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Physics Fox

Learn physics better

Physics Fox is an interactive online textbook for high-school physics, all completely free of charge .

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Unlike other online resources, Physics Fox includes in-depth explanations of each topic, along with concise summaries.

As well as teaching the national curriculum, we highlight the connections between different topics, and why they matter .

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Physics Fox is an interactive online textbook for high-school physics, available completely free of charge .

As well as teaching the national curriculum, we emphasise the connections between different topics, and why they matter .

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Physics Fox ™

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Fundamentals, forces & motion, electricity, space, etc..

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• Solid vs Liquid vs Gas
• Internal Energy
• Brownian Motion
• Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection, Radiation
• Energy in the Home
• What are Waves?
• Time Period and Frequency
• Transverse vs Longitudinal Waves
• A Sound Introduction
• How Sound moves through Materials
• Echoes Echoes Echoes
• Frequency of Sound
• How your Ears Work
• Uses of Sound & Ultrasound
• The Electromagnetic Spectrum
• EM Spectrum: Uses and Dangers
• Specular & Diffuse Reflection
• Convex & Concave Mirrors
• Refraction (Intro)
• Convex & Concave Lenses
• Dispersion in Prisms
• Interference & Superposition
• Balanced Moments
• Simple Machines
• Pressure (Intro)
• Pressure in Liquids
• Atmospheric Pressure
• Hooke's Law
• Equilibrium
• Distance-Time Graphs
• Relative Motion
• Cells & Batteries
• Resistance & Resistors
• Ohm's Law
• Summary of Circuits 2
• Separated Charge 2: Electric Boogaloo
• Electrical Components: Motors, diodes, thermistors
• I-V Plots (Bulb, resistor, wire, diode)
• Magnetic Materials
• Magnetic Field of Many Magnets
• Soft & Hard Magnetic Materials
• Electromagnets (Intro)
• Gravitational Force (Again!)
• Earth's Tilt & the Seasons
• Lunar Eclipses
• Solar Eclipses
• The Life Cycle of a Star

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High School Physics Worksheets and Answer Keys, Study Guides and Vocabulary Sets.

PHYSICS is the study of matter, energy, and the interaction between them. Physics tries to answer main questions which include how did the universe begin? How will the universe change in the future? And what are the basic building blocks of matter?

Physics Worksheets and Study Guides High School

Electricity & magnetism, electric circuits, electricity and electrical energy - set i, electricity and electrical energy - set ii, electromagnetism, modern electronics, energy, work, & power, thermodynamics, work and energy, forces and motion, forces - set i, forces - set ii, laws of motion - set i, laws of motion - set ii, momentum and collisions, rotational motion/universal gravitation, the science of physics, atomic and nuclear physics, lab investigations, measurements and calculations, properties of matter, waves & optics, light and optics, vibrations and waves, newpath learning resources are fully aligned to us education standards. select a standard below to view aligned activities for your selected subject and grade:.

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Physics library

Unit 1: one-dimensional motion, unit 2: two-dimensional motion, unit 3: forces and newton's laws of motion, unit 4: centripetal force and gravitation, unit 5: work and energy, unit 6: impacts and linear momentum, unit 7: torque and angular momentum, unit 8: oscillations and mechanical waves, unit 9: fluids, unit 10: thermodynamics, unit 11: electric charge, field, and potential, unit 12: circuits, unit 13: magnetic forces, magnetic fields, and faraday's law, unit 14: electromagnetic waves and interference, unit 15: geometric optics, unit 16: special relativity, unit 17: quantum physics, unit 18: discoveries and projects, unit 19: review for ap physics 1 exam.

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• Metric Conversions Questions
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• Proportional Reasoning
• Acceleration
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• Dots and Graphs
• Graph That Motion
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• Motion Diagrams
• Pos'n Time Graphs Numerical
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• Up And Down - Questions
• Balanced vs. Unbalanced Forces
• Change of State
• Force and Motion
• Mass and Weight
• Match That Free-Body Diagram
• Net Force (and Acceleration) Ranking Tasks
• Newton's Second Law
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• Which One Doesn't Belong?
• Component Addition Questions
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• Vector Addition
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• Which One Doesn't Belong? Projectile Motion
• Forces in 2-Dimensions
• Being Impulsive About Momentum
• Explosions - Law Breakers
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• Case Studies: Impulse and Force
• Impulse-Momentum Change Table
• Keeping Track of Momentum - Hit and Stick
• Keeping Track of Momentum - Hit and Bounce
• What's Up (and Down) with KE and PE?
• Energy Conservation Questions
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• Case Studies - Circular Motion
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• Angular Position and Displacement
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• Properties of Matter
• Fluid Pressure
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• Pascal's Principle
• Flow Velocity
• Bernoulli's Principle
• Balloon Interactions
• Charge and Charging
• Charge Interactions
• Charging by Induction
• Conductors and Insulators
• Coulombs Law
• Electric Field
• Electric Field Intensity
• Polarization
• Case Studies: Electric Power
• Know Your Potential
• Light Bulb Anatomy
• I = ∆V/R Equations as a Guide to Thinking
• Parallel Circuits - ∆V = I•R Calculations
• Resistance Ranking Tasks
• Series Circuits - ∆V = I•R Calculations
• Series vs. Parallel Circuits
• Equivalent Resistance
• Period and Frequency of a Pendulum
• Pendulum Motion: Velocity and Force
• Energy of a Pendulum
• Period and Frequency of a Mass on a Spring
• Horizontal Springs: Velocity and Force
• Vertical Springs: Velocity and Force
• Energy of a Mass on a Spring
• Decibel Scale
• Frequency and Period
• Closed-End Air Columns
• Name That Harmonic: Strings
• Rocking the Boat
• Wave Basics
• Matching Pairs: Wave Characteristics
• Wave Interference
• Waves - Case Studies
• Color Addition and Subtraction
• Color Filters
• If This, Then That: Color Subtraction
• Light Intensity
• Color Pigments
• Converging Lenses
• Curved Mirror Images
• Law of Reflection
• Refraction and Lenses
• Total Internal Reflection
• Who Can See Who?
• Formulas and Atom Counting
• Atomic Models
• Bond Polarity
• Entropy Questions
• Cell Voltage Questions
• Heat of Formation Questions
• Reduction Potential Questions
• Oxidation States Questions
• Measuring the Quantity of Heat
• Hess's Law
• Oxidation-Reduction Questions
• Galvanic Cells Questions
• Thermal Stoichiometry
• Molecular Polarity
• Quantum Mechanics
• Balancing Chemical Equations
• Bronsted-Lowry Model of Acids and Bases
• Classification of Matter
• Collision Model of Reaction Rates
• Density Ranking Tasks
• Dissociation Reactions
• Complete Electron Configurations
• Elemental Measures
• Enthalpy Change Questions
• Equilibrium Concept
• Equilibrium Constant Expression
• Equilibrium Calculations - Questions
• Equilibrium ICE Table
• Intermolecular Forces Questions
• Ionic Bonding
• Lewis Electron Dot Structures
• Limiting Reactants
• Line Spectra Questions
• Mass Stoichiometry
• Measurement and Numbers
• Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
• Metric Estimations
• Metric System
• Molarity Ranking Tasks
• Mole Conversions
• Name That Element
• Names to Formulas
• Names to Formulas 2
• Nuclear Decay
• Particles, Words, and Formulas
• Periodic Trends
• Precipitation Reactions and Net Ionic Equations
• Pressure Concepts
• Pressure-Temperature Gas Law
• Pressure-Volume Gas Law
• Chemical Reaction Types
• Significant Digits and Measurement
• States Of Matter Exercise
• Stoichiometry Law Breakers
• Stoichiometry - Math Relationships
• Subatomic Particles
• Spontaneity and Driving Forces
• Gibbs Free Energy
• Volume-Temperature Gas Law
• Acid-Base Properties
• Energy and Chemical Reactions
• Chemical and Physical Properties
• Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
• Writing Balanced Chemical Equations
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• Vector Walk Interactive
• Name That Motion Interactive
• Kinematic Graphing 1 Concept Checker
• Kinematic Graphing 2 Concept Checker
• Graph That Motion Interactive
• Two Stage Rocket Interactive
• Rocket Sled Concept Checker
• Force Concept Checker
• Free-Body Diagrams Concept Checker
• Free-Body Diagrams The Sequel Concept Checker
• Skydiving Concept Checker
• Elevator Ride Concept Checker
• Vector Addition Concept Checker
• Vector Walk in Two Dimensions Interactive
• Name That Vector Interactive
• River Boat Simulator Concept Checker
• Projectile Simulator 2 Concept Checker
• Projectile Simulator 3 Concept Checker
• Hit the Target Interactive
• Turd the Target 1 Interactive
• Turd the Target 2 Interactive
• Balance It Interactive
• Go For The Gold Interactive
• Egg Drop Concept Checker
• Fish Catch Concept Checker
• Exploding Carts Concept Checker
• Collision Carts - Inelastic Collisions Concept Checker
• Its All Uphill Concept Checker
• Stopping Distance Concept Checker
• Chart That Motion Interactive
• Roller Coaster Model Concept Checker
• Uniform Circular Motion Concept Checker
• Horizontal Circle Simulation Concept Checker
• Vertical Circle Simulation Concept Checker
• Race Track Concept Checker
• Gravitational Fields Concept Checker
• Orbital Motion Concept Checker
• Angular Acceleration Concept Checker
• Balance Beam Concept Checker
• Torque Balancer Concept Checker
• Aluminum Can Polarization Concept Checker
• Charging Concept Checker
• Name That Charge Simulation
• Coulomb's Law Concept Checker
• Electric Field Lines Concept Checker
• Put the Charge in the Goal Concept Checker
• Circuit Builder Concept Checker (Series Circuits)
• Circuit Builder Concept Checker (Parallel Circuits)
• Circuit Builder Concept Checker (∆V-I-R)
• Circuit Builder Concept Checker (Voltage Drop)
• Equivalent Resistance Interactive
• Pendulum Motion Simulation Concept Checker
• Mass on a Spring Simulation Concept Checker
• Particle Wave Simulation Concept Checker
• Boundary Behavior Simulation Concept Checker
• Slinky Wave Simulator Concept Checker
• Simple Wave Simulator Concept Checker
• Wave Addition Simulation Concept Checker
• Standing Wave Maker Simulation Concept Checker
• Color Addition Concept Checker
• Painting With CMY Concept Checker
• Stage Lighting Concept Checker
• Filtering Away Concept Checker
• InterferencePatterns Concept Checker
• Young's Experiment Interactive
• Plane Mirror Images Interactive
• Who Can See Who Concept Checker
• Optics Bench (Mirrors) Concept Checker
• Name That Image (Mirrors) Interactive
• Refraction Concept Checker
• Total Internal Reflection Concept Checker
• Optics Bench (Lenses) Concept Checker
• Kinematics Preview
• Velocity Time Graphs Preview
• Moving Cart on an Inclined Plane Preview
• Stopping Distance Preview
• Cart, Bricks, and Bands Preview
• Fan Cart Study Preview
• Friction Preview
• Coffee Filter Lab Preview
• Friction, Speed, and Stopping Distance Preview
• Up and Down Preview
• Projectile Range Preview
• Ballistics Preview
• Juggling Preview
• Marshmallow Launcher Preview
• Air Bag Safety Preview
• Colliding Carts Preview
• Collisions Preview
• Engineering Safer Helmets Preview
• Push the Plow Preview
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• Energy on an Incline Preview
• Modeling Roller Coasters Preview
• Hot Wheels Stopping Distance Preview
• Ball Bat Collision Preview
• Energy in Fields Preview
• Weightlessness Training Preview
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• Universal Gravitation Preview
• Keplers Laws Preview
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• Voltage, Current, and Resistance Preview
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• Thermal Equilibrium Preview
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• Electricity and Magnetism - Part 1 Preview
• Electricity and Magnetism - Part 2 Preview
• Vibrating Mass on a Spring Preview
• Period of a Pendulum Preview
• Wave Speed Preview
• Slinky-Experiments Preview
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• DeciBel Scale Preview
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• Sound of Music Preview
• Shedding Light on Light Bulbs Preview
• Models of Light Preview
• Electromagnetic Radiation Preview
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• Digitized Data Preview
• Light Intensity Preview
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• Object Image Relations Preview
• Snells Law Preview
• Reflection vs. Transmission Preview
• Magnification Lab Preview
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• Ions and the Periodic Table Preview
• Periodic Trends Preview
• Intermolecular Forces Preview
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• Bond Energy and Reactions Preview
• Reaction Rates Preview
• Ammonia Factory Preview
• Stoichiometry Preview
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• Gaining Teacher Access
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• 1-D Kinematics
• Newton's Laws
• Vectors - Motion and Forces in Two Dimensions
• Momentum and Its Conservation
• Work and Energy
• Circular Motion and Satellite Motion
• Thermal Physics
• Static Electricity
• Electric Circuits
• Vibrations and Waves
• Sound Waves and Music
• Light and Color
• Reflection and Mirrors
• About the Physics Interactives
• Task Tracker
• Usage Policy
• Newtons Laws
• Vectors and Projectiles
• Forces in 2D
• Momentum and Collisions
• Circular and Satellite Motion
• Balance and Rotation
• Electromagnetism
• Waves and Sound
• Atomic Physics
• Forces in Two Dimensions
• Work, Energy, and Power
• Circular Motion and Gravitation
• Sound Waves
• 1-Dimensional Kinematics
• Circular, Satellite, and Rotational Motion
• Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity
• Waves, Sound and Light
• QuickTime Movies
• About the Concept Builders
• Pricing For Schools
• Directions for Version 2
• Measurement and Units
• Relationships and Graphs
• Rotation and Balance
• Vibrational Motion
• Reflection and Refraction
• Teacher Accounts
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• Kinematic Concepts
• Kinematic Graphing
• Wave Motion
• Sound and Music
• About CalcPad
• 1D Kinematics
• Vectors and Forces in 2D
• Simple Harmonic Motion
• Rotational Kinematics
• Rotation and Torque
• Rotational Dynamics
• Electric Fields, Potential, and Capacitance
• Transient RC Circuits
• Light Waves
• Units and Measurement
• Stoichiometry
• Molarity and Solutions
• Thermal Chemistry
• Acids and Bases
• Kinetics and Equilibrium
• Solution Equilibria
• Oxidation-Reduction
• Nuclear Chemistry
• Newton's Laws of Motion
• Work and Energy Packet
• Static Electricity Review
• NGSS Alignments
• 1D-Kinematics
• Projectiles
• Circular Motion
• Magnetism and Electromagnetism
• Graphing Practice
• About the ACT
• ACT Preparation
• For Teachers
• Other Resources
• Solutions Guide
• Solutions Guide Digital Download
• Motion in One Dimension
• Work, Energy and Power
• Algebra Based Physics
• Other Tools
• Frequently Asked Questions
• Purchasing the Download
• Purchasing the CD
• Purchasing the Digital Download
• About the NGSS Corner
• NGSS Search
• Force and Motion DCIs - High School
• Energy DCIs - High School
• Wave Applications DCIs - High School
• Force and Motion PEs - High School
• Energy PEs - High School
• Wave Applications PEs - High School
• Crosscutting Concepts
• The Practices
• Physics Topics
• NGSS Corner: Activity List
• NGSS Corner: Infographics
• About the Toolkits
• Position-Velocity-Acceleration
• Position-Time Graphs
• Velocity-Time Graphs
• Newton's First Law
• Newton's Second Law
• Newton's Third Law
• Terminal Velocity
• Projectile Motion
• Forces in 2 Dimensions
• Impulse and Momentum Change
• Momentum Conservation
• Work-Energy Fundamentals
• Work-Energy Relationship
• Roller Coaster Physics
• Satellite Motion
• Electric Fields
• Circuit Concepts
• Series Circuits
• Parallel Circuits
• Describing-Waves
• Wave Behavior Toolkit
• Standing Wave Patterns
• Resonating Air Columns
• Wave Model of Light
• Plane Mirrors
• Curved Mirrors
• Teacher Guide
• Using Lab Notebooks
• Current Electricity
• Light Waves and Color
• Reflection and Ray Model of Light
• Refraction and Ray Model of Light
• Classes (Legacy Version)
• Teacher Resources
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• Newton's Laws
• Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity
• About Concept Checkers
• School Pricing
• Newton's Laws of Motion
• Newton's First Law
• Newton's Third Law

READ WATCH INTERACT

TEACHER TOOLS

PRACTICE REVIEW TEST

THE PHYSICS CLASSROOM TUTORIAL

A set of instructional pages written in an easy-to-understand language and complemented by graphics and Check Your Understanding sections. An ideal starting location for those grasping for understanding or searching for answers.

PHYSICS SIMULATIONS

The Physics Interactives includes a large collection of HTML5 interactive physics simulations. Designed with tablets such as the iPad and with Chromebooks in mind, this user-friendly section is filled with skill-building exercises, physics simulations, and game-like challenges.

PHYSICS VIDEO TUTORIAL

Our Video Tutorial provides a video-based alternative to the written Tutorial above. We aim to present relatively short, highly-organized presentations with a strong graphical component on discrete topics. Watch them on our site or follow the links to YouTube. We add videos quite frequently so stop back by if you don't find what you are looking for. Or subscribe to our YouTube channel,  tap the bell , and receive notifications when new videos come out.

MULTIMEDIA PHYSICS STUDIOS

A large collection of GIF animations and QuickTime movies designed to demonstrate physics principles in a visual manner. Each animation is accompanied by explanations and links to further information.

CONCEPT BUILDERS

Have you tried a Concept Builder lately? You should. This growing collection of cognitively-rich exercises will focus student attention on discrete learning goals. Filled with interactive elements, this section is the perfect tool for getting students thinking about the meaning of concepts. Perfect for students and 1:1 classrooms using iPads, Chromebooks, and the like. And for Chemistry types, we've added a large collection of Chemistry Concept Builders. 

MINDS ON PHYSICS - VERSION 5   

Minds On Physics - Version 5 is the HTML5 version of Minds On Physics that replaces our App and Legacy versions. Relying on a large bank of carefully crafted questions, Minds On Physics seeks to improve students' conceptions of physics. "MOPs" combines interactive questioning modules with a thorough, question-specific Help system to engage students in an exercise in thinking, reflecting, and learning. Version 5 is our best-yet version of Minds On Physics. There is a fully functional free version and a paid version that integrates seamlessly with our Task Tracker system and offers some rather enticing features.  

THE CALCULATOR PAD

Version 2 of the Calculator Pad is now available. Our newest version includes >2500 Physics and Chemistry problems organized into >250 ready-to-use problem sets. Numerical information is randomly-generated. An answer box allows students to solve and check their answers. Most problems are accompanied  by an audio-guided solution that explains how to solve a similar problem while hilighting the habits that can be adopted for solving any problem. Teachers with Task Tracker accounts can modify problems and problem sets and even create their own problems. Task Tracker also allows teachers to assign problems to their students and track their progress. 

CONCEPT CHECKERS  

Concept Checkers were built to coordinate with the Physics Interactives section of our website. Relying upon our Task Tracker tool to deliver questions, check answers, and track student progress, a Concept Checker is designed to coordinate with an interactive simulation. Use it as a follow-up check to understanding after exploring the simulation. Most sims are accompanied by a Concept Checker. Some sims have Task Tracker code built into the simulation. But not all sims will have a Concept Checker.  Concept Checkers can be used with or without a Task Tracker account. 

THE SCIENCE REASONING CENTER

The Science Reasoning Center is our most recent upgrade. This section includes about 70 activities that are perfect for encouraging scientific reasoning skills. Students use science and engineering practices, combined with cross cutting science concepts and core ideas from the disciplines of physics (and chemistry) to analyze phenomenon, experiments, and data presentations. We broke ground in April of 2023; we will continue work throughout the 2023-24 school year.

THE REVIEW SESSION

A collection of pages with questions and answers/explanations which serve as reviews or practice. Each review complements a chapter from The Physics Classroom Tutorial.

PHYSICS HELP

A variety of question-and-answer pages which target specific concepts and skills. Topics range from the graphical analysis of motion and drawing free body diagrams to a discussion of vectors and vector addition.

ACT TEST CENTER

Calling all high school juniors: You've trusted The Physics Classroom to help prepare you for that unit exam in physics. Why not trust us to help prepare you for the biggest test of the year - the ACT test? That's right. Let the TPC help you with the ACT.

CURRICULUM CORNER

A collection of classroom ready worksheets for use by teachers with their classes. Pages are synchronized to readings from The Physics Classroom Tutorial and to assignments of The Minds On Physics Internet Modules. And now teachers can purchase The Solutions Guide containing complete answers, explanations and solutions to all worksheets. This is a section of great usefulness to teachers and of little interest to students. The Solutions Guide is available as a Digital Download.

LESSON PLANS AND PACING GUIDES

We are building a collection of lesson plans and pacing guides for multiple units for a variety of course types. The lesson plans will provide teachers with a concrete demonstration of how resources at The Physics Classroom can be incorporated into a course. We will also have corresponding pre-built courses available for Task Tracker users that mirror the lesson plans viewed in this section. These pre-built courses allow teachers to easily hit the ground running  with their Task Tracker classes. We expect this project to be completed by August 1, 2024. Until then, we will release content incrementally as we complete it. Teachers can tap the link and view samples of what we currently have completed.

TEACHER PRESENTATION PACK

Our Teacher Presentation Pack is a downloadable product that includes nearly 190 Microsoft PowerPoint slide decks, about 170 animations and videos in .mp4 and .gif formats, too-many-to-count stand-alone images, and a Lesson Notes page for every slide deck. The slide decks are compatible with Google Slides. We did our best to make the product ready-to-use and at the same time fully customizable. It's a great tool in the toolbox for any early-career teacher, cross-over teacher, or even veteran teacher.

QUESTION BANK

Writing good tests and quizzes for your physics class just got a whole lot easier! With The Physics Classroom's Question Bank, physics teachers can quickly put together multiple choice and free-response quizzes and tests that target concepts discussed at The Physics Classroom website. The Question Bank is available for purchase as a both a CD resource and as a Digital Download. Use of the Question Bank requires the Microsoft Word application. (Answers are NOT included on the Question Bank.)

NGSS CORNER

Our newest section, the NGSS Corner assists teachers of Physics and Physical Science in aligning their curricula with the Next Generation Science Standards. Numerous resources are identified and their alignment with the NGSS is described.

TEACHER TOOLKITS

The Teacher Toolkits provide teachers with packages of online resources (simulations, movies, animations, demonstration ideas, etc.) that are organized around a topic and a set of learning objectives. These resources, when combined with the numerous resources on our own site, allow teachers to plan high-quality, engaging instruction and to map out a curriculum that is NGSS-based.

THE LABORATORY

While you explore the approximately 150 labs here at The Laboratory, you will likely generate some questions about how they are used and how you can use them. This page, and the pages it links to, are hoped to provide some answers to those questions.

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In 1988, the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition (led by M. E. Kilunovskaya and V. A. Semenov) discovered a unique burial of the early Iron Age at Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva. There are two burial mounds of the Aldy-Bel culture dated by 7th century BC. Within the barrows, which adjoined one another, forming a figure-of-eight, there were discovered 7 burials, from which a representative collection of artifacts was recovered. Burial 5 was the most unique, it was found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, with a tightly closed lid. Due to the preservative properties of larch and lack of air access, the coffin contained a well-preserved mummy of a child with an accompanying set of grave goods. The interred individual retained the skin on his face and had a leather headdress painted with red pigment and a coat, sewn from jerboa fur. The coat was belted with a leather belt with bronze ornaments and buckles. Besides that, a leather quiver with arrows with the shafts decorated with painted ornaments, fully preserved battle pick and a bow were buried in the coffin. Unexpectedly, the full-genomic analysis, showed that the individual was female. This fact opens a new aspect in the study of the social history of the Scythian society and perhaps brings us back to the myth of the Amazons, discussed by Herodotus. Of course, this discovery is unique in its preservation for the Scythian culture of Tuva and requires careful study and conservation.

Keywords: Tuva, Early Iron Age, early Scythian period, Aldy-Bel culture, barrow, burial in the coffin, mummy, full genome sequencing, aDNA

Information about authors: Marina Kilunovskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Vladimir Semenov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Varvara Busova  (Moscow, Russian Federation).  (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Kharis Mustafin  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Irina Alborova  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Biological Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Alina Matzvai  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected]

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