what connected these four or five categories — health care, housing, child care, elder care, higher ed. Give me a sense of how much prices had gone up, but why in those five? If other things are cheaper, if money is cheap, why is that set of things expensive?

It’s slightly different for each of them. So let’s take housing first, because this is the biggest one and in some ways, I think, the worst one. So housing starts currently are about 1.4 million. It’s a 1.4 million annual pace.

That’s how many new houses were —

Yeah, exactly, how many new houses are getting permitted and are going to get built. We had more housing starts in 1959 than we do now. The population has doubled. And so after the housing crisis, housing starts go as low as like 500,000. And we have a whole decade of depressed residential construction.

So we have decades of under production, and especially, under production in the high cost areas, high wage areas, where most people want to work. So San Francisco or New York are two really, really great examples of this. But we end up having a housing shortage everywhere, and it means people aren’t living where they want to be living, and it means that people are paying a tremendous amount for housing.

So right now, the median sales price for a single family home is six times higher than the median household income. That’s the highest ratio of any statistic that we have. That’s from the Harvard Joint Center on Housing Studies. The number of cost burdened renters. so folks who are spending more than 30 percent of their income on housing, has gone up to a record 22 million households. 12 million American households are spending more than 50 percent of their income on housing.

And so this is a problem that, again, you get over the course of decades. And the cost of housing increases the cost of everything else because businesses pay rent also, and folks need to have wages that cover the cost of housing, right? So there’s that.

Health care is somewhat different. So the health expenditure to G.D.P. ratio in the United States is 17 percent. It’s a little bit less than double the O.E.C.D. average.

So the percentage of our economy that goes to health care.

Exactly. And we don’t have better health outcomes than other countries in the O.E.C.D., we just literally pay more. And so in 1990, the health share of G.D.P. is 12 percent. And it starts just this long, slow climb.

And so there’s actually some good news in health care, which is that the share of G.D.P. that is spent on health care has actually been somewhat flat since the Obama administration. This is great news. The problem here isn’t really inflation, it’s the level. We’re just paying an extraordinary amount for health care.

One of the ways that this is burdening folks is that out of pocket costs controlled for inflation have just gone up and up and up and up and up slowly. So the average person is now paying about $1,400 a year on out-of-pocket health costs. And that’s despite the fact that we have a large share of our population on Medicaid, where out of pocket costs are seriously, seriously controlled.

Yeah, I think of this as the paradox of health care spending, where one way we got overall costs down was we shifted costs onto people. So on the one hand, if you look at health care spending as a percentage of G.D.P., it looks like it is not going up as fast as it was before. And that’s actually true for a bunch of different reasons.

But one way we also got health care cost increases down is to just make people pay more out of pocket. And that does have an effect of getting people to forego both some unnecessary care and some necessary care. But to people, it doesn’t feel like they’re spending less. They are noticing themselves spending more, so they’re pissed about it.

This was always a problem with the Obamacare bending the cost curve idea in the end. What people wanted was to spend less on health care themselves, not for the entire country to spend less on health care. But the way we got the entire country to not see health care costs grow so much was to make people pay more out of pocket, and that makes them mad, not happy.

Absolutely. And the costs are just really high — the costs for surgical procedures, the cost for prescription medication. I’m a type 1 diabetic. I take insulin. Insulin is nine times as expensive in the United States as it is in most of our peers. It is a 100-year-old drug, it is not a new drug. It’s literally 100 years old. Why is it nine times the cost? And I think that we are starting to see some movement towards cost control, but it’s just been really hard in the United States.

So then child care. So child care for zero to five, this is a cost that families are paying for relatively short time in their lives. And it is absolutely, absolutely crushing. Average child care costs for a year are between $18,000 and $24,000 a year. And the problem is not just with how much people are paying, it’s that people don’t pay. A lot of folks cannot afford that. And we do not have enough coverage through programs like Head Start. Head Start is severely underfunded. One in five kids who would qualify for head start, gets head start.

And so folks drop out of the labor force. They rearrange their work schedules. They get family members to help. And the issue is that we have basically maxed out what people can afford to pay, and that still doesn’t mean that child care workers who are among the lowest paid in American life have a living wage. Most child care workers are still making $14 or $15 an hour, it’s just not enough.

And so we just, as a country, don’t spend enough on this. U.S. devotes about 0.3 percent of G.D.P. to early childhood education, that’s less than other O.E.C.D. countries. Another way to think about this is that we have about a 20 to 1 ratio of children under the age of four to child care workers who are aimed at that set. Canada, for instance, it’s 6 to 1. So the issue is that we are not spending enough public money on this to make it affordable, and folks are just paying absolutely obscene amounts.

I had a sociologist on a couple of months ago, Caitlin Collins, who did this great book, looking at parenting and work in a bunch of different countries. And the thing that is seared into my mind is her saying that in Sweden, the cost of child care is capped at well under $200 a month, capped. You just can’t pay more than that. And everybody can get it for that.

It’s absolutely wild. Whereas, here, we’ve said that affordability should be at 7 percent or less per month. Just nobody pays that.

So then there’s higher ed.

Then there’s higher ed. So a really important note here is that folks with college degree have seen really important gains in the labor market. They’ve had higher wage and earnings growth, higher wealth growth than people without a college degree. And so there’s been this long debate about like, is it worth it? And the answer, broadly, is yes.

That said, we have about $1.7 trillion worth of outstanding student loan debt, not all of which will get paid back, but a lot will get paid back. 43 million Americans currently have student loan debt.

Prior to the pandemic, the typical payment was 200 to $400 a month, which might not sound like that much, but is a lot. Add that to rent, add that to whatever you’re paying out of pocket for health care, add that to child care, if you have children, it really, really adds up.

So folks making student loan payments, for instance, they have a lower savings rate for retirement. They have smaller balances in their 401(k)s. They’re likely to delay homeownership because they’re paying their student loan debt. And I think that we’ve started to see a tremendous amount of movement on this. So the Biden administration has given forgiveness to roughly four million borrowers. It’s about $140 billion worth of student loan forgiveness. Nevertheless, this remains a really, really big problem. So these are the four things that I identify that they’ve just created this cost crisis where folks feel like they’re just sprinting to stay in place.

So one of the ways you would frame that piece, that was part of why it struck me at the time, was that everybody was really happy about the economy in early 2020. You have this line up top where it’s like, some of the best years the economy has ever recorded, people are getting bled dry on all these dimensions. If all of that was as bad as you’re saying, and it was, why aren’t people more upset in February of 2020?

There’s a few things. So one is that directionality matters quite a bit. If things are rapidly improving or are falling apart, deteriorating really quickly, that’s going to matter more than a steady state. And here, I think that you are seeing a reversal of some of the trends in wage and inequality that we’ve had for a long time. That’s changing. And I think that people react to that.

The other thing is that the cost of living crisis that I had laid out, it built very slowly over decades. It’s a boiling the frog thing where just extremely, extremely slowly, you start to see all of these things ratchet up. And again, it’s a crisis not of inflation, not of change, it’s a crisis of level at that point.

And so I think that people, it’s less front of mind. The salient things about the economy are the wage gains. These kind of long standing problems are not quite front of mind for people. And things are getting better in a really noticeable way for folks.

I want to pick up on a word you just used, which is “salient,” because this has been — my motivation in this conversation a bit is trying to think about the economy and the politics of it this year, which we’ll get to. And the thing that keeps coming to mind is this question of salience, which is, we can’t hold the whole economy in our head, even in periods when we say there’s a really good economy, it’s bad for a lot of people. Millions of people are in poverty. Millions of people are losing their jobs. Periods where there’s a bad economy, lots of people are starting businesses, people are still getting rich. In a very complicated way, we have to choose what to pay attention to.

And part of my theory of this, having been an economics reporter during that period, is we just weren’t paying much attention to prices. We were paying so much attention to unemployment. We were paying so much attention to wages. We were paying so much attention to inequality. And prices had been really stable in most things for a very long time. Interest rates were low. Most consumer goods were low. And yeah, there were some problems building in housing. We did pay a fair amount of attention, actually, to health care prices. That was a lot of the Affordable Care Act debate. And you would hear people debate higher education prices.

And then the pandemic hits and everything scrambles for a while. And then inflation comes. And inflation makes prices salient. And even now, as inflation eases, that doesn’t stop.

Tell me a bit about how, actually, at this point, you understand the inflationary period we just went through, but also, how you understand the debate about whether or not it is over.

So to give a little bit of a historical perspective on inflation, inflation is really high when Ronald Reagan comes into office. It’s like 13 and 1/2 percent. Then it goes on this long, slow whoosh down through the George H.W. Bush administration. And it’s in a 2 percent to 4 percent range from George W. Bush, Obama, it’s really low, it’s less than 2 percent.

So you have this long period of quietude in which consumer prices, overall, are not changing that much. And the cost of some really important consumer goods, things that people are transacting for on a day to day basis actually go down. Electronics are the most notable example of this. But as a general point, you have this extremely long period of time in which stuff and basic services, things like haircuts or whatever, it’s all really cheap. It’s really, really cheap.

And what happens is in the first half of 2021, we see price increases concentrated among a relatively small set of items in the basket of things that the government looks at to determine the Inflation rate. So energy and car prices go up. You start to see really spiking commodity prices. Then you have this two-year period in which there’s giant spikes in almost everything. Food at home spikes. Food away from home, it spikes. Gas prices go up, natural gas prices, electricity prices. Shelter prices don’t increase in the way that food prices do, but they increase a lot, and they’re so expensive that that really matters. Commodities outside of food and energy go up. So it’s really, really unbelievably broad-based.

And so now, we’ve seen inflation, overall, come down from a 9 percent annual rate to a 3 percent annual rate. But basically, what it did, it was big enough to create this phase shift in prices. And prices don’t really go down. It’s really bad when prices, overall, go down, because it means that people stop spending because why would you pay for something now if you could wait two weeks and the price would drop? I think that there was almost just no muscle memory of it. And folks got really, really, really mad. And the fact that wage gains were enough to cover it, people just didn’t believe it.

How good is our measurement here? How sure are we that the median American or the median working class American has more money, after all their bills and spending today, than five years ago?

I wouldn’t say that statistics are perfect because what an individual family is purchasing and the trade offs that they’re making to keep themselves in budget, it’s really hard to account for all of that. But I would say that generally, our inflation statistics are pretty good. What happens is that we collect prices on a set of items from all around the economy, and then we tabulate them, and we put them into this basket of goods. And then we note the changes in that over time. And we have many alternative measures of inflation.

One thing that I would note is that there’s evidence that the Inflation experienced by lower income families has actually increased faster than higher income families because goods have gotten so much better, and there’s been so much more production aimed at high income families than low income families. So I just want to caveat that. But no, our data is quite reliable, showing that accounting for inflation, families have come out ahead and real consumption has gone up. So the amount of stuff leaving aside prices has gone up.

Inflation is just one statistic. And consumption is just one statistic. And I think that you need to look at a more holistic understanding of what people are spending money on, what they’re getting for their money, and the trade offs they’re making to keep themselves in budget.

I remember talking to the Biden economists when they came in. This is 2021. And they were thinking a lot about how to get to full employment, how to run the economy hot, how to accept the trade offs of running the economy hot, how to get wage gains up, how to make sure you were running at full employment for long enough that wage gains got to the poorest workers, wage gains got to Black workers, wage gains got to Hispanic workers. It’s really fairly easy to get wages up for rich people, but it takes longer in a hot economy to get them up for poorer people. And they actually do a great job in a way on full employment. I mean, it’s amazing that unemployment is still under 4 percent. It’s amazing that wage gains have grown so quickly for the poorest workers. But they don’t really have a genuine basket of ideas early on to say nothing of political rhetoric for what to do about costs. They rename Build Back Better the Inflation Reduction Act. But it’s not really an Inflation Reduction Act, it’s a green energy spending act with some Medicare drug pricing and Obamacare subsidies thrown in.

And this, I think, actually is a fairly big problem. It takes a political system time to adjust to a new set of problems. The player that does adjust is the Fed and begins raising rates, but people don’t enjoy having interest rates go up.

And this gets, I think, to something that Larry Summers and others have been pointing out, which is that our measure of inflation has come down. Inflation tracks how much prices in these different things are going up. But the prices of the things have not come down. And our measure of inflation doesn’t track interest rates. So what people are paying now if they want to get a mortgage, which is much more expensive, if they want to be paying off credit card debt, education debt, any kind of new debt, the price of money is meaningful.

Summers and his team estimated that if you put that into inflation, it goes from roughly, some months ago, 3 percent to 9 percent for people. Do you think there’s something to the idea that actually, the inflation problem isn’t over, that if you’re a family, that because of what you’re paying now for money — you’re paying the high prices of inflation, now you’re paying the prices of higher money, and so actually, to you, it hasn’t really changed that much?

So it’s really important to note, as you did, the cost of borrowing is not included in common price indices. And so in 30-year mortgage rates, they’re close to 7 percent now. The country’s median mortgage rate is just a little bit more than 3 percent. So if you’re trying to get a mortgage now, it’s just blankly unaffordable. You have to buy less house in order to get your monthly price to be the same.

Purchasing a car. About half of folks who purchase a car use financing. And the rates for that are above 8 percent. And so I think that this explains a lot.

I want to go back to something you said, which is that we actually have a tremendous policy toolkit for increasing demand. We can send out stimulus checks. We can do things like sending out child tax credit payments. We can expand the unemployment insurance system. All of these things are things that we did during the Covid recession. And just in general, we can increase the value of the earned income tax credit. There’s a million things that you can do.

On prices, we have a very anemic toolbox. And the problem is that if you have high prices caused by shortages, by things like under-building, a lot of the solutions for that are, A, long term, and B, themselves temporarily inflationary. So if we were going to build a ton more housing in order to bring down rents, if we were like, we are going to solve the housing shortage, we’re estimating at five million units, we’re building five million units, you would create a lot of inflation because that would be just so much additional building. The price of materials would go up. The price of wages would go up. And so I think that we’re in a really tough spot.

So if you’re in the White House, what can you do about inflation? You can release gas from the strategic reserve, which they did do, in response to the Russia-Ukraine conflict. You can do more negotiating on prescription drug prices, which they’ve done. You can do some stuff on antitrust to make companies compete more and to lead to lower prices. But that’s not a really quick fix. And a lot of that is instead going to prevent price increases in the future rather than bringing prices down now. You just don’t have a lot of great options.

And it’s why I think that you’ve seen the Biden administration doing things like tackling junk fees, which are right, there are costs that people pay, and at least, you can get a little bit more traction there. And it’s not, this is not a complete list of ideas and a complete set of things that they’ve been doing. The point is that it’s pretty easy to juice demand. And it’s hard to affect supply and hard to affect prices with the economic tools that we have that are readily there.

Yeah, one thing that’s really striking in the housing market, and you wrote this slightly devastatingly titled piece, “It Will Never Be a Good Time to Buy a Home.” One thing that is striking about the housing market is we turned up the dial on interest rates really quite high by recent historical experience, and prices of homes kept going up. They really show us how bad the supply crunch is, that prices are up, what, like 50 percent over the course of the — since before the pandemic. So now the borrowing cost is much higher, but also the price of a home is much higher.

And yeah, a lot of people have a mortgage from before, but that means they can’t sell because to sell would mean that you have to then buy your new home at this higher price with this higher interest rate. And so also, you have all this supply being kept off the market. The housing market seems really quite broken to me.

And housing, I think, has a pretty outsized effect on how people feel about the future. Young people who are not trying to buy a house right now but want to in the next 5 to 10 years, think about housing. It affects how they feel about the economy, even if they’re not in the market for it right now.

Parents who see their kids not being able to buy a house, that matters to how they feel about the economy. Housing does, sometimes, feel like this master price to me that affects everything. And the level of brokenness there feels quite profound.

Absolutely. Because what’s going to happen when interest rates go down is a bunch of people who have their down payments ready are going to flood back into the housing market, and they’re going to hold prices at the same level or maybe even push them higher. Unless you’re in a world where there’s more supply over long period of time, I don’t see the fundamentals changing, even if prices and levels might go up and down a little bit. We have a very big hole to dig ourselves out of.

The only good thing I can say about it is that you have a lot of political figures who really care about this now, and you have both blue state and red state governors who are really starting to take this seriously. For the first time since I’ve been a policy reporter, you have folks starting to say something like, how can we get everybody on the same building code? What can we do to create carrots and sticks so that places will allow dense construction? And we didn’t have that for a really, really long time.

I actually remember, after the housing crisis, when housing economists started to say, we’re underconstructing. And I remember, at the time that they started to say that, being like, what is wrong with you? What are you talking about? How could this possibly be an issue? But they were completely correct, because the problem actually started before the housing crisis. In some cities, we start underconstructing in the 1970s.

So you have prices way up, basically, on everything now. So prices went up for every good. The affordability crisis set of prices has been up and went even higher post-pandemic. The price of money is way up. And at the same time, you have this debate about whether or not the economy is really great or something is missing. You have these measures, these predictions of what consumer sentiment will be like, given an inflation rate and given an unemployment rate. And they show consumer sentiment should be really high if it is tracking historical trends.

You have this endless back and forth about, well, on the one hand, people say their own personal financial situation is pretty good. On the other hand, they say that the national economy is really bad. People seem to think we’re in a recession, but they don’t look financially like they’re in a recession.

Why has there been this sense of confusion? We’re laying out this whole theory of prices. It just looks really bad. And on the other hand, a lot of economists have been scratching their heads over why people are so upset. So what accounts for the head scratching response?

We’ve talked about this, but I think it’s important to stress. Wages have gone up more than prices, and that is particularly true for lower income folks. So if you are in the bottom decile of earners, your real wages, so wages adjusted for inflation have gone up 12 percent since 2019. If you’re in the highest decile of folks, it’s just about 1 percent. So real consumption, meaning, consumption holding prices constant has increased about 10 percent over the past four years. We are buying more stuff.

And if you look at levels of — measures of material hardship, those have been going down. And that’s not to say that there aren’t problems. I also believe that inflation, A, it was kind of a surprising change for folks, and B, there are some economic facets and behavioral economic facets of it that make people particularly angry about it.

So one is that unemployment is absolutely devastating for the folks who experience it. But even in an enormous, terrible recession, perhaps, 1 in 10 folks who wants a job will be unemployed, whereas inflation affects literally everybody. In an economy, and when I talk to people, inflation is much more pernicious for lower income folks because they’re really spending every dollar that they have on basic necessities, and for higher income folks, that’s not true. But you can talk to really rich people and they will be mad about inflation. They are mad about how much they are paying for things. It’s just universally enraging to people.

And there’s this perceptual problem. So the economist, Stefanie Stantcheva, who is at Harvard, who has found that Americans believe that their purchasing power is falling in a world in which there’s a lot of inflation. About four in five respondents to this survey that she conducted said that prices systematically increase faster than wages. That means nobody’s really getting ahead. This is not true, but this is what people think, real consumption and real wages are up.

And her polling also shows that folks blame corporate greed. They blame Washington for inflation. They don’t see it as a function of input prices, energy costs, supply shortages, rising wages. And they also don’t see inflation as part of any kind of an economic trend that’s positive, including their own wage gains, even though their own wage gains are partially a product of inflation.

I want to hold on that. How does somebody experience a wage gain? Your boss calls you into the office and says, we’re giving you a 6 percent, a 5 percent, a 7 percent raise. You’ve done great work. Thank you for everything you’ve done. Or you go look for a job and are able to bargain a higher salary than you were able to do before. That feels like something you did. I got a good raise.

And inflation feels like something happening to you. I got this raise. I’m making $2 more an hour than I was. And inflation is eating 80 percent of that. Inflation is a bad thing happening to you. And wage gains are a good thing you did. And the fact, frankly, that any of your wage gain is getting eaten by faster than normal inflation or prices that you have not in any way adjusted to, it’s really maddening.

Absolutely. And look, the reason that interest rates are so high right now is to get inflation down because inflation is economically destabilizing when it’s too high, and it’s socially destabilizing. This is really well known. And again, you can tell people over and over and over again that they’re better off, but if you have inflation rates at 9 percent, people aren’t going to listen to you. They don’t like it. They don’t want to have to do mental math every time they go to the grocery store.

And when I talk to people about why they think the economy is bad, the first thing that people say to me, often, is, lunch at Chick-fil-A is $15. And lunch at Chick-fil-A being $15 is neither here nor there in the grand universe of what people are earning and paying for, but it’s a price that people notice, and it really ticks them off. The other thing is inflation has come down. It’s going to take a while for people to believe that. And one thing that I do think is changing now is that you are starting to see companies really start to compete for consumers on price. So both Burger King and McDonald’s have set out these $5 value meals. And Target said that it’s cutting prices for 5,000 frequently purchased items — things like diapers, and cat food, and dog food.

And we’ve been in this million, which prices just feel like they go up, and up, and up, and feel people feel like they’re not getting a break. And already, you’ve seen consumer sentiment start to tick up. And I think that companies engaging in price wars will actually have a pretty profound effect for as long as it sticks around for.

How much do you think the high prices of the small things act as a constant reminder of the high prices of the big things, which is to say, in a world where you know that health care, and housing, and education are incredibly expensive, how much does the fact that Chick-fil-A is $15, that a cup of coffee is $7 act as this constant salience portal to keep you thinking about this thing that is making you mad all through the economy?

I think this is really important. So let’s say, as an example, the average American adult makes a purchase two or three times a day. And some people make purchases way more frequently than that. And a lot of families make purchases less often. They get gas once a week. They get groceries once a week and maybe a few other little things.

And so if two or three times a day, you are being reminded of the fact that your money is going less far than it used to be, I think that you’re going to be pretty angry about that. So one in three Americans eats something from a fast food restaurant every day. And about two in three Americans eat something from a fast food place once a week. It’s just really, really, really common. And the prices for fast food went up a lot. And I think that that contributed quite a lot also. Americans are currently spending more than 11 percent of their income on meals. That’s the largest share since the 1990s. So I think a lot of this is about food and restaurant costs going up quite sharply.

Between the summer of 2021 and the summer of 2022, grocery store prices go up nearly 14. And the cost of some grocery store staples — so dairy products, things like sugar and oil, cereals, it’s more than percent. And so I think that for high frequency items, all of a sudden, you just get this blasted in your face again and again and again. And even if you’re not spending that much overall on these things, I think it’s basically just tapping your shoulder over and over and over again and saying your money is going less far.

Whereas, even something like rent, which people complain about and talk about all the time, but it usually gets set once a year and you pay it monthly, so you’re reminded of it less frequently, even though that’s a much bigger line item on the budgets and fundamentally, I think a much more problematic part of the economy. And notably, rent goes up a tremendous amount during the pandemic. It’s a nightmare. It was really expensive. It’s even more expensive now.

One of the things that economists will say when they’re pushing back on the idea that how people feel about the economy is merited, I think that’s actually the right word for this pushback, is, look, if it was so bad, people would be changing their behavior more than they are, that people are still going out to eat a lot, they’re still buying a lot of food out of the house, that we see what it looks like when people are under very high levels of financial stress. And they make different decisions. Their consumption patterns change really radically. If you lose your job, you don’t keep spending in the same way.

But my sense from them is the consumption data has been pretty stable. And that has been a confusing thing to economists in this period. Inflation should lead to a lot of changes in how people act. It’s not led to very many changes in how people act, but it has led to a lot of anger from those same people. First, is that true? And second, how do you read the both reality and politics of that consumption data?

So if you have price increases and just cost pressures within families, folks tend to make some pretty predictable responses. So one is that they purchase fewer items per shopping trip or they might reduce the number of shopping trips. So folks have not really cut the number of shopping trips much, but they have reduced the number of items that they are purchasing when they go get consumer packaged goods.

The second is that they’ll trade down. So you’ll go for Kirkland rather than Pampers. You will go for Aldi rather than Wegmans. You’ll go camping instead of going to Disney. And folks are doing that. But the main way that consumers have responded is just by paying higher prices. And you can actually go back and look at company earnings calls. The corporate executives themselves are like, well, we kind of keep on testing the water and we’re not seeing much effect. So we’re going to keep on pushing prices upward.

We’ve not seen a dramatic pullback in luxury goods shopping, or travel, or jewelry, all of those things that you would expect to be the first to go because people give those up and they keep on purchasing food. People are just mad about it, but they kept on paying. I do think that that has changed a fair bit recently.

So one is that we’ve started to see a really big increase in credit card balances and an increase in delinquencies. And so that’s some evidence that lower income consumers are starting to get stressed. And they’re putting things on their credit card rather than being able to pay for them themselves. And again, we’ve also seen these companies be like, OK, we’ve tapped out, we’re going for the value meal. We’re going to try to get consumers an increase foot traffic by competing on price.

And so it’s important to note that the costs for big box stores, for fast food restaurants, you’ve had a really big increase in labor costs. You had a lot of big increases in input costs. And both of those things have calmed down. But I do think that we’re in this period where probably, this is as much as folks can safely spend.

You mentioned a minute ago those corporate earnings calls, where C.E.O.s would be like, look, we’re raising prices, people are still paying it. We’re going to raise prices again. One of the more popular explanations among more left-leaning people for inflation was what got called greedflation, which is, there wasn’t really a problem here, except that corporations were taking advantage of a weird moment in the economy to do huge markups. Was the greedflation theory correct or how do you understand that part of it?

I certainly don’t think it was the only thing going on, if it was part of what was going on. The cost of labor really went up. It started going up when you started to have increases in local and state minimum wages, which begins during the Obama administration. Then you have a really big increase in wages for lower income workers that starts around 2018. And the pandemic actually intensifies it quite a bit. So there’s that.

And then input costs go up too. And so the way that companies are going to respond to that is by passing that on to consumers. I do think that there was a moment where companies basically thought that because of inflation, they could increase prices even more, and in this miasma, people would pay it. But I don’t think that it was exclusively corporate greed. I would note that corporate bottom lines are looking pretty good right now, despite the fact that you have really high interest costs and these increases in costs more generally. So I don’t think it was the only thing.

Sometimes, I think the problem with the greedflation thesis was simply the name. Greed made it sound like they were doing something evil, when what corporations do naturally is try to find the price at which they can balance market demand and the highest profits they can possibly make. But it was true that there was more room for them to raise prices than I think they had thought in 2020. And things that you might have thought would happen, like really intense comparison shopping or intense use of coupons didn’t happen.

And it does seem to me that one thing that occurred was a step change reshuffling of prices. And now, consumers are stressed enough that you’re beginning to have price wars bringing things down in certain areas. You mentioned Burger King, for instance, and Target trying to think about how to bring in more budget-conscious consumers.

But there was this period where they’re pretty open about this on earnings calls. And I don’t think the right way to understand it is greed. Corporations trying to earn profits is what corporations do. But it turned out that there was a zone of price increases you could inflict on people, where instead of them changing their behavior, they would get really mad. And that feels to me like the economic zone we’ve been in for a little while. The person paying the cost on this is Joe Biden, not Target or Walmart or McDonald’s, but people are mad about it. It’s just like, the corporations actually did this adroitly enough that they didn’t lose a lot of demand, they just pissed people off.

There is a really interesting raft of studies that has come out in the last five years from economists that show that American consumers have gotten less price-sensitive. So when prices shift, consumption doesn’t shift like we would expect. It doesn’t shift like it would used to. And these studies are mostly looking at consumer packaged goods, consumer goods.

So other ways that we think that households have become less price-sensitive, people are using fewer coupons, they’re spending less time shopping and comparison shopping. So why might this be true? One is just that stuff is cheaper, thanks to globalized trade and manufacturing advances. The second is that people are wealthier. So you’re just less price-sensitive when you’re richer.

Third is women in the workforce — so it used to be much more common for one partner to work and the other to spend the money. And so you would probably have that time, it would be part of your job as a household worker to comparison shop. But now, given that so many prime age women are in the workforce, there’s less time for them to do that. Consumers seem to have gotten more brand loyal is part of this, that’s one theory.

And another theory is that it’s just inertia. People have gotten older. And they tend to have this inertia that they will be less likely to try new things, buy new things as they get older. And so you just always buy the Starbucks coffee, so you’re going to keep on getting the Starbucks coffee.

I also think there’s some chance that targeted advertising and dynamic pricing has something to do with this, but I don’t know. It’s just a really interesting shift that I’m not sure that we completely understand and completely understand the implications of yet.

I want to shift then into the macro politics of this. And I want to separate two pieces of it, which is how people feel about the economy and how those feelings about the economy translate into politics. But one thing that you’ve been doing pieces on for many years now is the rising way in which partisanship shapes perceptions of the economy. Tell me a bit about that and how it might be playing into this period.

So there’s something called the Partisan Economic Expectations Gap. And basically, what this shows is that if you are a Democrat and there’s a Republican in the White house, you’re much more likely to think that the economy is bad. And that’s true, even holding economic conditions constant.

And the flip is also true. This happens for both sides. It’s not an asymmetric thing. If you’re a Republican and Joe Biden is in the White House, you’re like, this is a terrible economy. We need that guy Donald Trump back.

And this had the effect of somewhat divorcing folks opinions about the state of economy from the real state of the economy because it’s become so political. It has also narrowed the band of consumer expectations because people are not changing their minds about anything anymore. You just have way more strong Democrats who say, economy is good right now, and way more strong Republicans who say that it’s bad. This is happening at the same time that we have growing evidence that real economic data might be less predictive in elections than it used to.

But one thing happening in Joe Biden right now is that you do see this huge partisan economic expectations gap. But also, Democratic views on the economy are not as positive as you might think if you were taking that model from a couple of years ago.

There’s something weird happening among the Democrats. They’re not giving Joe Biden the economic pass that you might expect from what we’ve seen in that data before. Why do you think that is?

There’s two answers, and I don’t know which one it is. One is that they don’t really like him. Joe Biden is a somewhat less compelling politician for Democratic partisans than some other folks are in terms of his ability to stir the electorate and increase things like turnout. I think he’s a somewhat less vigorous campaigner than we’ve seen. And I think that he has somewhat lower favorability ratings and higher unfavorability ratings among his own partisans than we’ve seen in the past.

The second is that inflation is hitting them, and they’re just subject to the same forces that everybody else is in the economy. So Democrats are somewhat clustered more in the Northeast than on the Western coast, where you’ve seen really large increases in specifically, housing costs. But then you’ve seen urban housing costs go up everywhere. And so to the extent that we have all of these blue islands, that’s exactly where the prices have gone up, and it’s been really, really, really pretty bad.

That said, I do think that over the past, call it 10 years, you’ve started to see the housing crisis spread to communities that we would never think of as having won before. Rural areas, you’ve seen really dramatic increases in housing costs. Ex-urban areas, you’ve seen dramatic increases in housing costs. It’s everywhere now.

I would note that the mediating influence of the news media probably matters here quite a bit. So we know that holding economic conditions constant, media coverage of the economy has gotten more negative. And it’s especially more negative in social media where a lot of folks are now getting their news.

And I don’t think that that’s entirely the fault of journalists. People seek out bad stories, that’s what people want to read. So these are all headlines that have come out recently about household financial health and consumer spending — Americans keep on spending, but big retailers doubt it’ll last, Slump in big purchases clashes with government’s strong consumer data, Americans are still spending like there’s no tomorrow, Americans plan vacations even as they sour on the economy. These are all great stories. I’m not picking. These are all great. They’re really, really sensitive and really well-reported.

Does this media explanation actually feel true to you? Because here’s what I have experienced, as a person who writes about the economy, is married to a person who writes about the economy, and works in a place full of people who write about the economy, what I noticed happening was there was all this very sunny coverage of the economy, and everybody doing it was getting yelled at.

You write something about how the economy is actually looking really strong or we’re avoiding that recession or something. And people just got slammed by their audiences. They got slammed as out of touch. I don’t want to blow up your spot here, but you’ve written some pieces saying like, this economy’s actually pretty good. My sense is the reader feedback on that can be spicy, sometimes.

And I feel like the media got whipped by its audience a little bit into taking at least, some portion of the audience’s economic experience more seriously, which I’m not saying is a good or a bad thing, I think it’s a complicated thing. But it isn’t my impression that the economics reporting profession wanted to be negative on the economy. It’s that when they started covering the economy positively, what they heard from their readers or viewers or whatever, and then what they saw in the polling data, how people actually felt about the economy, was that people were not experiencing the economy positively at all.

I’ve seen the media in periods when we want to cover the economy negatively because the data is really negative. And that has not been what I’ve noticed happening here. In fact, I see a lot of stories about why aren’t people happier, given all this good economic data? And then all these people yelling at the author of those stories, explaining why it is that they’re not happy.

I think that people’s understanding of inflation is not economists’ understanding of inflation, which is something you were just trying to. I think it is real that people feel extraordinarily taxed by high prices. And the fact that the prices have only gone up 3 percent, they just went up 10 percent. I really credit that because I think that people are experts in their own experience. And I think what people are experiencing is really, really important.

Nevertheless, it feels to me important to point out that inequality dropping, that’s amazing. Declines in child poverty, that’s amazing. This is going to sound, perhaps, simplistic, but we have a gigantic economy. We’re not like Germany, where the entirety of the E.U. And so there’s just always a lot happening. And it can be hard when you’re doing these big gestural stories about the big headline statistics. You’re constantly missing things that are happening in this really vast, really, really, really diverse, really politically diverse, racially diverse, ethnically diverse country in which there’s really, really big problems.

People are allowed to be mad at stories. And I think you just have to hew to the complicated economic truth of any situation. It’s why I actually think that a lot of those headlines are correct. But I think that that leaves a lot of space for people to read in their partisan priors or read in their view of things.

I want to go back to another explanation you offered a second ago, which is the question of whether Democrats like Joe Biden enough to look at the economy through their feelings about Joe Biden. So I’ve been thinking a lot about 2012 and going back and looking a lot at the 2012 data. And I think just inarguably, the economy was just much worse in 2012. I mean, unemployment in May of 2012 was 8.2 percent.

8.2 percent, really bad.

I remember covering the monthly jobs report in 2012, and just I assure you that economic coverage in the media was much more negative then. And Barack Obama was leading Mitt Romney by two points in the real clear polling average. So you have a much worse economy and you have the Democratic incumbent leading.

And the way that the economy figures in to politics is not a one to one like, I like the economy, so I like the incumbent. That’s not how people think about it. You often have incumbents governing in an economy that is recovering from something bad happening to it. That was Reagan in 1984. There had been this big recession, the Volcker recession in ‘81. Reagan and Republicans have a really bad midterm election in 1982. But by ‘84, things are kind of getting better. I mean, they’re worse than they are now — unemployment is higher, inflation is higher, the interest rate is higher, but Reagan makes a morning in America argument. And people credit him with a comeback that they feel is happening.

In 2012, the economy is quite bad, but Obama is making this argument, it’s made very aggressively at the convention that year, that the entirety of the financial crisis wasn’t on him, obviously. And he’s a smart, thoughtful guy who cares about people like you. And he’s got the best economic people around him. And Mitt Romney’s a plutocrat. And you should trust Obama to manage a comeback. And that’s ultimately a winning economic message.

And the thing you’ve been seeing this year, I think, is people not, as of yet, at least, being willing to extend that trust to Joe Biden. When you ask them, they say, they trust Donald Trump on the economy more. But just in general, I don’t think that the argument the administration or Biden himself has been able to make, at least, in enough forums that people are seeing or hearing it, is giving people a sense like, yeah, this guy has it under control. I’m not even sure liking or disliking is the right way to think about it, it’s the has it under control dynamic.

Donald Trump’s pitch is, the economy is good when I was president until the pandemic hit, and I’m a strong man who will jawbone the prices down and cut good deals for you and something, something, something. And Joe Biden’s pitch, I think, has been a little bit more complicated, but also, just the impression he gives off due to age and maybe the way they’re campaigning is a little less energetic. And that feels to me like it is mattering here.

Obama wins at a time that you have a housing crisis that creates a global financial crisis. And I think that we, sometimes, forget that the first domino, the first big thing that happens is you have these dramatically elevated property seizures between 2007 and 2010.

Yeah. So you’re saying he wins in ‘08 this way.

Yeah. Exactly. 10 million families lose their home. 10 million families. He comes in. And George W. Bush and his administration own that. Obviously, the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act is way too small. There’s some questions about whether he should have pivoted to the A.C.A. or not, and I don’t know about the counterfactual there. But by 2012, things are getting better pretty significantly.

And Mitt Romney, notably, he’s like a fancy finance guy at a time that inequality is really, really high, and inequality is the problem, and rich families are rebounding and low income families aren’t. And so Obama is able to make this pretty compelling case. Do you want the bain guy who laid a bunch of you off? Do you want him running the White House? And that economic argument makes sense.

I think that personalities matter here a lot, right? Obama was like a once in a generation political talent who was extraordinarily good at campaigning. For folks who didn’t get to see him, he was magnetic up there. And Joe Biden right now is just a less vigorous campaigner. Donald Trump, I think, just has he’s unusual in running to unseat an incumbent in the sense that he was president himself. It’s just a strange election in that way. And he’s also pretty good on TV. He’s a celebrity. And I think that he’s been capable of making this argument of, yeah, it was better back then, even though I’m not even sure that it was.

So Biden gave an interview to CNN a couple of weeks, a month ago, something like that. And it was very much an economics interview. So why don’t we play the way he’s messaging this?

Economic growth last week, far short of expectations. Consumer confidence, may be no surprise, is near a two-year low. With less than six months to go to election day, are you worried that you’re running out of time to turn that around?

We’ve already turned it around. Look at the Michigan survey. 65 percent of the American people think they’re in good shape economically. They think the nation’s not in good shape, but they’re personally in good shape.

The polling data has been wrong all along. How many of you guys do a poll with CNN? How many folks you have to call to get one response? The idea that we’re in a situation where things are so bad, the folks — I mean, we’ve created more jobs. We’ve made — we’re in a situation where people have access to good paying jobs. And the last I saw, the combination of the cost of inflation, all of the things, that’s really worrisome to people, with good reason. That’s why I’m working very hard to bring the cost of Reynolds down, to increase the number of homes that are available.

But let me say it this way, when I started this administration, people were saying there’s going to be a collapse in the economy. We have the strongest economy in the world. Let me say it again, in the world.

What do you think of that?

As a reporter, I don’t argue with people’s perceptions of how things are. But I think it’s a political problem that he and other Democrats have run into. They feel like they’re being gaslit, if you say, well, you’re coming out ahead. That’s just not how people feel.

I am not a person who thinks a lot about political messaging, but I’m not sure that the Biden campaign has hit on the economic message about how it’s going to be better tomorrow. That is really resonating with folks.

I was struck when I saw that interview because that interview took place in an economic setting, I forgot, it’s like a factory or something. So they clearly had set it up to be an economic interview. And the question that Erin Burnett asks there is extremely obvious, right? Put anybody in that interview chair, you’re going to get a question like that about the economy.

And I don’t want to say Biden didn’t seem ready for it, but he didn’t seem to have an answer ready. There are a couple different answers happening in that answer, and he’s not really settled on one. There’s the — actually, we have the strongest economy in the world, which is true. I mean, in a lot of ways, you look at America compared to other countries right now, and we look great. We look way better than China, which is not true for a while. We look way better than the countries in the European Union. We look way better than the UK.

There’s also the, actually, this has all turned around and you all just haven’t felt it yet, very, very complicated case to make. He goes on to make some points about trying to crack down on junk fees, that kind of thing. What I heard there was, they haven’t decided how to message this.

The other thing is that they don’t really have a big policy package here. It’s a weird thing. You can imagine a world where the Inflation Reduction Act was actually an Inflation Reduction Act. They just renamed something else, the Inflation Reduction Act. And the stuff that got cut out of it by the guy who helped, I think, rename it that, Joe Manchin, was all the stuff that actually might have brought prices down for people, all the stuff that focused on things like child care.

And so if you ask like, what is their big package? What is their headline policy on affordability? There are certain things they are touting that they’ve already done, like Medicare prescription drug pricing, which actually did bring down the price some people pay for some drugs, junk fees.

The insulin price cap, really, really important.

Really, really important. So they — it’s not an accident, I think, that the couple of policies they have that actually brought down the price of something for someone are very central to the reelection campaign. But I don’t think they have had a very clear set of, here are the big things we intend to do on that in term two. If you’re not happy with how things have turned out, you don’t just have to wait. What you need to do is give us the House again. This is the big project here. And here’s what I’m going to do to achieve it.

Absolutely. So it’s pretty hard for them to get prices down. You’re just going to have to have subdued inflation for a while for people to feel good in the grocery store again, feel good going out to target or wherever they’re shopping. There’s a lot of room to really improve the fundamentals of the economy for people by attacking the cost of living crisis.

Health care costs could go down quite a bit. It’s really hard. It’s really, really, really tough. But I think if you made an effort to get premiums and out-of-pocket costs down by instituting price controls, allowing the government to negotiate for prescription drugs, there’s a million different ideas for how to do this. That could be super powerful.

Getting rents down, increasing housing supply, that is going to have a lot of benefits for the economy. Again, it’s going to mean more construction, which is going to be inflationary. There’s tremendous space on child care. It’s really popular when states and cities do 3K and 4K, which a number of places have done now. If you had a comprehensive zero to five plan that had the government come in and basically say, you don’t have to start at five, we’re going to help you starting at six months, that would be great.

And they’ve already had a lot of traction with student loan debt. And I know that there are concerns about the distributional effects of that, but it is quite popular because I think people see the whole system as being screwed up.

Although, polling doesn’t do that well.

Yeah. I mean, it’s popular for the people who do it. And I think that it was polling that led them to do so much on student debt, right? And again, I think people’s perceptions of things are kind of wishy washy, but I think that that can advantage politicians. Whether you can pass any of that through congress, I don’t know. It’s really, really hard. A lot of what we’re talking about would be expensive, but there’s definitely space there.

How about Donald Trump? So I’ve watched some of his rallies around this. And he talks a lot about how expensive everything is, talks a lot about how much it all costs. I wouldn’t say, he’s got an articulated agenda that will bring price decreases, but to the extent you understand what the Donald Trump second term economic agenda is, is it inflationary? Is it deflationary? What are the big ticket items? How would you say he is saying he would handle this?

It’s pretty inflationary. So tariffs are inflationary. If you wanted to lower costs, you would just eliminate tariffs. But tariffs are a big part of his economic package. Immigration is not necessarily an issue that I think people think of economically, but in a world where we have more folks who have immigrated here, and wages are still going up, and you don’t have that sense of low wages being a function of people who got here and didn’t stand in line like they should have taking money away, I don’t know.

I think agricultural communities have also stressed the importance of immigrants to our agricultural workforce.

Mass deportation would be hugely price increasing.

Yes. We’ve had agricultural communities, we’ve had construction companies note that absent labor provided by immigrant workers, they wouldn’t be able to do what they’re doing. Costs would go up. And we would throttle production there. I don’t think it’s the most important thing, but this would be inflationary. The cost of food is going to go up a lot if you’re having tomatoes and berries dying on the vine in California because there’s nobody there to pick it. Disrupting those parts of the economy would be really, really damaging. And again, I think it’s important to note that that is, in my mind, less important than the emotional and moral cost of trying to do something like this.

I think, sometimes, the response you get from Republicans on this, or you did, at least a couple of years ago, is, well then, they’ll just pay American workers more.

Unemployment rate is below 4 percent? What workers are you going to get to do agricultural work? This is why we have so many folks from other countries doing agricultural work here to begin with.

Same thing with construction. Construction is really hard work and it takes a lot of skill. You’re not going to snap your fingers and have millions of Americans start doing roofing work in Florida and Texas in the sun.

Well, you just said about tariffs being inflation, I think, is important. And it struck me that Biden just unveiled a huge set of new anti-China tariffs. We’re not going to allow these cheaper Chinese electric vehicles in here. But his tariffs on a bunch of Chinese goods, which, on the one hand, I get the politics of, you want to take an issue away from Donald Trump. They do have genuine economic and national security concerns about rebuilding certain kinds of supply chains and manufacturing capacities in the U.S..

But at a time when you have a lot of focus on prices on the one hand and climate change on the other, jacking up the price on Chinese-made electric vehicles and solar panels and things like that, from a policy perspective, you are making things more expensive, which struck me as surprising at the moment.

I think that the issue here that I see is not even really exactly an economic one. It has to do with their own energy goals. If we are going to have a transition to green energy, it’s going to be tough to do that with policies like these.

In terms of increasing American manufacturing capacity, I think there’s now a widespread understanding that it’s good to make some things here, and that not making them here leaves us really, really vulnerable. So in terms of the supply of some critical drugs, we had some really bad issues with formula and formula importation. So I think that that is true. And again, manufacturing jobs have this nice spillover.

But with China, yeah, it’s tough. And I think that this is happening for national security reasons, perhaps, more so than economic reasons. And I think the real question there is about how that would fit in with a broader energy policy.

But isn’t there some way in which if people could start buying whatever these are, $15,000, $20,000 Chinese-made electric vehicles that are popular in the rest of the world here, they would experience that as nice, right? I mean, it would be nice to be able to get a good electric car for a lot less money than you can currently get an electric car.

I take some of the set of affordability crisis and price crisis problems as the revenge of neoliberalism. I mean, the neoliberal trade was you kept prices really low. I mean, neoliberalism in many ways is a dominant economic orthodoxy emerges out of the inflationary crisis of the ‘70s. And you keep prices low. And it turns out, that also kept wages pretty low, which is a real problem with it.

The Biden administration has been extremely clear that they are the end of neoliberalism. They are the Democratic administration making a turn on neoliberalism. It’s really the break between them and the Obama administration economically. And so what are you getting? You’re getting the other side of that bargain. You are getting higher wages, but you’re also getting significant higher prices.

And I mean, on one level, I just don’t think they figured out the politics of that. I don’t think they were prepared, not that their policies are the main thing that raised prices, but they definitely don’t have an economic story of like, why paying higher prices is a good thing in some of these areas?

And on things like the Chinese electric vehicles, I mean, I’m very uncomfortable with that policy. I understand the reasons you might want to have a domestic electric vehicle manufacturing chain. I agree with them, in many ways, but you can pull in Chinese manufacturing here. But if you want this E.V. transition to happen quickly and you don’t want people to hate you for it, you need really cheap electric vehicles. And China knows how to make them, and frankly, we don’t.

And you listen to Donald Trump at a rally, and he is going directly at this. He’s like, you’re going to hate these electric vehicles. They’re too expensive. He sees this as like a coming problem. And I don’t know, I think Democrats are about to get caught really flat footed here because on the one hand, they’re cranking up the regulations on electric vehicles, and on the other hand, here’s China willing to sell us a bunch of cheap ones. And we’re like, no, no, no, no, no. We’ll take the expensive ones.

And I’m not saying I don’t hear the rationale, I do, but they’re acting like there aren’t trade offs here. And I think the trade off is going to be politics. I don’t think the policy is going to be popular.

I would isolate cars for a second. And I would think about the neoliberal trade that you are describing, more in terms of domestic labor costs. So for a long time, the cost of fast food and Walmart stuff, part of the reason that prices were so low was that wages were so low. And now, we’ve seen this shift to more European style pricing, where the prices are up a little bit, but the wages are pretty good. And you can start to see families getting by with these jobs.

And I would note that the wages are still way too low for a lot of these jobs. I really worry about delivery drivers, folks who are doing Uber Eats and that kind of thing. But I think it is fundamentally a trade that would be better if big block prices were higher, but all of the wages were higher. And again, we’ve seen really significant wage growth in those jobs. And I think that that’s good. I think people might not like it fundamentally, but I think that that would be, overall, a good trade. On the electric vehicles issue, cars are expensive. People don’t buy them that often. The differential in cost between what we have here in the United States right now and between what China is producing is really, really significant. And so I would almost see it as its own little special issue. And I feel like I just don’t understand the foreign policy implications and the national security implications enough, because it seems to me, again, that those are somewhat predominant.

The reason I do connect these a bit is it feels to me like they reflect an unformed politics of prices, that the Democratic and Republican coalitions knew how to talk about the problems of demand, of jobs, of wages. They knew what their policies were. Republicans wanted to handle all this through tax cuts. Democrats want to do more stimulus. They want to do minimum wage increases, et cetera. And I think neither side is very clear on what they want to do about affordability. It’s harder. It splits your coalitions in weird ways. It has all these cross-cutting elements with other things, like the energy transition.

And the reason I think the Chinese tariffs and E.V. issue is tricky for the Democrats is that on the one hand, it shows the way some of their goals, like, don’t let manufacturing communities in the Midwest be hollowed out, don’t be too reliant on China, conflicts with other goals, which is like, you need to have something to say to people about how you’re going to get them cheap things again.

And Donald Trump and the Republicans are not better. It’s word salad. I think you see some governors who do, like Jared Polis in Colorado. You listen to that guy talk, it is just cost of living, cost of living, cost of living, cost of living. But I do think something you just really hear on both sides is that the economic problem they are facing and that is salient to the public has changed faster than they have changed. They’ve left a lot of this up to the Fed, frankly.

And in terms of really having a message on what we are going to do, and we are laser-focused on this, and we have 50 ideas for what to do here, you don’t hear that kind of talk. It’s not being treated as a kind of policy-amenable problem in the way that low demand was 15 years ago.

I think that you are going to see mean reversion on prices and consumer sentiment. I think that with inflation below 3 and 1/2 percent where it is right now, things will normalize. Supply chains have readjusted. Wage growth has come down to a level that I think is more normal. And so if I were a political consultant, I would worry about fighting the last war a little bit.

I’m not sure that you need to do too much on consumer prices, given that the supply chain disruptions and everything else has evened out. I think there’s tremendous space to do a lot on the cost of living crisis. And I think it would be pretty popular. And I think that you could focus on child care, health care, housing.

Right now, we really do not have a national housing policy. And in part, that’s because housing policy is mostly left to state and local governments. HUD is teeny tiny. It’s teeny tiny. And it hasn’t gotten bigger as we’ve had this housing crisis.

HUD being the Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Housing and Urban Development. They do very little housing and very little urban development. It’s almost exclusively the purview of state and local governments. But we’re really just starting to think about how the federal government could start increasing housing supply.

So I think that in the longer term, all of these things — these are still going to be problems for folks 5 years, 10 years from now. And I actually think that the fact that you’ve had this bending in the health care cost curve, there’s space for, yeah, let’s start getting drug prices down. Doctors and nurses, cover your ears. Let’s allow more of them in and allow more competition so that in the long term, you can have lower wages for them. It’s very, very, very unpopular, but that would probably be good. Let’s increase health care supply, but let’s just get the prices down for all of these things. Let’s rationalize this completely irrational system. Is that good on a bumper sticker? Does that win elections? I’m not sure about that, but it’s good policy.

I try to take your point about mean reversion, but I do think there’s a thing in politics. This is what people are worried about now. And they all have to run this year. And there’s something about being caught trying and being caught worrying.

You want people to feel like you were upset about the thing they are upset about. And if you’re the person in charge, you’re working really hard on the thing they’re upset about. I have this slightly strange view on the politics of Israel-Gaza, which is that I think the main way it is going to damage Joe Biden is not a revolt from the left on Gaza, but just a generalized sense among voters who actually don’t care about it that much. If you look at like a list of issues they think are important, like Israel and Gaza are extremely far down there, is that the feeling that Biden and the Democrats are paying all this attention to wars over there and not doing anything about the cost of groceries over here.

And to some degree, I think this is one of Trump’s stronger veins of political attack, which he’s leveraging a isolationism. We just shouldn’t be involved in Ukraine. If it were me, like Hamas would have never done this, and we wouldn’t be thinking about it. He doesn’t seem like he is interested. He’s arguing all these things are a distraction.

Now, he also doesn’t have a policy agenda, but I think that the way these things are hurting Biden is a perception that the focus is on these conflicts that most Americans just find to be like an unwinnable morass. And they’re not seeing the action and the progress on the thing that they’re really worried about.

So in surveys, when pollsters are asking voters what they care about the most, they say the economy. And I recognize that I said that you have to take people at their word. I think there’s some chance that the economy is not going to be the decisive issue here. I think Joe Biden and Donald Trump personally, what people personally think about them and how they see them personally campaigning is going to matter quite a bit.

In 2022, we saw Dobbs and we saw immigration as really important and motivating issues for partisans on both sides. And so I think you need a strong economic message. But I think that there’s this way in which we had some elections recently that were absolutely dominated by economic issues. But in 2016, that wasn’t an economic election. 2020, it wasn’t really an economic election exactly, it was very unusual because of where we were in Covid at that point. 2024, I’m not sure that this is an election where the economy is going to be the dominant issue.

And I think that what happens with gas prices and with price competition from retailers is going to matter a lot in terms of folks inflation perceptions and how they feel about their own capacity to spend. And so right now, I would say that those trends are going more positively. And we’ve seen some consumer sentiment numbers that have gone up, which is exactly what you would expect. But we have the summer travel period, and commodity prices are increasing in some cases. So I don’t know how long that will hold.

Then always our final question. What are three books you’d recommend to the audience?

I was trying to think about books about inflation and consumer prices that might be compelling for the audience.

That feels like a small category.

Yeah, it’s a little bit tough, right?

However, there’s a really great book that came out a few years ago called “Franchise: The Golden Arches in Black America” by Marcia Chatelain. And it’s about McDonald’s and franchising, specifically about the growth of McDonald’s and its role in Black communities and with Black consumers. It’s such a compelling book. It’s so wonderful. I learned so much from it.

I recently read the best political book that I’ve ever read, which is called “A Place Of Greater Safety.” It is a novelization of the French revolution. You’re smirking at me.

I’ve never been recommended a book as often in my own household as this book. [LAUGHS]

We were supposed to go out to see friends for drinks, and I was like, I cannot come out because we are in the critical year of 1790. And I need to know what’s happening. It’s like an 800-page historical novel by Hilary Mantel.

Price increases, price instability is a really important part of the French revolution. I didn’t know that much about the French revolution. I knew that it had happened. I knew that you have the French Republic. I knew that you execute a king and a queen, and eventually, you have this dramatic political transformation. It is so unbelievably good and so compelling.

And then I was thinking about, of the best books about the neoliberal economic deal that we make for a really long time in America that I think that we are just starting to upset and grow past, the best book I think about it, and it’s a classic, is “Nickel and Dimed” by Barbara Ehrenreich, which is a book about women in the workforce. It’s about low wages. It’s about tipping. It’s about a million things and it’s just fantastic.

Annie Lowrey, thank you very much.

Thank you. [MUSIC PLAYING]

This episode of “The Ezra Klein Show” is produced by Rollin Hu. Fact checking by Michelle Harris with Mary Marge Locker and Kate Sinclair. Our senior engineer is Jeff Geld, with additional mixing by Aman Sahota. Our senior editor is Claire Gordon.

The show’s production team also includes Annie Galvin, Elias Isquith and Kristin Lin. Original music by Isaac Jones and Aman Sahota. Audience strategy by Kristina Samulewski and Shannon Busta. The executive producer of New York Times Opinion Audio is Annie-Rose Strasser. And special thanks to Sonia Herrero.

All right. We did it. We solved the economy.

June 7, 2024 • 1:31:43 The Economic Theory That Explains Why Americans Are So Mad
June 4, 2024 • 1:07:24 The Republican Party’s Decay Began Long Before Trump
May 31, 2024 • 1:12:05 Your Mind Is Being Fracked
May 24, 2024 • 51:56 ‘Artificial Intelligence’? No, Collective Intelligence.
May 21, 2024 • 1:01:04 A Conservative Futurist and a Supply-Side Liberal Walk Into a Podcast …
May 17, 2024 • 59:20 The Disastrous Relationship Among Israel, Palestinians and the U.N.
May 10, 2024 • 1:02:30 This Is a Very Weird Moment in the History of Drug Laws
May 7, 2024 • 1:04:33 Watching the Protests From Israel
April 30, 2024 • 1:03:00 Cows Are Just an Environmental Disaster
April 26, 2024 Salman Rushdie Is Not Who You Think He Is
April 23, 2024 • 56:06 This Conversation Made Me a Sharper Editor
April 16, 2024 • 49:17 A $1.7 Million Toilet and Liberalism’s Failure to Build

Produced by ‘The Ezra Klein Show’

There’s something weird happening with the economy. On a personal level, most Americans say they’re doing pretty well right now. And according to the data, that’s true. Wages have gone up faster than inflation. Unemployment is low, the stock market is generally up so far this year, and people are buying more stuff.

And yet in surveys, people keep saying the economy is bad. A recent Harris poll for The Guardian found that around half of Americans think the S. & P. 500 is down this year, and that unemployment is at a 50-year high. Fifty-six percent think we’re in a recession.

There are many theories about why this gap exists. Maybe political polarization is warping how people see the economy or it’s a failure of President Biden’s messaging, or there’s just something uniquely painful about inflation. And while there’s truth in all of these, it felt like a piece of the story was missing.

[You can listen to this episode of “The Ezra Klein Show” on the NYT Audio app , Apple , Spotify , Amazon Music , YouTube or wherever you get your podcasts .]

And for me, that missing piece was an article I read right before the pandemic. An Atlantic story from February 2020 called “ The Great Affordability Crisis Breaking America .” It described how some of Americans’ biggest-ticket expenses — housing, health care, higher education and child care — which were already pricey, had been getting steadily pricier for decades.

At the time, prices weren’t the big topic in the economy; the focus was more on jobs and wages. So it was easier for this trend to slip notice, like a frog boiling in water, quietly, putting more and more strain on American budgets. But today, after years of high inflation, prices are the biggest topic in the economy. And I think that explains the anger people feel: They’re noticing the price of things all the time, and getting hammered with the reality of how expensive these things have become.

The author of that Atlantic piece is Annie Lowrey. She’s an economics reporter, the author of Give People Money , and also — somewhat awkwardly for this podcast — my wife. In this conversation, we discuss how the affordability crisis has collided with our post-pandemic inflationary world, the forces that shape our economic perceptions, why people keep spending as if prices aren’t a strain and what this might mean for the presidential election.

You can listen to our whole conversation by following “The Ezra Klein Show” on the NYT Audio app , Apple , Spotify , Google or wherever you get your podcasts . View a list of book recommendations from our guests here .

(A full transcript of this episode is available here .)

This episode of “The Ezra Klein Show” was produced by Rollin Hu. Fact-checking by Michelle Harris. Our senior engineer is Jeff Geld, with additional mixing by Efim Shapiro and Aman Sahota. Our senior editor is Claire Gordon. The show’s production team also includes Annie Galvin, Elias Isquith and Kristin Lin. Original music by Isaac Jones and Aman Sahota. Audience strategy by Kristina Samulewski and Shannon Busta. The executive producer of New York Times Opinion Audio is Annie-Rose Strasser. Special thanks to Sonia Herrero.

Follow the New York Times Opinion section on Facebook , Instagram , TikTok , WhatsApp , X and Threads .

CBSE Sample Papers
CBSE Class 11 Sample Papers
CBSE Class 11 Physics Sample Papers

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11 Physics

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11 Physics are made available by subject experts so that students can practice well and get prepared for their exams. Physics is a subject that requires constant practice along with an idea as to what kind of questions are going to be asked. Theory and numerical go hand in hand in Physics, which requires a mix of memory and comprehension skills. By solving the CBSE sample papers for Class 11 Physics, students get enough practice that they can face the real exam with full confidence. Practising the CBSE Sample Papers also makes them comfortable with the question paper format.

Here we have provided the CBSE Class 11 Physics Sample Paper for students. These sample papers are created by the experts and are as per the CBSE Class 11 Syllabus . By practising them, students will get to know how much they are actually prepared to face the exam. They will also get to know the areas where they are lagging behind. Working on them can help them improve their performance in the exam.

Students can download the CBSE Class 11 Sample Papers for Physics from the table below. Along with the CBSE class 11 Sample Papers , we have also provided the solutions. Students must go through the solution PDF after solving the sample paper. It will help them to know the answer writing skill through which they can fetch more marks in the exam. Also, it will resolve the doubts that they have faced while solving the sample paper. We have also provided 3 sets of CBSE Class 11 Physics Sample Papers without solutions for students to practice.

These Class 11 Physics sample papers are the best resource for practice. If they solve these papers by considering that they are writing the actual exam, they can reap the maximum benefit. Doing so will also increase their scores in the annual exam.

We hope students have found this information on “CBSE Sample Paper for Class 11 Physics” useful for their exam preparation. Keep learning and stay tuned for further updates on CBSE and other competitive exams. Download the BYJU’S App and subscribe to the YouTube channel to access interactive Maths and Science videos.

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 11 Physics Sample Papers

How can a student score full marks in class 11 physics subject.

Following the points below can help a student score maximum marks: 1. Focus on the Exam pattern and Syllabus of CBSE Class 11 Physics 2. Importance should be given to previous year QPs 3. Solve the maximum number of Sample QPs 4. Revise properly

Are Physics Sample QPs tougher than the actual exam question paper?

Physics sample QPs are framed in such a way as to expose all possible questions to the students. The benefit of solving these Sample QPs is that it aids in building the confidence of the student.

Which are the most important chapters in Class 11 Physics?

Each and every chapter should be given equal importance while preparing for the exam. However, to understand the weightage of each chapter, the Syllabus and marking scheme provided by the CBSE can be referred to by the students.

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CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11 Physics PDF
Students can download the CBSE Class 11 Sample Papers for Physics from the table below. Along with the CBSE class 11 Sample Papers, we have also provided the solutions. Students must go through the solution PDF after solving the sample paper. It will help them to know the answer writing skill through which they can fetch more marks in the exam.

CBSE Class 11 Sample Paper 2023-24 for All Subjects (PDF)

CBSE Class 11 Sample Papers 2024 – Download PDF

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Preparation Tips for Class 11 2024 Exams

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