racial discrimination in nursing essay

New documentary looks into racism in nursing

(KXAN) — Burnout, stress and unsafe working conditions are all reasons nurses are leaving their jobs, according to research.

But a new documentary highlights another problem.

“One of the things that we found in a recently published research is that eight out of 10 nurses reported experiencing or seeing racism from patients, towards their colleagues and another six out of 10 reported experiencing racism and discrimination from their own colleagues,” said Michelle Larken with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

The non-profit took the research and talked with nurses nationwide about their experience with racism, like Katie Boston-Leary.

“I’ve been a nurse for 31 years, and I was exposed to some harms, intentionally and unintentionally over the years and I can write multiple books. It takes some time for you to realize what is really happening to you.”

Dr. Leary is not only part of the documentary but part of the research as the director of nursing programs with the American Nurses Association.

“The research that’s being done at the ANA and Robert Johnson Foundation is making a lot of nurses of color, including me, feel like we’re not alone. And it wasn’t just me, I wasn’t the problem. It’s validating.”

Larkin hopes the new documentary, titled   “Everybody’s Work: Healing What Hurts Us All,”   starts a conversation.

“This documentary really helps highlight and illustrate some of the profound effects of racial discrimination on nurses and patients. It helps the audience be able to experience that through their own personal stories, while at the same time giving them some glimpses into solutions.”

For the latest news, weather, sports, and streaming video, head to KXAN Austin.

• IPR Intranet

INSTITUTE FOR POLICY RESEARCH

Racial discrimination is linked to worse health over ten years later.

Difficulty sleeping and higher inflammation may drive this relationship

Get all our news

Subscribe to newsletter

This study provides more evidence that racial discrimination, even in adolescence, may have a lasting influence on health.”

Nia Heard-Garris Pediatrician and IPR associate

A growing body of research shows that racial discrimination can negatively impact physical health. What isn’t fully understood are the mechanisms that link the two.

A new study finds that young Black adults who reported experiencing racial discrimination in their late teens and early 20s had an increased risk of metabolic syndrome—a predictor of heart disease, diabetes, and stroke—at age 31. The study’s authors wanted to understand the relationship between racial discrimination and metabolic syndrome in Black youth over time.

Co-authored by pediatrician and IPR associate Nia Heard-Garris and IPR health psychologists Edith Chen and Greg Miller , the research suggests that inflammation and difficulty sleeping may be pathways that explain how racial discrimination leads to poor health. It also shows that experiencing racial discrimination at a young age can be especially damaging.

“This study provides more evidence that racial discrimination, even in adolescence, may have a lasting influence on health,” said Heard-Garris, first author of the JAMA Network Open study.

The researchers analyzed data from the Strong African Americans Health Adults Project (SHAPE). It has followed a group of Black participants in rural Georgia from age 11 to young adulthood for nearly three decades.

Between 2009 and 2010, 322 participants between 19 and 21 years old answered questions about their experiences with discrimination such as “Have you been treated rudely or disrespectfully because of your race?” When they were 25 years old, participants reported whether they had trouble sleeping. They participated in a biomarker study between the ages of 19–21 and also had blood samples taken at ages 25 and 31 that researchers used to measure inflammation.

This study is one of the first to identify possible pathways that racial discrimination can predispose young Black adults to metabolic syndrome over a long period. The researchers show that at age 25, 19%, or 60 participants, had metabolic syndrome. By age 31—only six years later—metabolic syndrome nearly doubled to 37% (118) among participants.

“This particular research question was interesting to me because we know that racial discrimination is harmful for health,” Heard-Garris said. “But it sometimes can be difficult to isolate the mechanisms that drive this relationship.”

Chen says racial discrimination could impact sleep because it can lead to negative thoughts and emotions about the incident.

“These thoughts and emotions may then disrupt sleep, and in turn, poor sleep over time can contribute to metabolic syndrome,” Chen said.

Heard-Garris says that while the study does not test interventions that could reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome, we know that quality sleep is essential for good health. Because many Black Americans face racial discrimination, she encouraged doctors to consider ways to help their Black patients get longer and better quality sleep.

Heard-Garris and her team at the ARISE Health Lab , which examines the role of adversity and racism on health, recently completed a pilot intervention testing how a racial justice activism intervention affected adolescents. Early results suggest this intervention may reduce depressive symptoms.

Future research, she says, should test whether other interventions can help decrease the impact of racial discrimination. The findings suggest that promoting better nutrition and exercise and increasing access to healthcare will not be enough to reduce or prevent metabolic syndrome among minorities.

“Ultimately, policy and large-scale societal interventions are required to reduce racial discrimination as a whole,” Heard-Garris said.

Miller explains that the results show that even when health issues don’t appear until adulthood, the root problem happens much earlier in a person’s life.

“We can use that knowledge to develop better policies and practices that prevent health problems from emerging,” he said.

Nia Heard-Garris is an assistant professor of pediatrics and an IPR associate. Edith Chen is the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Professor of Psychology and an IPR fellow. Greg Miller is the Louis W. Menk Professor of Psychology and an IPR fellow.

Photo credit: iStock

Published: May 29, 2024.

Related Research Stories

Looking Back on the 1924 Indian Citizenship Act

Unraveling the Drug Crisis: Providing Timely Data to Break the Cycle

U.S. Employees Overestimate Racial Progress at Work

Premium accounts now available! Sign up and create a premium account. Read more Life Science Network Close

Life Science Network

Search Search

Your cookie settings

This site uses cookies. Some cookies are essential to make the site work and others help up to improve our services. Read more about cookies in our Privacy policy .

Choose your cookie preferences:

• Essential (mandatory, cannot be disabled)
• Analytics (recommended, but not essential, can be disabled)

Racial and ethnic diversity in academic nursing leadership: A cross-sectional analysis.

Created on May 27, 2024

• Publication details
• All publications
• My publications
• Add new publication
• Import from PubMed

Jasmine L Travers, William E Rosa, Aasha Raval, Tiffany M Montgomery, Rebecca Deng, Juan Gatica, Shoshana V Aronowitz

Published in

Nursing outlook. Volume 72. Issue 4. Pages 102182. May 25, 2024. Epub May 25, 2024.

PMID: 38797147 Bibliographic data and abstract were imported from PubMed on May 27, 2024.

Read full publication at: Please sign in to see all details.

Did you like this publication? Sign up with Life Science Network. If you already have a Life Science Network account, sign in , or connect with LinkedIn , Google .

Add to favorites Sign in to add to favorites.

• Community rating n/a 0 votes
• Reviewers' rating n/a 0 votes
• Sign in to post a review. Add review
• Your rating 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1-terrible, 9-excellent. How would you rate this publication? Sign in in to submit your rating.

• Recommendations n/a n/a positive of 0 vote(s)

Recommended by

• No recommendations yet.

Do you recommend this? Please sign in. Yes No

Recommended

Post a comment.

You need to be signed in to post comments. You can sign in here .

There are no comments yet.

Loading ad...

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• Am J Public Health
• v.113(Suppl 1); Jan 2023

The Impact of Racism, Class, and Criminal Justice on Women’s Distress and Health: A Reinforcing Cycle of Social Disadvantage

A. A. Jones conceptualized the study, advised on the operationalization of measures, and wrote the article. A. R. Santos-Lozada performed the data analysis, produced the data visualizations, and assisted in the writing process.

The intersection of racism, classism, gender discrimination, and criminal justice involvement in the United States continues to manifest syndemic inequalities. In their work, Alang et al. (p. S29) describe police brutality and the adverse outcomes produced in women’s lives over time. Drawing on seminal work on intersectionality and public health, 1 , 2 Alang et al. argue for in-depth consideration of how gender and racism influence police brutality and the impact of interactions with the police on the health and well-being of racialized women. Personal and vicarious witnessing of police brutality and other adverse criminal justice contacts has been shown to affect women and Black individuals. 3 , 4 Moreover, Black and Latina women are significantly more likely to fear police brutality than White women, and this anticipatory fear is linked with depressed moods. 5 Furthermore, evidence suggests that even having a family member incarcerated during a woman’s childhood is associated with a higher likelihood of depressed mood in adulthood. 5

The interaction between the criminal justice system and racial minority status is complex, as evidenced by results on the impact of a partner’s incarceration on racially minoritized women and consequences for their own life. In the case of Black women, evidence suggests that partner incarceration is linked with substance use. 6 Although the mechanisms through which partner incarceration leads to drug use need further exploration, the knitted relationship between gender and race can lead to heightened vulnerability and inequality. 6 Moreover, fear of harassment from police reduces access to syringe service programs and other harm reduction programs among racialized people who use drugs and may contribute to rising overdoses and fear of overdoses among minoritized groups, contributing to health disparities. 7 – 9

Although minoritization based on race and sex complicates health and social equity, the impact of adverse criminal justice contacts on women receives less attention than the impact on racialized men, eliciting calls for gender-inclusive racial justice initiatives. 1 Notwithstanding criminal justice–related cases of physical and sexual exploitation of women, few studies have quantified the prevalence and magnitude of such incidents.

Research by Cottler et al. 10 showed that among a sample of 318 women involved in the criminal justice system, 25% reported police sexual misconduct. Of these women, 96% reported having sex with an on-duty officer, 77% reported repeated exchanges, and 31% reported being raped by police. 10 In a study by Stringer et al., a smaller yet sizable percentage of women involved in the criminal justice system (14%) reported police sexual misconduct, significantly increasing depression and posttraumatic stress disorder among victims. 11 An especially vulnerable group of women are those who engage in sex work, have a history of multiple arrests, and are affected by the syndemic nature of substance use and poverty, as they may be coerced into sexual activities in exchange for favors from police officers. 10 – 12 The few studies quantifying adverse criminal justice outcomes and participant insights gain validation with US Department of Justice reports and the never-ending stream of media stories. 13 , 14

The lack of measurement of these issues in large, representative samples limits our understanding of the impact of adverse criminal justice contacts on women’s health. In a brief descriptive analysis, we used data from the 2016 to 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (n = 65 184) to further highlight the effects of racism, gender, class, and criminal justice on women’s health and well-being. We explored the impact of ever being booked in prison (a measure of criminal justice involvement) among White and Black women and how the disparities observed in the initial measure transformed when poverty status (a proxy for social class) was incorporated into the analysis.

Panel A of Figure 1 shows that Black women who had been booked in prison reported worse health than any other group. They were followed by White women who had been booked and Black women who had never been booked. Interestingly, White women who had contact with the criminal justice system reported poor or fair self-reported health at levels closer to those of Black women who did not have contact with the criminal justice system than White women who reported no contact. The patterns observed in Figure 1 underscore how racial minority status and criminal justice involvement adversely affect health. White women who had never been booked in prison reported lower levels of poor or fair self-reported health than the other groups included in the analysis.

Differences in (a) Poor or Fair Health and (b) Serious Psychological Distress Between White and Black Women According to Whether They Had Ever Been Booked in Prison: United States, 2016–2019

Note . The analysis evaluated women aged 18 years or older.

Source. National Survey of Drug Use and Health, 2016–2019.

We also explored the association between self-reported health and racial minority status, class, and criminal justice involvement categories (Figure A, available as a supplement to the online version of this article at https://ajph.org ). Disparities in self-reported health status were more evident and magnified when income level was considered. We acknowledge the various measurement issues arising from self-reported health, but it is still one of the most widely collected and used health outcomes and is associated with physiological dysregulation, other adverse health outcomes, and mortality. 15 , 16

Panel B of Figure 1 shows corresponding trends for serious psychological distress. The descriptive analysis showed that White women who had been booked in prison reported worse serious psychological distress than the other groups. They were followed by Black women who had been booked in prison and White women who had not been booked. Black women who had never been booked in prison reported serious psychological distress at lower levels than the other groups assessed included in the study. When income level was considered, this pattern shifted. The odds of meeting the threshold for serious psychological distress were lower among White women who had never been booked and who lived above the poverty threshold than among most of the other groups. The only exception was Black women who had not been booked and lived above the poverty threshold (Figure A).

These results add quantification to some of Alang et al.’s arguments and corroborate previous research on the negative impact of adverse criminal justice contacts on psychological health. 5 Mattingly et al. 3 found that, among a large sample of racially/ethnically diverse young adults in California, distress regarding police brutality rose from 2017 to 2020, with Hispanic and Black individuals having the highest distress. Distress over police brutality was linked with substance use in racialized groups. Overall, the constant exposure to police brutality on media channels and physical witnessing of these incidents by racialized communities, along with personal police contact, produce vicarious and collective trauma. 4 , 17 There is a disproportionate police presence in racialized communities, making anticipatory fear of adverse criminal justice contacts pronounced. 4 , 5

In recent years, the constant stream of media stories and videos of police brutality victims and adverse criminal justice outcomes has illuminated pervasive racism in the United States, leading to calls for reformation within the criminal justice system. Research by Reingle et al. 18 showed that every increase in police academy graduating class size was linked with a 9% increase in the odds of discharge for police sexual misconduct, and having a graduating class above 35 was associated with more than four times the odds of discharges than smaller classes. These results imply that solutions to adverse criminal justice contacts may include limiting police academy class sizes and instituting steady hiring practices, rather than intensive hiring periods, to ensure proper training of all members. Alang et al. note that “power and the benefits of power are what keep oppressive systems in place.” Acknowledging and addressing the effects of these intersectional social factors will be key to improving women’s health.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (award K01DA051715; principal investigator: A. A. Jones). The Population Research Institute (PRI) provided infrastructure for the data analysis. The PRI is supported by a grant from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD041025), the Social Science Research Institute, and Pennsylvania State University.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

See also Alang et al., p. S29 .

The Persistent Reality of Institutionalized Discrimination in Modern Society

This essay about institutionalized discrimination examines how systemic biases are deeply embedded in various institutions, perpetuating inequality and social injustice. It discusses how discrimination in the criminal justice system disproportionately affects people of color, leading to higher incarceration rates and harsher sentencing. In education, minority students face disparities in resources and disciplinary practices, resulting in lower academic achievement. The workplace is also highlighted, showing how women and minorities often encounter barriers to advancement and equitable pay. Additionally, healthcare disparities are addressed, illustrating how minority communities receive lower-quality treatment and have less access to care. The essay concludes with the need for policy reforms, cultural shifts, and individual accountability to address and dismantle these systemic barriers.

How it works

In many communities, institutionalized prejudice is still a deeply rooted problem that shapes marginalized people’ prospects and experiences. Inequality and social injustice are sustained by structural prejudices, which persist in many forms despite notable advancements in the civil rights and equality movements. It is necessary to continue monitoring this widespread issue and take proactive steps to undermine the systems that support it.

At its core, institutionalized discrimination refers to policies, practices, and norms within institutions that systematically disadvantage certain groups based on race, gender, sexuality, socioeconomic status, or other characteristics.

These discriminatory practices are often subtle, embedded in the standard operating procedures of organizations, and perpetuated by cultural norms that favor the dominant group. Unlike overt discrimination, which is explicit and identifiable, institutionalized discrimination is insidious, operating beneath the surface and often going unnoticed by those who are not directly affected by it.

One of the most glaring examples of institutionalized discrimination is evident in the criminal justice system. Studies have consistently shown that people of color, particularly Black and Hispanic individuals, are disproportionately targeted by law enforcement, face harsher sentencing, and have higher incarceration rates compared to their white counterparts. This disparity is not solely a result of individual biases but is also a consequence of systemic practices such as racial profiling, mandatory minimum sentencing laws, and the war on drugs, which disproportionately impacts minority communities.

Education is another area where institutionalized discrimination is prevalent. Minority students often attend underfunded schools with fewer resources, less experienced teachers, and inadequate facilities compared to schools in predominantly white, affluent neighborhoods. This educational inequity results in lower academic achievement and reduced opportunities for higher education and employment for students from marginalized backgrounds. Additionally, disciplinary practices in schools often disproportionately affect minority students, contributing to the school-to-prison pipeline, where students are funneled from the educational system into the criminal justice system.

In the workplace, institutionalized discrimination manifests through hiring practices, promotion policies, and workplace culture that favor certain groups over others. Women, for instance, often face a glass ceiling that limits their advancement to top leadership positions, and they are typically paid less than their male counterparts for the same work. Similarly, employees from minority backgrounds may encounter biases that hinder their professional growth, such as being overlooked for promotions or being subjected to microaggressions and a hostile work environment. These systemic barriers contribute to the persistence of income inequality and limit the economic mobility of marginalized groups.

Healthcare disparities also illustrate the pervasive nature of institutionalized discrimination. Minority communities often have less access to quality healthcare, face higher rates of chronic illnesses, and receive lower-quality treatment compared to white patients. These disparities are exacerbated by factors such as socioeconomic status, residential segregation, and implicit biases among healthcare providers. The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted these inequities, with minority groups experiencing higher infection rates and mortality due to a combination of preexisting health disparities and systemic barriers to adequate healthcare.

Addressing institutionalized discrimination requires a multifaceted approach that includes policy reforms, cultural shifts, and individual accountability. Policies that promote equality and diversity, such as affirmative action and anti-discrimination laws, are crucial in leveling the playing field. However, policy changes alone are insufficient; there must also be a concerted effort to change the underlying cultural norms that perpetuate discrimination. This involves raising awareness, fostering inclusive environments, and encouraging individuals to confront their own biases and advocate for systemic change.

Moreover, institutions must implement measures to ensure accountability and transparency in their operations. This includes conducting regular audits to identify and address discriminatory practices, providing diversity and inclusion training for employees, and establishing mechanisms for reporting and addressing grievances related to discrimination. By creating an environment where equity and inclusion are prioritized, institutions can begin to dismantle the structures that uphold discrimination and move towards a more just and equitable society.

In summary, institutionalized prejudice is a widespread problem that has an impact on a variety of societal domains, including the criminal justice system, the labor market, healthcare, and education. An all-encompassing strategy that incorporates individual acts, cultural changes, and institutional reforms is needed to address this issue. We can only hope to remove the structural obstacles that support inequality and make sure that everyone has the chance to prosper by persistently working toward our goals.

Cite this page

The Persistent Reality of Institutionalized Discrimination in Modern Society. (2024, Jun 01). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/the-persistent-reality-of-institutionalized-discrimination-in-modern-society/

"The Persistent Reality of Institutionalized Discrimination in Modern Society." PapersOwl.com , 1 Jun 2024, https://papersowl.com/examples/the-persistent-reality-of-institutionalized-discrimination-in-modern-society/

PapersOwl.com. (2024). The Persistent Reality of Institutionalized Discrimination in Modern Society . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-persistent-reality-of-institutionalized-discrimination-in-modern-society/ [Accessed: 5 Jun. 2024]

"The Persistent Reality of Institutionalized Discrimination in Modern Society." PapersOwl.com, Jun 01, 2024. Accessed June 5, 2024. https://papersowl.com/examples/the-persistent-reality-of-institutionalized-discrimination-in-modern-society/

"The Persistent Reality of Institutionalized Discrimination in Modern Society," PapersOwl.com , 01-Jun-2024. [Online]. Available: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-persistent-reality-of-institutionalized-discrimination-in-modern-society/. [Accessed: 5-Jun-2024]

PapersOwl.com. (2024). The Persistent Reality of Institutionalized Discrimination in Modern Society . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-persistent-reality-of-institutionalized-discrimination-in-modern-society/ [Accessed: 5-Jun-2024]

Don't let plagiarism ruin your grade

Hire a writer to get a unique paper crafted to your needs.

Our writers will help you fix any mistakes and get an A+!

Please check your inbox.

You can order an original essay written according to your instructions.

Trusted by over 1 million students worldwide

1. Tell Us Your Requirements

2. Pick your perfect writer

3. Get Your Paper and Pay

Hi! I'm Amy, your personal assistant!

Don't know where to start? Give me your paper requirements and I connect you to an academic expert.

short deadlines

100% Plagiarism-Free

Certified writers

• Majors & Programs
• Majors & Minors
• Nursing Major (BSN)
• Nursing Major: FAQ
• FAQ for BSN

FAQ: Bachelor of Science in Nursing

I am interested in becoming a nursing major at truman state university. how should i apply, i am interested in nursing at truman state university. how can i speak with someone about becoming a nursing major, how long will it take to complete my bachelor of science in nursing degree at truman, what is the deadline to submit an application, is there a way to increase my chances of getting into the nursing major, how many applications do you receive each year, how many students are accepted into the nursing major each year, i've submitted my application to nursing. when will i know if i'm accepted, i am currently a truman student and i would like to change my major to nursing. how should i apply, which high school classes should i take as pre-requisite courses for nursing, who will be my advisor, if i graduate from a nursing program in missouri and plan to work in another state, may i take the licensure examination in another state, for more information, contact:.

Department of Nursing Truman State University 660-785-4557 [email protected]

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

Health Disparities by Sexual Orientation Components in the United States

Related Papers

American Journal of Public Health

Mieke Thomeer

David Matthew Doyle

Some past work indicates that sexual minorities may experience impairments in social health, or the perceived and actual availability and quality of one's social relationships, relative to heterosexuals; however, research has been limited in many ways. Furthermore, it is important to investigate etiolog-ical factors that may be associated with these disparities, such as self-reported discrimination. The current work tested whether sexual minority adults in the United States reported less positive social health (i.e., loneliness, friendship strain, familial strain, and social capital) relative to heterosexuals and whether self-reported discrimination accounted for these disparities. Participants for the current study (N = 579) were recruited via Ama-zon's Mechanical Turk, including 365 self-identified hetero-sexuals (105 women) and 214 sexual minorities (103 women). Consistent with hypotheses, sexual minorities reported impaired social health relative to heterosexuals, with divergent patterns emerging by sexual orientation subgroup (which were generally consistent across sexes). Additionally, self-reported discrimination accounted for disparities across three of four indicators of social health. These findings suggest that sexual minorities may face obstacles related to prejudice and discrimination that impair the functioning of their relationships and overall social health. Moreover, because social health is closely related to psychological and physical health, remediating disparities in social relationships may be necessary to address other health disparities based upon sexual orientation. Expanding upon these results, implications for efforts to build resilience among sexual minorities are discussed.

LGBT Health

Bianca Wilson

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

anastasia webb

National health statistics reports

Adena Galinsky

To provide national estimates for indicators of health-related behaviors, health status, health care service utilization, and health care access by sexual orientation using data from the 2013 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). NHIS is an annual multipurpose health survey conducted continuously throughout the year. Analyses were based on data collected in 2013 from 34,557 adults aged 18 and over. Sampling weights were used to produce national estimates that are representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. adult population. Differences in health-related behaviors, health status, health care service utilization, and health care access by sexual orientation were examined for adults aged 18-64, and separately for men and women. Based on the 2013 NHIS data, 96.6% of adults identified as straight, 1.6% identified as gay or lesbian, and 0.7% identified as bisexual. The remaining 1.1% of adults identified as ''something else,'' stated ''I don't k...

Vickie Mays

Journal of Behavioral Medicine

Ilan H. Meyer

Vital and health statistics. Series 2, Data evaluation and methods research

Objective-This report presents a set of quality analyses of sexual orientation data collected in the 2013 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). NHIS sexual orientation estimates are compared with those from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Selected health outcomes by sexual orientation are compared between NHIS and NSFG. Assessments of item nonresponse, item response times, and responses to follow-up questions to the sexual orientation question are also presented. Methods-NHIS is a multipurpose health survey conducted continuously throughout the year by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics. Analyses in this report were based on NHIS data collected in 2013 from 34,557 adults aged 18 and over. Sampling weights were used to produce national estimates that are representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. adult population. Data from the 2006-2...

Lisa Lindley

Objectives. We examined associations among 3 dimensions of sexual orientation (identity, behavior, and attraction) and key health-related indicators commonly studied among sexual minority populations: depressive symptoms, perceived stress, smoking, binge drinking, and victimization. Methods. We analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Wave IV (2007–2008) when respondents were aged 24 to 32 years (n = 14 412). We used multivariate linear and logistic regressions to examine consistency of associations between sexual orientation measures and health-related indicators. Results. Strength of associations differed by gender and sexual orientation measure. Among women, being attracted to both sexes, identifying as “mostly straight” or “bisexual,” and having mostly opposite-sex sexual partners was associated with greater risk for all indicators. Among men, sexual attraction was unrelated to health indicators. Men who were “mostly straight” were at greater risk...

JAMA Network Open

Samantha Tesfaye

ImportanceLimited data describe the health status of sexual or gender minority (SGM) people due to inaccurate and inconsistent ascertainment of gender identity, sex assigned at birth, and sexual orientation.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether the prevalence of 12 health conditions is higher among SGM adults in the All of Us Research Program data compared with cisgender heterosexual (non-SGM) people.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used data from a multidisciplinary research consortium, the All of Us Research Program, that links participant-reported survey information to electronic health records (EHR) and physical measurements. In total, 372 082 US adults recruited and enrolled at an All of Us health care provider organization or by directly visiting the enrollment website from May 31, 2017, to January 1, 2022, and were assessed for study eligibility.ExposuresSelf-identified gender identity and sexual orientation group.Main Outcomes and MeasuresTwelve health cond...

RELATED PAPERS

Communications Physics

Akash Choudhary

jayanta thakuria

Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering

César A . Henao

Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

Kevin Biglan

Food and Humanity

iddrisu salifu

Irish Journal of Sociology

Tourism Analysis

Neil Wilmot

International journal of environmental research and public health

Raouf Afifi

Brent Theiling

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids

José Marat-Mendes

ALBERTO LANDI

Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling

Indrani Bera

European Journal of Pediatrics

ŞENOL BOZDAĞ

Liver Transplantation

Jamie Lewis

International Journal of Geography and Geology

morteza farahbakhsh

Scientific Reports

Osteoporosis International

Richard Eastell

Szilard Szentes

Journal of Intellectual Disability Research

Helena Brentani

Frontiers in Immunology

Suzanne van Veen

RELATED TOPICS

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

• Find Flashcards
• Why It Works
• Tutors & resellers
• Content partnerships
• Teachers & professors
• Employee training

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome TM

Entrance exams, professional certifications.

• Foreign Languages
• Medical & Nursing

Humanities & Social Studies

Mathematics, health & fitness, business & finance, technology & engineering, food & beverage, random knowledge, see full index.

Korean TBS > TBS 19 Vocabs_ Hiring > Flashcards

TBS 19 Vocabs_ Hiring Flashcards

to hire; employ

주한 미국대사관(駐韓 美國大使館)

The American Embassy in Korea

employee; staff

welcome; reception

application; volunteering

method; way

procedures; steps; formalities

to confirm; verify; ascertain

following address

document; papers

to submit; present

Jongno-gu (-gu is a ward; district; section)

Personnel Office

the closing day; deadline

to receive; accept application

to wish; hope

document review

to pass through; go through

applicant; volunteer

to report; notify; inform

at present; the present time

public notice; announcement

to press here

Korean TBS (22 decks)

• TBS 01 Vocabs_ Politician’s Biography
• TBS 02 Vocabs_ Student loan
• TBS 03 Vocabs_ Public Transport
• TBS 04 Vocabs_ Future job you wish to have
• TBS 05 Vocabs_ Travel experience_
• TBS 06 Vocabs_ Economy_ Unemployment
• TBS 07 Vocabs_ Eating habits
• TBS 08 Vocabs_ Global warming
• TBS 09 Vocabs_ Racial Discrimination
• TBS 10 Vocabs_ America, a country of immigrants
• TBS 11 Vocabs_ Thanksgiving Day
• TBS 12 Vocabs_ Low birthrate and aging
• TBS 13 Vocabs_ Health insurance in US_
• TBS 14 Vocabs_ Trade between the US & China
• TBS 15 Vocabs_ Recycling and waste
• TBS 16 Vocabs_ Mass shooting and terrorism
• TBS 17 Vocabs_ Artificial intelligence
• TBS 18 Vocabs_ North Korea
• TBS 19 Vocabs_ Hiring
• TBS 20 Vocabs_ Life expectancy and Disease
• TBS 21 Vocabs_ Security & Crime_ Internet fraud
• TBS 22 Vocabs_ National Holidays
• Corporate Training
• Teachers & Schools
• Android App
• Help Center
• Law Education
• All Subjects A-Z
• All Certified Classes
• Earn Money!