case study on solid waste management in chennai

Cities100: Chennai - Citizen, Public, and Private Engagement in Waste Management

By targeting public, private, and residential actors, Chennai is experimenting to find the most effective methods for reducing waste, as well as making the most of any waste produced.

The Challenge

In 2016, Chennai saw some of the worst floods in its history, and clearing 145,000 tons of waste from the streets after the waters subsided highlighted the extent of the city's rubbish problem. Chennai's new waste management strategy aims to reduce the buildup of waste and realize some of the potential value.

The Solution

Chennai has embarked on a journey to uproot deeply ingrained attitudes towards waste. More than two-thirds of all waste in the city is from residential sources, and of that, 60% is organic, showing that segregation at the source could be a simple and powerful tool for cleaning up the streets. Households throughout the city are now required to segregate their waste, which is then collected and taken to recycling, incineration, or landfill sites. Community meetings, youth club conventions, and social media campaigns were all part of the city's strategy to spread awareness amongst the community, and since the start of the program in 2016, the city has recorded a 2.5% reduction in total waste production. Chennai is no stranger to innovative waste management strategies, in 2002, the infamous Jambulingam Street was laid with shredded-plastic infused tarmac, which has passed the test of time, constant rickshaw turbulence, and monsoon flooding. Now, the government continues to look for innovation from the private sector and is pursuing public-private partnerships for better processing of previously segregated waste.

Environmental Benefits – The city's scheme aims to reduce the quantities of waste littered in streets and rivers, improving the urban environment for millions of citizens.

Social Benefits – Fifteen thousand sanitary workers are employed by the Solid Waste Management Department, many of whom have little employment alternatives.

Health Benefits – Cleaning up Chennai's streets reduces the spread of diseases such as jaundice, malaria, and dengue fever, which are linked with waste-dumping practices.

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Integrated approach to solid waste management in Chennai: an Indian metro city

• Published: 24 April 2012
• Volume 14 , pages 75–84, ( 2012 )

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• Kurian Joseph 1 ,
• S. Rajendiran 1 ,
• R. Senthilnathan 1 &
• M. Rakesh 1  

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Management of municipal solid waste is a major problem for most of the Indian cities due to the growing urban population and per capita waste generation rate, inadequate public participation and the deplorable organizational and financial capacities of urban local bodies. This article highlights the interventions required for sustainable solid waste management in Indian cities by analyzing the waste generation, collection, and disposal scenario of a metro city in India along with the regulatory and institutional frame work. It advocates a phased and integrated approach taking into account the operational hurdles and the capacity building of local bodies with the support of educational organizations.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express thanks for the generous support of the Swedish International Development cooperation Agency (SIDA) for the research on Sustainable Solid Waste Landfill Management in Asia under the Asian Regional Research Program on Environmental Technology. The support of the Corporation of Chennai for the field studies is gratefully acknowledged.

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Kurian Joseph, S. Rajendiran, R. Senthilnathan & M. Rakesh

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Kurian Joseph, Rajendiran, S., Senthilnathan, R. et al. Integrated approach to solid waste management in Chennai: an Indian metro city. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 14 , 75–84 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-012-0046-0

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Received : 30 April 2008

Accepted : 22 March 2012

Published : 24 April 2012

Issue Date : June 2012

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-012-0046-0

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A Survey of Solid Waste Management in Chennai (A Case Study of Around Koyambedu Market and Madhavaram Poultry Farms)

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The well managed successful waste management programme increases the health and environmental quality of the country. This survey examines the status of Solid Waste management at metropolitan city, Chennai, Tamil Nadu (Koyambedu market and Madhavaram poultry farms). This survey is helpful for the people to make awareness about waste management. A pretested and self-administered questionnaire was used for primary data collection covering 100 peoples which were selected randomly. Data were analyzed according to the descriptive statistics. Different organic wastes comprising plant and animal constituents such as vegetable waste- lady’s finger, Brinjal, Radish, Beans carrot, chow-chow, beetroot, clustered  beans, snake gourd, tomatoes, egg shell, feather, skin etc. The results also showed that 58% of the households were not aware of waste recycling, reuse & reduction.

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AN ANALYSIS ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CHENNAI

2022, ijetrm journal

Solid waste is the useless, unwanted and discarded material resulting from day-today activities in the community. Solid waste management may be defined as the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing and disposal of solid waste. The present paper is based on the study carried out on solid waste management practice by Chennai municipal corporation. This Study Was also designed to study the composition of solid waste in Chennai city. Sustainable management for market solid waste is a concerning fact in Chennai city to lessen environment pollution and odor nuisances which also contribute to the climate changes. This study helps to scrutinize the existing management process and introduces a new proposal of management process to abate environmental pollution. The result of this study gives an idea for selecting a place for the management. Here different pans are used for different waste storage and these are collected separately which reduce hazardous effects on the environment.

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Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 2012

SUMMARY: Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is a challenging problem for developing countries. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation in Chennai, the fourth largest metropolitan city in India, has increased from 600 to 3500 tons per day (tpd) within 20 years. The highest per capita solid waste generation rate in India is in Chennai (0.6 kg/d). Chennai is divided into 10 zones of 155 wards and collection of garbage is carried out using door-to-door collection and street bin systems.

There has been a significant increase in MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) generation in India in the last few decades. MSW generation is largely because of rapid population growth and economic development in the country. Solid waste management has become a major environmental issue in India. The per capita of MSW generated daily, in India ranges from about 100 g in small towns to 500 g in large towns. There is no national level data for Municipal Solid Waste generation, collection and disposal, over the years in our India. Municipal Solid waste management (MSWM) constitutes a serious problem in many third world Cities. Most cities do not collect the totality of wastes generated, and of the wastes collected, only a fraction receives proper disposal. The insufficient collection and inappropriate disposal of solid wastes represent a source of water, land and air pollution, and pose risks to human health and the environment. Over the next several decades, globalization, rapid urbanization and economic growth in the developing world tend to further deteriorate this situation. Items that we no longer need or don’t have any further use are falling in the category of waste and we tend to throw them away. In early days people were not facing such big problems of disposal because of availability of space and natural material but now a day’s congestion in cities and use of non-biodegradable materials in our day life create many problems. It is directly deals with our hygiene and psychology.

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2022

Considering the geo-ecological sensitivity, the Himalayan urban centres are seriously struggling to design useful and economical municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems. The Srinagar is the first metropolis and fastest growing city of Western Himalayas and here the management of MSW is a big challenge for local authorities. The aim of this study was to study the overall scenario of MSW in the city. A comprehensive survey was conducted and data were also collected from local municipal department. The results suggested that in most of cases MSW is being dumped openly along roadsides and open spots in the city. Open dumps are responsible for so many negative environmental impacts in the study area. The paper presents the current status of municipal solid waste generation and disposal practices, and different sort of environmental problems arising out of it. Major problems identified include land and water pollution, inadequate technical know-how, shortage of sweepers and collection bins, non-availability of sanitary landfill, uncontrolled disposal of solid waste by people, lack of public awareness, etc. a comprehensive survey of the whole city revealed that biodegradable/ compostable food waste was the major constituent of municipal solid waste (MSW) stream followed by inert material and recyclable materials including polythene, plastic, cardboard and paper. Most of the solid waste generated was found to remain unattended and only 40-45% was being collected that too irregularly by municipal workers and unscientifically disposed off at a dumping ground located in the buffer zone of Anchar Lake, around 8 km north of Srinagar city. Irregular and selective waste collection was the major force behind disposal of solid waste in water bodies, roadsides and open spaces by the people. The study reveals that due to lack of funding and unscientific management the existing solid waste management system is not working successfully in the city. Due to shortage of storage bins, collection efficiency is very low which has severely damaged the environmental condition and also induces to stray dog population phenomenally. The acute absence of waste segregation at the source all types of materials are being disposed along with municipal solid waste which make waste handling very risky especially dumping and disposal points. The lack of governance and inadequate infrastructures for waste collection, transportation and management are the major constrains in designing a suitable MSW management plan for the city. Apart to that unplanned urban settlement and encroachments are also responsible for poor waste collection and disposal system.

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Population growth are solely responsible for high increasing rate of solid waste and its proper management is a major problem of Municipal Corporation. In this study, the sources and components of solid waste were identified; type and the quantity of solid waste disposed, methods of solid waste disposal and impact of improper waste management on health were highlighted. The result shows that excreta and other liquid and solid waste from households and the community, are a serious health hazard and lead to the spread of infectious diseases in Pune city. The objective is to reduce the amount of waste for disposal. Waste production increases annually due to population growth, non-sustainable lifestyles. 'Waste Production' is calculated by the amount of waste generated per capita and the total number of inhabitants. 'Recycling' is a DPSIR indicator used to measure the amount of percentage of recycled waste fractions. Wastes are substances or products that are a result of...

Environmental issues are nowadays some of the most topical issues in the world. With the rapid development of cities and the increase of population, urban waste management is facing with new pressures and challenges with major potential impacts on the urban environment. The increasing quantity of solid wastes is a growing environmental problem in developing countries like Bangladesh. Pabna Pourashava is one of the oldest Pourashava in Bangladesh and it was established in 1876. The area of the Pourashava is about 16 sq km and its population is 1,27,319.These population generates a massive quantity of solid waste everyday from various sources. According to the Pourashava, at present approximately 52 metric tons of solid waste generate per day. With the existing resources, the Pourashava is able to collect approximately 31 metric tons and dispose of it every day. The rest is lettered around. This research tried to investigate the present solid waste management practice in Pabna municipal area especially in Ward 01 and 02 intensively. It was revealed from the study that majority people of the study area dumps the produced solid waste in their living surroundings which produce various hazards in human health and environmental problems. Moreover lack of adequate budget for waste management some problems appear like as lack of available transport vehicles for waste management, lack of solid waste treatment plant etc. But this improper waste management can be managed by the regularity of management work, building awareness of the people. The municipality and other related NGOs should work together to solve these issues. The total solid waste management system required following the recommendation which include proper planning, creating awareness, developing infrastructure, providing logistic support and finally involving NGOs & public in this process and by this process sustainable solid waste management can be established which can lead the studied area to a healthy setting.

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"The waste is Gold if it is properly held." It is known that the waste which is thrown away can be used in many different ways. This paper deals with the solid waste management methods and practices in India. The solid waste management consists of various types of wastes like industrial, agricultural, transport, municipal etc. Although all types of wastes are harmful but municipal solid waste 'now known as Solid Waste' is the type of waste which can be managed properly without causing any pollution and harm to other species. In this paper the main focus is on municipal solid waste. Various methods have been described to manage the solid waste from organic compost making to energy generation.

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A case study of residents around kodungaiyur, Chennai, tamilnadu a survey of household solid waste management in Chennai

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Introduction, section snippets, references (33), cited by (172).

Chemosphere

Greenhouse gas emissions from municipal solid waste management in indian mega-cities: a case study of chennai landfill sites, materials and methods, municipal solid waste in indian mega-cities, conclusions, acknowledgements, landfills as atmospheric methane sources and sinks, seasonal and diurnal methane emission from a landfill and their regulation by methane oxidation, waste management and research, methane and carbon dioxide emissions from shan-ch-ku landfill site in northern taiwan, denitrifiers associated with methanotrophs and their potential impact on the nitrogen cycle, ecological engineering, qualitative assessment of methane emission inventory from municipal solid waste disposal sites: a case study, atmospheric environment, estimation method for national methane emission from solid waste landfills, methane budget from paddy fields in india, surface emission of landfill gas from waste landfill, solid waste disposal and recycling in delhi: a case study, effect of gas extraction interruption on emissions of ch 4 and co 2 from a landfill, and on methane oxidation in the cover soil, journal of environmental quality.

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• CPCB, 1999. Status of solid waste generation, collection and disposal in metro cities. Central Urban Pollution Series:...
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Methane and nitrous oxide emission from bovine manure management practices in India

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Municipal solid waste: Generation, composition and GHG emissions in Bangalore, India

The organic components in the waste dumps and landfills generate about 60% methane and 40% carbon dioxide (CO2) together with other trace gases during anaerobic decomposition [32,33]. This would vary depending on the waste composition, age, quantity, moisture content and ratio of hydrogen/oxygen availability at the time of decomposition [33]. Solid waste generation at household has been studied in many countries.

Impact of socioeconomic status on municipal solid waste generation rate

A review on current status of municipal solid waste management in india, methane emission by sectors: a comprehensive review of emission sources and mitigation methods, urban solid waste management in the developing world with emphasis on india: challenges and opportunities, municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management: the world scenario.

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Greenhouse gas emissions from municipal solid waste management in Indian mega-cities: a case study of Chennai landfill sites

Affiliation.

• 1 National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India.
• PMID: 18068211
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.024

Municipal solid waste generation rate is over-riding the population growth rate in all mega-cities in India. Greenhouse gas emission inventory from landfills of Chennai has been generated by measuring the site specific emission factors in conjunction with relevant activity data as well as using the IPCC methodologies for CH4 inventory preparation. In Chennai, emission flux ranged from 1.0 to 23.5mg CH4m(-2)h(-1), 6 to 460microg N2Om(-2)h(-1) and 39 to 906mg CO2m(2)h(-1) at Kodungaiyur and 0.9 to 433mg CH4m(-2)h(-1), 2.7 to 1200microg N2Om(-2)h(-1) and 12.3 to 964.4mg CO2m(-2)h(-1) at Perungudi. CH4 emission estimates were found to be about 0.12Gg in Chennai from municipal solid waste management for the year 2000 which is lower than the value computed using IPCC, 1996 [IPCC, 1996. Report of the 12th session of the intergovernmental panel of climate change, Mexico City, 1996] methodologies.

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How does Chennai handle its dry waste

Non-biodegradable garbage can be quite a handful when residents seek to tackle it. here are helpful voices that present various aspects in the process of handling it.

Updated - September 24, 2024 11:58 am IST

The necessity of source segregation

We insist on three things before getting into an MoU with a residents association — basic three-way segregation, on-time payment and one-year contract. If the RWA does not ensure their residents segregate the waste then we send photos of mixed waste for the management committee to take action.

Reasons for poor waste management are many. The common ones are change of association committee and the new team being unable to match the enthusiasm of the former team; and relocation of resident volunteers. We do everything we can to address such nagging issues but if we still get mixed waste, we terminate the services. We prefer to start engaging with the community after they have initiated source segregation. In our model we do not pay the residents association any money in return for recyclable waste. Instead they pay us a monthly fee ranging from ₹ 15,000 to ₹30,000 which depends on the size of the community, amount of waste collected and proximity to dry waste facility.

There is not much demand for recyclables, so it does not make sense to pay people. Besides, there is labour involved in sorting the dry waste into multiple categories.

I. Priyadarshini, founder, WasteWinn

Sorting helps at many levels

We cannot match the rates offered by the local raddiwala but we do not say no to any dry waste (hard and soft) given to us. When a gated community or group of individuals in a colony segregate their dry waste into different categories, the pay back is higher. Even if residents do not sort the waste, we pick up the waste but do not pay them. This is taken to our material recovery facility in Red Hills where we ensure every item is sent for recycling.

Only when a good number of people in a community hand us segregated dry waste do we get into an agreement with the residents association. Or, we are happy to engage with a small, active group of green volunteers who want us to drop in on a weekly or monthly basis. Besides picking the recyclable waste, we also drive events to bring in behavioural changes among residents.

Krishnapriya A.

co-founder, Spreco Recycling

File photo of a material recovery facility in Ambattur

The complex dry waste ecosystem

Self-management of dry waste is more complex than wet waste, so we must follow the three R’s — reduce, reuse and recycle — diligently. To holistically manage dry waste, production has to be streamlined. We also need to create awareness among public about where and how to dispose of dry waste. Whether it is the dry waste recovery facilities in the city or dedicated drop-off points to dispose of ewastes, they must be easily accessible. Towards that end, awareness needs to be created.

Samuel Jacob

faculty, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology

Seeing is believing

The residents’ association at our gated community — 150-plus villa-type houses — insisted on segregation at source. We also had a glimpse of waste management company Urbaser Sumeet’s yard and were convinced that waste was processed in the right manner, which helped us push our residents to only leave segregated waste.

The conservancy team in return pasted green stickers on gates where residents do a good job of segregation, which is a motivation for us.

Prabhu Venugopal

former president, Chettinad Enclave Residents Association, Pallikaranai

Empanelled vendors on board

Currently, Greater Chennai Corporation has 31 empanelled vendors brought on board for their track record in managing dry and wet waste. We insist that every community does in situ composting of wet waste. If they cannot do that for some reason, they can take the services of any of the empanelled vendors. These waste management companies were signed on after studying their composting and recovery facilities and processes to see if they meet the standards set by the Corporation. The zonal officer in every zone is required to review their work, and once a year they are required to renew their licence.

Solid Waste Management, Greater Chennai Corporation

A small group makes a big difference

Just a clutch of residents, we are doing whatever we can to ensure non-biodegredable waste generated in our midst does not end up in a landfill. The local kabadiwalla in our area is selective about the dry waste he would accept, his decision motivated by commerce. So, we engaged the services of a vendor who collects all categories of dry waste — plastics, cartons, glass bottles and so on — and ensures they are recycled at their material recovery facility.

We do not get compensated as we do not do the finer sorting on this waste. Knowing that the recyclable waste we generate avoids the dumping ground is reward enough.

Bhuvana Raj

co-founder of SIMPLE (Sustainability Improvement through multiple projects for a lovelier Elan), a green volunteer, Casagrand Elan, Thalambur

Published - September 23, 2024 08:17 pm IST

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environmental cleanup / Chennai Corporation / waste management / waste / Chennai Downtown

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A comprehensive study on the physicochemical characteristics of faecal sludge from septic tank and single pit latrine facilities in a typical semi-urban Indian town: a case study of Rajasthan, India

First published on 16th September 2024

1. Introduction

Wastewater is water generated from domestic, commercial, and industrial sources containing chemicals and heavy metals. FS is entirely different from usual wastewater since FS is a sludge that accumulates in OSS systems, such as septic tanks, pit latrines, and composting toilets. Thus, the characteristics of wastewater and FS differ widely, even if they are produced in the same geographical location. The overall concentrations of total solids, organic content, ammonia, total nitrogen, and helminth eggs are 10–100 times more in FS than they are in wastewater sludge. 2,3,6 Thus, FS treatment is an essential aspect of FSM for its safe disposal and resource recovery from FS. Co-treatment with sewer-based wastewater treatment technology is one option for treating FS. However, most wastewater treatment plants in low-income nations have failed because of improper loading rates and greater FS strength compared to municipal wastewater. 7 Thus, faecal sludge treatment plants (FSTPs) are essential for treating FS from OSS for safe disposal, especially in low-income countries. FS characterization plays a vital role in choosing/designing FS treatment technologies. However, FS raw data are highly location-specific and less uniform compared to wastewater data. 8

FS is higher in chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total solids (TS), total nitrogen (TN), nutrients, and pathogen content. The large variability in FS and various OSS in use, such as pit latrines, septic tanks, and dry toilets, makes it difficult to assess the FS generation rate and the average FS characteristics. 9 For example, a study in Bangangte, Cameroon 10 found that the TS value of FS was higher in pit latrines (15.90 g l −1 ) compared to septic tank FS (1.92 g l −1 ). Similarly, another study in Vadgaon Maval, Maharashtra 11 analysed septic tank FS samples by age and found that the TS and COD in FS increase with age. A study in Chennai, India 12 found that the total solid content of FS is 1.6 times more in the winter than in the summer. The cleaning frequency of OSS is influenced by demographic factors like population density, household size, socioeconomic status, and urbanization levels, which affect the volume of FS generated and the size of the OSS system. Inputs like excreta, blackwater, greywater, and additives, factors like the type of containment (septic tanks, single pits, cesspool, dry toilets, etc. ), demographic factors (urban, rural, cleaning frequency), and environmental factors (climate, topography) affect the FS characterization. 13

As of 2023, India remains the most populous country, and many Indians face serious health issues due to contaminated soil and water resulting from inadequate sanitation practices. 14 The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of UN 2015 include SDG 6, which aims to provide everyone with clean water and safely managed sanitation systems. The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is a country-wide campaign by the Government of India to eradicate open defecation and make open-defecation-free towns and villages. Under the SBM, 110 million toilets (including public and individual household toilets) have been built in towns and villages nationwide to combat open defecation. 15 The stages in constructing 110 million toilets nationwide under the SBM are shown in Fig. 1 .

1.1. Septic tank and single-pit latrine

2. materials and methodology, 2.1. study area information.

2.2. Sample collection

2.3. Questionnaire

2.4. sample preservation, 2.5. sample preparation, 2.6. fs characterization.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. questionnaire results.

3.2. Physical examination of faecal sludge samples

3.3. Temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity

3.4. Total solids

3.5. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

3.6. Faecal coliform

3.7. Total nitrogen

3.8. total phosphorus, 3.9. capillary suction time (cst).

4. FS treatment options

4.1. Site-specific FS treatment system

Settling and Imhoff tanks are other types of dewatering techniques in which FS treatment starts by separating solid FS and liquid parts using settling and thickening tanks. In Imhoff tanks, the mechanism involved is anaerobic digestion and settling; these principles combine to treat FS. 31 Mechanical dewatering consists of a belt filter press, screw press, and centrifuge. This equipment removes water from sludge and produces a thick, dried sludge cake. The removal efficiencies and loading rates of various dewatering techniques available from the literature are given in Table 3 .

In the Pilani context, a semi-urban, arid tier-III town, an effective dewatering method can be a drying bed. Mechanical dewatering involves the establishment of high-cost equipment along with power motors to dewater the sludge, which cannot be suitable for the Pilani context because of more initial investments. Operation and maintenance costs will also be high due to the high electricity requirement and skillful labor. Settling and thickening tanks require an initial construction cost and more land, which is unsuitable for dense tier-III towns. Pilani is an arid region where the maximum temperature can reach around 45–48 °C, so drying beds can be a viable and sustainable option for dewatering in Pilani because more sunny days can increase the efficiency of drying beds. Also, planted/unplanted drying beds involve direct dumping of FS on the top surface, so electricity and motors are not required for the functioning of drying beds, which indicates less operation and maintenance cost.

In Pilani's local context, composting can be a viable option since it is a cheaper and more efficient method. Agriculture is a significant occupation in the local context of most tier-III Indian towns, so producing manure from FS makes a sustainable FSM model.

The treatment system suggested based on the characterization of FS for treating FS in the local context of Pilani and other tier-III towns can be hybridization of a drying bed, composting, and coagulation, as shown in Fig. 15 . A zero FS discharge model can be achieved in which treated FS can be used as manure and treated leachate can be used for domestic water consumption. Zero waste discharge can make the FSM service chain safe and sustainable.

5.1. Factors influencing the variations in faecal sludge characteristics

From the ANOVA test, it is also observed that COD and total solids also vary based on the OSS type with p -values of 0.044 and 0.002, respectively, indicating that the OSS type significantly affects the FS characteristics. The OSS type also affects the BOD and total nitrogen, which can be observed from p -values of 0.007 and 0.016, respectively. Surprisingly, the OSS system did not affect pH, possibly due to the same anaerobic conditions observed in Pilani among all OSS. Also, the BOD/COD ratio was not affected by the OSS type, which suggests that, irrespective of the OSS type, as the age of the FS increases, the BOD/COD ratio tends to decrease because of the less biodegradable organic matter due to mineralization. Greywater inclusion into the OSS also affects the FS characteristics, mainly because FS dilution reduces the total solids ( p = 0.011). It is observed that the pH value was also affected due to the inclusion of greywater because of the mixing of acidic kitchen wastewater with the OSS ( p < 0.01). In assessing differences in FS characteristic parameters with independent variables, the FS age, OSS type, and greywater content of FS significantly affected at least some of the FS characteristic parameters, as shown in Table 6 of p -values from the one-way ANOVA test. The statistically significant p -values ( p < 0.05) are highlighted in bold.

6. Discussions and suggestions

6.1. fs age, 6.2. type of oss containment, 6.3. water input to oss, 6.4. addition of water during emptying, 6.5. other factors, 6.6. socio-economic aspects, 6.7. suggestions specific to the study area, 6.8. challenges associated with recommendations, 6.9. role of faecal sludge management in achieving sdg6.

7. Limitations of the study

8. conclusion, disclosures and declarations, ethics approval and consent to participate, availability of data and material, disclosure statement, data availability, author contributions, conflicts of interest, acknowledgements.

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