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Website Developmemt Technologies: A Review

Abstract: Service Science is that the basis of knowledge system and net services that judge to the provider/client model. This paper developments a technique which will be utilized in the event of net services like websites, net applications and eCommerce. The goal is to development a technique that may add structure to a extremely unstructured drawback to help within the development and success of net services. The new methodology projected are going to be referred to as {the net|the online|the net} Development Life Cycle (WDLC) and tailored from existing methodologies and applied to the context of web development. This paper can define well the projected phases of the WDLC. Keywords: Web Development, Application Development, Technologies, eCommerce.

Analysis of Russian Segment of the Web Development Market Operating Online on Upwork

The Russian segment of the web services market in the online environment, on the platform of the Upwork freelance exchange, is considered, its key characteristics, the composition of participants, development trends are highlighted, and the market structure is identified. It is found that despite the low barriers to entry, the web development market is very stable, since the composition of entrenched firms that have been operating for more than six years remains. The pricing policy of most Russian companies indicates that they work in the middle price segment and have low budgets, which is due to the specifics of the foreign market and high competition.

Farming Assistant Web Services: Agricultor

Abstract: Our farming assistant web services provides assistance to new as well as establish farmers to get the solutions to dayto-day problems faced in the field. A farmer gets to connect with other farmers throughout India to get more information about a particular crop which is popular in other states. Keywords: Farmers, Assistance, Web Development

Tradução de ementas e histórico escolar para o inglês: contribuição para participação de discentes do curso técnico em informática para internet integrado ao ensino médio em programas de mobilidade acadêmica / Translation of summary and school records into english: contribution to the participation of high school with associate technical degree on web development students in academic mobility programs

Coded websites vs wordpress websites.

This document gives multiple instructions related to web developers using older as well as newer technology. Websites are being created using newer technologies like wordpress whereas on the other hand many people prefer making websites using the traditional way. This document will clear the doubt whether an individual should use wordpress websites or coded websites according to the users convenience. The Responsiveness of the websites, the use of CMS nowadays, more and more up gradation of technologies with SEO, themes, templates, etc. make things like web development much much easier. The aesthetics, the culture, the expressions, the features all together add up in order make the designing and development a lot more efficient and effective. Digital Marketing has a tremendous growth over the last two years and yet shows no signs of stopping, is closely related with the web development environment. Nowadays all businesses are going online due to which the impact of web development has become such that it has become an integral part of any online business.

Cognitive disabilities and web accessibility: a survey into the Brazilian web development community

Cognitive disabilities include a diversity of conditions related to cognitive functions, such as reading, understanding, learning, solving problems, memorization and speaking. They differ largely from each other, making them a heterogeneous complex set of disabilities. Although the awareness about cognitive disabilities has been increasing in the last few years, it is still less than necessary compared to other disabilities. The need for an investigation about this issue is part of the agenda of the Challenge 2 (Accessibility and Digital Inclusion) from GranDIHC-Br. This paper describes the results of an online exploratory survey conducted with 105 web development professionals from different sectors to understand their knowledge and barriers regarding accessibility for people with cognitive disabilities. The results evidenced three biases that potentially prevent those professionals from approaching cogni-tive disabilities: strong organizational barriers; difficulty to understand user needs related to cognitive disabilities; a knowledge gap about web accessibility principles and guidelines. Our results confirmed that web development professionals are unaware about cognitive disabilities mostly by a lack of knowledge about them, even if they understand web accessibility in a technical level. Therefore, we suggest that applied research studies focus on how to fill this knowledge gap before providing tools, artifacts or frameworks.

PERANCANGAN WEB RESPONSIVE UNTUK SISTEM INFORMASI OBAT-OBATAN

A good information system must not only be neat, effective, and resilient, but also must be user friendly and up to date. In a sense, it is able to be applied to various types of electronic devices, easily accessible at any whereand time (real time), and can be modified according to user needs in a relatively easy and simple way. Information systems are now needed by various parties, especially in the field of administration and sale of medicines for Cut Nyak Dhien Hospital. During this time, recording in books has been very ineffective and caused many problems, such as difficulty in accessing old data, asa well as the information obtained was not real time. To solve it, this research raises the theme of the appropriate information system design for the hospital concerned, by utilizing CSS Bootstrap framework and research methodology for web development, namely Web Development Life Cycle. This research resulted in a responsive system by providing easy access through desktop computers, tablets, and smartphones so that it would help the hospital in the data processing process in real time.

Web Development and performance comparison of Web Development Technologies in Node.js and Python

“tom had us all doing front-end web development”: a nostalgic (re)imagining of myspace, assessment of site classifications according to layout type in web development, export citation format, share document.

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• List of Web Development Research Topics

Development of an inventory management system for better management of products in a retail store

Description of the topic

Retail organizations often face the problem of managing their inventories and they are not able to track the product throughout the entire supply chain (Oladele, Ogundokun, Adegun, Adeniyi and Ajanaku, 2021). The manual tracking of multiple products within the inventory is a difficult task and the inappropriate management of inventories in retail organizations often results in overstocking and understocking of products (Zhao and Tu, 2021). This problem often leads to poor performance of manufacturing KPIs of the organization. Considering this problem, an inventory management system is developed in this research for tracking every product within the company until it gets sold.

Research Objectives

• To identify the issues faced by retail organizations related to inventory management.
• To develop a web-based inventory management system for real-time tracking of the products within the store.
• To test the functionality of the system to ensure its proper functioning and reliability.

Research Questions

RQ: Does the inventory management system help the retail organization in keeping track of its products and in enhancing its inventory management processes?

Research Methodology

This research can be conducted using the agile software development methodology in which the project can be completed in different phases. Web technologies such as HTML, JavaScript and CSS can be used for the development of inventory management systems. HTML and CSS can be used for designing the interface of the system while the system can be developed using Javascript.

• Oladele, T.O., Ogundokun, R.O., Adegun, A.A., Adeniyi, E.A. and Ajanaku, A.T., 2021. Development of an inventory management system using association rules. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 21(3), pp.1868-1876 .
• Zhao, B. and Tu, C., 2021. Research and development of inventory management and human resource management in ERP. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2021, pp.1-12.
• Saha, E. and Ray, P.K., 2019. Modeling and analysis of inventory management systems in healthcare: A review and reflections. Computers & Industrial Engineering , 137, p.106051.

Development of 3D game snakes and ladder using unity

Games are an effective way for users of any age category to entertain themselves and let their minds get diverted from stressful daily activities. Snakes and ladder is a popular game that has been played by everyone whether online or offline (Comber, Motschnig, Mayer and Haselberger, 2019). But, the 2D version of the game has been outdated and users these days are attracted towards 3D games because of better gameplay and graphics (Kim, et al, 2014). The existing 2D version of the snakes and ladders game has been losing its popularity because of the increasing trend of 3D games. Thus, in this research, a 3D snakes and ladders game is developed using Unity.

• To develop a 3D snakes and ladders game providing enhanced graphics and gameplay.
• To test the game against multiple measures such as user-friendliness, response time etc.

RQ1: Does the introduction of 3D games have helped in enhancing the experience and gameplay of modern games?

RQ2: How does the Unity development platform help in the development of enhanced 3D games and in enhancing the gameplay of the conventional snakes and ladders game?

Agile software development methodology can be used for this research in which the project can be completed in multiple phases. The designing and development of the game can be done using the Unity Development platform for enhanced 3D animations and interfaces. Multiple testing processes can be performed during the research such as usability testing, code functionality testing, performance testing etc.

• Comber, O., Motschnig, R., Mayer, H. and Haselberger, D., 2019, April. Engaging students in computer science education through game development with unity. In 2019 IEEE global engineering education conference (education) (pp. 199-205). IEEE.
• Kim, S.L., et al, 2014, March. Using Unity 3D to facilitate mobile augmented reality game development. In 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT) (pp. 21-26). IEEE.

Managing the attendance of remote employees with an attendance management system

Business organizations have continued to allow their employees to work from home even after the threat of Covid 19 has reduced. This has helped them in saving the extra expenses they used to spend on offline management of the employees in the office and also has increased productivity with flexible working hours. But, the management of the attendance of remote workers is a concern for the companies as they are not able to check whether the employee is working or not. Considering this problem, a web-based system is proposed in this research which can help the organizations in detecting whether the employee is online or not automatically and can mark their attendance.

• To identify the current issues related to the attendance management of remote employees through literature-based analysis.
• To provide a technological solution for automated management of the attendance of remote employees.
• To test the functionalities of the system with the white box testing technique.

RQ: How can the web-based solution help business organizations in enhancing and automate their attendance management processes?

Software development methodologies are used for such research projects and multiple methodologies can be used for this research such as agile, waterfall etc. Considering the complexity of the attendance management system development project, an agile software development methodology would be suitable under which the project can be divided into multiple phases and testing of the progress can be done after every phase to ensure the quality of the end product. White box testing can be used for testing the functionality of the attendance management system.

Development of library management system

Management of the issuing and returning process of books in a library is a time-consuming and hectic task. It is difficult to keep track of the issued books, their return date, the transactions etc. manually because of the high chances of human errors and loss of records (Shaw and De Sarkar, 2021). Thus, a web-based solution is proposed in this research for the better management of these tasks within a library. With this system, the key privacy issues of security, data loss, and human errors can be eliminated and the records can be managed appropriately (Deng. and Xie, 2018).

• To identify the limitations of manual management of library records.
• To provide a web-based solution for better management of library records.
• To provide a secure and reliable solution for the appropriate management of records within a library.

RQ1: What are the limitations of manual management of library records?

RQ2: How does the web-based solution can help in enhancing the library management processes?

A suitable software methodology can be selected for conducting this research successfully. The library management system can be developed using agile software development methodology in which seven different phases of the development process can be completed- Planning, requirement analysis, designing, development, testing and maintenance. Requirements can be gathered by resting the user stories, personas and fictional scenarios while the designing and development can be done using the web technologies such as HTML, CSS and Javascript.

• Shaw, J.N. and De Sarkar, T., 2021. A cloud-based approach to library management solutions for college libraries. Information Discovery and Delivery , 49(4), pp.308-318.
• Deng, S.T. and Xie, C., 2018, September. Design and research of mobile phone library management system in a private university based on asp. net. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1087, No. 6, p. 062029). IOP Publishing.

Development of a web application allowing customers to review the latest movies

There are several video streaming platforms available these days where the latest movies and shows are available to watch customers. But, it is difficult for users to decide which show they should watch because of the multiple options on these platforms (Harer and Kadam, 2014). Considering this issue, a web application is developed during this research in which the users can be able to view the ratings and reviews of the latest movie or show on different platforms such as IMDB, Rotten tomatoes etc. (You, Lee and Kim, 2016) The users can also be allowed to share their reviews regarding the movie after watching it on the video streaming platforms.

• To build a platform for the users to share their opinions regarding the movies or shows with other users.
• To use the web technologies such as HTML, CSS and Javascript to develop a web-based application for posting movie reviews.

RQ: How can the web-based movie review application be helpful for users in obtaining and sharing the reviews of any latest movie or show?

The web-based application for movie reviews can be developed using agile software development methodology and the web technologies that can be used for the development are HTML, CSS for web designing, Javascript for web development and SQL for database development.

• Harer, S. and Kadam, S., 2014. Sentiment classification and feature-based summarization of movie reviews in the mobile environment. International Journal of Computer Applications, 100(1), pp.30-35.
• You, Y.S., Lee, S. and Kim, J., 2016, October. Design and development of visualization tools for a movie review and sentiment analysis. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Emerging Databases: Technologies, Applications, and Theory (pp. 117-123).

Mobile application development for fitness activities

An unhealthy lifestyle and an unhealthy body are home to several dangerous diseases and this is the reason the prevalence of obesity is increasing day by day. Fitness applications these days track the daily activities of people, their steps, calories etc. but do not provide any health tips for appropriate fitness activities that can help people in keeping their bodies fit (Chen and Pu, 2014). The mobile application developed during this research can be the perfect solution for these problems related to existing fitness applications (Gabbiadini and Greitemeyer, 2018). This app can take the basic details of the user as input and can provide a complete list of activities that the user can complete daily to keep their body and mind fit and distant from any disease.

• To identify the issues with the existing fitness application.
• To propose a new application for improved fitness and mental health of the people.
• To ensure the security of the personal information of the users on the application with strong security measures.

RQ: How can the mobile fitness application help users in enhancing their fitness and mental health?

The agile software development methodology is considered the most suitable methodology for software development and thus it can be used in this research for the development of Fitness applications. PHP scripting language can be used for the development of the application and white box testing can be done to ensure the proper functioning of the application. Penetration testing can also be performed to ensure the security of the application from any type of cyber intrusion.

• Chen, Y. and Pu, P., 2014, April. HealthyTogether: exploring social incentives for mobile fitness applications. In Proceedings of the second international symposium of chinese chi (pp. 25-34).
• Gabbiadini, A. and Greitemeyer, T., 2018. Fitness mobile apps positively affect attitudes, perceived behavioral control and physical activities. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 59(3), pp.407-414.

Promoting energy-saving activities with a mobile application

Power and water resources are extremely valuable for human lives and yet these are carelessly used by human beings. Wastage of these sources in the day-to-day activities of human beings within their homes is one of the major concerns for the authorities as they can't move from house to house to check the wastage or to make people aware of this (Nguyen, 2014). To address this issue, a mobile application is proposed in this research which can be promoting energy-saving activities within the households such as turning off the tap after use, turning off the lights after leaving the room etc. This application can be designed for children to make them aware of these activities from a young age so that they can make other people aware as well (Oppong-Tawiah et al, 2020).

• To promote energy and water-saving activities.
• To provide a method for educating young children about power-saving and water-saving activities from a young age.
• To develop a high-quality mobile application with interactive animations.

RQ1: How can the mobile application be used for making people aware of power-saving activities?

RQ2: What impact can the power-saving application make on the rate of increased wastage of these resources?

During this research, the mobile application for promoting power-saving activities can be developed using the agile software development methodology. Under this methodology, designing, development and testing can be done in multiple phases. For usability testing of the application, participants between the age of 7 to 15 can be selected from a nearby school.

• Nguyen, S.P., 2014, May. Mobile application for household energy consumption feedback using smart meters: Increasing energy awareness, encouraging energy savings and avoiding energy peaks. In 2014 International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS) (pp. 291-296). IEEE.
• Oppong-Tawiah, D. et al, 2020. Developing a gamified mobile application to encourage sustainable energy use in the office. Journal of Business Research, 106, pp.388-405.

Authentication system for secure vaults in banks

Banks are the most trusted place for people to keep their money, documents, jewelry and other financial elements secure from getting misused and from getting lost (Das, Jelil and Mahadeva Prasanna, 2017). But, in recent times the increased cases of robberies and other unethical accounting practices in the banks have raised a few questions about their security measures (Yang, 2019). Thus, in this research, an authentication system is proposed for the bank to keep the assets of the people secure from any event in the bank. For every locker in the bank, this system can be used to ensure that the unauthorized person can be restricted to access these valuable assets of the people.

• To identify the physical security issues in the banks.
• To provide an effective solution for the physical security issues of the banks these days.
• To use multiple authentication measures in the system for enhanced security

RQ: How can the authentication system with multiple authentication processes help in decreasing the physical security issues in the banks?

Agile software development methodology can be preferred for the development of this authentication system in which HTML can be used for designing the interface and PHP can be used for development. The RSA encryption technique can be used for securing the information. Multiple tests can be performed during the project such as penetration tests, authentication testing etc.

• Das, R.K., Jelil, S. and Mahadeva Prasanna, S.R., 2017. Development of multi-level speech based person authentication system Journal of Signal Processing Systems, 88, pp.259-271 .
• Yang, G.C., 2019. Development status and prospects of graphical password authentication system in Korea. KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS), 13(11), pp.5755-5772 .

Development of ambulance booking system

This project is focused on the development of an online booking system for ambulances in any emergency. The ambulances have been helping people to reach the medical facilities in time to get their treatment (Bhonsle,et al., 2022). But, there is no such system currently available that can allow the patients or their guardians to book them online in any emergency cases or for pre-booking of ambulances for a particular date (Isong, Dladlu and Magogodi,, 2016). Thus, this system is proposed in this research to provide a simple and reliable solution for patients to book ambulances. This would help the industry in boosting its healthcare KPIs and become more efficient.

• To provide a reliable solution for the booking of ambulances for patients in emergencies.
• To build a secure and responsive system for booking ambulances so that users can get the response for ambulances in real-time.

RQ: How can the online system help patients in booking ambulances faster than the conventional ways?

In this research study, an online booking system for ambulances can be developed using the agile software development methodology. Java script can be used for the development of the system with some other web technologies such as HTML and CSS. The usability, Load management and Security of the system can also be tested to ensure high performance.

• Bhonsle, V.S.,et al., 2022, August. Ambulance booking system using GPS. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2461, No. 1, p. 020003). AIP Publishing LLC.
• Isong, B., Dladlu, N. and Magogodi, T., 2016. Mobile-based medical emergency ambulance scheduling system. Int. J. Comput. Netw. Inf. Secur, 8(11), pp.14-22 .

Garbage management system for smart cities

Smart city projects include the use of advanced technologies for monitoring every activity with the help of sensors and connected systems. But, garbage collection is a process that is often not focused more by the authorities in these projects (Ali, Irfan, Alwadie and Glowacz, 2020). Thus, in this research, a web-based system is proposed for the effective management of garbage in smart cities to help the authorities keep the city clean. This system can be connected with the sensors installed in all the major dustbins in the city to get alerts when it gets full so that the authorities can address it immediately (Nirde, Mulay and Chaskar, 2017).

• To provide an effective solution for addressing garbage management issues in smart cities.
• To provide a reliable system for the authorities to enhance the waste management processes.
• To develop a highly responsive system with real-time alerting capabilities.

RQ: How can the smart garbage management system help the authorities in enhancing their waste management system in smart cities?

The IoT-based smart garbage management system can be developed using the agile software development methodology. The required web technologies for this development process can be React, Java Script, My SQL and HTML. Requirements can be gathered from the literature-based analysis of existing systems and also by using requirement elicitation techniques such as interviews, focus groups etc, with the IoT and IT experts.

• Ali, T., Irfan, M., Alwadie, A.S. and Glowacz, A., 2020. IoT-based smart waste bin monitoring and municipal solid waste management system for smart cities. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 45, pp.10185-10198.
• Nirde, K., Mulay, P.S. and Chaskar, U.M., 2017, June. IoT based solid waste management system for smart city. In 2017 international conference on intelligent computing and control systems (ICICCS) (pp. 666-669). IEEE.

Fun learning application for children: benefits and drawbacks

Visual effects, animations and games attract the children more as compared to simple texts and images on the application. In the existing learning applications for children simple texts, images and some audio are used to provide them with knowledge about new concepts. It is very boring for them and they are not able to build their interest in this type of learning. Thus, to address this issue, a fun learning 3D game is proposed in this research in which the children can be able to play simple learning games or different STEM apps and understand the concepts in a fun way. The application will have multiple levels and the levels can be decided based on the age level of the children. This game can be designed for children between the ages of 7-12.

• To identify the issues in the existing learning applications.
• To provide a fun way to learn for the children in which they can both play and learn.
• To build a fun learning application for children with multiple levels of learning.

RQ: How can the fun learning applications keep the children more involved in learning as compared to the simple learning applications?

For the development of fun learning applications during this research, agile methodology can be used. Under this methodology, the project can be completed in multiple phases and testing can be done after every phase. The fun learning application can be designed using 3D while its development can be done using C#.

• Kaminska, D.,et al, 2019. Virtual reality and its applications in education: Survey. Information, 10(10), p.318 .
• Lepper, M.R. and Malone, T.W., 2021. Intrinsic motivation and instructional effectiveness in computer-based education. In Aptitude, learning, and instruction (pp. 255-286). Routledge.

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The web development industry is constantly evolving, and new technologies and techniques are being developed all the time. Research helps developers keep up with the latest advancements and make informed decisions about which tools and technologies to use.

Web developers need research to stay up with the emerging, comprehend customer needs, enhance functionality, stay competitive, and create more accessible websites. That being the case, this list contains 11 research topics that would help students in getting great ideas to carry out their research effectively. Alongside of the description, the list also contains possible research questions , research objectives and possible research methodologies that can be used by students to effectively carry out their research.

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Web Development Dissertation Topics – Based on Latest Technology Trends

Published by Owen Ingram at December 29th, 2022 , Revised On August 16, 2023

Web development is one of the most common research areas among students for information technology. A career in this field of web design and web development offers a lot of opportunities and is quite rewarding.

Many IT students choose to research a topic relating to web development, yet many frequently need help in selecting an appropriate topic to write their dissertation , and this is where our topic service and dissertation writing service come into the picture.

If you are an undergraduate, Master or PhD student, the distinctiveness of the topic should be your first consideration. It would be best if you remembered that your paper must be entirely original as you write it. An issue that has previously been covered cannot be rewritten even though you could explore it from a different angle or a fresh perspective. 

So let’s take a look at the following web development topics and suggestions to see if any of the ideas motivate you.

Web Development Dissertation Topics & Ideas

• Bringing a 19th-century web gateway into the new millennium
• The best strategy to enhance and safeguard e-commerce
• A website that won’t crash even if several users login simultaneously
• How to increase the accessibility of a web portal while still selling all the extensive material
• A gadget with a speedier internet connection than other gadgets
• The following stage is correctly exploiting LTE connections in web development
• How to improve a website’s usability so visitors stay longer
• The efficient means of putting an end to online bullying
• Make social networking more appealing to encourage individuals to begin living online
• How to reconcile the real and virtual worlds
• A network that works well and is bug-free
• Creating a gateway that will enable new forms of interpersonal communication
• A tool that will assist a user in keeping their identity secure online
• A survey of website development technologies
• Analyze the online Russian web development market operating on up-work farming assistant web services
• Web accessibility for people with cognitive impairments: A study of the UK web development industry
• Web development and performance comparison between Node.js vs. Python Web development technologies. Evaluation of site categories based on the layout type
• Development of integrated access control for software product line engineering
• Web development learning multi-attribute decision-making model for ranking web development frameworks
• An intelligent system for making recommendations regarding web development education
• A fusion of machine learning and web development
• Modern web-building techniques for adaptable websites
• An assessment of web development frameworks and their performance
• Web application development technologies for automated dashboard analysis and design
• Using experiential and collaborative learning techniques to examine the effect of SEO techniques on web development

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Hundreds of different options may influence your thoughts, and you could start to find yourself completely clueless and directionless. To complete the dissertation that gets you a high academic grade, you must ensure that the topic is original and that you have enough material to support it.

If you are looking for help with your dissertation or thesis and whether you need a dissertation written in the UK or another country, you can hire a qualified writer online with ResearchProspect. Our team of professionals will come up with appealing web development dissertation topics for your convenience, and write a winning thesis paper on the selected title. 

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To find web development dissertation topics:

• Follow industry trends and emerging technologies.
• Explore challenges like UX/UI, security, or accessibility.
• Analyze open source projects and their impact.
• Consider performance optimization or mobile development.
• Consult professionals for real-world insights.
• Select a topic that aligns with your passion and career aspirations.

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11 Web Development Trends to Expect in 2023, According to Experts & Data

Published: December 15, 2022

In 1983, the  internet was born . Now, there are more than  1.58 billion websites and approximately 5 billion daily users  on the internet. As the internet has evolved, so have web development trends. As a website owner, keep an eye on web development trends so you can enact changes that incorporate new best practices. And the stakes are high — failing to keep up with recent trends can seriously affect your  website performance  and user experience. 

In this post, we'll take a closer look at the top website development trends you can expect to dominate in 2023. 

Web Development Trends in 2022

• Progressive Web Apps (PWAs)
• AI Chatbots
• Accelerated Mobile Pages
• Single-Page Application
• Optimized Voice Search
• WordPress Development
• Serverless Architecture
• Responsive Site Design
• Dark Mode Standardization
• Improved Native Cybersecurity

You might be surprised to notice that many web development trends already exist. They'll become more prevalent in the coming years, so adapting these best practices is more critical than ever. Let's take a look.

1. Progressive Web Apps (PWAs)

While  progressive web apps (PWAs)  aren't new, their latest iteration will replace  web apps  for good. PWAs help websites load in no time and work offline in apps like Google Maps. Companies including Starbucks, Uber, Pinterest, and Twitter use PWAs for an improved  user experience  — and in 2023, many more organizations will begin to catch on.

In the second quarter of 2022,  over 58% of International web traffic was from mobile  — not including tablets. With the increased usage of smartphones and tablets to perform various online tasks, it has never been more essential to revamp web applications into PWAs.

In addition to providing unmatched user experience, PWAs offer additional benefits such as reduced website development costs and seamless maintenance for the provider. Plus, they visually look and act like a regular web page. 

In 2023,  HTML , CSS, JavaScript, React, WebAssembly, or Angular will be used to write PWAs.

2. AI Chatbots

In 2023,  AI chatbots  will become even more sophisticated to meet users' needs. To achieve this, bots will more efficiently match user behavior by leveraging machine learning, natural language processing, and information retrieval techniques.

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Besides assisting companies in performing faster operations using voice or text chats, AI-enabled chatbots also help  improve customer experience . You can use an AI chatbot to collect data, answer frequently asked questions, and solve other issues. The result is a seamless digital experience for customers to enjoy. 

Many prominent B2C companies already serve their customers with AI chatbots. According to Forbes,  marketers' use of AI increased by 190% between 2018 and 2020 , with many functioning within Facebook Messenger, Whatsapp, and Skype, instead of standard chatbots. Expect to see AI chatbots gain even more momentum in 2023. 

3. Accelerated Mobile Pages

Almost 70% of consumers  indicated that page speed impacts their decision to purchase from an online seller, according to Unbounce. In other words, you should not ignore your site's speed. That's where accelerated mobile pages come into the picture.

First launched by Google in 2015, the accelerated mobile page (AMP) provides mobile users with lightning-fast digital experiences. In addition to offering seamless user experiences and decreasing bounce rates,  Google's AMP>  may improve core business metrics. These metrics could even be as important as the  number of conversions on web pages .

While AMP usage has been trending slightly down  since 2020, it remains the  most popular mobile technology used worldwide , used on 35% of websites that implement mobile technologies and over half of the most popular 10,000 websites.

4. Single-Page Applications

Considered one of the most significant recent trends in web development, single-page applications (SPAs) are JavaScript-based web applications that load a single HTML page in a visitor's browser and dynamically update content as needed without refreshing the page.

The development community and Google, Facebook, and Twitter have widely adopted SPAs. Because users can use a website without loading an entirely new page from the server, the overall performance is much better. While more effort is involved in maintaining SPAs, it could be well worth the tradeoff.

Besides being cost-effective and relatively easy to create thanks to the popular  AngularJS framework , SPAs consume less server space and efficiently provide users' information on a single page without needing to navigate around. These benefits make SPAs a win-win for developers and site visitors alike.

As online consumers expect faster and simpler app experiences, we can expect the SPA trend to continue in the coming year. 

5. Optimized Voice Search

First introduced by Google in 2011, voice search is rapidly rising in popularity. Intelligent virtual assistants like Alexa and Siri showed unprecedented market growth in 2019 and are forecasted to continue to grow rapidly, according to  an analysis by Grand View Research . 

According to Google , 27% of individuals use voice search on mobile devices. A  Microsoft study reveals  that 72% of users have used a digital assistant within the last six months. 

More tech giants are entering the market or creating new products, like Google Home and Apple HomePod, to meet consumer demand.   More than half of adults in the United States  have a smart home device, too. As a result, voice search is poised to become more relevant than ever. 

Consumers are not only using smart speakers to conduct voice searches; they're also using their smartphones and IoT devices. In other words, voice search results will start ranking higher and more frequently on search engine results pages. So, companies will be working on optimizing their products and their content strategy for voice search in 2023. 

6. WordPress Development

The  WordPress CMS powers over 40% of all websites , and a significant presence demands attention. An open-source platform, WordPress continually adds more features to meet users' needs. There are plenty of WordPress-specific web development trends, and it's worth diving into them. 

WordPress is expected to get a facelift in the new year in various ways. For instance, a new navigation structure will enable a more straightforward user experience. This rework aims to bring together the post editor and the template experiences — which are currently siloed. WordPress is also offering new design tools to bring your site to life.

7. Motion UI

Today's consumers don't only expect faster and mobile-friendly digital experiences — they also want richer and more interactive ones.

That's one reason Motion UI has become so popular. Motion UI is a front-end framework that enables developers to build fully responsive websites and mobile applications and to use predefined motions within a native app setting. Using this framework, you can make an element slide, spin, bounce, transition, and more.

Motion UI also scores points because it's compatible with all web technologies and can be added anywhere on a website. Some popular places to implement Motion UI include the header, footer, and menus. Though this framework gained momentum in 2018, it has become more accessible thanks to the SASS libraries' technology, making it one of the leading web development trends in 2023.

8. Serverless Architecture

There has been an ongoing search for technology that helps to reduce system overloading, data loss, and development costs. Enter: Serverless technology.

Serverless architecture runs on cloud technology which allows users to run code for virtually any type of application or backend service with no administration. No provisioning, managing, or upgrading servers is necessary. Amazon, Google, and Microsoft are the leading examples of companies using and providing serverless architecture.

As of 2022,  the serverless architecture market is valued at $36.84 billion. That means we can expect more companies to enter this market in 2023 and beyond.

We'll also see more products — including chatbots, IoT apps, and APIs — using  serverless functions  to perform tasks like downloading file backups, delivering notifications, and exporting objects.

9. Responsive Site Design 

Responsive design has never been quite so crucial. As mentioned, mobile devices account for over58%of web traffic worldwide. Plus,  nearly three-quarters of global ecommerce sales are completed on mobile . From these stats, it's clear that taking a mobile-first approach to web development has become essential.

Of course, many developers have taken this approach for years. But what being "mobile-friendly" really means is constantly fluctuating. In 2023 it means using geolocation data to deliver highly personalized experiences to users, offering one-click ordering on ecommerce apps, and incorporating biometric authentication like fingerprint scanning or voice recognition, among other trends. The result of implementing responsive design is multifaceted — your visitors will enjoy a more seamless user experience, plus it will help enhance brand reputation. 

10. Dark Mode Standardization

In recent years, dark and low-light websites have gained popularity. 2023 will continue to see websites and apps offering dark mode  user interfaces (UIs) , as studies have found that  at least 8 in 10 users prefer to use dark mode whenever possible .

Facebook and Twitter have already implemented this feature. These apps provide an easy option to toggle between the two modes, depending on the reader's preference or system settings.  Mastering website personalization  is essential as visitors expect a completely customized experience, so be sure you deliver on that promise. 

As more web developers provide a similar built-in feature to switch between light and dark modes, this will become the standard in 2023 and beyond. It may even become the de facto default for applications.

11. Improved Native Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity  — which refers to the practice of securing data, networks, and computers from misuse — is one of the most critical concerns of 2023. Every company, no matter its size, is vulnerable. For example, in June 2021,  hackers scraped the accounts of 700 million LinkedIn users  to acquire personal information, including full names, emails, and phone numbers.

According to CDN provider Cloudflare, the number of  distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks  nearly  doubled each quarter in 2020 . Hours of downtime, significant loss of revenue, and a damaged reputation are just a few effects of this form of attack. 

With such an alarming increase in cybercrimes, website development has adapted to make it easier to safeguard company and customer data. There's already been a shift toward application-based multi-factor authentication like Google Authenticator,  patch management , and Security Operation Centers (SOC).

We'll see a continuing rise in non-traditional methods to improve cybersecurity beyond monitoring tools and analytics checkpoints. Danny Wajcman, Co-Founder and COO of the heat mapping and live chat software company  Lucky Orange , notes the importance of human monitoring in addition to automation: "We firmly believe session recordings can help identify security issues like a DDoS attack or extreme bot traffic…Having a feel for your daily traffic trends and regularly following visitor journeys builds your ability to recognize when something isn't quite right."

Trending in Web Development

Web development is constantly evolving to meet the needs and expectations of online consumers. Many of these trends are focused on optimizing the user experience on mobile — others in the future might be focused on optimizing UX for smart wearables or devices we haven't seen yet. By staying on top of web development trends, you can ensure your website consistently attracts and delights users.

Editor's note: This post was originally published in November 2021 and has been updated for comprehensiveness.

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8 UX Research Methods to start using in Web Design

Need to build or optimize your website, but not sure how to make real impact? Well... stop building and listen first! 

It has become easier than ever to build a website, but just building items you think will help is a sure-fire way to see lack-luster results. We don't want to just build anything, we want to build the RIGHT items to deliver user value and drive business impact.

How do you do this? - Listen first, problem solve second, build third. Listening start with user experience (UX) research to gain a deep understanding of the desired outcomes of your audience and the challenges they are running into in trying to achieve them. 

Where do you get started with UX research ? This blog outlines the eight most common UX research methods to use when starting your UX reserach for your web design and optimization efforts. 

"Wait, why is ux research important in web design?"

Here’s one typical train of thought: “I need a website for my business. Let’s have a look at some templates. That one looks great. There we go, it’s installed and there are products on it. Traffic’s picking up. Hang on, why has no one bought anything after six months? It’s got to be the theme, I’ll find a new one…”

The relative ease of creating a basic site often means that the nuances of creating a high-performing website can get lost in the ether. Having a website as an online storefront isn’t enough. It also needs to provide returns, generate new leads on a consistent basis, convert sales and gather relevant consumer data if you’re serious about long-term business growth.

It’s not enough for your website to simply look good, either. While some sites do look incredible thanks to the creative use of HTML5, the real art of web development lies in creating an unbeatable user experience (often abbreviated to UX). Essentially, users need a site that flows, informs, entertains and – overall – intuitive to their needs.

THE UX RESEARCH PROCESS

Before we dive into specific types of UX research, it's important to know what the overall process looks like. Generally speaking there are three steps: Developing user questions, performing user research, and summarizing findings into a report. 

1. Developing User Questions:  The goal of this step is to collect observed user challenges, friction points, or gaps of understanding and formulate specific user-focused questions that you can then work to answer.

2. Performing User Research : The goal of conducting research is to gain a clear understanding of the underlying challenges, motivations, and behaviors of your users to answer the questions you created in the previous step.

3. Summarizing into a Report:  The goal of the analyze and report step is to review your findings and summarize the key takeaways, learning lessons, and recommendations. Your job is to boil down all of the information you collected to the core findings and turn them into something actionable for your team and company.

Want to learn more about the user research process? Join the (free) Growth-Driven Design Certification to watch an entire lesson the the process - including process steps, templates, and examples. 

8 UX research METHODS FOR WEB DESIGN

The better you know your audience and their needs, the more likely you are to engage them as soon as your site launches. To do this, you need to put some effort into learning what your audience want to know, how they use the internet, and who represents your biggest competition in the market.

So, how do you approach your research if you’re a junior designer or a total beginner to web design? Read on for five simple UX research methods to incorporate. 

1: Socialise with your audience

It really is that simple. You may already be aware that every successful inbound marketing strategy starts with persona research. By learning as much as you can about your target market, you can then approach the right people more effectively through search, social and biddable campaigns.

The same rule applies to UX research – you need to know what your audience look for in a website.

Social media platforms allow you to reach out to target audiences easier than ever before, while email can be effective when conducting research amongst existing leads. Incentivised surveys and feedback campaigns can help you collect crucial information with direct and in-depth inquiries.

2: USER INTERVIEWS

User interviews help you uncover the deep challenges and motivations of why users behave a certain way. What drives and motivates a person, and why they behave the way they do is a deep-rooted matter, and so user interviews are better than some other research methods to get at that “why?”

A user interview is the most common method used when beginning to try to solve a problem. Often, in the strategy phase, your team is starting out on gaining understanding of the current state of affairs and what user problems you should be addressing. That can mean you don’t have the data you need or perhaps any data at all. User interviews can be an efficient way to get the data.

You can learn more about user interviews and watch more videos on the " UX Research - User Interviews " page on the GDD How it Works section. 

3: Card sorting

Ready for some interactive customer research? Card sorting is a really effective way of discovering how users may potentially use a site, and what they consider the most important parts of their online journey. There are two types of card sorts – closed and open – that can be done both on- and offline.

Closed card sorting sees the developer providing people with a set of cards complete with numerous categories, while the open version allows people to create their own categories. The goal is for your audience to create the most effective user journey with their cards, revealing what steps are most important to them.

Not only can this help you better analyse your site’s architecture, it’s also great for developing your overall online sales funnel.

4: Usability testing

Usability testing is arguably one of the most important parts of UX research. This can again be done moderated or unmoderated (with the assistance of surveys and testing software), and offline or online through live streaming sites, screen share apps and more.

Usability testing is essentially a real-world test scenario where groups of users are asked to complete certain tasks. Some usability testers go as far as employing an independent moderator to ask questions and get results. The benefits of usability testing range from achieving real-time, real-world data from users navigating your site, and providing their thoughts and observations, to picking up on errors that may have slipped through the net during development.

Want to learn a bit more about user testing? - Read and watch videos on the " UX Research - User Testing " page on the GDD How it Works section. 

5: Eye movement tracking

Eye movement tracking is a technique that wouldn’t have been possible a few short years ago. Thanks to advances in hardware and software though, prices have come down and the technology is becoming more accurate, allowing developers to track users’ eye movements in real-time.

The technology does what it says on the tin, tracking users’ eye movements when they’re presented with a site in testing conditions. This reveals which parts instantly attract their attention, which parts are ignored and which areas could be improved upon. Eye movement tracking is brilliant for assessing the appeal of a site design and evaluating the effectiveness of your calls to action, allowing you to tweak specific areas of your inbound campaign to improve conversions.

6: Click Heatmaps / scroll heatmaps

Setting up eye tracking studies can be quite technical and require a big time and money investment. A great alternative to understanding user attention on your website is to leverage click heatmaps, scoll heatmaps, and user recordings. 

Click heat maps are a visual report of where actual users are getting on the site, and what are they trying to click on.

Example click heatmap on GrowthDrivenDesign.com

It's a great way for we to identify areas of confusion where users are trying to click on something that they think is linked or they think is a menu item, or they think they should be going somewhere and it's not. 

We can also use it as a gauge to see what users care about. If we have five different types of products, we can see which one is getting the most clicks. We can see where people are clicking on the menu and which menu items are getting the most clicks. This can inform how we structure the menu.

Additionally, we can see what users are overlooking or missing. If there are calls to action, or if there are menus that are not being used or clicked on, that can help inform in the brainstorming session how to improve those things that we want users to find and interact with. What are the things that they're not interacting with now?

In addition to click heat maps, scroll heat maps allows you to understand how far down website users are scrolling down on the page. 

This allows you to determine how engaging your content is and if it is being consumed or missed by website users. 

7: USER RECORDINGS

Session recordings are also valuable tools. With session recordings, we receive live recordings of  users’ sessions on our website. we'll see what they're scrolling on, clicking on, and where they're stopping.

It's a great way for we to understand what challenges users are running into at a very specific spot. I want to underline that specific spot because we want to avoid falling in the trap of watching a ton of user recordings just to watch them. They're a cool feature, but we're not going to get a lot of insight as just by watching a ton of different user recordings.

Instead, what we want to do is pinpoint a specific area where we're running into challenges, where people are dropping off, where there's low time on site, high bounce rate, whatever those metrics are that we're measuring, those leading indicators, or even the focus metric, and start with the quantitative data. This is the data that's telling we where they're dropping off, and then when we want to start diagnosing the issue. When we want to start digging deeper at a very specific URL or a very specific spot on a page, then we can start looking at user recordings to help get some idea on what the problem is and actually diagnose it so that we can brainstorm solutions. That's my word of caution with this. Make sure that we have a very specific spot we want to dig into before going and looking at session recordings. Don't start with session recordings. Otherwise we'll be watching a whole ton of them and not necessarily walking away with a ton of focused action items.

8: A/B testing

Although technically a hypothesis testing tool, A/B testing can offer some great insights and user learnings based on how the interact with your proposed solution.

Once you've completed your research, problem solve, and build a proposed solution to the original isue identified in your research - you must test to see if your solution actually helped.

A/B testing can help answer these types of questions: If you’re linking an important call to action on your website, what would generate better results, an image or a text-based link? How do you know which forms are best for your checkout page? Would making a button a different colour help attract eyeballs and improve conversions?

A/B testing allows you to find the answers to all these questions, as you randomly present two test versions of your site to an equal number of users, collecting analytical data to see which version is most effective and gets the best results. A/B testing is also great when updating older sites, as it helps you discover which changes work and which areas are best left untouched.

UX research saves you time and money in the long-term

Although this might seem like extra up-front work to add to your process, integrating UX reserach and testing will save you time, money, and drive better results in the long run. 

Comprehensive UX research is an essential part of the overall design process. After all, would you launch a business or a product without doing some basic market research? Of course you wouldn’t, so why not go to the same lengths when building a website?

The very nature of online marketing is constantly changing, due to new algorithms from search and social providers, smart devices introducing new needs (mobile-optimised websites anyone?) and individual developing unique online habits. Continual UX research allows your web designers and developers to keep up with emerging trends and offer the best customer experience possible.

Costly mistakes and large alterations to the design of a site will also be less likely If you research before starting the build. This means your creative team has more time and resources to spend on other design and development projects, and more potential to turn big profits for your business.

Want to dive futher into UX research? Join the (free) Growth-Driven Design Certification to learn more about UX research and all the other pieces for building a peak performing website. 

Have specific questions? - Leave a comment below and I'd be happy to help! 

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Chris Knowles

Chris is Head of Design & Development at Six & Flow, an inbound marketing agency based in Manchester, UK.

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A Literature Review: Website Design and User Engagement

Renee garett.

1 ElevateU, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Sean D. Young

2 University of California Institute for Prediction Technology, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

3 UCLA Center for Digital Behavior, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Proper design has become a critical element needed to engage website and mobile application users. However, little research has been conducted to define the specific elements used in effective website and mobile application design. We attempt to review and consolidate research on effective design and to define a short list of elements frequently used in research. The design elements mentioned most frequently in the reviewed literature were navigation, graphical representation, organization, content utility, purpose, simplicity, and readability. We discuss how previous studies define and evaluate these seven elements. This review and the resulting short list of design elements may be used to help designers and researchers to operationalize best practices for facilitating and predicting user engagement.

1. INTRODUCTION

Internet usage has increased tremendously and rapidly in the past decade ( “Internet Use Over Time,” 2014 ). Websites have become the most important public communication portal for most, if not all, businesses and organizations. As of 2014, 87% of American adults aged 18 or older are Internet users ( “Internet User Demographics,” 2013 ). Because business-to-consumer interactions mainly occur online, website design is critical in engaging users ( Flavián, Guinalíu, & Gurrea, 2006 ; Lee & Kozar, 2012 ; Petre, Minocha, & Roberts, 2006 ). Poorly designed websites may frustrate users and result in a high “bounce rate”, or people visiting the entrance page without exploring other pages within the site ( Google.com, 2015 ). On the other hand, a well-designed website with high usability has been found to positively influence visitor retention (revisit rates) and purchasing behavior ( Avouris, Tselios, Fidas, & Papachristos, 2003 ; Flavián et al., 2006 ; Lee & Kozar, 2012 ).

Little research, however, has been conducted to define the specific elements that constitute effective website design. One of the key design measures is usability ( International Standardization Organization, 1998 ). The International Standardized Organization (ISO) defines usability as the extent to which users can achieve desired tasks (e.g., access desired information or place a purchase) with effectiveness (completeness and accuracy of the task), efficiency (time spent on the task), and satisfaction (user experience) within a system. However, there is currently no consensus on how to properly operationalize and assess website usability ( Lee & Kozar, 2012 ). For example, Nielson associates usability with learnability, efficiency, memorability, errors, and satisfaction ( Nielsen, 2012 ). Yet, Palmer (2002) postulates that usability is determined by download time, navigation, content, interactivity, and responsiveness. Similar to usability, many other key design elements, such as scannability, readability, and visual aesthetics, have not yet been clearly defined ( Bevan, 1997 ; Brady & Phillips, 2003 ; Kim, Lee, Han, & Lee, 2002 ), and there are no clear guidelines that individuals can follow when designing websites to increase engagement.

This review sought to address that question by identifying and consolidating the key website design elements that influence user engagement according to prior research studies. This review aimed to determine the website design elements that are most commonly shown or suggested to increase user engagement. Based on these findings, we listed and defined a short list of website design elements that best facilitate and predict user engagement. The work is thus an exploratory research providing definitions for these elements of website design and a starting point for future research to reference.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. selection criteria and data extraction.

We searched for articles relating to website design on Google Scholar (scholar.google.com) because Google Scholar consolidates papers across research databases (e.g., Pubmed) and research on design is listed in multiple databases. We used the following combination of keywords: design, usability, and websites. Google Scholar yielded 115,000 total hits. However, due to the large list of studies generated, we decided to only review the top 100 listed research studies for this exploratory study. Our inclusion criteria for the studies was: (1) publication in a peer-reviewed academic journal, (2) publication in English, and (3) publication in or after 2000. Year of publication was chosen as a limiting factor so that we would have enough years of research to identify relevant studies but also have results that relate to similar styles of websites after the year 2000. We included studies that were experimental or theoretical (review papers and commentaries) in nature. Resulting studies represented a diverse range of disciplines, including human-computer interaction, marketing, e-commerce, interface design, cognitive science, and library science. Based on these selection criteria, thirty-five unique studies remained and were included in this review.

2.2. Final Search Term

(design) and (usability) and (websites).

The search terms were kept simple to capture the higher level design/usability papers and allow Google scholar’s ranking method to filter out the most popular studies. This method also allowed studies from a large range of fields to be searched.

2.3. Analysis

The literature review uncovered 20 distinct design elements commonly discussed in research that affect user engagement. They were (1) organization – is the website logically organized, (2) content utility – is the information provided useful or interesting, (3) navigation – is the website easy to navigate, (4) graphical representation – does the website utilize icons, contrasting colors, and multimedia content, (5) purpose – does the website clearly state its purpose (i.e. personal, commercial, or educational), (6) memorable elements – does the website facilitate returning users to navigate the site effectively (e.g., through layout or graphics), (7) valid links – does the website provide valid links, (8) simplicity – is the design of the website simple, (9) impartiality – is the information provided fair and objective, (10) credibility – is the information provided credible, (11) consistency/reliability – is the website consistently designed (i.e., no changes in page layout throughout the site), (12) accuracy – is the information accurate, (13) loading speed – does the website take a long time to load, (14) security/privacy – does the website securely transmit, store, and display personal information/data, (15) interactive – can the user interact with the website (e.g., post comments or receive recommendations for similar purchases), (16) strong user control capabilities– does the website allow individuals to customize their experiences (such as the order of information they access and speed at which they browse the website), (17) readability – is the website easy to read and understand (e.g., no grammatical/spelling errors), (18) efficiency – is the information presented in a way that users can find the information they need quickly, (19) scannability – can users pick out relevant information quickly, and (20) learnability – how steep is the learning curve for using the website. For each of the above, we calculated the proportion of studies mentioning the element. In this review, we provide a threshold value of 30%. We identified elements that were used in at least 30% of the studies and include these elements that are above the threshold on a short list of elements used in research on proper website design. The 30% value was an arbitrary threshold picked that would provide researchers and designers with a guideline list of elements described in research on effective web design. To provide further information on how to apply this list, we present specific details on how each of these elements was discussed in research so that it can be defined and operationalized.

3.1. Popular website design elements ( Table 1 )

Frequency of website design elements used in research (2000–2014)

Seven of the website design elements met our threshold requirement for review. Navigation was the most frequently discussed element, mentioned in 22 articles (62.86%). Twenty-one studies (60%) highlighted the importance of graphics. Fifteen studies (42.86%) emphasized good organization. Four other elements also exceeded the threshold level, and they were content utility (n=13, 37.14%), purpose (n=11, 31.43%), simplicity (n=11, 31.43%), and readability (n=11, 31.43%).

Elements below our minimum requirement for review include memorable features (n=5, 14.29%), links (n=10, 28.57%), impartiality (n=1, 2.86%), credibility (n=7, 20%), consistency/reliability (n=8. 22.86%), accuracy (n=5, 14.29%), loading speed (n=10, 28.57%), security/privacy (n=2, 5.71%), interactive features (n=9, 25.71%), strong user control capabilities (n=8, 22.86%), efficiency (n=6, 17.14%), scannability (n=1, 2.86%), and learnability (n=2, 5.71%).

3.2. Defining key design elements for user engagement ( Table 2 )

Definitions of Key Design Elements

In defining and operationalizing each of these elements, the research studies suggested that effective navigation is the presence of salient and consistent menu/navigation bars, aids for navigation (e.g., visible links), search features, and easy access to pages (multiple pathways and limited clicks/backtracking). Engaging graphical presentation entails 1) inclusion of images, 2) proper size and resolution of images, 3) multimedia content, 4) proper color, font, and size of text, 5) use of logos and icons, 6) attractive visual layout, 7) color schemes, and 8) effective use of white space. Optimal organization includes 1) cognitive architecture, 2) logical, understandable, and hierarchical structure, 3) information arrangement and categorization, 4) meaningful labels/headings/titles, and 5) use of keywords. Content utility is determined by 1) sufficient amount of information to attract repeat visitors, 2) arousal/motivation (keeps visitors interested and motivates users to continue exploring the site), 3) content quality, 4) information relevant to the purpose of the site, and 5) perceived utility based on user needs/requirements. The purpose of a website is clear when it 1) establishes a unique and visible brand/identity, 2) addresses visitors’ intended purpose and expectations for visiting the site, and 3) provides information about the organization and/or services. Simplicity is achieved by using 1) simple subject headings, 2) transparency of information (reduce search time), 3) website design optimized for computer screens, 4) uncluttered layout, 5) consistency in design throughout website, 6) ease of using (including first-time users), 7) minimize redundant features, and 8) easily understandable functions. Readability is optimized by content that is 1) easy to read, 2) well-written, 3) grammatically correct, 4) understandable, 5) presented in readable blocks, and 6) reading level appropriate.

4. DISCUSSION

The seven website design elements most often discussed in relation to user engagement in the reviewed studies were navigation (62.86%), graphical representation (60%), organization (42.86%), content utility (37.14%), purpose (31.43%), simplicity (31.43%), and readability (31.43%). These seven elements exceeded our threshold level of 30% representation in the literature and were included into a short list of website design elements to operationalize effective website design. For further analysis, we reviewed how studies defined and evaluated these seven elements. This may allow designers and researchers to determine and follow best practices for facilitating or predicting user engagement.

A remaining challenge is that the definitions of website design elements often overlap. For example, several studies evaluated organization by how well a website incorporates cognitive architecture, logical and hierarchical structure, systematic information arrangement and categorization, meaningful headings and labels, and keywords. However, these features are also crucial in navigation design. Also, the implications of using distinct logos and icons go beyond graphical representation. Logos and icons also establish unique brand/identity for the organization (purpose) and can serve as visual aids for navigation. Future studies are needed to develop distinct and objective measures to assess these elements and how they affect user engagement ( Lee & Kozar, 2012 ).

Given the rapid increase in both mobile technology and social media use, it is surprising that no studies mentioned cross-platform compatibility and social media integration. In 2013, 34% of cellphone owners primarily use their cellphones to access the Internet, and this number continues to grow ( “Mobile Technology Factsheet,” 2013 ). With the rise of different mobile devices, users are also diversifying their web browser use. Internet Explorer (IE) was once the leading web browser. However, in recent years, FireFox, Safari, and Chrome have gained significant traction ( W3schools.com, 2015 ). Website designers and researchers must be mindful of different platforms and browsers to minimize the risk of losing users due to compatibility issues. In addition, roughly 74% of American Internet users use some form of social media ( Duggan, Ellison, Lampe, Lenhart, & Smith, 2015 ), and social media has emerged as an effective platform for organizations to target and interact with users. Integrating social media into website design may increase user engagement by facilitating participation and interactivity.

There are several limitations to the current review. First, due to the large number of studies published in this area and due to this study being exploratory, we selected from the first 100 research publications on Google Scholar search results. Future studies may benefit from defining design to a specific topic, set of years, or other area to limit the number of search results. Second, we did not quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of these website design elements. Additional research can help to better quantify these elements.

It should also be noted that different disciplines and industries have different objectives in designing websites and should thus prioritize different website design elements. For example, online businesses and marketers seek to design websites that optimize brand loyalty, purchase, and profit ( Petre et al., 2006 ). Others, such as academic researchers or healthcare providers, are more likely to prioritize privacy/confidentiality, and content accuracy in building websites ( Horvath, Ecklund, Hunt, Nelson, & Toomey, 2015 ). Ultimately, we advise website designers and researchers to consider the design elements delineated in this review, along with their unique needs, when developing user engagement strategies.

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What Is Web Development?

Web development is the act of building, creating and maintaining websites. The field encompasses a broad range of tasks including everything from coding, to technical design, to the performance of a website or application running on the internet. Web development consists of front-end and back-end components:

Front-End Web Development vs. Back-End Web Development

• Front-end development consists of the user interface (UI) and the look and feel of the website or application. 
• Back-end development consists of the databases, logic, APIs, servers and everything else that powers the website behind the scenes.

What Are the 3 Types of Web Development?

There are three main types of web development: front-end, back-end and full-stack.

Web development broadly encompasses the whole of a website's functionality, but the work itself is often broken down into three types: 

Front-end development is responsible for the aspects of a website that users see and interact with: the user interface (UI) . Front-end developers are well-versed in HTML , CSS and JavaScript , often working closely with design and UX teams to capture both the intended look and feel of the site, while also creating a quality user experience across multiple device types.

Back-end development is responsible for all the aspects of a website that users do not see. This is also known as server-side development because back-end developers focus primarily on the behind-the-scenes logic, APIs and database interactions that power the site. 

Full-stack development is a more holistic approach where the developers responsible for the site or app take care of the entire development stack, from the inner workings typically performed on the back-end to the presentation layer normally handled by front-end developers.

Food for Thought Front-End vs. Back-End Development: Which Should You Prioritize?

What Does a Web Developer Do?

Web developers develop websites, specifically by creating the site’s code, connecting it to a server and maintaining its accessibility to users.

Web development is responsible for creating the sites and applications we use through a web browser in our day-to-day lives. Web developers, often working in teams or alongside other tech professionals like data scientists , UX designers and product managers , use specialized techniques and a thorough knowledge of one or more programming languages to create a foundation for where the website’s database will live, known as a back-end. 

The back-end is dependent upon the website’s server, which stores web pages and applications to be loaded into the web browser upon request.  The server acts as an intermediary between the web page or application and the data stored within the server, facilitating communication between the database and the client.

Web developers are also responsible for creating the front-end of a website through the use of HTML , CSS and JavaScript , which creates the layout and style that the user sees and interacts with when using the site.

Finally, web developers are responsible for maintaining the site's functionality and overall performance over time.

Is Web Development a Good Career? 

According to the latest U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , the average salary for a web developer is $78,000, and positions are expected to grow 13 percent from 2020 to 2030, faster than the average for other occupations.

The average salary of a web developer was $77,200, according to the latest U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . Additionally, web developer jobs are expected to grow 13 percent from 2020 to 2030, faster than the average for other occupations.

Web developers are in high demand. There are currently more than 5,000 front-end developer jobs at nearly 2,000 companies nationwide on Built In's job board.

Related Reading From Built In Experts So You Want to Be a Full-Stack Developer? Here Are the Skills You Need.

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The 8 Biggest Web Development Trends at the Moment

Being a developer isn’t just about knowing how to write code. If only it was!!

A huge part of it is keeping up with web development trends in your area to stay at the cutting edge. This is our run-down of some to look out for in 2024.

With each passing year, the web has been getting more and more ingrained in our daily lives. We use it for everything, from banking to reading the news to inexplicably getting groceries delivered to our doors in minutes. With the pandemic forcing even more of our lives online, the demand for web development talent is as high as ever, and the scope of what programmers can do is huge.

If you’re only learning about this world and you’ve learned what a web developer actually does as part of their day-to-day job, this could be a good way of getting clued in about what’s hot right now.

As the year draws to an end, I can’t help but wonder what next year will have in store for us. Will the web weave its way into even more areas of our life, filling it with even more confusing buzzwords ?

Here’s my list of the top web development trends that I think will reshape the tech landscape in the next while:

• Artificial intelligence
• Low-code and no-code tools
• Internet of Things
• AI chatbots
• Angular 17 and beyond
• Yarn package manager
• Static website generators
• VUI and voice search
• Final thoughts

1. Artificial intelligence

In the past, whenever people talked about the future of technology, artificial intelligence (AI) was always high on the agenda. But finally I think it’s actually justified. Unless you’ve had your head in the ground, a lot of advances have been made in the field of AI and web development in the last year.

2023 was the year that belonged to ChatGPT. There’s a reason why Cambridge Dictionary’s Word of the Year was “hallucinate,” and it had nothing to do with psychedelics.

Finally, many of the biggest tech companies, such as Google, Microsoft, and Meta (formerly Facebook), have been releasing their generative AI technology to be used by the public.

With easier access to the necessary tools for AI development, we can expect developers to start using AI in new and different ways in the new year. What’s more AI already features heavily in data analytics , so expect the rest to follow suit. For example, GitHub’s Copilot is just one of a multitude of AI programming tools which are becoming a casual part of developer’s workflows.

In fact, another sign of AI as a trend is the success of The Grid itself—it’s currently sunsetting V2 and preparing to launch a new one sometime in 2023.

Further viewing: Video: 5 Must-Read Articles on AI (2024)

2. Low-code and no-code tools

To be honest, I initially had a dilemma about whether to include this as one of the trends. Surely the success of low-code and no-code tools will be encouraging fewer people to learn to code, right?

Not exactly.

While the continued rise of these tools is in part an answer to the same coding skills gap that made web development a lucrative career salary-wise , the computers are not coming to take your jobs. In fact, we would actually still need to train the developers to operate the LC:NC tools anyway.

These tools will help smaller companies get development ( and no-code design work ) work done faster, definitely in tandem with generative AI tools. The low-code market is projected to hit 148.5 billion dollars by 2030 , so watch this space.

3. Internet of Things (IoT)

Long heralded as the future, in the past while some might have felt that the internet of things is already finished. However, this movement where typically non-internet-connected objects are given network connectivity in order to send and receive data is only getting started.

Web developers may not have been directly involved in the creation of such devices (that’s for product designers), with UI designers working more heavily through voice user interfaces . Coders are involved in the development of applications that use, analyse and display the devices’ data. Companies such as Xively and BugLabs have already started working on APIs that can be used by developers to communicate with IoT devices.

Moving into 2024, developers are exploring ways to integrate IoT data into web platforms, enabling real-time data visualizations, predictive analytics, and personalized experiences.

4. AI chatbots

While again, these may have been around in one guise or another in recent years, expect this area of work to become a huge growth area in 2024, after the success of generative AI and LLMs last year.

Essentially, the reason for this is that the accuracy and usability of these chatbots has seriously increased and become more sophisticated, giving companies far more opportunities to employ them.

In terms of the technology behind them, opportunities for backend developers are plenty , as they require complex information retrieval, language processing, and machine learning systems to flourish. Machine learning and AI engineers are also popular AI jobs to explore for this. Web developers fluent in machine learning languages such as Java, R, and Python will find themselves with a whole host of opportunities and interesting projects to get to grips with.

In terms of whether this trend will be a longer-lasting one, it’s easy to see that this is one of them. Not only do companies save money on employing customer support staff, they also mean they can reach even more of their customers than before, with companies employing chatbots on their social media platforms as well.

5. Angular 17 and beyond

Way back in 2016 a different version of Angular came out, and with it came a lot of changes —Google’s frontend JavaScript framework was been completely redesigned.

It now takes advantage of JavaScript ES6’s features, applications are written in TypeScript , and they now moved towards a more component-driven architecture.

Along with backwards compatibility, Angular now has a more defined and regular release schedule. It’s planned that  Angular 18.0 will be released in May 2024.

Learn more about how to choose when to deploy Angular vs React for your projects.

6. Yarn package manager

Package managers are incredibly popular tools, especially in the frontend JavaScript communities.

They make it easier for developers to install, update, configure and uninstall code modules within their applications. They do so by communicating with a registry of code modules and manage the various dependencies code modules usually have.

The most popular JavaScript package managers are NPM and Bower. However, a new package manager has been developed by Meta, in collaboration with Exponent, Google and Tilde. We expect its popularity to grow.

Yarn aims to address issues Meta had experienced with NPM, particularly in areas such as performance, security, and consistency. This new package manager still has access to the NPM and Bower registries.

For example, when using NPM, depending on the order in which modules are installed, developers might end up with two different versions of a particular module in their local development environment. This can cause issues where everything works fine on one developer’s machine but not on another’s. To address this issue, Yarn uses lockfiles to tie modules to a specific version within a project, thus assuring that the same version is installed on all developers machines.

Coming in fifth place in the Most Used section of the 2023 StackOverflow Developer Survey , expect Yarn’s trajectory to go up and up.

7. Static website generators

Static website generators create websites from plain text, usually stored in files and not in databases. In certain situations, static websites built by generators such as Jekyll allow for some advantages.

These include such as increased speed, security, ease of deployment and their handling of traffic surges.

However, they have no real time content or user content (such as comments), which have become a “must” on the web today. As Content Delivery Networks and APIs become more and more the way of life of the web and make it easier for content and templates to be deployed, many devs think static site generators might be an interesting area to watch in the coming year.

Separating the templates and markup from the “ full-stack ” way of thinking might just make static site generators the “it” thing again.

8. VUI and voice search

“But voice recognition tech has been around for over decade!” we hear you protest. It seems that in 2024, however, things are truly picking up speed.

We’re not just talking about Amazon Alexa and other smart speakers anymore.

Statista predicts that the voice recognition market will explode from $10 billion in 2021 to $50 billion in 2029, a CAGR growth of 23.7%. The folding of generative AI into voice search is not just a possibility: Google have already rolled it into Assistant .

We’ve already covered how you can become a voice user interface designer, but aspiring web developers should be looking how to optimize every application they work on for voice search and navigation, particularly mobile apps. We’re far past the stage of this being a “nice-to-have” anymore—it’s a must.

9. Final thoughts

If nothing stands still for too long on the web as a rule, the world of web development even more so. Information is always changing and the methods we use to deal with that information will always evolve along with it.

Remember that web development trends may come and go, but  having a firm understanding of the fundamentals will stand to you permanently. Make sure that you have all of your bases covered before following a trend or carving out a niche for yourself.

So, if you’re interested in getting involved, what are you waiting for? Try CareerFoundry’s free 5-day coding course to see if starting a career in web development in 2024 is for you.

If you’re interested in reading more, then check out these articles:

• What are the best free coding bootcamps out there?
• The differences between a mobile app and a web app
• How much will I earn as a full-stack developer?

Research Areas (Categories / Classification)

Research areas constitute a subject categorization scheme that is shared by all Web of Science product databases. As a result, you can identify, retrieve and analyze documents from multiple databases that pertain to the same subject.

Research areas are classified into five broad categories:

• Arts & Humanities
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Results Page Option

From the Results page, you can refine the results of your search by selecting specific research area terms listed under the Research Areas option.

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From the Analyze Results page, you can group and rank records in a results set by selecting the Research Areas option. Use this feature to view a ranking by field, record count, and percentage of each research area within the results set.

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The san francisco bay area, including offices in san francisco, palo alto, east palo alto, cupertino, santa clara, and sunnyvale, offers scientific research opportunities that span many amazon businesses. these include amazon web services, alexa, prime video, amazon search, amazon ads, amazon go, and amazon music. scientists in the palo alto area contribute to features that are used by millions of customers around the world, including state-of-the-art algorithms and models that power 3d and augmented reality experiences. cupertino, along with nearby sunnyvale and santa clara, offers research opportunities across amazon’s business. for example, scientists on the amazon go team are pushing the state of the art in computer vision, machine learning, distributed systems and hardware design. sunnyvale is also home to research and development subsidiary amazon lab126..

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Research in the Bay Area spans a variety of disciplines, including automated reasoning, conversational AI, data science, data privacy, hardware design, machine learning, personalization and recommender systems, natural language generation, natural language understanding, networking, speech recognition, machine translation, graph neural networks, deep learning, time series forecasting, and computer vision, among others.

Working in San Francisco

Amazon provides scientists room to take risks and fail; a community for collaboration and support for continued learning; and the opportunity to have an impact at global scale. Scientists are encouraged to engage with the research community in many forms, from attending conferences and writing research papers , to contributing to open-source code, and public datasets.

The San Francisco Bay area is home to many of the world's leading technology companies which reside in the Silicon Valley in the South Bay Area. In addition to beautiful weather, opportunities for outdoor adventures, and any number of cultural activities, Napa Valley wine tasting, Yosemite National Park, and Santa Cruz beaches are just a drive away.

Palo Alto lies at the heart of Silicon Valley innovation, in close proximity to the prestigious Stanford University and Sand Hill Road. The area features the Stanford Shopping Center, the historic Stanford Theatre downtown, the Baylands Nature Preserve, and the Stanford Dish. Palo Alto is a beautiful gateway to the rest of the Bay Area – a train ride away from San Francisco, with the beaches of Half Moon Bay close by.

In the center of Silicon Valley, Cupertino lies on the cutting edge of tech innovation, along with San Jose and Sunnyvale. Expansive hiking areas like Rancho San Antonio and Fremont Older Open Space are ready for exploration in Cupertino, as well as beautiful wineries.

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Our San Francisco Bay Area scientists collaborate with universities and other institutions around the globe. To see a summary of some of Amazon’s scientific collaborations, visit our academic collaborations page.

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Amazon ranked second on the 2024 list of the best large workplaces to grow your career in the US. Visit our careers page to see all open science roles , both in the US and around the world.

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A beginner’s guide to web development: 4 steps to get over the learning curve

According to Google, as a mobile web page’s load time reaches 10 seconds , the probability of its visitors bouncing (i.e., leaving the site) increases by 123%. It turns out,  it’s usually not their WiFi connection’s fault. 

That’s the domain of a web developer. A good one can write code, develop and test new apps and websites, iterate on features, monitor site traffic, ensure the website isn’t bogged down with elements, and, above all else, solve problems people don’t even know they had.

UNC Kenan-Flagler’s top-ranked online MBA

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the employment of web developers in the U.S. is expected to increase by 16% by 2032, much faster than the national average of 3% across all professions. This indicates a high demand for skilled web developers in the coming years. 

Sounds complex, right? Agoric CEO Dean Tribble thinks it’s actually pretty clear cut: “At the end of the day, computers and websites are designed to be predictable. They only do things that we tell them to do.” 

For him, the biggest part of becoming a web developer and getting paid the big bucks—somewhere between $73,000 and $119,000 per year on average, according to Glassdoor —is learning to tell the computer what to do.

How to learn web development in 4 steps

This roadmap outlines each step in becoming a web developer, from knowing nothing to having projects you can show future employers and clients. 

1. Research which aspect of web development interests you the most

A web developer’s curiosity is the fuel that keeps them motivated. Your initial spark should be exploring and researching websites you like, in order to understand what makes them tick.  

Tribble advises that you should learn how the internet, computers, data structures, and algorithms all work together. Then, decide which piece of the internet interests you the most. There are three web development specializations. 

• Front-end developer : This role involves positioning images, designing the navigation, and determining the site’s overall presentation. The focus is on ensuring that the site or application is easy to navigate, making it a good fit for those with a creative eye and a passion for user experience.
• Back-end developer : Responsible for building and maintaining the mechanisms that process data and perform actions on websites. The focus is on data storage, security, and server-side functions, making it a good fit for people who love computers and problem-solving. 
• Full-stack developer : Responsible for building a website’s front-end and back-end. This role is for people who love it all, including function and feng shui.

“It’s fine to begin with learning just one aspect of web development,” says Front-End and Web Practice Lead at Coherent Solutions , Vladimir Yurkevich.

Both Tribble and Yurkevich stress that to avoid stepping on the toes of other project collaborators and ruining their code,  it’s essential to know how all the moving parts of a site function from an “under-the-hood” perspective. This will expand your expertise and raise your value.

2. Learn the three main web development programming languages

No matter which side of development you’re looking to learn, you’ll typically need to know three languages: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript . These are the foundational languages of web development. 

Think of it like you’re building a house. HTML is the framework, CSS adds visual appeal, and JavaScript furnishes it with functionality. But, there are different frameworks for JavaScript, like React, Angular, and Nodejs. Both experts agree it’s best to find resources to help you master the primary language rather than its derivatives.

On the other hand, in the same way, Latin languages like Italian and Spanish sound similar to each other, after you’ve learned the big three programming languages , these other ones might come a little easier: 

• Python : It offers various frameworks like Django, Flask, and web2py for building web applications.
• TypeScript : Enhances JavaScript with static typing, improving code reliability.
• Ruby : Also known as Ruby on Rails, this language is an open-source framework for web development.
• Java : It is robust, reliable, and portable, commonly used for web applications and APIs.
• SQL : Essential for managing relational databases in web applications.
• Go : It is a high-level programming language designed by Google and is similar to C. 
• Kotlin : This language is gaining popularity for Android app development and server-side applications.

Free web development resources

Before swiping your card on a course or bootcamp, the sites below teach the art of web development and programming at a base-expert level for free.

• freeCodeCamp : This 501(c)(3) public charity offers free courses that teach full-stack web development and all of the languages needed to be successful.
• Interneting Is Hard : This is a set of beginner-friendly web development tutorials.
• CSS Cheat Sheet : This interactive site helps you learn CSS by doing—it has buttons, code generators, scrubbers, and tutorials.
• Roadmap : This site shows you the roadmap to becoming hirable and allows you to check off items as you learn them.

If you’re interested in enrolling in something with more structure, certifications, and a set amount of study hours, Fortune made a list of part- and full-time bootcamps .

3. Start building small projects, then increase the complexity

Now that you have a solid foundational knowledge of the programming skills needed to grow as a developer, it’s time to start building actual projects. 

The learning curve in web development is less of a one-time hurdle and more of a constant stream of lulls and highs. Yurkevich refers to this as a learning ‘spiral,’ where you revisit and deepen your understanding of concepts as you progress, leading to a continuous upward trajectory in your learning journey.

“Web development is oscillation and iteration. It’s about going back and forth with learning and doing,” he says. For example, a web developer spends most of their time coding their ideas to reality, going back, reading documentation, watching YouTube videos, or speaking with an expert, “Then go back to your idea.” 

But that’s not the stopping point, he advises, “After all that, try to increase the complexity of the problem. The joy of solving the problem will forever be engraved into your brain.” 

The web development process

These are the five main stages of how you should approach not only your first few projects but all of them:

• Define your project and what you aim to achieve.
• Write the plan for your website or app.
• Design your website with UI in mind using Figma.
• Develop, test, and iterate your project.
• Maintain your project and make sure there are no bugs.

If your project isn’t functioning as intended, there is a guaranteed issue with your code. Tribble advises that, in this scenario, your new goal should be understanding the root cause of the bug. 

Web development projects for beginners

Remember, while these jumping-off points might sound simple, but as you spiral upward, you can expand on them, adding utility and innovation as you learn more. 

• Clone a website you like.
• Build a weather app.
• Create a landing page.
• Build a multiplayer game.
• Create a URL-shortening tool.
• Organize your day by coding a to-do list app.
• Make a quiz app.

4. Build a web development portfolio that showcases your skills

Your portfolio is a game of show, not tell. Like in most industries, hiring managers and potential clients would rather have proof that you can do the job over a paper degree. 

That said, our experts encourage people to earn certifications and attend school, but you can 100% build a professional portfolio without spending all that money. There are some things to consider when putting your portfolio together.

• Highlight reel : Be selective about how you treat your portfolio. Avoid throwing all your projects into it, from simple calculators to small building blocks.
• Tailor it : Depending on your specialization, you want your portfolio to showcase the correct skills for your desired job.
• Communication is key : One of the most important skills you can have as a web developer is the ability to communicate. Make sure to show your process of iterating and building your work examples. 

Look at top names in web development, such as Charles Bruyerre, Keita Yamada, and Bruno Simon, for inspiration in building your web development portfolio.

Still on the fence?

If you can’t picture yourself as an early-years Bill Gates or as a still-in-Harvard Mark Zuckerberg, don’t worry. The spiral is about taking small steps and having a learner’s mindset. 

“The biggest thing that the most successful people in this field have in common is that they built their careers doing something they love to do,” says Yurkevich. 

If you don’t love web development and programming right now, that’s okay, too. He advises, “Love for [this field] is not built instantly. You have to build projects repeatedly. As a web developer, you’ll get by on getting those small wins here and there.”

If you’re still unsure where a career in web development can take you, Fortune sought the ten most in-demand jobs in the field. 

Frequently asked questions

Is 3 months enough to learn web development.

Yes, you can become a qualified web developer in three months. Still, industry veterans say they learn new languages, solve new problems, and keep up with new technology even in the late stages of their careers. 

Can I learn web development on my own?

Yes, you can learn web development on your own. This guide outlines the 4 steps you need to take to become a web developer.

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REDLAB: Research in Education and Design

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d.loft STEM: The Space for Exploring Design Thinking and Engineering Careers

Design thinking assessment metric initiative, taking design thinking to school ii, taking design thinking to school i, teaching for tomorrow today, family science learning.

d.loft introduces students to STEM engineering careers by leveraging the power of a design thinking approach to learning in camp settings. The inspiration and framework for the project is the "Design for the Other 90% Movement”, which is comprised of engineers, designers, scientists, technologists, architects, and mathematicians engaged in designing low-cost innovative solutions for large portion of the world’s population who do not have access to basic services and products. Students learn about the vibrant and active real world problem solving of those engaged in STEM careers. The project focuses on four critical areas:   (1) The development of design-based STEM career camps (2) The establishment of a professional community institute and web site for camp educators and teachers from partner schools (3) The establishment of a course for undergraduate and graduate students in STEM majors with a camper-mentoring component (4) Research and evaluation studies to assess the effectiveness of a design-based STEM career camp model in middle school settings.

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REDlab received a grant from the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design to explore assessment of design thinking in education. The purpose of the project was to understand the role of design thinking in graduate school education. Three key questions framed this research study: (1) How can we enhance our understanding of the design thinking process in graduate education? (2) How can we understand and assess what people learn and what resources might represent that learning? (3) How can we create performance-based assessment tools that capture the learning of design thinking process and mindsets? In this first year of the grant, we conducted field research in two design thinking classes at Stanford and conducted two research segments in order to develop performance assessment tasks. We have developed prototypes for a design assessment rubric of design thinking methods, practices and skills, and two performance assessments of mindset development. Samples coming soon!

Interviews:

Students enrolled in the Design Thinking Bootcamp class at the d.school.

Students enrolled in the Design Garage class at the d.school Samples coming soon!

Taking Design Thinking to School II:

“I really liked using my imagination. I haven’t used it for a long time.” These are the words of a 7th grader after an introductory design thinking activity. With the current short-range focus on accountability, we hinder the imagination of teachers and students, and ultimately, the long-range goals of education. We believe that design thinking provides a powerful and promising alternative to the current situation of public schools by challenging students to act as change agents. Bringing Design Thinking to School II is the continuation of a collaboration of the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design (d.school), the School of Education (SUSE) and teachers in local schools, to explore how design thinking and processes can best impact teaching and learning. In this next year, Taking Design Thinking to School II will unfold in five areas: (1) professional development with teachers (2) development and adaptation of curriculum with design (3) development of assessments for research, evaluation and classroom use (4) opportunities for Stanford students to participate and research in K-12 (5) scale and dissemination efforts.

The project is a partnership between the School of Education and the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design (d.school), and local teachers. The purpose of the project was to extend the knowledge base that contributes to an improved understanding of the role and feasibility of design thinking in K-12 education. Two key questions framed this pilot research study: How can we enhance our understanding of the design thinking process in K-12 education? What are the possibilities for integrating design thinking into the K-12 subject areas?

There is a great deal of energy around the premise that 21st century education needs to prepare students to actively participate in a society where problems are increasingly complex and innovation skills are essential. The “education for innovation” calls, coming from academia and government, require new visions of teaching and learning processes, as well as novel assessment strategies and technologies. This study, commissioned by the Oracle Education Foundation, explores the teachers’ perspective on this challenge. Through in-depth interviews, we focus on how teachers make sense of all of the debates that surround the issue, as well as the specific demands that are placed on them to bring 21st century learning to their students. By better understanding the teachers’ point of view, we hope to contribute to the design of concrete and actionable strategies, that bring our educational system closer to the goal of preparing students to be workers and citizens that are successful in the global skills race.

Download the full description, pdf

We are designing and researching activities that offer families opportunities to engage in fun, exploratory science learning together while out-and-about in their everyday lives.  We aim to design experiences that empower parents to do and learn science practices with their children, and to elicit and extend children’s curiosities.  We are designing family learning activities that can be easily accessible to a wide audience. Building on the premise that science learning should be relevant and useful for the kinds of activities families do, we aim to develop experiences that intersect with families’ everyday routines, interests, and values.

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Last updated: May 24, 2024

Best Web Designers in Santa Clara

Our recommended top 18, we did the research for you.

Our goal is to connect people with the best local professionals. We scored Santa Clara Web Designers on more than 25 variables across five categories, and analyzed the results to give you a hand-picked list of the best.

25 Reviewed

18 Top Picks

Learn about our selection process .

Mos Web Design LLC self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R285kiuudttstta:",1)

Expertise.com rating, review sources, why choose this provider.

Mos Web Design LLC boosts the online presence of businesses in Santa Clara and the nearby communities through a variety of digital marketing strategies. It designs websites tailored to the client's needs, goals, and preferences. The team launches websites that are mobile-friendly and easy-to-use. The websites also reflect the particular industry of the client's brand. Other services of the firm include SEO and reputation management. Some of the clients it has worked with are Athletic Seating and Ideal Property Solutions.

• Web design and Development
• Mobile-Friendly Web Design
• Landing Pages
• Custom WordPress Development
• Conversion rate optimization
• E-Commerce Development
• Digital Marketing Services
• Website Management
• Website Design
• Search Engine Optimization

Boost Local self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R289kiuudttstta:",1)

Boost Local designs websites for businesses in the Santa Clara community. The agency has been in the industry since 2023, designing and developing websites for clients in the legal, beauty, health, finance, automotive, and contracting sectors. Its web designers have experience using WIX and WordPress features to create websites with conversion rate optimization in mind. To establish the client's brand and identity, Boost Local also offers lead generation services, including paid search, customer relationship management, and Bing and Google ads.

• PPC Advertising
• Web Testing/Analytics
• Email Marketing
• Video Production
• Graphic Design
• Social Media Marketing
• Brand Development

Proven ROI self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R28dkiuudttstta:",1)

Proven ROI is a marketing technology company that helps businesses in Santa Clara manage customer relationships and drive sales and revenue. Its web professionals design and build websites with software solutions to create, manage, and operate an online store. In addition, they are adept at using Wix, WordPress, and Drupal to address the needs of small enterprises and Fortune 500 companies for conversion-focused websites. Founder John Cronin holds a computer science degree, which has provided him the technical skills necessary to create, optimize, and maintain websites.

• Digital Marketing
• Digital Advertising
• Content Marketing
• Marketing Strategy
• CRM & Digital Marketing Strategy
• HubSpot Consulting
• HubSpot Sales Hub Onboarding
• HubSpot Service Hub Onboarding
• HubSpot Marketing Hub Onboarding

eSEOspace self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R28hkiuudttstta:",1)

eSEOspace is a digital agency that caters to clients in and around Santa Clara. It works with startups and established businesses looking to design or redesign their websites. Its designers craft web layouts that are viewable on devices like tablets, smartphones, and laptops of different orientations. They manage UI or UX and graphic design, as well as the integration and implementation of SEO techniques. The team has launched more than 1,700 websites for a diverse clientele, including legal firms, clinics, and insurance companies.

Vardot self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R28lkiuudttstta:",1)

Vardot has been working with organizations and businesses in Santa Clara and worldwide since 2011. It designs websites and crafts mobile-friendly web pages. The company conducts activities like user journey mapping and persona analysis to guide its design efforts. It also has experience using the Drupal platform in building multilingual content management systems and integrating payment gateways like PayPal and Amazon Pay. Vardot has managed projects for various clients, including Al Jazeera, Boston Consulting Group, and UNICEF. CEO Mohammed Razem is an Acquia Certified Developer.

Fix My Webs self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R28pkiuudttstta:",1)

Fix My Webs offers web design and development solutions to businesses in Santa Clara and the surrounding locations. The company's services include designing responsive, CMS, and e-commerce websites. Its web designers are familiar with HTML and integrated platforms, such as WordPress, Magento, and PrestaShop. It also provides clients with logo design, print design, mobile application development, and digital marketing services. Fix My Webs has served more than 1,000 clients and has completed over 900 projects.

• Digital Asset Planning
• E-Commerce SEO

ESP Inspire self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R28tkiuudttstta:",1)

ESP Inspire is an internet marketing and web design company that helps clients in Santa Clara grow their businesses through optimized online exposure and digital marketing strategies. The company was formed in 2001 and carries experience working on enterprise resource planning, customer relations management, and e-commerce integrations of websites. Other services include search engine optimization, custom content management systems, and cross-platform UI/UX improvement. The company uses ESP Web Zing, a web hosting and maintenance platform.

Second Crew self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R291kiuudttstta:",1)

Second Crew is a team of web designers in Santa Clara that integrates an entrepreneurial approach to maximize ROI from company websites. The specialists configure, audit, and analyze a business' setup, execute PPC campaigns, provide measurement plans and structure, including interactive dashboards, and maximize results through Adwords management. Some of the local businesses that the agency helped are Cafe Santa Rosa, Elite Pest Solutions, and Etching Concepts. Second Crew is a certified partner of HubSpot, Google, and Facebook.

• Web Management
• Website Optimization
• Website Consulting

Site Crafters self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R295kiuudttstta:",1)

Site Crafters is a Sunnyvale-based company serving businesses in Santa Clara and nearby areas. It helps them engage with more prospective customers and make a good first impression by offering web design packages. Its work process involves learning about the clients' goals, creating a demo website for the clients to review, collecting feedback on the demonstration site, and building a development version of the site. It provides digital marketing solutions through its sister company, Avron Marketing. Site Crafters' clients include fencing companies and law firms.

Eight25Media self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R299kiuudttstta:",1)

Eight25Media is a San Jose-based digital design agency that caters to Santa Clara businesses. It designs websites and uses different platforms and programming languages in projects, ranging from WordPress and Magento to HTML5 and CSS3. The agency creates custom visual elements, like fonts and color schemes, that it integrates into the client's website. It also develops mobile apps on iOS and Android operating systems. Throughout its over 10-year history, Eight25Media has created websites for clients like Samsung, Hyundai, WeWork, and SoftBank.

Kadalyst Design Company self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R29dkiuudttstta:",1)

Kadalyst Design is a freelance web design company that caters to the needs of individuals and businesses in Santa Clara and the surrounding areas. It specializes in web design, including UI/UX design, WordPress development, brand identity, and graphic design. It also handles e-commerce sites and search engine optimization. Jayson Kadlecek established Kadalyst Design, previously named Kadletech, in 2016. Kadlecek taught himself to develop and design websites and has created more than 100 sites in only two years.

• Mobile App Development

AY Web Design self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R29hkiuudttstta:",1)

AY Web Design offers web optimization, social media management, and digital marketing services to clients in the Santa Clara metro and surrounding areas. The company helps businesses grow their online presence, generate leads, and expand business networks through custom and rebuilt websites. Its developers are proficient in using the WordPress web platform and e-commerce platforms such as Wix and Shopify. AY Web Design's other services include logo design, Instagram post creation, and local organic SEO.

Website For Business self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R29lkiuudttstta:",1)

Website For Business is a Milpitas-based company that caters to clients in the Santa Clara metro and the surrounding areas. It helps small and large businesses, educational institutions, and nonprofit organizations separate themselves from their competition and increase their internet visibility through designing and creating customized websites. Also included in its web services are domain registration, hosting, search engine optimization, and maintenance. Website For Business has been serving the community for more than 20 years.

HUSL Digital self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R29pkiuudttstta:",1)

HUSL Digital is a Reston-based firm that caters to companies and organizations in the Santa Clara metro and nearby areas. It designs and develops visual languages and digital experiences through websites, helping businesses connect with their target customers. It also creates content, including infographics, videos, and web copies. Its team offers digital marketing solutions, such as conversion rate and search engine optimization, display advertising, and email marketing. HUSL Digital has been in operation for more than a decade.

Webblex self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R29tkiuudttstta:",1)

Webblex was founded in 2014 in the Santa Clara area to provide web design services to startups and established brands. The company strives to make sure that the designs it crafts follow the specifications and preferences of its clients. It assigns a project manager for every undertaking and handles website backups, web hosting, social media integration, and photo library creation. Webblex has worked with businesses in various industries, such as photography, plumbing, food services, and health care.

Wire B Graphics self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R2a1kiuudttstta:",1)

Wire B Graphics is a full-service web and graphic design agency serving small businesses in Santa Clara and the surrounding areas. It has designed websites for clients n different industries, such as Financial Tax Strategy, San Jose Day Nursery, and the Sunnyvale SDA Church. In addition to web design, the company handles web development and printing projects. It also creates different types of signages, such as menu boards, banners, and real estate and vehicle signs.

Position2 self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R2a5kiuudttstta:",1)

Position2 has been providing web design services to clients in Santa Clara and nearby areas since 2006. It helps businesses engage with their target markets by addressing various aspects of a website, including content representation, design, and technology. Some of the frameworks it utilizes are Gatsby, Next.JS, .NET, PHP, and React JS. Its team also has skills in using Drupal, Magento, Shopify, Sitecore, WooCommerce, and WordPress platforms. CEO Rajiv Parikh brings over 20 years of experience in marketing and technology.

Sturm Media self.__wrap_n=self.__wrap_n||(self.CSS&&CSS.supports("text-wrap","balance")?1:2);self.__wrap_b=(e,r,t)=>{let i=(t=t||document.querySelector(`[data-br="${e}"]`)).parentElement,c=e=>t.style.maxWidth=e+"px";t.style.maxWidth="";let a=i.clientWidth,o=i.clientHeight,s=a/2-.25,l=a+.5,d;if(a){for(c(s),s=Math.max(t.scrollWidth,s);s+1 {self.__wrap_b(0,+t.dataset.brr,t)})).observe(i)};self.__wrap_n!=1&&self.__wrap_b(":R2a9kiuudttstta:",1)

Sturm Media is a digital creative agency that serves the Santa Clara metro and surrounding communities. It designs and develops responsive websites for small business owners, helping them improve their online visibility and customer engagement. Its services include clean, contemporary design, secure architecture, prototypes, and Google analytics. The agency also offers website care, website maintenance, and digital marketing solutions, including SEO and social media marketing. Founder Erick Sturm has been using technology to help businesses grow for over 30 years.

What is web designing?

Web designing involves everything from planning and conceptualizing the setup of a website to creating the content and getting the site online. It includes both the aesthetic aspects of the website and the back-end development that keeps everything running. Specific elements included in web design are:

• Graphical design elements
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Depending on the type of site, website design might also include the creation or incorporation of online shopping carts, apps, or customized elements.

What does a web designer do?

A web designer handles the look and functionality of a website, creating a site that meets the client's needs. Web designers frequently use software such as Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Animate, and Adobe After Effects, to create visual elements for the page. A web designer should also know the coding languages HTML and CSS.

What is front-end web development?

Front-end web development includes programming and building the structures that support the visible portions of a website. This might involve using programming languages, such as HTML, CSS, JQuery, and JavaScript, to make site elements work seamlessly on different browsers, different computer screen sizes, and mobile devices. Front-end developers also handle site updates when web standards change.

What does SEO stand for in web design and development?

SEO stands for search engine optimization, which is the process of creating content that ranks highly in browser searches. In web design and development, this includes everything that can affect how the site appears in searches, including the domain name choice, site loading speed, site indexing, overall structure of the website, and elimination of broken links.

What does CMS mean in web design?

CMS stands for content management system, which includes the software programs used to create and maintain a website. A web developer builds the CMS, and a web designer uses it to add content and visual elements to the site. A web designer can also set up the CMS to have a convenient graphical user interface (GUI) that lets the site owner easily add content to specific areas. This might include a form that the owner can log into to post new blog articles or share links to news items about the business.

What is responsive web design, and why is it important?

Responsive web design helps a site adapt to different browsers and platforms so everything works correctly on any device. A responsive website alters the elements on the page to fit the screen, so it might shrink graphic elements or change how a drop-down menu operates, depending on whether the user is on a smartphone or a 24-inch computer monitor.

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• 15 May 2024

‘Quantum internet’ demonstration in cities is most advanced yet

• Davide Castelvecchi

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A quantum network node at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands. Credit: Marieke de Lorijn for QuTech

Three separate research groups have demonstrated quantum entanglement — in which two or more objects are linked so that they contain the same information even if they are far apart — over several kilometres of existing optical fibres in real urban areas. The feat is a key step towards a future quantum internet , a network that could allow information to be exchanged while encoded in quantum states.

Together, the experiments are “the most advanced demonstrations so far” of the technology needed for a quantum internet, says physicist Tracy Northup at the University of Innsbruck in Austria. Each of the three research teams — based in the United States, China and the Netherlands — was able to connect parts of a network using photons in the optical-fibre-friendly infrared part of the spectrum, which is a “major milestone”, says fellow Innsbruck physicist Simon Baier.

How to build a quantum internet

A quantum internet could enable any two users to establish almost unbreakable cryptographic keys to protect sensitive information . But full use of entanglement could do much more, such as connecting separate quantum computers into one larger, more powerful machine. The technology could also enable certain types of scientific experiment, for example by creating networks of optical telescopes that have the resolution of a single dish hundreds of kilometres wide.

Two of the studies 1 , 2 were published in Nature on 15 May. The third was described last month in a preprint posted on arXiv 3 , which has not yet been peer reviewed.

Impractical environment

Many of the technical steps for building a quantum internet have been demonstrated in the laboratory over the past decade or so. And researchers have shown that they can produce entangled photons using lasers in direct line of sight of each other, either in separate ground locations or on the ground and in space.

But going from the lab to a city environment is “a different beast”, says Ronald Hanson, a physicist who led the Dutch experiment 3 at the Delft University of Technology. To build a large-scale network, researchers agree that it will probably be necessary to use existing optical-fibre technology. The trouble is, quantum information is fragile and cannot be copied; it is often carried by individual photons, rather than by laser pulses that can be detected and then amplified and emitted again. This limits the entangled photons to travelling a few tens of kilometres before losses make the whole thing impractical. “They also are affected by temperature changes throughout the day — and even by wind, if they’re above ground,” says Northup. “That’s why generating entanglement across an actual city is a big deal.”

The three demonstrations each used different kinds of ‘quantum memory’ device to store a qubit, a physical system such as a photon or atom that can be in one of two states — akin to the ‘1’ or ‘0’ of ordinary computer bits — or in a combination, or ‘quantum superposition’, of the two possibilities.

The quantum internet has arrived (and it hasn’t)

In one of the Nature studies, led by Pan Jian-Wei at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in Hefei, qubits were encoded in the collective states of clouds of rubidium atoms 1 . The qubits’ quantum states can be set using a single photon, or can be read out by ‘tickling’ the atomic cloud to emit a photon. Pan’s team had such quantum memories set up in three separate labs in the Hefei area. Each lab was connected by optical fibres to a central ‘photonic server’ around 10 kilometres away. Any two of these nodes could be put in an entangled state if the photons from the two atom clouds arrived at the server at exactly the same time.

By contrast, Hanson and his team established a link between individual nitrogen atoms embedded in small diamond crystals with qubits encoded in the electron states of the nitrogen and in the nuclear states of nearby carbon atoms 3 . Their optical fibre went from the university in Delft through a tortuous 25-kilometre path across the suburbs of The Hague to reach a second laboratory in the city.

In the US experiment, Mikhail Lukin, a physicist at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and his collaborators also used diamond-based devices, but with silicon atoms instead of nitrogen, making use of the quantum states of both an electron and a silicon nucleus 2 . Single atoms are less efficient than atomic ensembles at emitting photons on demand, but they are more versatile, because they can perform rudimentary quantum computations. “Basically, we entangled two small quantum computers,” says Lukin. The two diamond-based devices were in the same building at Harvard, but to mimic the conditions of a metropolitan network, the researchers used an optical fibre that snaked around the local Boston area. “It crosses the Charles River six times,” Lukin says.

Challenges ahead

The entanglement procedure used by the Chinese and the Dutch teams required photons to arrive at a central server with exquisite timing precision, which was one of the main challenges in the experiments. Lukin’s team used a protocol that does not require such fine-tuning: instead of entangling the qubits by getting them to emit photons, the researchers sent one photon to entangle itself with the silicon atom at the first node. The same photon then went around the fibre-optic loop and came back to graze the second silicon atom, thereby entangling it with the first.

Pan has calculated that at the current pace of advance, by the end of the decade his team should be able to establish entanglement over 1,000 kilometres of optical fibres using ten or so intermediate nodes, with a procedure called entanglement swapping . (At first, such a link would be very slow, creating perhaps one entanglement per second, he adds.) Pan is the leading researcher for a project using the satellite Micius , which demonstrated the first quantum-enabled communications in space, and he says there are plans for a follow-up mission.

“The step has now really been made out of the lab and into the field,” says Hanson. “It doesn’t mean it’s commercially useful yet, but it’s a big step.”

Nature 629 , 734-735 (2024)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-01445-2

Knaut, C. M. et al. Nature 629 , 573–578 (2024).

Article   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Liu, J. L. et al. Nature 629 , 579–585 (2024).

Stolk, A. J. et al. Preprint at arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2404.03723 (2024).

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Understanding How Digital Media Affects Child Development

Technology and digital media have become ubiquitous parts of our daily lives. Screen time among children and adolescents was high before COVID-19 emerged, and it has further risen during the pandemic, thanks in part to the lack of in-person interactions.  

In this increasingly digital world, we must strive to better understand how technology and media affect development, health outcomes, and interpersonal relationships. In fact, the fiscal year 2023 federal budget sets aside no less than $15 million within NICHD’s appropriation to investigate the effects of technology use and media consumption on infant, child, and adolescent development.

Parents may not closely oversee their children’s media use, especially as children gain independence. However, many scientific studies of child and adolescent media use have relied on parents’ recollections of how much time the children spent in front of a screen. By using software embedded within mobile devices to calculate children’s actual use, NICHD-supported researchers found that parent reports were inaccurate more often than they were on target. A little more than one-third of parents in the study underestimated their children’s usage, and nearly the same proportion overestimated it. With a recent grant award from NICHD, researchers at Baylor College of Medicine plan to overcome the limitation of relying on parental reports by using a novel technology to objectively monitor preschool-age children’s digital media use. They ultimately aim to identify the short- and long-term influences of technology and digital media use on children’s executive functioning, sleep patterns, and weight. This is one of three multi-project program grants awarded in response to NICHD’s recent funding opportunity announcement inviting proposals to examine how digital media exposure and use impact developmental trajectories and health outcomes in early childhood or adolescence. Another grant supports research to characterize the context, content, and use of digital media among children ages 1 to 8 years and to examine associations with the development of emotional regulation and social competence. A third research program seeks to better characterize the complex relationships between social media content, behaviors, brain activity, health, and well-being during adolescence.

I look forward to the findings from these ongoing projects and other studies that promise to inform guidance for technology and media use among children and adolescents. Additionally, the set-aside funding for the current fiscal year will allow us to further expand research in this area. These efforts will help us advance toward our aspirational goal to discover how technology exposure and media use affect developmental trajectories, health outcomes, and parent-child interactions.

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