conformity essay conclusion

Greater Good Science Center • Magazine • In Action • In Education

How Conformity Can Be Good and Bad for Society

In the U.S. Federal court system, many important cases go through three-judge panels. The majority opinion of these panels carries the day, meaning that having a majority is crucial for one side or another to get the rulings they want. So, if two out of three of the judges are appointed by Democrats, it’s safe to assume that most cases will go their way.

But a study of the judicial behavior of the District of Columbia Circuit came to a surprising conclusion: A panel of three GOP-appointed judges was actually considerably more likely to make a conservative ruling than a panel of two GOP appointees and one Democratic appointee. Just one Democratic dissenter appeared to make the difference; the dissenter apparently swayed their colleagues, demonstrating how viewpoint diversity has the power to alter the conclusions of a group.

This court study is among many cited by legal scholar Cass Sunstein in his new book Conformity: The Power of Social Influences , which delves deeply into how and why individuals often follow the opinions and behaviors of groups they belong to.

The upside and downside of conformity

While the book does warn of the downsides of conformity, Sunstein doesn’t declare that conforming is always harmful to society. On the contrary, he reiterates numerous circumstances when society can benefit from it.

For instance, Sunstein notes how conformity helped encourage public smoking laws. One study found that when public smoking bans were enacted in three California cities, compliance was high, and the cities received few reports of violations. Sunstein believes that the law had an impact not because of the threat of state enforcement, but because “the law suggests that most people believe it is wrong to smoke in public places. And if most people think it is wrong to smoke in public places, would-be smokers are less likely to smoke, in part because they do not want to be criticized or reprimanded.” In other words, the power of a popular law is due partly to conformity.

But conformity also carries with it the power to make human beings ignore their own consciences, sometimes to the point of committing atrocities.

The book points to Stanley Milgram’s infamous experiment in which participants were told to deliver a series of electric shocks to another participant (actually an actor working as the researcher’s confederate), slightly increasing the intensity every time. While the experiment was a ruse, the participants didn’t know that. Milgram found that all of the participants were willing to shock the confederate at 300 volts, and two-thirds continued to administer shocks at the very highest level of voltage. The participants were simply willing to trust the instructor that what they were doing was okay.

What drives conformity

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In order to understand how conformity works—from fairly banal examples such as public smoking bans all the way up to atrocities committed during World War II—Sunstein breaks it down into its component parts:

Informational signals: Sunstein suggests that participants in Milgram’s experiment were willing to follow orders because they believed the experimenter to be a trusted expert who was assuring them that the shocks were causing no lasting harm. This represents an “informational signal”—a batch of information sent out by a trusted expert or a crowd that can help you decide how you feel or act. Signals from in-groups—people you like, trust, or admire—are far more valuable than information signals from out-groups.

Reputational signals: We may have private qualms about a point of view or given course of action, but because we want to remain in the good graces of our social grouping, we suppress our dissent and eventually fall in line. This is particularly apparent in how social media polarization operates, where people gain prestige and influence when agreeing with their cohort’s biases rather than opposing them.

Social cascades: Sunstein identifies both informational and reputational signals as helping produce social cascades: “large-scale social movements in which many people end up thinking something, or doing something, because of the beliefs or actions of a few early movers.” He identifies everything from the success of Jane Austen novels to the elections of Barack Obama and Donald Trump as cascades.

To demonstrate how a cascade can work, he cites a study by sociologist Duncan Watts, in which study participants were asked to rank a group of seventy-two songs from best to worst. A control group was not given any information other than the songs themselves. But eight other subgroups could see how many people had previously downloaded the songs within their subgroup.

Watts found that the songs the control group had labeled as the worst songs generally ended up toward the bottom, while the ones the control group favored generally ended up toward the top. But for most of the other songs, a burst of popularity based on early downloads predicted how well they did in the rankings. In other words, people gave higher rankings to songs they perceived as popular among their group. Results like these may explain why companies marketing certain products often try to grease the wheels of sales by creating an impression of popularity before the product is actually popular.

How conformity drives polarization

The power of conformity and cascades has deep implications for political polarization. Sunstein notes that “like-minded people go to extremes,” and cites three factors for why this happens: “information, corroboration, and social comparison.”

In homogeneous groups, people tend to deal with a limited pool of information. If you are in a social group whose members tend to be opposed to abortion rights, it’s unlikely that you will ever hear any argument in favor of these rights. With your limited information, you are more likely to move in the direction of opposing abortion rights rather than supporting them.

“Much of the time, it is in the interest of the individual to follow the crowd, but in the social interest for individuals to say and do what they think best”

Corroboration comes into play because people who lack confidence in their views tend to have more moderate opinions. As Sunstein writes, people “who are unsure what they should think tend to moderate their views. It is for this reason that cautious people, not knowing what to do, are likely to choose the midpoint between relevant extremes.” But if you surround yourself with people who share your views, this will end up corroborating your beliefs. In this sort of environment, you will become more confident that you are correct and be more likely to move in an extreme direction.

Social comparison leads us to want to be perceived favorably by members of our group. If our group is strongly in favor of gun control, we will naturally gravitate to that position to win applause from our group.

Thus, these three factors together demonstrate how excessive conformity can drive polarization.

What can we do to lessen conformity’s downsides?

For Sunstein, the downsides of conformity are most concerning in his profession: the law. He believes that conformity can undermine our system of deliberative governance, the courts, and the undergraduate and law school education.

The book argues in favor of the checks and balances that exist in the federal system, where cascades can be broken by a House and Senate that are often at odds, for instance. He also argues that freedom of association provides a safeguard against informational and reputational influences that can lead people to conform without considering the downsides of a point of view or plan of action.

Citing the raft of studies showing that the presence of a dissenting judge on federal panels can significantly change outcomes, Sunstein argues for greater diversity on the federal bench. “My only suggestions are that a high degree of diversity on the federal judiciary is desirable, that the Senate is entitled to pursue diversity, and that without such diversity, judicial panels will inevitably go in unjustified directions,” he writes.

Lastly, Sunstein dives into the debate over affirmative action in higher education. He offers a somewhat nuanced view: Racial diversity—the main topic of many higher education debates—can in some circumstances be important, but is not a cure-all. He ultimately favors “cognitive diversity”—meaning, law school classrooms should have rigorous debates with many points of view represented. To the extent that racial and cultural diversity helps promote those debates, Sunstein appears to be in favor. But he also argues that there are many paths to an ideologically diverse classroom.

In his conclusion, Sunstein again concedes that conformity can sometimes benefit society. “In some settings, conformists strengthen social bonds, whereas dissenters imperil them, or at least introduce tension,” he notes.

But ultimately, he comes down on the side of arguing that we could use a little less conformity.

“Much of the time, it is in the interest of the individual to follow the crowd, but in the social interest for individuals to say and do what they think best,” he writes. “Well-functioning institutions take steps to discourage conformity and to promote dissent, partly to protect the rights of dissenters, but mostly to protect interests of their own.”

About the Author

Zaid Jilani

Zaid Jilani is Greater Good 's Bridging Differences Writing Fellow. A journalist originally from Atlanta, he has worked as a reporter for The Intercept and as a reporter-blogger for ThinkProgress, United Republic, the Progressive Change Campaign Committee, and Alternet .

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Home Essay Samples Psychology

Essay Samples on Conformity

Explaining the passive bystander effect and group polarization.

The following essay will discuss the role of informational and normative influences in explaining two psychological phenomena, specifically the Passive Bystander Effect and Group Polarization. Conformity is a type of majority social influence, involving a change in attitude, beliefs or behaviour to align with group...

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Mental Problems In One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey is a story that takes place in a mental hospital, within the mind of one of its patients, recording all the events that happen over several months from his perspective. He uses the thinking style and...

• One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest

Individuality Vs Conformity As The Main Themes Of Fahrenheit 451

 The idea of Individuality vs Conformity is one of the main themes of the book Fahrenheit 451. The author believes that it is easier to blend in and follow the crowd than to think for yourself the balance of both conformity and originality is essential...

• Individualism

Conformity and Individuality as The Two Main Ideas in "Fahrenheit 451"

The theme, conformity versus individuality, is prevalent not only in today’s world but in Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451. Conformity is when one complies with rules or regulations that are typically related to social norms or expectations. When a person conforms, he or she becomes a...

Study on How Societal Roles Determine Human Behavior

Social psychologists pay attention to how people interpret situations and their impact on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (Ross Nisbett,1991). Thus, Social psychology manifests individuals as people with fixed characteristics while also portraying individuals in a social-context showing how situational variables and roles impact behaviour. This...

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Peer Pressure'S Effect On Collectivistic And Individualistic Cultures

People live in groups, following their social ability to form a peer group. The group is form by people of similar age which appears at all stages of life. Peer pressure has the most prominent influence on teenagers. In terms of personality development, young people...

• Individualistic Mentality
• Peer Pressure

The Importance of Rules in Thank You Ma'am and The Lottery

Throughout life we come across obstacles that have an impact on our everyday lives. This conflict can leave positive or negative effects on who we are and how the rest of our lives will turn out. These unexpected forks in the road can be seen...

• Thank You Ma Am

Stanford Prison Experiment on Conformity to Expected Roles

Prisons have a negative impact on a healthy lifestyle because they create an unhealthy system filled with abuse, isolation, stress and mental problems which ultimately dehumanizes prisoners. First prisoners experience psychological trauma by being removed from the real world. All their possessions are taken away...

• Stanford Prison Experiment

The Social and Scientific Experiments on Distinguishing Nazis

The Holocaust was the mass murder of six million Jews, carried out by the Nazi regime during World War II. Today we use this event to analyze how humans launched and participated in one of the most tragic and inhumane occurrence documented. As we look...

The Power of Conformity Among Youth in Amy Tan's Novel Two Kinds and Tillie Olsen’s Work I Stand Here Ironing

Despite the modern idealism of encouraging individuals to realize their authentic identities, it is clear that the pressure to conform to external standards remains a significant contribution to self-conflict among youth. In Tillie Olsen’s “I Stand Here Ironing” and Amy Tan’s “Two Kinds”, the conformity...

Conformity to Made-Up Norms and in Social Interactions

It is human nature to want to feel comfortable. We are programmed to coordinate our behavior with that of the people around us. When we are put in unfamiliar circumstances, we look to others for cues on how to act. To follow normative cues is...

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Conformity Versus Non-Conformity in the Social Groups

The dictionary describes conformity as a harmony of the established practice. In other words, conform simply means to change one’s thoughts in order to comply with rules, or general customs. Altering our behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs to match those people around us, and adjusting one’s...

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Investigation of Conformity as a Confirmed Concept of Social Behaviour

Conformity is an area of psychology classified under social behaviour. It focuses on social influence within a group involving altering behaviour or beliefs in order to fit in with others. There are three types of conformity proposed by Kelman (1958), including compliance, identification and internalisation....

Social Influence on the Conformity of People

Social Influence is the change in behaviour that occurs in an individual through another individual or a group of individuals, either deliberately or involuntarily. This change usually occurs through; conformity or obedience. (Kelly & Barker, 2016) This essay will firstly introduce the topic of conformity...

The Rise of Conformity in Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451

Ray Bradbury’s famous novel, Fahrenheit 451, is about Guy Montag, a man who burns books for a living in an uncultured dystopian future. Set in the United States during an unspecified distant time period, people have become utterly consumed with modern media and advanced technology....

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• Ray Bradbury

Best topics on Conformity

1. Explaining the Passive Bystander Effect and Group Polarization

2. Mental Problems In One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest

3. Individuality Vs Conformity As The Main Themes Of Fahrenheit 451

4. Conformity and Individuality as The Two Main Ideas in “Fahrenheit 451”

5. Study on How Societal Roles Determine Human Behavior

6. Peer Pressure’S Effect On Collectivistic And Individualistic Cultures

7. The Importance of Rules in Thank You Ma’am and The Lottery

8. Stanford Prison Experiment on Conformity to Expected Roles

9. The Social and Scientific Experiments on Distinguishing Nazis

10. The Power of Conformity Among Youth in Amy Tan’s Novel Two Kinds and Tillie Olsen’s Work I Stand Here Ironing

11. Conformity to Made-Up Norms and in Social Interactions

12. Conformity Versus Non-Conformity in the Social Groups

13. Investigation of Conformity as a Confirmed Concept of Social Behaviour

14. Social Influence on the Conformity of People

15. The Rise of Conformity in Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451

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Reviewed by Psychology Today Staff

Conformity is the tendency for an individual to align their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those of the people around them. Conformity can take the form of overt social pressure or subtler, unconscious influence. Regardless of its form, it can be a powerful force—able to change how large groups behave, to start or end conflicts, and much more.

• Why We Conform
• How Conformity Influences Behavior
• Types of Conformity

As much as most people like to think of themselves as unique individuals, in reality, humans are social beings—and for the sake of group cohesion, people are evolutionarily driven to fit in. That usually means copying the actions of others, looking to the group when deciding how to think or behave, or doing what is "expected" based on widely accepted (if often unspoken) social norms.

Though it's often derided, conformity isn't necessarily a malevolent force. At its best, conformity offers a sense of belonging and group identity and can encourage people to adhere to moral standards. At its worst, though, it can bring out a person's darkest impulses and even be used to justify—and carry out—large-scale atrocities.

The need to belong is deeply wired into human biology. In evolutionary terms, going against one’s group could be costly, and social cohesion was critical for the group’s overall success. Today, the desire for acceptance—or the drive to “fit in”—remains a basic human instinct for the vast majority of people .

Conformity is not inherently positive or negative. When conformity occurs because of fear, concern for one’s social standing, or has dangerous consequences, it may be seen as negative. However, conformity that protects the overall well-being of the group—mutually deciding to respect private property, for instance—can help societies succeed.

One reason is called social proof ; it’s common to assume that if most other people are doing something, it must be correct. A desire for social harmony is another major driver of conformity. Going along with what others are doing reduces the possibility of disagreements that could lead to one group member being ostracized.

It appears to be. Conformity is a universal feature across societies , leading researchers to suspect that it gave us an evolutionary advantage. But despite its evolutionary roots, conformity is not universally beneficial and can prove dangerous—either to individuals or to the group itself—when its resulting norms and practices are never questioned.

Generally, yes; though individuals prioritize fitting in to varying degrees, virtually everyone who interacts with society conforms to it in some way. This may manifest in their appearance, behavior, or the social norms they choose to follow. While some people strive to be “non-conformist,” conformity is a fact of life for the vast majority of humankind.

Conformity is typically motivated by a person's identification with a specific group. In theory, to be truly accepted as a member, an individual must adopt the norms and rules that govern the group's behavior. These actions may, at first, differ from their own personal values. In time, however, the individual's underlying beliefs and attitudes may begin to shift as the opinions and behaviors of the group become ingrained and automatic.

People learn social skills at an early age by observing and copying the behavior of others. As an individual grows older, the social pressure to conform with group norms becomes stronger. Established group members may use a variety of tactics to persuade outsiders to conform, including praising, criticizing, bullying , or modeling "correct" behavior.

A healthy amount of conformity can lead to increased social harmony , on both interpersonal and societal levels. For instance, a society in which all members collectively agree to conform to certain driving-related behaviors—driving on the right side of the road, perhaps, or yielding to pedestrians—will experience fewer traffic accidents than a society without such agreements. 

The bystander effect —in which the presence of others discourages individuals from intervening in a situation—is likely influenced, in part, by conformity: If we see others choosing to do nothing, we’re more likely to do nothing ourselves. Diffusion of responsibility—in which no individual feels like it’s up to them to intervene—may also partially motivate the effect. 

If you lack information about something and need to make a quick decision, copying the behavior of those around you may be the best move—though there are, of course, exceptions to this rule. If conforming to a norm will help your group solve a collective problem, it’s likely beneficial for you to follow suit.

Unfortunately, yes. A desire to be accepted, to not make waves, or to punish “non-conformists” has motivated bullying , exclusion, and even large-scale atrocities. The Holocaust is often cited as an example of the dangers of unchecked conformity and blind obedience to authority.

Conformity motivated by deference to authority or fear of punishment is likely to be harmful. When group members conceal critical information from each other in order not to rock the boat, or are willing to deny the evidence of their own senses, the group is at risk of groupthink or extreme polarization. 

Even one voice of dissent can dampen a collective urge to conform to harmful behaviors. Freely sharing any and all relevant information, regularly assessing group norms to determine if they’re helpful or harmful, and having the courage to speak up when things aren’t right can stop groups from engaging in destructive behaviors.

Not all kinds of conformity are the same. Though psychological research has examined many aspects of conformity and related concepts, researchers have typically focused on two main types of conformity: informational and normative . Informational conformity is the tendency to turn to a group to glean information, make decisions, or form opinions. Normative conformity is the tendency to behave in certain ways in order to be accepted by a group. Of the two, normative conformity may be the most dangerous, as it can motivate someone to go along with a group even if they know the group is wrong.

Conformity denotes a wide-ranging phenomenon in which people (intentionally or unintentionally) shift their behavior or beliefs to fit in with a larger group. Groupthink refers to a specific kind of dysfunctional decision-making in which a group of well-intentioned people make irrational decisions. Groupthink is often, but not always, spurred by a desire to conform.

No, though they both can influence the behavior of individuals or groups. Obedience requires a social hierarchy in which lower-ranking people comply with demands from authority figures above them. Conformity, on the other hand, can occur among people of equal or unequal social standing, through spoken or unspoken influence from others in the group.

Informational conformity occurs when individuals look to the group to seek information—deciding what products to buy, for instance, or which non-group members can be trusted. Normative conformity refers to the shifting of behaviors and beliefs resulting from this information gathering. Thus, the two types of conformity work together to shift behavior and encourage social cohesion .

According to Harvard social psychologist Herbert Kelman, compliance is the outward appearance of conformity, regardless of whether or not one’s internal beliefs have changed. 

In Kelman’s conceptualization of conformity, the term identification refers to conformity that is motivated by a desire to be accepted by a specific person or group.

Internalization occurs when the ideas and behaviors to which the individual is conforming reflect their sense of self and have become congruent with their values. In other words, they're not just behaving in accordance with the group's beliefs; they actually believe them, too.

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What Is Conformity?

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist and international bestselling author. Her books, including "13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do," have been translated into more than 40 languages. Her TEDx talk,  "The Secret of Becoming Mentally Strong," is one of the most viewed talks of all time.

Types of Conformity

Influential factors.

• Potential Pitfalls

Frequently Asked Questions

Conformity is the act of changing your behaviors in order to fit in or go along with the people around you.

In some cases, this social influence might involve agreeing with or acting like the majority of people in a specific group, or it might involve behaving in a particular way in order to be perceived as "normal" by the group. Essentially, conformity involves giving in to group pressure.

Why We Conform

Researchers have found that people conform for a number of different reasons. In many cases, looking to the rest of the group for clues for how we should behave can be helpful. Other people might have greater knowledge or experience than we do, so following their lead can actually be instructive.

In some instances, we conform to the expectations of the group in order to avoid looking foolish. This tendency can become particularly strong in situations where we are not quite sure how to act or where the expectations are ambiguous.

In 1955, Deutsch and Gerard identified two key reasons why people conform: informational influence and normative influence.

• Informational influence happens when people change their behavior in order to be correct. In situations where we are unsure of the correct response, we often look to others who are better informed and more knowledgeable and use their lead as a guide for our own behaviors. In a classroom setting, for example, this might involve agreeing with the judgments of another classmate who you perceive as being highly intelligent.
• Normative influence stems from a desire to avoid punishments (such as going along with the rules in class even though you don't agree with them) and gain rewards (such as behaving in a certain way in order to get people to like you).

Conformity is something that happens regularly in our social worlds. Sometimes we are aware of our behavior, but in many cases, it happens without much thought or awareness on our parts. In some cases, we go along with things that we disagree with or behave in ways that we know we shouldn't.

Some of the best-known experiments on the psychology of conformity deal with people going along with the group, even when they know the group is wrong.

Jenness's 1932 Experiment

In one of the earliest experiments on conformity, Jenness asked participants to estimate the number of beans in a bottle. They first estimated the number individually and then later as a group. After they were asked as a group, they were then asked again individually. The experimenter found that their estimates shifted from their original guess to closer to what other members of the group had guessed.

Sherif's Autokinetic Effect Experiments

In a series of experiments, Muzafer Sherif asked participants to estimate how far a dot of light in a dark room moved. In reality, the dot was static, but it appeared to move due to something known as the autokinetic effect. Essentially, tiny movements of the eyes make it appear that a small spot of light is moving in a dark room.

When asked individually, the participants' answers varied considerably. When asked as part of a group, however, Sherif found that the responses converged toward a central mean. Sherif's results, published in 1935, demonstrated that in an ambiguous situation, people will conform to the group, an example of informational influence.

Asch's Conformity Experiments

In this series of famous experiments , conducted in the 1950s, psychologist Solomon Asch asked participants to complete what they believed was a simple perceptual task. They were asked to choose a line that matched the length of one of three different lines.

When asked individually, participants would choose the correct line. When asked in the presence of confederates who were in on the experiment and who intentionally selected the wrong line, around 75% of participants conformed to the group at least once.

This experiment is a good example of normative influence. Participants changed their answer and conformed to the group in order to fit in and avoid standing out.

Stanford Prison Experiment

In this controversial experiment , conducted in 1971, Philip Zimbardo simulated a prison setting to see how people's behavior would change according to the role they were given (prisoner or prison guard). It showed that behavior was affected by the expectations of the role. However, there are many criticisms of this experiment and its results.

Normative and informational influences are two important types of conformity, but there are also a number of other reasons why we conform.

Normative Conformity

This type of conformity involves changing one's behavior in order to fit in with a group. For example, a teenager might dress in a certain style because they want to look like their peers who are members of a particular group.

Informational Conformity

In this case, conformity is looking to the group for information and direction (this happens when a person lacks knowledge). Think of attending your first class at a new yoga studio. You would probably watch what others were doing to see where you should hang your coat, stow your shoes, unroll your mat, and so on.

Identification

Identification is conforming based on social roles. The Stanford Prison Experiment is an example of this type of conformity.

Compliance is changing one's behavior while still internally disagreeing with the group. For example, you might read a book for your book club and really enjoy it. But at your meeting, you learn that the other members all disliked the book. Rather than go against the group opinion, you might simply agree that the book was terrible.

Internalization

This type of conformity involves changing one's behavior to be like another person. You might notice this in a friend who's taste in music or movies shifts to match that of their romantic partner.

Human behavior and psychology is complex. People may conform in some situations and not in others, depending on factors including:

• The difficulty of the task : Difficult tasks can lead to both increased and decreased conformity. Not knowing how to perform a difficult task makes people more likely to conform, but increased difficulty can also make people more accepting of different responses, leading to less conformity.
• Individual differences : Personal characteristics, such as motivation to achieve and strong leadership abilities , are linked with a decreased tendency to conform.
• Group size : People are more likely to conform in situations that involve between three and five other people.
• Situation : People are more likely to conform in ambiguous situations where they are unclear about how they should respond.
• Cultural differences : People from collectivist cultures are more likely to conform.

Potential Pitfalls of Conformity

While it is often beneficial to fit in with a group, sometimes conformity can have undesirable consequences. For example, feeling like you have to change your appearance or personality to be a member of a group might lower your self-esteem .

Succumbing to peer pressure could lead to risky or illegal behavior, such as underage drinking. Or, conformity might lead to a bystander effect , in which going along with the group means failing to act when someone is in need.

A desire to conform might also limit your openness to new ideas or arguments. And conforming with a group could even result in feelings or acts of prejudice .

A Word From Verywell

Understanding conformity can help you make sense of the reasons why some people go along with the crowd, even when their choices seem out of character for them. It can also help you see how other people's behavior may influence the choices you make.

Compliance is changing one's behavior in response to a request to do so, such as a friend asking you to give them a ride. It's not the same as obedience (for example, a student following a school rule) because the request came from someone who doesn't have authority over you. Conformity is more subtle. It is when you change your behavior (consciously or unconsciously) not based on a request, but based on a perceived need to fit in with those around you.

Research shows that conformity to peers peaks in mid-adolescence, around age 14. At this age, children spend more time with peers and their influence is strongest.

In more individualistic cultures, people are less likely to conform. In collectivist cultures, conformity is more valued.

Conformity bias is the tendency to make decisions or judgments based on other people's behavior. Once one person in a class cheats on a test, for example, others may be more willing to cheat because they see that it is acceptable to the group.

Wei Z, Zhao Z, Zheng Y. Following the majority: Social influence in trusting behavior .  Front Neurosci . 2019;13:89. doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00089

Deutsch M, Gerard HB. A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment .  J Abnormal Social Psychol. 1955;51(3):629-636.doi:10.1037/h0046408

Sowden S, Koletsi S, Lymberopoulos E, Militaru E, Catmur C, Bird G. Quantifying compliance and acceptance through public and private social conformity .  Conscious Cogn . 2018;65:359–367. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2018.08.009

Morgan TJ, Laland KN. The biological bases of conformity .  Front Neurosci . 2012;6:87. doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00087

Le Texier T. Debunking the Stanford Prison Experiment . Am Psychol. 2019;74(7):823-839. doi:10.1037/amp0000401

Knoll LJ, Leung JT, Foulkes L, Blakemore SJ. Age-related differences in social influence on risk perception depend on the direction of influence . J Adolesc. 2017;60:53-63. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.07.002

Asch SE. Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments . In: Guetzkow H, ed. Groups, Leadership and Men. Carnegie Press.

Breckler SJ, Olson JM, Wiggins EC. Social Psychology Alive . Cengage Learning.

Eysenck MW. Psychology: An International Perspective . Psychology Press.

Jenness A. The role of discussion in changing opinion regarding a matter of fact . J Abnormal Social Psychol. 1932:27(3):279-296. doi:10.1037/h0074620

Sherif M. A study of some social factors in perception . Arch Psychol. 1935(187):60.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

The Beat Movement: a Cultural Revolution in 20th Century America

This essay about the Beat Movement explores its profound impact on 20th-century American culture. It discusses how figures like Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burroughs challenged societal norms through literature, music, and art. The Beat ethos rejected conformity and celebrated spontaneity, influencing subsequent generations of artists, writers, and activists. The movement’s emphasis on individualism, multiculturalism, and social critique remains relevant today, serving as a reminder of the power of art to provoke change.

How it works

In the annals of American literary and cultural history, few movements have left as indelible a mark as the Beat Generation. Emerging in the 1950s, the Beat movement was a countercultural phenomenon that challenged the prevailing norms of post-World War II society. Spearheaded by luminaries such as Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burroughs, the Beats rejected conformity, celebrated spontaneity, and sought spiritual fulfillment through art and experience. Their impact resonates to this day, influencing not only literature but also music, film, and social activism.

At its core, the Beat movement was a reaction against the stifling conformity and materialism of mainstream American culture in the postwar era. In contrast to the prevailing ethos of suburban conformity and consumerism, the Beats embraced a bohemian lifestyle characterized by spontaneity, creativity, and a rejection of societal norms. Their writings often explored themes of alienation, disillusionment, and the search for authentic experience in an increasingly homogenized world.

Central to the Beat aesthetic was the idea of “spontaneous prose” championed by Jack Kerouac. Kerouac’s groundbreaking novel “On the Road,” published in 1957, epitomized this approach, capturing the restless energy and wanderlust of a generation disillusioned with the American Dream. Drawing inspiration from his own experiences traveling across the United States, Kerouac eschewed traditional narrative conventions in favor of a stream-of-consciousness style that mirrored the rhythms of jazz music, another key influence on the Beat movement.

While literature was the primary medium through which the Beat ethos was expressed, the movement encompassed a broader cultural sensibility that found expression in music, art, and politics. Beat poets such as Allen Ginsberg and Lawrence Ferlinghetti experimented with form and content, pushing the boundaries of language and challenging societal taboos. Ginsberg’s seminal poem “Howl,” with its searing critique of the dehumanizing effects of industrial society, became a rallying cry for a generation disillusioned with the status quo.

Beyond literature, the Beat movement exerted a profound influence on the cultural landscape of the 20th century. Beatniks, as adherents of the movement came to be known, embraced an eclectic mix of influences, from Eastern spirituality to African American jazz, and their embrace of multiculturalism prefigured the ethos of the 1960s counterculture. The Beats also played a significant role in the civil rights and anti-war movements, their rejection of mainstream values serving as a catalyst for social and political change.

In conclusion, the Beat movement remains a pivotal moment in American cultural history, challenging the status quo and inspiring subsequent generations of artists, writers, and activists. Its legacy can be seen in the continued celebration of individualism, creativity, and nonconformity in contemporary society. As we navigate the complexities of the 21st century, the spirit of the Beats serves as a reminder of the power of art to provoke, challenge, and ultimately transform the world around us.

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Paano Sumulat ng Mabuting Konklusyon (May mga Halimbawa) 

• Koponan ng Editoryal ng Smodin
• Nai-publish: Mayo 31, 2024
• Pangkalahatan

Ang mga mag-aaral ay madalas na gumugugol ng maraming oras sa paggawa ng mga pagpapakilala ng sanaysay habang iniiwan ang konklusyon bilang isang nahuling pag-iisip. Habang ang panimula ay isa sa pinakamahalagang aspeto ng isang sanaysay, ang isang mahusay na konklusyon ay maaaring magkaroon ng kasing dami ng epekto sa pagiging epektibo nito. Ang pag-alam kung paano magsulat ng isang mahusay na konklusyon ay mahalaga, dahil ito ay nakapaloob sa iyong mga pangunahing punto at nag-iiwan ng isang pangmatagalang impresyon sa mambabasa.

Ang isang mahusay na ginawang konklusyon ay dapat magsilbing panghuling pitch para sa iyong mga argumento. Ang iyong mambabasa ay dapat lumayo nang may malinaw na pag-unawa sa kung ano ang kanilang nabasa at kung paano ito nalalapat sa core ng iyong thesis. Gamit ang tamang diskarte, ang iyong konklusyon ay maaaring baguhin ang isang mahusay na sanaysay sa isang mahusay, ginagawa itong parehong hindi malilimutan at may epekto.

Gagabayan ka ng artikulong ito sa apat na simpleng hakbang ng pagsulat ng mga nakakahimok na konklusyon. Ang bawat hakbang ay idinisenyo upang tulungan kang palakasin ang iyong thesis at ipahayag ang iyong mga huling iniisip sa paraang makakatugon sa iyong guro o propesor. Sa kaunting pagsasanay, matututuhan mo kung paano idikit ang landing at bigyan ang bawat sanaysay ng finale na nararapat dito.

Ano ang Layunin ng Konklusyon na Talata?

Ang pag-unawa sa layunin ng konklusyon na talata ay mahalaga para sa mabisang pagsulat ng sanaysay. Ang konklusyon na talata ay dapat na higit pa sa isang buod ng iyong sanaysay. Dapat itong pagsamahin lahat iyong mga argumento at itali ang mga ito sa iyong thesis.

Tandaan, lahat ng mabuting pagsulat ay nagbibigay inspirasyon sa damdamin. Nasa iyo kung magbibigay-inspirasyon, pukawin, o makikipag-ugnayan, ngunit ang konklusyon ay dapat palaging mag-iwan ng pangmatagalang impresyon.

Kung may pagdududa, AI Chat ni Smodin Ang tool ay maaaring maging madaling gamitin para sa pagsukat ng emosyonal na epekto ng iyong konklusyon.

Sa pamamagitan ng pag-master ng sining ng pagsulat ng isang malakas na konklusyon, nilagyan mo ang iyong sarili ng mga tool upang matiyak na namumukod-tangi ang iyong mga sanaysay. Ito man ang una o huling sanaysay na iyong isinusulat para sa klase, pagkakataon mo na itong mag-iwan ng tiyak na marka sa iyong mambabasa.

Paano Sumulat ng Magandang Konklusyon

Tinitiyak ng diskarteng ito na ang iyong konklusyon ay nagdaragdag ng halaga at pinatitibay ang pagkakaugnay ng iyong mga argumento. Narito ang tatlong simple at epektibong kasanayan upang matulungan kang gumawa ng isang matatag na konklusyon.

Isinasauli muli ang Iyong Thesis

Ang pagbabalik ng iyong thesis sa konklusyon ay isang karaniwang kasanayan sa pagsulat ng sanaysay, at para sa magandang dahilan. Nakakatulong ito na bigyang-diin kung paano lumalim o nagbago ang iyong pang-unawa batay sa ebidensyang ibinigay mo.

Intindihin mo na lang yan a muling pagsasalaysay ng iyong orihinal na thesis ay hindi nangangahulugang kumpleto salita-sa-salitang ulitin. Dapat mong i-rephrase ang iyong orihinal na thesis upang maipaliwanag nito ang mga insight na nahawakan mo sa kabuuan ng sanaysay. Ang AI Rewriter ni Smodin ay maaaring makatulong na pinuhin ang iyong muling paglalahad upang matiyak na ito ay sariwa at may epekto.

Narito ang ilang mga tip upang epektibong maipahayag muli ang iyong thesis

• Ipakita ang pagiging kumplikado : Kung ang iyong sanaysay ay nagdagdag ng mga layer o nuances sa orihinal na pahayag, siguraduhing ipahayag iyon nang malinaw.
• Isama ang Mga Pangunahing Natuklasan : Isama ang mga pangunahing natuklasan ng iyong sanaysay upang palakasin kung paano nila sinuportahan o pinino ang iyong thesis.
• Panatilihin itong Sariwa : Muli, gusto mong iwasang ulitin ang parehong mga bagay nang dalawang beses. Gumamit ng iba't ibang mga salita na nagpapakita ng isang nuanced na pananaw.

Panghuli, laging tiyakin na ang muling isinaad na thesis ay magkakaugnay nang walang putol sa natitirang bahagi ng iyong sanaysay. Palaging subukang ipakita ang pagkakaugnay ng iyong pagsulat upang mabigyan ang mambabasa ng isang malakas na pakiramdam ng pagsasara.

Paggamit ng mga tool ng AI tulad ng Smodin's Outliner at Essay Writer masisigurong maayos ang daloy ng iyong pagsulat at madaling sundin.

Pagbibigay ng Epektibong Synthesis

Ang pagbibigay ng mabisang synthesis ay dapat magpahusay sa iyong orihinal na thesis. Ang lahat ng magagandang argumento ay dapat na umunlad at lumipat sa buong sanaysay. Sa halip na ibuod lamang ang mga natuklasang ito, dapat mong pagsamahin ang mga kritikal na pananaw at ebidensya upang magpakita ng mas malalim o mas nuanced na pag-unawa.

Gumuhit ng mga koneksyon sa pagitan ng mga pangunahing puntong tinalakay at ipakita kung paano sila sama-samang sumusuporta sa iyong thesis. Gayundin, pag-isipan ang mga implikasyon ng mga insight na ito para sa mas malawak na konteksto ng iyong paksa. At muli, laging gumamit ng sariwa at nakakaengganyong wika upang mapanatili ang interes ng mambabasa.

Ang huling bagay na gusto mo ay para sa iyong mambabasa na tingnan ang iyong sanaysay bilang isang koleksyon ng mga indibidwal na puntos. Ang isang mahusay na sanaysay ay dapat basahin bilang isang pinag-isang kabuuan, na ang lahat ng mga piraso ay natural na nagsasama-sama. Pinagtitibay mo ang kahalagahan ng iyong argumento kapag pinagsama mo ang lahat ng mga piraso sa iyong konklusyon.

Pagbibigay ng Mga Bagong Insight

Gayundin, isipin ang hakbang na ito bilang iyong pagkakataon na magmungkahi ng mga direksyon sa pananaliksik sa hinaharap batay sa iyong mga natuklasan. Ano ang susunod na maaaring pag-aralan ng isang mag-aaral o mananaliksik? Anong mga tanong na hindi pa nasasagot? Kung nagkakaproblema ka sa pagsagot sa mga tanong na ito, isaalang-alang ang paggamit Mga tool sa pananaliksik ni Smodin upang mapalawak ang iyong kaalaman sa paksa.

Hindi ibig sabihin na maaari kang mag-iwan ng bukas o hindi nasagot na mga tanong tungkol sa iyong sariling thesis. Sa kabaligtaran, ang iyong konklusyon ay dapat na matatag na maitatag ang bisa ng iyong argumento. Sabi nga, anumang malalim at insightful na pagsusuri ay natural na humahantong sa karagdagang paggalugad. Bigyan ng pansin ang mga potensyal na lugar na ito ng pagtatanong.

(Opsyonal) Bumuo ng Personal na Koneksyon sa Nagbabasa

Ang pagbuo ng isang koneksyon sa mambabasa sa konklusyon ay maaaring mag-personalize at palakasin ang epekto ng iyong sanaysay. Ang diskarteng ito ay maaaring maging makapangyarihan kung ipinatupad nang tama, na ginagawang mas relatable, pantao, at hindi malilimutan ang iyong pagsusulat.

Sabi nga, hindi hinihikayat ng slime academics ang paggamit ng "I" sa mga pormal na sanaysay. Laging pinakamahusay na linawin ang paninindigan ng iyong guro o propesor bago pagsusumite ng iyong huling draft.

Kung ito ay pinahihintulutan, isaalang-alang ang pagbabahagi ng maikling personal na pagmumuni-muni o anekdota na nauugnay sa mga pangunahing tema ng iyong sanaysay. Malaki ang maitutulong ng isang personal na ugnayan sa paggawa ng tao sa iyong mga argumento at paglikha ng koneksyon sa mambabasa.

Anuman ang iyong pipiliin, tandaan na ang iyong konklusyon ay dapat palaging umakma sa analytical na mga natuklasan ng iyong sanaysay. Huwag kailanman magsabi ng anumang bagay na nakakabawas sa iyong thesis o sa mga natuklasan na iyong ipinakita.

Mga Halimbawa ng Mabuting Konklusyon

Tuklasin natin ang ilang halimbawa upang ilarawan kung ano ang hitsura at tunog ng isang mahusay na ginawang konklusyon. Ang sumusunod ay dalawang hypothetical thesis essay mula sa larangan ng agham at panitikan.

• Paksa ng Thesis: Ang Epekto ng Pagbabago ng Klima sa Mga Coral Reef
• Panimula: “Ang mga coral reef ay nagsisilbing tagapag-alaga ng biodiversity ng karagatan. Ang mga underwater ecosystem na ito ay kabilang sa mga pinaka-masigla at mahalaga sa buong planeta. Gayunpaman, ang lumalalang epekto ng pagbabago ng klima ay nagdudulot ng matinding banta sa kanilang kalusugan at kaligtasan. Ang sanaysay na ito ay naglalayong i-dissect ang mga partikular na pagbabago sa kapaligiran na nag-aambag sa pagkasira ng coral habang nagmumungkahi ng mga hakbang para sa pagpapagaan."
• Paghihinuha: "Ang pagsisiyasat na ito sa epekto ng pagbabago ng klima sa mga coral reef ay nagsiwalat ng isang nakakagambalang pagbilis ng mga kaganapan sa pagpapaputi ng coral at isang makabuluhang pagbaba ng biodiversity ng reef. Ang mga natuklasan na ipinakita sa pag-aaral na ito ay nagtatag ng isang malinaw na ugnayan sa pagitan ng tumaas na temperatura ng dagat at pagkamatay ng coral reef. Ang pananaliksik sa hinaharap ay dapat tumuon sa mga mekanismo ng katatagan ng mga species ng coral na maaaring maka-impluwensya sa mga estratehiya sa konserbasyon. Ang kapalaran ng mga coral reef ay nakasalalay sa kagyat at puro aksyon ng sangkatauhan upang pigilan ang mga pandaigdigang emisyon at mapanatili ang mahahalagang ecosystem na ito para sa mga susunod na henerasyon."

Pansinin kung paano ang konklusyon ay hindi lamang muling isinasaad ang thesis. Sa halip, itinatampok nito ang tiyak na koneksyon sa pagitan ng pagbabago ng klima at kalusugan ng coral. Inuulit din nito ang pagkaapurahan ng isyu at nagpapalawak ng isang tawag ng aksyon para sa patuloy na interbensyon. Ang huling pangungusap ay direkta, sa punto, at nag-iiwan ng pangmatagalang impresyon sa mambabasa.

Kung nahihirapan ka sa iyong pangwakas na pangungusap (o anumang pangungusap, sa bagay na iyon), Smodin's Rewriter ay maaaring lumikha ng daan-daang iba't ibang mga pangungusap sa mga segundo. Pagkatapos, piliin ang mga pangungusap at parirala na pinakamatunog at gamitin ang mga ito upang makagawa ng isang nakakahimok na konklusyon.

• Paksa ng Thesis: Ang Ebolusyon ng American Dream sa 20th-Century American Literature
• Panimula: "Ang American Dream ay minsang tinukoy ng kasaganaan at tagumpay. Gayunpaman, sa buong ika-20 siglo, ang representasyon ng American Dream sa popular na panitikan ay sumailalim sa mga makabuluhang pagbabago. Ang mga representasyon bang ito ay nagpapahiwatig ng isang malawak na damdamin na natutulog sa gitna ng publikong Amerikano? O ang mga akdang ito ba ay bunga lamang ng mga dismayadong manunulat na tumutugon sa umuusbong na mga hamon ng panahon?”
• Paghihinuha: “Ang mga gawa nina F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Steinbeck, at Toni Morrison ay naglalarawan ng ebolusyon ng American Dream mula sa walang pigil na optimismo tungo sa isang mas kritikal na pagsusuri ng American etos. Sa buong modernista at post-modernistang panitikan, ang American Dream ay madalas na salungat sa mga pangunahing halaga ng Amerikano. Ang mga nobelang ito ay sumasalamin sa mas malawak na pagbabago sa lipunan na patuloy na humuhubog sa pambansang kamalayan. Ang karagdagang pananaliksik sa kontemporaryong panitikan ay maaaring magbigay ng higit na pananaw sa mga kumplikado ng konseptong ito.

Malalaman mo nang eksakto kung ano ang saklaw ng sanaysay na ito sa pamamagitan ng pagbabasa lamang ng panimula at konklusyon. Binubuod nito ang ebolusyon ng American Dream sa pamamagitan ng pagsusuri sa mga gawa ng tatlong natatanging may-akda. Pagkatapos ay sinusuri nito ang mga gawang ito upang ipakita kung paano ipinapakita ng mga ito ang mas malawak na pagbabago sa lipunan. Ang konklusyon ay gumagana bilang parehong capstone at isang tulay upang itakda ang yugto para sa mga katanungan sa hinaharap.

Sumulat ng Mas Mabuting Konklusyon Kasama si Smodin

Laging tandaan ang elemento ng tao sa likod ng proseso ng pagmamarka kapag gumagawa ng iyong sanaysay. Ang iyong mga guro o propesor ay tao at malamang na gumugol ng hindi mabilang na oras sa pagrepaso ng mga sanaysay sa mga katulad na paksa. Ang proseso ng pagmamarka ay maaaring mahaba at kumpleto. Ang iyong konklusyon ay dapat na naglalayong gawing mas madali ang kanilang gawain, hindi mas mahirap.

Ang isang mahusay na ginawang konklusyon ay nagsisilbing huling piraso sa iyong argumento. Dapat nitong i-recap ang mga kritikal na insight na tinalakay sa itaas habang nagbibigay ng bagong liwanag sa paksa. Sa pamamagitan ng pagsasama ng mga makabagong elemento at insightful na mga obserbasyon, ang iyong konklusyon ay makakatulong sa iyong sanaysay na maging kakaiba sa karamihan.

Siguraduhin na ang iyong sanaysay ay nagtatapos sa isang mataas na tala upang i-maximize ang iyong mga pagkakataong makakuha ng mas mahusay na marka ngayon at sa hinaharap. Ang komprehensibong suite ng AI tool ng Smodin makakatulong sa iyo na mapahusay ang bawat aspeto ng iyong pagsulat ng sanaysay. Mula sa paunang pananaliksik hanggang sa pagbubuo, ang mga tool na ito ay maaaring i-streamline ang proseso at mapabuti ang kalidad ng iyong mga sanaysay.

More From Forbes

5 strategies to unlock your winning college essay.

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CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS - JUNE 29: People walk through the gate on Harvard Yard at the Harvard ... [+] University campus on June 29, 2023 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that race-conscious admission policies used by Harvard and the University of North Carolina violate the Constitution, bringing an end to affirmative action in higher education. (Photo by Scott Eisen/Getty Images)

The college application season is upon us, and high school students everywhere are staring down at one of the most daunting tasks: the college essay. As someone who has guided countless applicants through the admissions process and reviewed admissions essays on an undergraduate admissions committee, I've pinpointed the essential ingredient to a differentiated candidacy—the core of your college admissions X-factor .

The essential ingredient to your college admissions X-factor is your intellectual vitality. Intellectual vitality is your passion for learning and curiosity. By demonstrating and conveying this passion, you can transform an average essay into a compelling narrative that boosts your chances of getting accepted to your top schools. Here are five dynamic strategies to achieve that goal.

Unleash Your Authentic Voice

Admissions officers sift through thousands of essays every year. What stops them in their tracks? An authentic voice that leaps off the page. Forget trying to guess what the admissions committee wants to hear. Focus on being true to yourself. Share your unique perspective, your passions, and your values. Authenticity resonates deeply with application reviewers, making your essay memorable and impactful. You need not have experienced trauma or tragedy to create a strong narrative. You can write about what you know—intellectually or personally—to convey your enthusiasm, creativity, and leadership. Intellectual vitality shines through when you write with personalized reflection about what lights you up.

Weave A Captivating Story

Everyone loves a good story, and your essay is the perfect place to tell yours. The Common Application personal statement has seven choices of prompts to ground the structure for your narrative. The most compelling stories are often about the smallest moments in life, whether it’s shopping at Costco or about why you wear socks that have holes. Think of the Common Application personal statement as a window into your soul rather than a dry list of your achievements or your overly broad event-based life story. Use vivid anecdotes to bring your experiences to life. A well-told story can showcase your growth, highlight your character, and illustrate how you've overcome challenges. Intellectual vitality often emerges in these narratives, revealing how your curiosity and proactive approach to learning have driven you to explore and innovate.

Reflect And Reveal Insights

It's not just about what you've done—it's about what you've learned along the way. When you are writing about a specific event, you can use the STAR framework—situation, task, action, and result (your learning). Focus most of your writing space on the “R” part of this framework to dive deeply into your experiences and reflect on how they've shaped your aspirations and identity.

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The most insightful college-specific supplement essays demonstrate depth of thought, and the ability to connect past experiences with your future life in college and beyond. Reflecting on your intellectual journey signals maturity and a readiness to embrace the college experience. It shows admissions officers that you engage deeply with your studies and are eager to contribute to the academic community.

Highlight Your Contributions—But Don’t Brag

Whether it's a special talent, an unusual hobby, or a unique perspective, showcasing what you can bring to the college environment can make a significant impact. Recognize that the hard work behind the accomplishment is what colleges are interested in learning more about—not retelling about the accomplishment itself. (Honors and activities can be conveyed in another section of the application.) Walk us through the journey to your summit; don’t just take us to the peak and expect us know how you earned it.

Intellectual vitality can be demonstrated through your proactive approach to solving problems, starting new projects, or leading initiatives that reflect your passion for learning and growth. These experiences often have a place in the college-specific supplement essays. They ground the reasons why you want to study in your major and at the particular college.

Perfect Your Prose

Great writing is essential. Anyone can use AI or a thesaurus to assist with an essay, but AI cannot write your story in the way that you tell it. Admissions officers don’t give out extra credit for choosing the longest words with the most amount of syllables.

The best essays have clear, coherent language and are free of errors. The story is clearly and specifically told. After drafting, take the time to revise and polish your writing. Seek feedback from teachers, mentors, or trusted friends, but ensure the final piece is unmistakably yours. A well-crafted essay showcases your diligence and attention to detail—qualities that admissions officers highly value. Intellectual vitality is also reflected in your writing process, showing your commitment to excellence and your enthusiasm for presenting your best self.

Crafting a standout college essay is about presenting your true self in an engaging, reflective, and polished manner while showcasing your intellectual vitality. Happy writing.

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A charming look at a reader’s many moods

Elisa Gabbert’s essays in “Any Person Is the Only Self” are brimming with pleasure and curiosity about a life with books.

Tell people you read and write for a living, and they picture a ghostly creature, an idea only incidentally appended to a body. What they often fail to understand is that the life of the mind is also a physical life — a life spent lugging irksomely heavy volumes around on the Metro and annotating their margins with a cramping hand. The poet, essayist and New York Times poetry columnist Elisa Gabbert is rare in grasping that reading is, in addition to a mental exercise, a movement performed in a particular place.

“If I remember anything about a book, I also remember where I read it — what room, what chair,” she writes in her charming new essay collection, “ Any Person Is the Only Self .” Writing, too, proves spatial: “I think essays, like buildings, need structure and mood. The first paragraph should function as a foyer or an antechamber, bringing you into the mood.”

The 16 delightfully digressive pieces in this collection are all moods that involve books in one way or another. But they are not just about the content of books, although they are about that, too: They are primarily about the acts of reading and writing, which are as much social and corporeal as cerebral.

In the first essay — the foyer — Gabbert writes about the shelf of newly returned books at her local library. “The books on that shelf weren’t being marketed to me,” she writes. “They weren’t omnipresent in my social media feeds. They were very often old and very often ugly. I came to think of that shelf as an escape from hype.” The haphazard selections on the shelf were also evidence of other people — the sort of invisible but palpable community of readers that she came to miss so sharply during the pandemic.

In another essay, she learns of a previously unpublished story by one of her favorite authors, Sylvia Plath, who makes frequent appearances throughout this book. Fearing that the story will disappoint her, Gabbert puts off reading it. As she waits, she grows “apprehensive, even frightened.”

There are writers who attempt to excise themselves from their writing, to foster an illusion of objectivity; thankfully, Gabbert is not one of them. On the contrary, her writing is full of intimacies, and her book is a work of embodied and experiential criticism, a record of its author’s shifting relationships with the literature that defines her life. In one piece, she rereads and reappraises books she first read as a teenager; in another, she and her friends form a “Stupid Classics Book Club,” to tackle “all the corny stuff from the canon that we really should have read in school but never had.”

Gabbert is a master of mood, not polemic, and accordingly, her writing is not didactic; her essays revolve around images and recollections rather than arguments. In place of the analytic pleasures of a robustly defended thesis, we find the fresh thrills of a poet’s perfected phrases and startling observations. “Parties are about the collective gaze, the ability to be seen from all angles, panoramically,” she writes in an essay about fictional depictions of parties. She describes the photos in a book by Rachael Ray documenting home-cooked meals — one of the volumes on the recently returned shelf — as “poignantly mediocre.” Remarking on a listicle of “Books to Read by Living Women (Instead of These 10 by Dead Men),” Gabbert wonders, “Since when is it poor form to die?”

“Any Person Is the Only Self” is both funny and serious, a winning melee of high and low cultural references, as packed with unexpected treasures as a crowded antique shop. An academic text on architecture, the Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke, a rare memory disorder whose victims recall every aspect of their autobiographies in excruciatingly minute detail, “Madame Bovary,” YouTube videos about people who work as professional cuddlers, a psychological study about whether it is possible to be sane in an insane asylum — all these feature in Gabbert’s exuberant essays. She is a fiercely democratic thinker, incapable of snobbery and brimming with curiosity.

Perhaps because she is so indefatigably interested, she gravitates toward writers who see literature as a means of doubling life, allowing it to hold twice as much. Plath confessed in her journals that she wrote in an attempt to extend her biography beyond its biological terminus: “My life, I feel, will not be lived until there are books and stories which relive it perpetually in time.” The very act of keeping a diary, then, splits the self in two.

Plath once insisted that bad things could never happen to her and her peers because “we’re different.” Gabbert asks “Different why?” and concludes that everyone is different: “We are we , not them. Any person is the only self.” But that “only” is, perhaps counterintuitively, not constrained or constricted. Walt Whitman famously wrote that his only self comprised “multitudes,” and Gabbert echoes him when she reflects, “If there is no one self, you can never be yourself, only one of your selves.” And indeed, she is loath to elevate any of her many selves over any of the others. When she rereads a book that she loved in her adolescence, she thinks she was right to love it back then. “That self only knew what she knew,” she writes. “That self wasn’t wrong .” Both her past self and her present self have an equal claim to being Elisa Gabbert, who is too fascinated by the world’s manifold riches to confine herself to a single, limited life.

Becca Rothfeld is the nonfiction book critic for The Washington Post and the author of “All Things Are Too Small: Essays in Praise of Excess.”

Any Person Is the Only Self

By Elisa Gabbert

FSG Originals. 230 pp. $18, paperback.

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Home — Essay Samples — Literature — Fahrenheit 451 — Examples Of Conformity In Fahrenheit 451

Examples of Conformity in Fahrenheit 451

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Published: Mar 5, 2024

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Burning of books, character of mildred, research by ocejo, study by cialdini.

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Ann Leary’s people-pleasing days are over

The author’s new book of essays, ‘i’ve tried being nice,’ renegotiates her terms as ‘a lifelong people pleaser.’.

Author Ann Leary is known for the works of fiction that followed her 2005 memoir ”An Innocent, a Broad.” But, for her latest title, “I’ve Tried Being Nice,” she’s turned inward again, chronicling decades of her life as a self-identified people pleaser.

The book of essays, which comes out Tuesday, offers humorous anecdotes about bat infestations, knitting, red carpet events, and tennis. As with her first memoir, the novel provides an intimate glimpse into her life and her marriage to actor and Worcester native Denis Leary, who’s featured heavily throughout the book.

In like fashion, he joined Ann in this interview with the Globe, which took place ahead of the pair’s appearance at Cambridge Public Library on Wednesday. At the event, presented by Harvard Bookstore, the Learys, who reside in New York, will discuss Ann’s collection of essays, with Globe writer Beth Teitell .

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What inspired you to pursue the essays for “I’ve Tried Being Nice” — it’s a departure from your more recent fiction work.

I actually prefer writing novels, but I have written essays for various publications. So after my last book (”The Foundling”), I looked at a few essays that I written and I thought to do a collection.

The title essay, “I’ve Tried Being Nice,” I thought, might be the perfect essay to start with because most of the essays touch on this theme of reaching a certain age and coming to terms with being a lifelong people pleaser and trying to change that a little bit. A few of [the included essays] have been previously published, but most are original to this book.

The essays walk a fine line between divulging personal details while keeping the reader at arm’s length. How do you find that balance?

Since I usually write fiction, I’ve never had the legal department of a publisher contact me, but Simon & Schuster sent me multiple emails and I had to change a lot of defining details. As a writer, I’ve met people who are convinced that characters I’ve written were based on them. Then people I’ve worried would recognize themselves have no idea, because people don’t see themselves usually the way they are.

A few chapters are about your relationship with your husband. Denis, how do you feel about how you were portrayed?

( Leary ) Ann is a great writer, so in this case, the first time she gave it to me to read, [I spent most of the time] laughing. Even with things that may have been emotionally part of our past, she has the right to create pieces that involve her personal history. I’m glad she shows it to me in advance, but she’s such a great writer. And, in this case, the book was so [expletive] funny.

What life lessons, if any, do you hope readers take away from this anthology?

Publishers want you to write life lessons, but I don’t feel qualified to give lessons in life. I love to read memoir and personal essays and I don’t like to feel that the [writer] is trying to influence me or teach me something. But I will certainly learn something by reading about their experiences.

I do give one bit of advice, and early readers have commented to me that it really helped them. Denis and I hate to check luggage. We can go to Europe for three weeks with carry-ons and we’d do it with children; we’re just too impatient. I include a bulletpoint list of tips on how to not pack too much, and you can carry-on luggage wherever you go.

Interview has been edited and condensed.

Ann and Denis Leary will be in conversation with the Globe’s Beth Teitell at the Cambridge Public Library on June 5 from 6-7:30 p.m. Registration for this event is required at eventbrite.com .

Adri Pray can be reached at [email protected] . Follow her @adriprayy .

Deviance and Conformity in Modern Society Essay

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Introduction

People are social animals and usually like to be associated with a group. All societies in time develop some accepted behaviours, norms that they use to determine those or the expected behaviours, while deviance means to abide by the expected behaviours in the society. Neither conformity nor deviance is regarded, as good or bad it only depends on the best thing is to distinguish behavior from the reason. This is because those behaviors society beliefs are the expected of any of its member changes to be the ones that that are supposed to be abided by and means of evaluation.

The main drive for people to conform is the desire to be a desirable person in the society, group pressure whereby the society puts pressure on its members to conform and abide by the accepted societal behaviors. In addition, people conform to be pragmatic for motivational reasons like enjoyment and personal goals. Conformity may be bad in the sense that an individual conforms only in terms of behavior but fails to conform internally in terms of his beliefs. A good type of conformity is one that an individual incorporates both beliefs and behaviors.

There are three perspectives that have been used to explain deviance which try to explain conformity among which are social comparison theory, cognitive Dissonance theory and reactance theory. Social comparison theory states that people usually compare themselves in terms of their beliefs and values with the expected in the society, opinions and images e.g. behaviors portrayed by others, a good example is with the youths who compare themselves mostly with. Cognitive dissonance theory indicates that people usually have a liking to reduce feeling dissonance which by is brought about by failing to abide by social norms and thus result to conforming. Finally, the reactance theory implies that when an individual is not willing o face the consequences of deviating from the societal norms will result in conformity.

It is sometimes argued that at times people usually deviate from the accepted norms to induce the group to make better decisions. Thus, deviance usually results to conflicts in a given group, which can either be constructive if it leads to better changes in the group and has the best interest of the group at heart. Moreover, deviance may bring about destructive conflict when the members of the group have selfish motives as power struggles and opt to be deviant to bring about disharmony in the group or society.

The functional perspective as applied to explain that deviance as earlier stated is both good and bad and always to maintain a system of order in the society. The functionalist states that deviance results in more cohesion in society. This is especially when deviant behaviors are publicly reported it results in more conformity among the people as they are reminded about the social norms and accepted behaviors. Strain theory views that deviance results when there exists a gap between the societal objectives and means to achieve them.

Deviance according to strain theory can be classified into ritualism, retreatism, rebellion, innovation. Ritualism is the state whereby does not accept the society’s objective but agrees with means of achieving the objective or the rituals involved in the process. Innovation refers to the scenario where an individual is in agreement with the society’s goal but devises means to achieve it. Retreatism is the case where a member of a group disagrees with both the objectives and ways of achieving them but does not substitute them like the case of rebellion. The conflict theory says that deviance results from social inequality and power. Thus people due to the inequality in the society from deviance they feel they have no equal right like any other member and have to do whatever they can to attain their personal goals without considering their behaviors in conformity with the society-accepted norms.

Labeling theory states that society has created deviance through its act of terming specific groups of people, as being deviant, this act enables one to understand how deviance is relative. There, are also other theories that try to explain about deviance. Control theories provide that people become deviant since they have not developed strong ties with other members of the society in terms of attachment , commitment and involvement. It says that when these social bonds become weak they result to deviance or crimes. On the other hand learning theories have it that an individual learns behaviors from his allies, hence if one is a friend of deviants he tends to be a deviant.

It is important to note that the static view of deviance and conformity is wrong. Secondly, since the majority of people are usually those who are deviant it is important if the society is to continue in its quest to grow and develop, it will have to integrate their views. Society should not rule out the views of the minority since they are the type of innovative deviance new modes to attain societal goals may be known and applied.

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• “Seeking Like a State” by James Scott
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• The Era of Legalized Gambling
• Tastes and Postmodern Theory: Social Analysis
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IvyPanda. (2022, January 9). Deviance and Conformity in Modern Society. https://ivypanda.com/essays/deviance-and-conformity-in-modern-society/

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Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Deviance and Conformity in Modern Society." January 9, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/deviance-and-conformity-in-modern-society/.

All Thing Are Too Small: Essays in Praise of Excess - It all gets a bit too much in the end

Becca rothfeld’s collection is energetic and charmingly verbose, but her tendency to demystify everything wears thin.

Becca Rothfeld: Moments of clear insight and great beauty

Towards the end of All Things Are Too Small, Becca’s Rothfeld’s defence of maximalism, she reproduces a quotation that she has “so thoroughly digested and metabolised” that it is now an essential fixture of her “mental repertoire”.

“I love a demystified thing inordinately.”

Yes, I thought, that’s it. That’s the problem with this book: Rothfeld’s tendency towards such relentless demystification of her subjects that they’re pallid and lifeless by the time she’s through.

This is not true of all the essays in the collection. It opens promisingly and with astounding energy and vigour. Initially, one forgives Rothfeld’s immediately evident habit of making grand, inaccurate statements, such as: “Desire is as good a guide to truth as anything else.” If anything, her verbosity and inexactitude seem charming – she’s wrong because she’s passionate. Reading, I felt myself at a dinner table surrounded by voices stridently debating all manner of interesting things: literature, meaning, mindfulness, feminism, sex, sex and more sex (to give an idea of the topics of these essays).

‘I miss my solitude’: Booker winner Paul Lynch says he is a ‘social introvert’

Willy Vlautin: ‘I can’t quit alcohol because of my nerves. I’ve never been strong enough to not have that in my back pocket’

The Eastern Front: A History of the First World War by Nick Lloyd: A compelling and authoritative read

Dark Brilliance. The Age of Reason from Descartes to Peter the Great: reason and unreason

My God, though, did I want that dinner to end, so I could return somewhere peaceful and reflective, to cease the ringing in my ears of all this terribly intelligent demystifying. The humour, too, wears thin. Yes, it’s hilarious to mock the bourgeois aesthetic of Marie Kondo (I laughed aloud at “the declutterer dreams of a house without f**king or sh**ting”), but by the end of the collection, these knowing asides and the unremitting sarcasm made me feel like I was trying to converse with a surly, unimpressed teenager.

Also, Rothfeld’s attempts at love-writing made me physically cringe. At one point, she tells us that her husband loves reading so much, he does so in the shower. The impossible logistics of this image will never, I fear, cease to irritate me.

Yet, there are moments of clear insight, and of great beauty. Rothfeld’s capacious vocabulary left me stunned, and exquisite phrases such as “the gleaming purity of a history” almost made up for her agonising attempts at poeticism.

“The night was cool as mint. Behind him, the light from the streetlamp became butter melting. His voice was flat and nasal, mouthy as saltwater toffee.”

Ultimately, this collection’s great weakness is that these pieces have been gathered into a collection at all. I can see that, taken one at a time, Rothfeld’s tone would be pithy and gratifying, and these qualities would make up for her prolix, excessive demystification and broad, questionable statements. Alas, reading her thoughts over and over, all in a row, I grew frustrated, tired and harried. By the end, I wanted to leave the dinner party, to run out into the street, to regain the relief of a little mystery.

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