meaning of speech and language pathologist

What is an SLP & What do they do?

Speech-language pathology is the scientific study of speech, fluency, feeding and swallowing, and all the mechanisms of speech and language, along with the therapeutic application of corrective and augmentative measures to help people with speech disorders speak and communicate better. It falls under the communication sciences and disorders discipline, which also include the closely aligned—but separate—study of audiology.

Speech-language pathology is focused on a range of human communication and swallowing disorders affecting people of all ages.

• Emerson College - Master's in Speech-Language Pathology online - Prepare to become an SLP in as few as 20 months. No GRE required. Scholarships available.
• NYU Steinhardt - NYU Steinhardt's Master of Science in Communicative Sciences and Disorders online - ASHA-accredited. Bachelor's degree required. Graduate prepared to pursue licensure.
• Arizona State University - Online - Online Bachelor of Science in Speech and Hearing Science - Designed to prepare graduates to work in behavioral health settings or transition to graduate programs in speech-language pathology and audiology.

According to The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association , the following disorders fall under the umbrella of speech-language pathology:

• Speech Disorders : Occurs when individuals have difficulty producing speech sounds correctly or fluently (e.g., stuttering)
• Language Disorders : Occurs when individuals have difficulty understanding others, sharing thoughts, feelings, and ideas, and/or using language in functional and socially appropriate ways; language disorders may also be in the written form
• Communicating with others socially (e.g., greeting others, asking questions, etc.)
• Changing their way of communicating depending on the listener or setting
• Following socially acceptable rules of conversation and story telling
• Cognitive-Communication Disorders : Occurs when individuals have difficulties paying attention, planning, problem-solving, or organizing their thoughts. Many times, these disorders occur as a result of a traumatic brain injury, stroke, or dementia.
• Swallowing Disorders: Occurs when individuals have difficulty eating and swallowing. Swallowing disorders are often a result of an illness, injury, or stroke.

The practice of speech-language pathology includes those who want to learn how to communicate more effectively, such as those who want to work on accent modification or improve their communication skills. It also includes the treatment of people with tracheostomies and ventilators.

Speech-Language Pathology: The Synthesis of Two Fields of Study

Language differs from speech, which is why speech-language pathology is actually the study of two fields.

Speech is the verbal means of communication. It consists of:

• Articulation: How speech sounds are made
• Voice: The use of breathing and vocal cords to produce sounds
• Fluency: The rhythm of speech

Speech problems often occur because a person has difficulty producing sounds due to the incorrect movement of the lips, tongue, and mouth.

Speech problems include:

• Childhood speech apraxia : Neurological childhood speech sound disorder resulting from neuromuscular difficulties, such as abnormal reflexes or abnormal tone
• Adult speech apraxia : Speech disorder caused by neuromuscular difficulties, such as abnormal reflexes or abnormal tone; usually as a result of stroke, traumatic brain injury, dementia, or other progressive neurological disorders
• Dysarthia : Impaired movement of the muscles used for speech production, including the vocal cords, tongue, lips, and/or diaphragm
• Stuttering : Involuntary repetition of sounds
• Speech sound disorders : Includes articulation and phonological processes difficulties
• Orofacial myofunctional disorders : Tongue moves forward in an exaggerated way during speech or swallowing (called tongue thrusts)
• Voice disorders : Includes vocal cord nodules and polyps, vocal cord paralysis, spasmodic dysphonia, and paradoxical vocal fold movement

Language consists of socially shared rules that include how to put words together, how to make new words, what words mean, and what word combinations are best in what situations. Language disorders include:

• Difficulty understanding others: receptive language disorder
• Difficulty sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings: expressive language disorder

Although speech and language disorders can occur by themselves, they often exist together, which is why speech-language pathology is a combined field of study.

Speech and language disorders are often a result of medical conditions, such as:

• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
• Huntington’s Disease
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Laryngeal and oral cancers
• Right hemisphere brain injury
• Traumatic brain injury

In children, this may also include selective mutism and language-based learning disabilities resulting from:

• Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
• Syndromes, such as Down’s syndrome and Fragile X syndrome
• Cerebral palsy
• Failure to thrive
• Low birth weight or premature birth
• Hearing loss
• Intellectual disabilities
• Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
• Stroke/brain injury
• Cleft lip/palate

What is a Speech-Language Pathologist?

Speech-language pathologists evaluate, diagnose, and treat speech, language, communication, and swallowing disorders. These highly trained clinicians work as part of a collaborative, interdisciplinary team of professionals, which includes physical therapists, occupational therapists, social workers, teachers, physicians, audiologists, and psychologists, among others.

Their job duties include:

• Developing and implementing treat plans based on their professional assessment and recommendation from members of the interdisciplinary team
• Monitoring their patients’ progress and adjusting their treatment plans accordingly
• Documenting patient care and writing reports regarding patient evaluation, treatment, progress, and discharge
• Ordering, conducting, and evaluating hearing, speech, and language tests and examinations
• Educating patients and family members on treatment plans, communication techniques, and strategies for coping with speech/language barriers
• Designing, developing, and employing diagnostic and communication devices or strategies
• Developing and implementing speech and language programs

Though a majority of speech-language pathologists are involved in direct patient care, these professionals also fulfill a number of other roles in areas such as:

• Program coordination and administration
• Teaching at the post-secondary level
• Supervision
• Product development and evaluation
• Consultation

Speech-Language Pathologist Education and Certification

Speech-language pathologists are highly educated and trained clinicians, educators, researchers, and administrators. Speech-language pathologists, at a minimum, hold a master’s degree in Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD).

Most master’s degrees in CSD are Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Science (MS) programs. Master of Education (MEd) programs prepare speech-language pathology educators.

National certification and states licensure require the completion of a program that has been accredited by the Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech Language Pathology (CAA) .

In most states, additional state licensure requirements include completing a supervised postgraduate professional experience and passing a national exam.

Language-speech pathologists can earn the Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Pathology (CCC-SLP) through the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Certification requirements are similar to state licensing requirements, so state licensed language-speech pathologists generally qualify for the CCC-SLP designation.

The History of Speech-Language Pathology

Speech-pathology as a recognized field of study had its origins in the early part of the twentieth century, when the scientific, academic, and clinical foundations began to take shape and a number of organizations (such as the American Academy of Speech Correction in 1926) focused on speech disorders and speech correction were established.

From 1945 to 1965, speech-language pathology began to evolve, thanks to the introduction of a number of assessment and therapy approaches focused on underlying communication disorders. It was during this time that speech-language pathology researchers and clinicians began focusing their attention on the many WWII soldiers returning from war with brain injuries resulting in aphasia.

This period also gave rise to brain studies, technological advances, and the development of standardized testing procedures, including receptive and expressive language assessment and treatment techniques.

Between 1965 and 1975, advancements in linguistics spurred researchers to begin distinguishing language disorders from speech disorders. Their work enhanced the work of speech-language pathologists, allowing them to begin more effectively treating a variety of language delays and disorders.

Today, speech-language pathology continues to evolve as high-quality research evidence is integrated into practitioner expertise and clinical decision making. The increased national and international exchange of professional knowledge, information, and education in communication sciences and disorders continues to strengthen research collaboration and improve clinical services.

Speech-Language Pathology Resources

• Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech Language Pathology (CAA)
• American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
• American Academy of Private Practice in Speech Pathology and Audiology
• International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association
• National Student Speech Language Hearing Association
• National Aphasia Foundation
• Childhood Apraxia of Speech Association of North America
• The Cherab Foundation
• The Voice Foundation
• Selective Mutism Foundation
• Stuttering Foundation of America
• National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders

Back to Top

• Career Resources
• How to Become a Speech-Language Pathologist
• Both Sides of the Frenectomy Debate
• Certification
• State Licensing Overview
• Student Resources
• What is Speech-Language Pathology?
• CAA-Accredited Graduate Programs
• Directory of CSD and SLP Undergraduate Programs
• Master’s in Speech-Language Pathology
• SLP Clinical Fellowship
• SLP Thesis Track
• 2022 SLP Scholarship Guide
• 2022 Top SLP Master’s Programs
• Practice Settings
• Private Practice
• Telepractice
• Specialty Areas and Disorders
• Ankyloglossia (Tongue Tie) and Lip-Tie Issues
• Aphasia (Post Stroke)
• Apraxia of Speech
• Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)
• Child Language Disorders
• Communication Competency Assessment
• Early Intervention
• Fluency Disorders
• Forensic Speech-Language Pathology
• Laryngeal Imaging
• Late Talkers
• Low-Incidence Disorders
• Multilingual Patients
• Occupational Therapy
• Otoacoustic Emissions Screening
• Patients with Autism
• Patients with Cochlear Implants
• Percutaneous Electrical Stimulation (E-stim)
• Public Health
• Rehabilitation
• Spasmodic Dysphonia
• Stuttering and Cluttering
• Swallowing and Feeding Disorders (Dysphagia)
• Transnasal Esophagoscopy and Pharyngeal/Esophageal Manometry
• Transgender Voice Modification Therapy
• Voice Therapy
• Dual Certification in SLP and Lactation Consultancy
• Continuing Education is Key to Career Versatility and Longevity in This Field
• Do You Speak with an Accent? … You Can Still Be an Outstanding SLP
• The Challenges and Rewards of Working with English Language Learners
• Some Advice on How to Approach Your Clinical Fellowship
• 4 Things a Job Description Can’t Tell You About the Profession
• 5 Things I Love Most About Being an SLP
• Your Guide to Getting Started in Telepractice
• Why Team Player SLPs are Even More Effective Than Superstars
• Why Working With the Entire Family Gets the Best Results in Kids Struggling with Speech-Language Issues

• Type 2 Diabetes
• Heart Disease
• Digestive Health
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Diet & Nutrition
• Supplements
• Health Insurance
• Public Health
• Patient Rights
• Caregivers & Loved Ones
• End of Life Concerns
• Health News
• Thyroid Test Analyzer
• Doctor Discussion Guides
• Hemoglobin A1c Test Analyzer
• Lipid Test Analyzer
• Complete Blood Count (CBC) Analyzer
• What to Buy
• Editorial Process
• Meet Our Medical Expert Board

What Is a Speech Pathologist?

Also Known as a Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) or Speech Therapist

• What They Do
• Conditions Treated

Training for Speech Pathologists

• When to See an SLP

A speech pathologist, also known as a speech therapist, is a healthcare professional who helps you improve your speech and communication if you have been ill, injured, or have a chronic disability. Speech pathologists may also be called speech-language pathologists (SLP).

Speech pathologists also work with people who have difficulty swallowing food or drink to help them stay safe while eating.

This article examines the important work that speech pathologists do as part of a rehabilitation team of professionals. You will learn what conditions they treat and when you should seek out the services of an SLP.

What a Speech Pathologist Does

A speech pathologist is a trained medical professional who works with patients who are injured or ill and are having difficulty speaking or swallowing. They work to prevent, assess, and treat these disorders in adults and children.

Speech pathologists help people communicate, and this may involve:

• Expressive communication : The ability to communicate verbally and nonverbally
• Receptive communication : The ability to understand verbal and nonverbal communications

Some speech therapists work closely with audiologists (healthcare professionals who treat hearing and balance problems) to ensure that you can hear and understand language correctly. Others work with otolaryngologists , also called ear, nose, and throat physicians (ENTs), to help patients swallow food and drink safely and to assist patients with oral motor function.

Common Specialty Areas

Some speech pathologists have a more generalized practice, while others have a more narrow focus on specific areas or problems such as:

• Social communication
• Voice and vocal hygiene
• Speech sound disorders

Some of the official certifications that a speech pathologist may receive include:

•  Intraoperative monitoring
•  Fluency disorders
•  Swallowing and feeding disorders
•  Child language disorders

Speech pathologists seeking specialty certification have to meet education, experience, and clinical practice requirements as established by independent specialty certification boards.

Where Speech Therapists Work

There are a variety of settings in which speech pathologists work. This may include:

• Schools: Speech therapists working in schools help children with speech disorders learn to overcome their communication challenges.
• Nursing homes: Speech therapists in nursing homes help patients with dementia or communication issues caused by other conditions like stroke learn communication strategies. They also work with staff on ways to help residents communicate more effectively.
• Hospitals: A speech pathologist working in a hospital may help diagnose and treat language communication problems and swallowing disorders in hospitalized patients. 
• Private practices: Speech pathologists may also work in private practices where they may specialize in one or more language problems or health conditions in specific populations.

Speech pathologists can also work as educators in colleges and universities, and they may be involved in research.

Conditions Speech Therapists Treat

Speech pathologists work with people of various ages and with a variety of conditions. They sometimes work with young children who are having problems speaking properly, or they may help older adults with cognitive communication (communication that is affected by memory, attention, organization, and problem-solving, which are examples of executive functioning ).

A stroke can cause damage to the part of the brain responsible for language and communication. Depending on the extent of the stroke, this loss of ability may be short-term or long-term. A speech pathologist can help someone who is recovering from a stroke regain their ability to speak and understand language.

What is aphasia?

Aphasia is a condition of the brain that affects how you communicate with others. It is caused by damage to the part of the brain responsible for language and can affect your ability to speak and understand what is being said.

Hearing Loss

A speech pathologist may work with other professionals such as audiologists and ENTs to help assess, manage, and treat someone with hearing loss. Some of the things a speech pathologist might do to help someone with hearing loss include evaluating the person's speech, helping them improve listening skills, and working with them to develop alternative communication strategies.

Vocal Damage

Vocal cords can become damaged in various ways including persistent coughing and voice overuse. A speech pathologist can teach you muscle strengthing and voice rehabilitation excercises and other strategies to help your vocal cords heal (such as cough modification). 

English Language Learners

If you are learning a new language and wish to alter your accent, you may benefit from the services of a speech-language pathologist, as well. They can help you form words and sounds correctly to alter your normal speech in learning a new language.

Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury after a blow to the head or an accident that affects the parts of the brain that control language can also lead to problems with communication. A speech therapist can help someone with this type of injury recover lost speech and language skills.

Swallowing Disorders

Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. It can be caused by several different medical conditions including muscular problems, a narrowed esophagus, damage caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease, or esophageal cancer. 

Untreated dysphagia can lead to problems eating and drinking including choking. A speech pathologist can help you develop strategies for safe chewing and swallowing, including exercises, correct body position, and food preparation recommendations. 

People with autism can have difficulty with both written and spoken communication as well as body-language forms of communication such as pointing and waving. Autism is also associated with difficulties relating to and socializing with other people. 

A speech pathologist can help people with autism understand communication norms and improve their written and spoken communication skills. They can also work with the families of people with autism on strategies that can help develop communication skills.

Alzheimer's Disease

People with dementia or Alzheimer's disease may develop communication problems as the disease progresses. A speech therapist can help the person develop memory skills and other strategies that will help them communicate.

Speech pathologists also work with the family and caregivers of people with dementia so they can help the person implement communication tools and strategies.   

Fluency Disorders

Fluency disorder describes speech patterns characterized by differences in rate and rhythm compared to how most people speak. 

Stuttering is the most common example of a fluency disorder. Another example is cluttering, which describes speech that is atypically fast and irregular.

Speech pathologists usually develop an individualized treatment plan for someone with a fluency disorder, which may include strategies such as:

• Minimizing negative reactions to the problem
• Increasing the person's acceptance of the problem
• Improving confidence
• Reducing avoidance behavior

Speech Sound Disorders

Speech sound disorders describe problems articulating words. People with speech sound disorders may be hard for others to understand. This can result in problems with social relationships, at work, or at school. 

Speech sound disorders are common in childhood and can be treated with the help of a speech pathologist. The pathologist will look at how the person moves their tongue, lips and jaw and help them learn the correct way to make sounds. 

People with speech sound disorders often have other problems with language; their speech therapist can also help them develop strategies to overcome these problems.

Gender-Affirming Voice Therapy

Voice therapy for transgender people can be an important part of gender-affirming healthcare. Learning to speak in ways that align with gender identity can improve a transgender person's quality of life as well as their social and psychological well-being.

A speech pathologist can help a transgender person learn to modify the pitch of their voice in ways that limit fatigue and damage to the vocal cords. They can also help the person learn nonverbal communication, articulation, and other strategies that can help their voice align with their gender identity.

To be a speech pathologist, a person must have a master's degree in communication disorders from a program accredited by the Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology (CAA).

Many undergraduate and graduate programs in speech pathology require time spent observing a speech therapist at work prior to admission. This satisfies the requirement for entry into school and provides a good understanding of what a speech pathologist's job is like.

The first year of work as a speech therapist is called a clinical fellowship year. During this time, aspiring speech pathologists will work under the supervision of a licensed speech pathologist.

Additional steps to becoming a speech pathologist include:

• Obtaining a certificate of clinical competence in SLP (CCC-SLP)
• Passing a national Praxis examination for Speech-Language Pathology
• Applying for SLP licensure in the state in which you will be working

A speech pathologist's education does not end when they leave school and pass the national examination. They must also fulfill continuing education requirements from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) to maintain their license.

When to See a Speech Pathologist

There are certain instances in which you may need to see a speech pathologist. For example, parents commonly notice small speech or language impairments in their children and seek out an SLP.

Adults may want to work with a speech pathologist to help with new or existing communication or language problems.

If you become hospitalized, you may have a speech pathologist come to your room and work with you at your bedside. They can help you with speech and language, swallowing and diet issues, and can work with other members of a rehab team to ensure that it is safe and appropriate for you to return home.

When to see a medical professional

Many speech and language disorders benefit from the help of a speech therapist, but some are more urgent than others. Any sudden onset of impaired speech should be considered an emergency, as the person may be experiencing a life-threatening problem such as a stroke.

Children should be closely monitored for speech and language development. If your child does not have the language skills expected for their age, it is a good idea to see a speech pathologist as soon as you can.

If you or a loved one is having trouble communicating or understanding language, then working with a speech pathologist may be a good idea.

SLPs treat children and adults with a variety of conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, stroke, neurological injuries, autism, and more. They are trained to assess your condition and offer strategies to improve your expressive and receptive communication and swallowing function.

Pascoe A, Breen LJ, Cocks N. What is needed to prepare speech pathologists to work in adult palliative care?: What is needed to prepare SPs to work in adult palliative care? .  International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders . 2018;53(3):542-549. doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12367

American Speech Language Hearing Association. Who are speech pathologists, and what do they do? .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Social communication .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Speech sound disorders .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Clinical specialty certification .

Reilly S, Harper M, Goldfeld S. The demand for speech pathology services for children: Do we need more or just different? . J Paediatr Child Health . 2016;52(12):1057-1061. doi:10.1111/jpc.13318

National Aphasia Association. Stroke .

Johns Hopkins Medicine. Aphasia .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Hearing loss in adults .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Autism (autism spectrum disorder) .

Alzheimer's Association. Strategies to support changes in memory, language and behavior in the early stages of dementia .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Fluency disorders .

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Gender-affirming voice therapy advocacy .

SpeechPathologyGraduatePrograms.org. How to become a speech pathologist .

Johns Hopkins Medicine. Identifying speech and language concerns about your child and when should you seek help?  

Salary.com. Speech Pathologist Salary in the United States .

By Brett Sears, PT Brett Sears, PT, MDT, is a physical therapist with over 20 years of experience in orthopedic and hospital-based therapy.

What does a speech language pathologist do?

Would you make a good speech language pathologist? Take our career test and find your match with over 800 careers.

What is a Speech Language Pathologist?

Speech language pathologists (SLPs) specialize in diagnosing, evaluating, and treating various communication and swallowing disorders that can affect individuals of all ages, from infants to the elderly. They work with patients who experience difficulties in speech articulation, language development, voice production, fluency (stuttering), and cognitive communication skills. They also assist individuals who have challenges with swallowing or feeding due to medical conditions or developmental issues.

Speech language pathologists collaborate closely with patients, their families, and other healthcare professionals to create tailored treatment plans that address specific communication or swallowing goals. Their expertise extends beyond assessment and therapy, encompassing research, education, and advocacy to promote effective communication and enhance the quality of life for individuals with communication disorders.

What does a Speech Language Pathologist do?

Speech language pathologists play an important role in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of communication and swallowing disorders. They employ a range of evidence-based techniques and technologies to help their clients improve their communication and swallowing abilities. By providing personalized therapy plans, counseling, and education, SLPs help individuals with communication and swallowing disorders achieve their fullest potential and enhance their quality of life.

Duties and Responsibilities Some of the key duties and responsibilities of a speech language pathologist include:

• Assessment and Evaluation: SLPs conduct thorough assessments to identify communication and swallowing disorders in patients. They use standardized tests, observations, interviews, and clinical observations to gather information about a patient's speech, language, voice, fluency, and swallowing abilities.
• Diagnosis: Based on assessment results, SLPs diagnose the specific communication or swallowing disorder affecting a patient. They analyze the collected data and provide a comprehensive understanding of the individual's challenges and needs.
• Treatment Planning: SLPs develop individualized treatment plans tailored to each patient's unique needs and goals. These plans may include strategies to improve speech articulation, language development, voice production, fluency, cognitive communication, or swallowing function.
• Therapeutic Interventions: SLPs administer therapeutic interventions to address communication and swallowing difficulties. They guide patients through exercises, activities, and techniques designed to improve their speech clarity, language comprehension, expression, voice quality, and fluency.
• Patient Education: SLPs educate patients and their families about the nature of the disorder, treatment options, and strategies for managing communication challenges in everyday life. They empower individuals to actively participate in their treatment journey.
• Collaboration: SLPs collaborate with other healthcare professionals, such as physicians, audiologists, educators, and occupational therapists, to provide comprehensive care to patients. They work as part of a multidisciplinary team to ensure a holistic approach to treatment.
• Progress Monitoring: SLPs regularly assess and document their patients' progress throughout the treatment process. They adjust treatment plans as needed based on ongoing evaluations and discussions with patients and their families.
• Adaptive Technology: In some cases, SLPs may recommend and assist patients in using adaptive communication devices or technologies to enhance their ability to communicate effectively.
• Swallowing Assessment and Treatment: SLPs evaluate and treat patients with swallowing difficulties (dysphagia). They may develop strategies to improve safe swallowing and prevent aspiration during eating and drinking.
• Research and Education: Some SLPs engage in research to contribute to the advancement of their field's knowledge and practices. They may also provide training and education to students, colleagues, and the community.
• Advocacy: SLPs advocate for individuals with communication disorders, raising awareness about the importance of effective communication and access to appropriate services.
• Documentation: SLPs maintain accurate records of assessments, treatment plans, progress notes, and outcomes to ensure effective communication with patients, families, and other healthcare professionals.

Types of Speech Language Pathologists Speech language pathologists can specialize in various areas within their field to address specific communication and swallowing challenges. Here are some types of specialized speech language pathologists:

• Pediatric Speech Language Pathologists: These professionals work primarily with children, addressing speech and language disorders that can arise from developmental delays, speech sound disorders, language impairments, and early communication difficulties. They may work in schools, early intervention programs, clinics, or private practice.
• Adult Speech Language Pathologists: Adult-focused speech language pathologists work with individuals who have communication and swallowing difficulties due to neurological conditions, strokes, traumatic brain injuries, or degenerative diseases like Parkinson's. They help adults regain or maintain their communication abilities and improve swallowing safety.
• Accent Modification Speech Language Pathologists: Accent modification specialists assist individuals who wish to modify their speech patterns to improve communication clarity and reduce accent-related misunderstandings, often in professional or academic settings.
• Voice Disorder Speech Language Pathologists: Speech language pathologists specializing in voice disorders work with individuals who have conditions affecting their vocal cords, pitch, volume, or quality of voice. They provide therapy to improve voice production and prevent vocal strain.
• Fluency Disorder Speech Language Pathologists: These professionals focus on treating individuals with fluency disorders, commonly known as stuttering. They use techniques to help individuals improve their speech fluency and manage their disfluencies.
• Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Speech Language Pathologists: AAC specialists work with individuals who have complex communication needs and may require alternative methods of communication, such as communication devices, symbols, or gestures.
• Swallowing and Dysphagia Speech Language Pathologists: These speech language pathologists specialize in evaluating and treating individuals with swallowing disorders (dysphagia) caused by various medical conditions. They help patients safely consume food and liquids.
• Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Speech Language Pathologists: Speech language pathologists with expertise in traumatic brain injuries provide therapy to individuals recovering from head injuries, helping them regain language, cognitive, and communication skills.
• Neonatal Speech Language Pathologists: Neonatal speech language pathologists work with infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), addressing feeding and swallowing difficulties in premature or medically fragile newborns.
• Geriatric Speech Language Pathologists: Geriatric speech language pathologists specialize in addressing communication and swallowing issues in older adults, often dealing with age-related conditions such as dementia and age-related changes in speech and swallowing function.
• Educational Speech Language Pathologists: These professionals work in educational settings, such as schools, to provide speech and language therapy to students with communication disorders, supporting their academic success.

Are you suited to be a speech language pathologist?

Speech language pathologists have distinct personalities . They tend to be social individuals, which means they’re kind, generous, cooperative, patient, caring, helpful, empathetic, tactful, and friendly. They excel at socializing, helping others, and teaching. Some of them are also investigative, meaning they’re intellectual, introspective, and inquisitive.

Does this sound like you? Take our free career test to find out if speech language pathologist is one of your top career matches.

What is the workplace of a Speech Language Pathologist like?

Speech language pathologists work in a variety of settings, such as hospitals, schools, private clinics, rehabilitation centers, and nursing homes.

In a hospital setting, speech language pathologists may work in acute care or rehabilitation settings, providing assessment and treatment for patients with speech and language disorders resulting from medical conditions such as strokes, traumatic brain injuries, and cancer. They may also work with patients who have difficulty swallowing, which can be a common issue for individuals who have had strokes or are recovering from surgery.

In schools, speech language pathologists work with children who have communication disorders, such as stuttering, articulation problems, or language delays. They work with teachers, parents, and other professionals to develop and implement individualized education plans for students. They may also work with students who have hearing impairments, providing assistance with hearing aids and other assistive devices.

In private clinics, speech language pathologists may work with clients of all ages who have a variety of communication disorders. They may specialize in working with specific populations, such as children with autism or adults who have had strokes. In these settings, speech language pathologists work closely with clients and their families to develop treatment plans tailored to the client's specific needs and goals.

Rehabilitation centers and nursing homes may also employ speech language pathologists to work with patients who have suffered from strokes, traumatic brain injuries, or other medical conditions that affect speech and language. In these settings, speech language pathologists may work with patients to improve their ability to communicate effectively, both verbally and non-verbally.

Speech Language Pathologists are also known as: SLP Speech-Language Pathologist

Masks Strongly Recommended but Not Required in Maryland, Starting Immediately

Due to the downward trend in respiratory viruses in Maryland, masking is no longer required but remains strongly recommended in Johns Hopkins Medicine clinical locations in Maryland. Read more .

• Vaccines  
• Masking Guidelines
• Visitor Guidelines  

Speech-Language Pathologist

What is a speech-language pathologist.

Speech-language pathologists specialize in assessing, diagnosing, and treating people with communication problems that result from disability, surgery, or developmental disorders. They are also instrumental in preventing disorders related to speech, language, cognitive communication, voice, and fluency. This includes both understanding speech and speaking problems. They also evaluate and treat people with swallowing disorders due to stroke, brain injury, or other nervous system impairments.

Speech-language pathologists often direct care related to:

Speech, language, and swallowing disorders

Speech fluency and stuttering disorders

Voice disorders

Augmentative communication devices

Written language disorders

Cognitive (thinking, memory, and learning) disorders

Speech-language pathologists may practice in a variety of settings, including:

Early intervention—head start and other early childhood development programs

Inpatient rehabilitation centers

Outpatient rehabilitation centers

Nursing homes

Home health settings

Telepractice

Private practice

Most speech-language pathologists hold a master's degree and a Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Pathology through the American Speech and Hearing Association.

Find a Treatment Center

Find Additional Treatment Centers at:

• Howard County Medical Center
• Sibley Memorial Hospital
• Suburban Hospital

Request an Appointment

Clinical Social Worker

Occupational Therapist

Rehabilitation Nurse

Related Topics

• Medical Departments & Centers

Speech Pathology Overview

Adults and children with speech, language, cognitive and swallowing disorders find the compassionate, comprehensive care they need with the experts of the Division of Speech Pathology.

Our speech-language pathologists are skilled and continually trained in the latest medical, surgical and behavioral techniques for diagnosing and managing all speech, language, cognitive and swallowing disorders. They work closely with doctors trained in brain, spine and nervous system conditions ( neurologists ); ear, nose and throat conditions ( otolaryngologists ); laryngology and voice disorders ; rehabilitation concerns ( physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists ); children's medical conditions ( pediatricians , pediatric neurologists , craniofacial team experts).

Conditions and symptoms

• Apraxia of speech, including childhood apraxia of speech
• Cognitive disorders associated with acquired brain injury , stroke and dementia
• Craniofacial disorders (for example, cleft lip and palate )
• Developmental speech, language and communication disorders (for example, specific language disability, speech-sound delay, autism spectrum disorder , stuttering )
• Voice disorders (for example, spasmodic dysphonia, laryngectomy)
• Unexplained acquired voice or speech disorders

Nationally recognized expertise

Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, Mayo Clinic in Phoenix/Scottsdale, Arizona, and Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida, rank among the Best Hospitals for neurology and neurosurgery in the U.S. News & World Report Best Hospitals rankings. Mayo Clinic Children's Center in Rochester is ranked the No. 1 hospital in Minnesota, and the five-state region of Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wisconsin, according to U.S. News & World Report's 2023-2024 "Best Children's Hospitals" rankings.

• Department home
• Tests & procedures
• Conditions treated
• Specialty groups
• Expertise & rankings
• Clinical trials
• Patient stories
• Costs & insurance
• News from Mayo Clinic

Speech Pathology

• Request an Appointment

Your gift holds great power – donate today!

Make your tax-deductible gift and be a part of the cutting-edge research and care that's changing medicine.

• Application Requirements
• Tuition and Financial Aid
• Clinical Placements
• Planning Your Studies
• How to Become a Speech-Language Pathologist: Step-by-Step Instructions

What Does a Speech Pathologist Do?

• Apply Now External link: open_in_new

Speech@Emerson / Resources

August 20, 2020 

Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) provide care to people with speech, language, cognition or swallowing impairments, from infants to older adults and everyone in between. If you are interested in a health care career that offers an array of specialties, practice settings or clientele, speech-language pathology may be the field for you. This resource will outline what a career in speech-language pathology entails, highlight the differences between a speech-language pathologist and speech therapist, and describe the different settings where SLPs offer their services.

What Is a Speech-Language Pathologist?

A speech-language pathologist is responsible for assessing, diagnosing, treating and developing plans of care to help improve, maintain and restore certain skills and functions in their clients. Such functions include:

• Articulation or phonological disorders, such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech.
• Language processing challenges.
• Language fluency, including stuttering.
• Feeding and swallowing difficulties due to dysphagia.
• Social communication pragmatics.

Licensing requirements to practice as an SLP vary by state, but most require supervised clinical experience and at least a  Master of Sciences in Communication Disorders (M.S.).  The  American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)  offers certification once individuals have passed the  Praxis Examination in Speech-Language Pathology.

So, why become an SLP? The path to becoming a speech-language pathologist requires hard work. But the career comes with the opportunity to improve an individual’s overall quality of life, and that can be rewarding.

Working in a high-growth field is another reason some people might consider a career as an SLP.  Speech-language pathologists held about 153,700 jobs in 2018,  according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). By 2028, the BLS projects that the number of speech-language pathology jobs will reach 195,600.

Speech Pathologist vs. Speech Therapist

What’s the difference between a speech pathologist and a speech therapist? Actually, there isn’t one. Speech-language pathology is the official profession of an individual who is commonly known as a speech therapist or a speech teacher. The terms are used interchangeably to refer to someone who evaluates clients’ unique communication impairments or disorders and determines a specialized course of treatment to help them improve over time.

Job Description of a Speech Pathologist

The day-to-day duties of a speech-language pathologist may vary based on the work setting and area of specialization. However, some key responsibilities SLPs share are as follows:

• Conduct screenings to assess a client’s speech and swallowing challenges.
• Evaluate and diagnose speech, language and communication disorders.
• Develop an appropriate treatment plan.
• Provide rehabilitation or communication strategies for those who are deaf or hard of hearing.
• Train, communicate and educate family and caregivers of those with communication or swallowing disorders.
• Offer augmentative and alternative communication systems for clients who experience challenges with severe social expression or language comprehension disorders, such as those on the autism spectrum.
• Use an interdisciplinary approach to address a client’s communication and swallowing needs.
• Complete administrative tasks, including the recording of a client’s progress during and after treatment and the maintenance of client records.

There are a variety of work settings that a speech-language pathologist can choose from. SLPs can work in nursing and residential care facilities, offices of audiologists and physical therapists or have offices of their own.

Some SLPs choose to specialize in treating and supporting clients of a specific age group, such as young children or older adults.  Our Master of Sciences in Communication Disorders (M.S.) program includes applied courses,  such as CD642-Autism: Social Communication Development and Disorder, which introduces students to the development of social communication skills in children. By the time students graduate and become licensed, they will be prepared to work with children with autism and help them to build communication and social skills outside of the typical classroom setting. The knowledge and skills acquired during applied courses may also enable students to support adults with autism who may be joining the workforce. In those cases, the SLP provides direction when it comes to writing cover letters and preparing for job interviews.

Our program also includes  clinical placements . During in-person placements, our students have the opportunity to grow their practical understanding of the communication disorders that they study in the virtual classroom. They also gain exposure to clinical settings and can decide whether they’d like to work in such an environment once they become licensed.

Speech-Language Pathologists in Hospitals vs. in Schools

Hospitals and schools are two of the  most common work settings for speech-language pathologists,  according to ASHA. Both settings come with unique challenges and opportunities.

What Does an SLP Do in a Hospital?

Medical speech-language pathologists work in health care facilities such as hospitals. They belong to an interdisciplinary treatment team that designs and implements a client’s acute or rehabilitation care plan. They may collaborate with physicians, psychologists, social workers, audiologists, or physical and occupational therapists to get the job done. The BLS indicates that  hospital-based SLPs make up 14% of all practicing SLPs.

A hospital-based or medical SLP’s main job functions may include the following:

• Diagnosing and treating cognitive, language, communication and swallowing disorders.
• Working with a range of clients who suffer from chronic diseases or have been affected by neurological events causing trauma to the brain, such as stroke, seizure, cancer or physical trauma.
• Prescribing modified diet plans for clients experiencing difficulty swallowing and symptoms of dysphagia.
• Conducting periodic screenings.
• Providing guidance, support and education to clients and their primary caregivers.
• Informing clinical staff about communication disorders to provide clients with a holistic health treatment plan.
• Conducting research on treatment methods for communication and swallowing disorders.

What Does an SLP Do in a School?

Speech-language pathologists working in education settings constitute 38% of all SLPs,  according to the BLS. Education settings include pre-kindergarten, K–12 public and private schools, and colleges and universities.

SLPs who work in early childhood education settings employ intervention strategies and support students throughout their learning cycles. It is also important for school-based SLPs to advise and work with educators and administrators. This ensures that students’ communication challenges are addressed holistically, so as not to disrupt their learning.

A school-based SLP or speech teacher’s key responsibilities may include the following:

• Conducting diagnostic evaluations and assessing students’ communication skills.
• Working with school-age children or college students with a range of learning, physical and auditory disabilities or disorders that adversely affect their educational performance.
• Identifying students who may be at risk for future communication and swallowing disorders or challenges.
• Consulting with and informing teachers, administrators and families about the prevention of and treatment for communication disorders.
• Performing classroom-based services as well as facilitating small-group and individual speech sessions.
• Working collaboratively to develop a treatment plan tailored to an individual student’s communication and swallowing challenges.
• Developing and implementing Individualized Family Service Plans and Individualized Education Programs.
• Documenting as required by federal, state and local agencies.
• Supervising clinical practicums for students working toward their SLP certification.
• Participating in schoolwide curriculum and literacy teams.

The first step to  becoming an SLP  and achieving your career goals is earning a Master of Sciences in Communication Disorders (M.S.). To learn more about the Speech@Emerson program, including its length, a look into our online campus and what to expect of immersion experiences, visit our  Speech@Emerson program page , contact the admissions team by phone at 855-997-0407 or send an email to  [email protected] .

Citation for this content:  Speech@Emerson, Emerson College’s online Master of Sciences in Communication Disorders (M.S.)

Request Information

Speech-Language Pathology

• Reference work entry
• First Online: 01 January 2018
• pp 3248–3250
• Cite this reference work entry

• Janet P. Patterson 4  

Speech-language therapy

Speech-language pathology refers to the clinical practice and the study of the science, development, and disorders of speech, language, communication, and swallowing. Areas of practice and study include anatomy, neuroanatomy, articulation, fluency, voice and resonance, receptive and expressive language, cognitive-communication ability, brain injury, swallowing, and hearing. An important component is understanding the impact of disorders on speech, language, swallowing, and cognitive and social aspects of communication (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 2015 ).

Current Knowledge

Certificate of clinical competence.

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) is the professional, scientific, and credentialing association for speech-language pathologists. Individuals who have met academic and clinical criteria (i.e. a master’s degree in speech-language pathology or its equivalent and a minimum of 400 hours of supervised...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

• Available as PDF
• Read on any device
• Instant download
• Own it forever
• Available as EPUB and PDF
• Durable hardcover edition
• Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
• Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References and Readings

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2005). Evidence-based practice in communication disorders [Position statement]. Available from www.asha.org/policy

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2007). Scope of practice in speech-language pathology [Scope of practice]. Available from www.asha.org/policy

ASHA. (2015). ASHA practice policy. http://www.asha.org/policy/about.htm

Council for Clinical Certification in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2013). 2014 standards for the certificate of clinical competence in speech-language pathology. Retrieved December 31, 2015 from http://www.asha.org/Certification/2014-Speech-Language-Pathology-Certification-Standards/

Download references

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology Service, VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA, USA

Janet P. Patterson

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Janet P. Patterson .

Editor information

Editors and affiliations.

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

Jeffrey S. Kreutzer

Kessler Foundation, Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ, USA

John DeLuca

Independent Practice, Wynnewood, PA, USA

Bruce Caplan

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG (outside the USA)

About this entry

Cite this entry.

Patterson, J.P. (2018). Speech-Language Pathology. In: Kreutzer, J.S., DeLuca, J., Caplan, B. (eds) Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_924

Download citation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_924

Published : 20 September 2018

Publisher Name : Springer, Cham

Print ISBN : 978-3-319-57110-2

Online ISBN : 978-3-319-57111-9

eBook Packages : Behavioral Science and Psychology Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences Reference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Share this entry

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Publish with us

Policies and ethics

• Find a journal
• Track your research

• Student/Faculty Portal
• Learning Hub (Brightspace)
• Continuous Professional Development

Medical Speech-Language Pathologist

What does a medical speech-language pathologist do.

A medical speech-language pathologist works in health care and diagnoses and treats a wide range of speech, language, cognitive, and swallowing disorders. They work with patients affected by a variety of neurological events, such as brain damage, stroke, seizure, or cancer. They may also work with patients who suffer from chronic diseases or who have experienced trauma.

Speech pathologists examine patients and create treatment plans tailored to their needs. These patients may have speech articulation issues, voice quality problems, or language disorders. Treatment could be modifying a patient’s diet or prescribing a speech-generating device.

Scope of practice

Medical speech-language pathologists work with doctors and audiologists to treat patients of all ages, from infants to the elderly. This role holds a wide range of responsibilities and can do a variety of tasks each day, including:

• Diagnosing and treating speech, language, cognitive, communication, and swallowing disorders
• Evaluating swallowing ability and prescribing an appropriate diet (foods may need to be pureed or liquids may need to be thickened)
• Helping patients with aphasia find ways to communicate
• Training family members or caregivers, as well as other professionals
• Collaborating with other members of the care team
• Conducting research to develop new treatment methods

Work environment

Medical speech-language pathologists typically work in hospitals, outpatient clinics, and rehabilitation facilities. They typically work 40 hours per week during normal business hours. The work they do may differ slightly depending on where they work.

Speech-language pathologists who work in a hospital may do more diagnosis, counseling, and education. Whereas medical speech-language pathologists who work in a rehabilitation facility typically work on improving skills to function more independently.

Speech-language pathologists that do not work in health care, may work in education providing services to school-age children with a wide range of disabilities. They may also work in government, or even in the corporate world.  

Becoming a medical speech-language pathologist

Compassionate, detail-oriented people with good communication skills and a passion for science might be interested in a career as a medical speech-language pathologist. This role will keep you on your toes and allow you to do something different every day. Speech-language pathologists spend a lot of time with patients evaluating and treating their conditions, as well as time with caretakers and other members of the healthcare team to explain diet changes and other care instructions.

Higher education requirements

To become a medical speech-language pathologist, you must complete:

• A bachelor’s degree in communication sciences and disorders (or a related field with certain prerequisites completed for graduate school admission)
• A graduate degree in speech-language pathology
• A postgraduate fellowship
• A national licensing exam

Certification process

You can get certified by the  American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) Council for Clinical Certification once you’ve completed a speech-language pathology graduate degree and fellowship and passed the Praxis exam.

Career opportunities and outlook

The Bureau of Labor Statistics expects the employment of speech-language pathologists to grow much faster than average. This is due to the large baby-boom population ages, there will be more instances of health conditions that cause speech or language impairments, such as strokes and hearing loss. Secondly, medical advances are improving the survival rate of premature infants and trauma victims, who may benefit from speech therapy.

With further education, some speech-language pathologists can become educators or researchers. Others can advance into management or administrative positions with greater responsibilities.

Medical speech-language pathologist programs at Mayo Clinic

Mayo Clinic offers several internships and a fellowship to prepare students for a career as a medical speech-language pathologist, including:

• Speech Language Pathology Clinical Fellowship (Arizona)
• Speech Pathology Internship (Arizona)
• Speech Pathology Internship (Florida)
• Speech Language Pathology Internship (Minnesota)

Browse similar careers

Audiologist

Occupational therapist

Recreational therapist

Careers in healthcare: Let us help you find your fit

• Daily Crossword
• Word Puzzle
• Word Finder
• Word of the Day
• Synonym of the Day
• Word of the Year
• Language stories
• All featured
• Gender and sexuality
• All pop culture
• Writing hub
• Grammar essentials
• Commonly confused
• All writing tips
• Pop culture
• Writing tips

Advertisement

speech-language pathologist

[ speech - lang -gwij p uh - thol - uh -jeest ]

• a person who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of speech and voice disorders, as stuttering, lisping, or lalling, and of language disturbances, as aphasia or delayed language acquisition. : SLP

Discover More

Word history and origins.

Origin of speech-language pathologist 1

Expressable brings speech therapy into the home

Leanne Sherred, a pediatric speech therapist, has long encountered challenges putting caregiver-led therapy into practice in traditional care settings.

Research suggests that caregiver-led speech therapy, which involves training the caregivers of patients in skill-building therapeutic techniques to use at home, can be highly effective. But as Sherred observed in the course of her practice, therapists often have limited access to caregivers and face serious educational and tech roadblocks .

In 2020, around the start of the pandemic, Sherred saw an opportunity to attempt a new, tech-forward speech therapy care model, one that put caregivers “at the center of care” (in her words). She teamed up with Nick Barbara (Sherred’s spouse), Spencer Magloff and Ryan Hinojosa to found Expressable , a platform that offers one-on-one virtual sessions with speech language pathologists.

“Layered on top of Expressable’s synchronous care is a platform that includes multimedia home programming, interactive weekly practice activities, therapist SMS support and more,” Magloff, Expressable’s chief marketing officer, told TechCrunch in an interview. “With Expressable, speech therapy isn’t limited to one to two times per week, void of caregiver participation.”

Expressable is covered by some insurance plans (including Medicaid) but also offers private pay rates and accepts HSAs and FSAs . It matches patients with speech therapists who might be able to meet their needs and fit their schedules. The matched therapist develops a treatment plan and then regularly meets with the patient and/or their caregiver for online sessions.

Some aspects of the plan are designed to be done on the patient’s own time, through Exressable’s self-service platform. Patients and caregivers can track progress week-to-week toward goals and milestones in their individualized plans.

Expressable, which caters to both adult and child patients with conditions ranging from language disorders to speech delays, aphasia, stuttering and autism spectrum disorder, differentiated itself early from many other telehealth startups by hiring its health specialists as W2 employees as opposed to contractors. While this increased Expressable’s medical licensing burden, it positioned the company well to handle challenging speech cases, Magloff says, which often require intensive, years-long treatment plans.

“With Expressable, parents and caregivers become active members of their patient’s care team, extending care into the home and throughout the entire therapeutic progress for faster outcomes,” Magloff said.

The digital and telehealth sector enjoyed liberal access to capital in the height of the pandemic but has cooled noticeably. But Expressable is bucking the trend, earlier this week closing a $26 million Series B round led by HarbourVest Partners with participation from Digitalis Ventures, F-Prime Capital and Lerer Hippeau.

With $50 million in the bank, Expressable plans to make improvements to its care delivery model and core tech, expand its payer relationships and grow its network of therapists as well as its operational team. The company’s also experimenting with various forms of AI, Magloff says.

“There are a number of relevant AI use cases we’re currently exploring or adapting to improve the client experience,” he added. “These could help catalog common speech errors, reduce administrative burdens on clinicians and improve operational efficiency.”

More TechCrunch

Get the industry’s biggest tech news, techcrunch daily news.

Every weekday and Sunday, you can get the best of TechCrunch’s coverage.

Startups Weekly

Startups are the core of TechCrunch, so get our best coverage delivered weekly.

TechCrunch Fintech

The latest Fintech news and analysis, delivered every Sunday.

TechCrunch Mobility

TechCrunch Mobility is your destination for transportation news and insight.

Spanish startups reached €100 billion in aggregated value in 2023, consolidating the country’s position as a midsize European tech ecosystem

Venture investment into Spanish startups also held up quite well, with €2.2 billion raised across some 850 funding rounds.

Featured Article

Onyx Motorbikes was in trouble — and then its 37-year-old owner died

James Khatiblou, the owner and CEO of Onyx Motorbikes, was watching his e-bike startup fall apart.  Onyx was being evicted from its warehouse in El Segundo, Los Angeles. The company’s unpaid bills were stacking up. His chief operating officer had abruptly resigned. A shipment of around 100 CTY2 dirt bikes from Chinese supplier Suzhou Jindao…

Iyo thinks its gen AI earbuds can succeed where Humane and Rabbit stumbled

Iyo represents a third form factor in the push to deliver standalone generative AI devices: Bluetooth earbuds.

Women in AI: Arati Prabhakar thinks it’s crucial to get AI ‘right’

Arati Prabhakar, profiled as part of TechCrunch’s Women in AI series, is director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy.

Doly lets you generate 3D product videos from your iPhone

AniML, the French startup behind a new 3D capture app called Doly, wants to create the PhotoRoom of product videos, sort of. If you’re selling sneakers on an online marketplace…

Elon Musk’s xAI raises $6B from Valor, a16z, and Sequoia

Elon Musk’s AI startup, xAI, has raised $6 billion in a new funding round, it said today, in one of the largest deals in the red-hot nascent space, as he…

Indian EV startup Zypp Electric secures backing to fund expansion to Southeast Asia

Indian startup Zypp Electric plans to use fresh investment from Japanese oil and energy conglomerate ENEOS to take its EV rental service into Southeast Asia early next year, TechCrunch has…

A venture capital firm looks back on changing norms, from board seats to backing rival startups

Last month, one of the Bay Area’s better-known early-stage venture capital firms, Uncork Capital, marked its 20th anniversary with a party in a renovated church in San Francisco’s SoMa neighborhood,…

Families of Uvalde shooting victims sue Activision and Meta

The families of victims of the shooting at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas are suing Activision and Meta, as well as gun manufacturer Daniel Defense. The families bringing the…

Y Combinator’s Garry Tan supports some AI regulation but warns against AI monopolies

Like most Silicon Valley VCs, what Garry Tan sees is opportunities for new, huge, lucrative businesses.

How Maven’s AI-run ‘serendipity network’ can make social media interesting again

Everything in society can feel geared toward optimization – whether that’s standardized testing or artificial intelligence algorithms. We’re taught to know what outcome you want to achieve, and find the…

Women in AI: Miriam Vogel stresses the need for responsible AI

Miriam Vogel, profiled as part of TechCrunch’s Women in AI series, is the CEO of the nonprofit responsible AI advocacy organization EqualAI.

What are Google’s AI Overviews good for?

Google has been taking heat for some of the inaccurate, funny, and downright weird answers that it’s been providing via AI Overviews in search. AI Overviews are the AI-generated search…

The ups and downs of investing in Europe, with VCs Saul Klein and Raluca Ragab

When it comes to the world of venture-backed startups, some issues are universal, and some are very dependent on where the startups and its backers are located. It’s something we…

Scarlett Johansson brought receipts to the OpenAI controversy

Welcome back to TechCrunch’s Week in Review — TechCrunch’s newsletter recapping the week’s biggest news. Want it in your inbox every Saturday? Sign up here. OpenAI announced this week that…

Deal Dive: Can blockchain make weather forecasts better? WeatherXM thinks so

Accurate weather forecasts are critical to industries like agriculture, and they’re also important to help prevent and mitigate harm from inclement weather events or natural disasters. But getting forecasts right…

Spyware app pcTattletale was hacked and its website defaced

pcTattletale’s website was briefly defaced and contained links containing files from the spyware maker’s servers, before going offline.

Synapse, backed by a16z, has collapsed, and 10 million consumers could be hurt

Synapse’s bankruptcy shows just how treacherous things are for the often-interdependent fintech world when one key player hits trouble. 

Women in AI: Sarah Myers West says we should ask, ‘Why build AI at all?’

Sarah Myers West, profiled as part of TechCrunch’s Women in AI series, is managing director at the AI Now institute.

This Week in AI: OpenAI and publishers are partners of convenience

Keeping up with an industry as fast-moving as AI is a tall order. So until an AI can do it for you, here’s a handy roundup of recent stories in the world…

AI tutors are quietly changing how kids in the US study, and the leading apps are from China

Evan, a high school sophomore from Houston, was stuck on a calculus problem. He pulled up Answer AI on his iPhone, snapped a photo of the problem from his Advanced…

Startups Weekly: Drama at Techstars. Drama in AI. Drama everywhere.

Welcome to Startups Weekly — Haje‘s weekly recap of everything you can’t miss from the world of startups. Sign up here to get it in your inbox every Friday. Well,…

From Plaid to Figma, here are the startups that are likely — or definitely — not having IPOs this year

Last year’s investor dreams of a strong 2024 IPO pipeline have faded, if not fully disappeared, as we approach the halfway point of the year. 2024 delivered four venture-backed tech…

Feds add nine more incidents to Waymo robotaxi investigation

Federal safety regulators have discovered nine more incidents that raise questions about the safety of Waymo’s self-driving vehicles operating in Phoenix and San Francisco.  The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration…

Pitch Deck Teardown: Terra One’s $7.5M Seed deck

Terra One’s pitch deck has a few wins, but also a few misses. Here’s how to fix that.

Women in AI: Chinasa T. Okolo researches AI’s impact on the Global South

Chinasa T. Okolo researches AI policy and governance in the Global South.

Disrupt 2024 early-bird tickets fly away next Friday

TechCrunch Disrupt takes place on October 28–30 in San Francisco. While the event is a few months away, the deadline to secure your early-bird tickets and save up to $800…

Big tech companies are plowing money into AI startups, which could help them dodge antitrust concerns

Another week, and another round of crazy cash injections and valuations emerged from the AI realm. DeepL, an AI language translation startup, raised $300 million on a $2 billion valuation;…

Harlem Capital is raising a $150 million fund

If raised, this new fund, the firm’s third, would be its largest to date.

US pharma giant Cencora says Americans’ health information stolen in data breach

About half a million patients have been notified so far, but the number of affected individuals is likely far higher.

Apraxia: What Is It and What Are the Symptoms?

A fter a retired speech-language pathologist had a stroke,  he struggled to articulate  his thoughts, even though he knew what he wanted to say. His wife didn't understand the source of his difficulties until a clinician showed her a video that explained what her husband wished he could tell her: His stroke caused apraxia.

Apraxia is a term used to describe a list of neurological disorders that impact speech, movement or gestures. Clinicians have observed apraxia  for centuries , but they still don't agree on which symptoms belong to which disorder type, and controversy persists.

What Is Apraxia?

Apraxia is a term used  to describe  a series of conditions that make it difficult or impossible for a person to perform a desired movement or gesture.

Depending on the person, apraxia can mean they struggle to make facial expressions in response to vocal commands. For other people, apraxia can mean they know what they want to say, but they are unable to form the words in an intelligible manner. Some people with apraxia can't replicate gestures, others have difficulty with sequencing events.

Apraxia stems from a dysfunction in the cerebral hemispheres, typically in the parietal lobe. A stroke, traumatic brain injury, tumor, lesion or other abscess can cause it.   

Read More: Could You Spot the Signs of a Stroke?

What Are the Different Types of Apraxia??

Scientists  began describing apraxia  in the 1860s, and started publishing on the disorder in the early 20th century. Researchers  initially identified  three main types of apraxia, later adding several more.  

Limb-kinetic apraxia

Also known as melokinetic, limb-kinetic apraxia affects  the person's ability  to make precise movements with a finger, arm or leg and can be seen in those with advanced Parkinson's disease. 

For example, a person with this type of apraxia knows how a screwdriver is held and twisted. But if they were given a screwdriver and told to tighten a screw, they would be unable to replicate the motion.

Ideomotor apraxia 

This motor-coordination condition makes it difficult for a person to replicate movements or use tools. It is the  most common type of apraxia  diagnosed during neurological assessments. For example, a person with ideomotor apraxia might see a neighbor wave at them. But their attempt to return the gesture might fail, be extremely slow or not resemble a wave. 

Ideational apraxia

This type of apraxia makes it difficult for a person to perform a sequence of events. For example, they might seal an envelope without placing the letter inside when preparing a piece of mail. 

Buccofacial apraxia

With  Buccofacial apraxia  (also called facial-oral apraxia), a person cannot coordinate their facial and lip movements. This could mean they can't blow out their birthday cake candles, wink at someone or cough on command.

Other types of apraxia address control of eye movements, and the abilities to assemble objects or to understand which tool to use in a specific context. 

Read More: 5 Neurological Diseases and the People Who Discovered Them

How Is Apraxia Different From Aphasia?

Starting in the 1950s, researchers  sought to understand  more about apraxia, and they were able to distinguish it from aphasia.  With apraxia , a person understands the motion, gesture or words they wish to form but are unable to do so. With aphasia, a person cannot speak or understand spoken words.

In the late 1990s, scientists began using imaging to study neurological similarities among people with apraxia. Defining apraxia, however,  remains controversial  and researchers disagree on symptoms among the varying types. Some scientists have even question whether apraxia qualifies as a distinct disorder. 

Read More: What Is Primary Progressive Aphasia?

What Is Apraxia of Speech?

When it comes to  apraxia of speech , damage to the Broca's area or posterior inferior left frontal lobe of the brain is the main cause. Depending on the location of the injury, the person might have a speech pattern that seems unnatural, or they might not have control over which part of the word they emphasize. In some cases, their speech is difficult to understand or unintelligible.

In adults, a variety of injuries to the brain, including stroke or brain tumors, can cause apraxia. Adults can work with a therapist to identify and work around their weaknesses. If need be, they can also receive emotional support as they adjust to a permanent loss of their abilities and a new way of communication.

Childhood apraxia of speech  is rare  and occurs in an estimated 0.1 percent of the population. The child typically has other impairments related to motor coordination and early interventions are recommended so the child can work within their abilities. 

Read More: What A Concussion Does To Your Brain

Can Apraxia Be Cured?

Children with apraxia of speech can work with a therapist to improve their articulation to be better understood, but the condition is considered lifelong. No matter the type, people with apraxia typically maintain some level of impairment for the remainder of their lives.

For example, the retired speech-language pathologist mentioned above did not improve his ability to speak and be understood. However, his clinician connected him with a support group with other people who had also had strokes. The pathologist made friends in the group, and although his speech did not improve over time, their shared experiences helped him feel understood.

Read More: 5 Thought-Provoking Facts About Brain Function