example of transition in essay

Writing Studio

Common transition words and phrases.

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Transitions clarify the logic of your argument by orienting your reader as you develop ideas between sentences and paragraphs. These tools should alert readers to shifts in your argument while and also maintain the smoothness and clarity of your prose. Below, you’ll find some of the most commonly used transition categories and examples of each. Depending on the example, these suggestions may be within sentences or at the beginning of sentences.

Transitions by Category

1. addition.

Use when presenting multiple ideas that flow in the same direction, under the same heading/ idea also, another, finally, first, first of all, for one thing, furthermore, in addition, last of all, likewise, moreover, next, and, second, the third reason

2. Sequence/ Order

Use to suggest a temporal relationship between ideas; places evidence in sequence first, second (etc.), next, last, finally, first of all, concurrently, immediately, prior to, then, at that time, at this point, previously, subsequently, and then, at this time, thereafter, previously, soon, before, after, followed by, after that, next, before, after, meanwhile, formerly, finally, during

3. Contrast

Use to demonstrate differences between ideas or change in argument direction but, however, in contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary, yet, differ, difference, balanced against, differing from, variation, still, on the contrary, unlike, conversely, otherwise, on the other hand, however

4. Exception

Use to introduce an opposing idea however, whereas, on the other hand, while, instead, in spite of, yet, despite, still, nevertheless, even though, in contrast, but, but one could also say…

5. Comparison

Use to demonstrate similarities between ideas that may not be under the same subject heading or within the same paragraph like, likewise, just, in a different way / sense, whereas, like, equally, in like manner, by comparison, similar to, in the same way, alike, similarity, similarly, just as, as in a similar fashion, conversely

6. Illustration

Use to develop or clarify an idea, to introduce examples, or to show that the second idea is subordinate to the first for example, to illustrate, on this occasion, this can be seen, in this case, specifically, once, to illustrate, when/where, for instance, such as, to demonstrate, take the case of, in this case

7. Location

Use to show spatial relations next to, above, below, beneath, left, right, behind, in front, on top, within

8. Cause and Effect

Use to show that one idea causes, or results from, the idea that follows or precedes it because, therefore, so that, cause, reason, effect, thus, consequently, since, as a result, if…then, result in

9. Emphasis

Use to suggest that an idea is particularly important to your argument important to note, most of all, a significant factor, a primary concern, a key feature, remember that, pay particular attention to, a central issue, the most substantial issue, the main value, a major event, the chief factor, a distinctive quality, especially valuable, the chief outcome, a vital force, especially relevant, most noteworthy, the principal item, above all, should be noted

10. Summary or Conclusion

Use to signal that what follows is summarizing or concluding the previous ideas; in humanities papers, use these phrases sparingly. to summarize, in short, in brief, in sum, in summary, to sum up, in conclusion, to conclude, finally

Some material adapted from Cal Poly Pomona College Reading Skills Program and “ Power Tools for Technical Communication .”

Writing Effective Sentence Transitions (Advanced)

Transitions are the rhetorical tools that clarify the logic of your argument by orienting your reader as you develop ideas between sentences and paragraphs. The ability to integrate sentence transitions into your prose, rather than simply throwing in overt transition signals like “in addition,” indicates your mastery of the material. (Note: The visibility of transitions may vary by discipline; consult with your professor to get a better sense of discipline or assignment specific expectations.)

Transition Signals

Transition signals are words or phrases that indicate the logic connecting sets of information or ideas. Signals like therefore, on the other hand, for example, because, then, and afterwards can be good transition tools at the sentence and paragraph level. When using these signals, be conscious of the real meaning of these terms; they should reflect the actual relationship between ideas.

Review Words

Review words are transition tools that link groups of sentences or whole paragraphs. They condense preceding discussion into a brief word or phrase. For example: You’ve just completed a detailed discussion about the greenhouse effect. To transition to the next topic, you could use review words like “this heat-trapping process” to refer back to the green house effect discussion. The relative ability to determine a cogent set of review words might signal your own understanding of your work; think of review words as super-short summaries of key ideas.

Preview words

Preview words condense an upcoming discussion into a brief word or phrase. For example: You’ve just explained how heat is trapped in the earth’s atmosphere. Transitioning to the theory that humans are adding to that effect, you could use preview words like “sources of additional CO2 in the atmosphere include” to point forward to that discussion.

Transition Sentences

The strongest and most sophisticated tools, transition sentences indicate the connection between the preceding and upcoming pieces of your argument. They often contain one or more of the above transition tools. For example: You’ve just discussed how much CO2 humans have added to the atmosphere. You need to transition to a discussion of the effects. A strong set of transition sentences between the two sections might sound like this:

“These large amounts of CO2 added to the atmosphere may lead to a number of disastrous consequences for residents of planet earth. The rise in global temperature that accompanies the extra CO2 can yield effects as varied as glacial melting and species extinction.”

In the first sentence, the review words are “These large amounts of CO2 added to the atmosphere”; the preview words are “number of disastrous consequences”; the transition signals are “may lead to.” The topic sentence of the next paragraph indicates the specific “disastrous consequences” you will discuss.

If you don’t see a way to write a logical, effective transition between sentences, ideas or paragraphs, this might indicate organizational problems in your essay; you might consider revising your work.

Some material adapted from Cal Poly Pomona College Reading Skills Program and “ Power Tools for Technical Communication .”

Last revised: 07/2008 | Adapted for web delivery: 05/2021

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Transitional Words and Phrases

One of your primary goals as a writer is to present ideas in a clear and understandable way. To help readers move through your complex ideas, you want to be intentional about how you structure your paper as a whole as well as how you form the individual paragraphs that comprise it. In order to think through the challenges of presenting your ideas articulately, logically, and in ways that seem natural to your readers, check out some of these resources: Developing a Thesis Statement , Paragraphing , and Developing Strategic Transitions: Writing that Establishes Relationships and Connections Between Ideas.

While clear writing is mostly achieved through the deliberate sequencing of your ideas across your entire paper, you can guide readers through the connections you’re making by using transitional words in individual sentences. Transitional words and phrases can create powerful links between your ideas and can help your reader understand your paper’s logic.

In what follows, we’ve included a list of frequently used transitional words and phrases that can help you establish how your various ideas relate to each other. We’ve divided these words and phrases into categories based on the common kinds of relationships writers establish between ideas.

Two recommendations: Use these transitions strategically by making sure that the word or phrase you’re choosing matches the logic of the relationship you’re emphasizing or the connection you’re making. All of these words and phrases have different meanings, nuances, and connotations, so before using a particular transitional word in your paper, be sure you understand its meaning and usage completely, and be sure that it’s the right match for your paper’s logic. Use these transitional words and phrases sparingly because if you use too many of them, your readers might feel like you are overexplaining connections that are already clear.

Categories of Transition Words and Phrases

Causation Chronology Combinations Contrast Example

Importance Location Similarity Clarification Concession

Conclusion Intensification Purpose Summary

Transitions to help establish some of the most common kinds of relationships

Causation– Connecting instigator(s) to consequence(s).

accordingly as a result and so because

consequently for that reason hence on account of

since therefore thus

Chronology– Connecting what issues in regard to when they occur.

after afterwards always at length during earlier following immediately in the meantime

later never next now once simultaneously so far sometimes

soon subsequently then this time until now when whenever while

Combinations Lists– Connecting numerous events. Part/Whole– Connecting numerous elements that make up something bigger.

additionally again also and, or, not as a result besides even more

finally first, firstly further furthermore in addition in the first place in the second place

last, lastly moreover next second, secondly, etc. too

Contrast– Connecting two things by focusing on their differences.

after all although and yet at the same time but

despite however in contrast nevertheless nonetheless notwithstanding

on the contrary on the other hand otherwise though yet

Example– Connecting a general idea to a particular instance of this idea.

as an illustration e.g., (from a Latin abbreviation for “for example”)

for example for instance specifically that is

to demonstrate to illustrate

Importance– Connecting what is critical to what is more inconsequential.

chiefly critically

foundationally most importantly

of less importance primarily

Location– Connecting elements according to where they are placed in relationship to each other.

above adjacent to below beyond

centrally here nearby neighboring on

opposite to peripherally there wherever

Similarity– Connecting to things by suggesting that they are in some way alike.

by the same token in like manner

in similar fashion here in the same way

likewise wherever

Other kinds of transitional words and phrases Clarification

i.e., (from a Latin abbreviation for “that is”) in other words

that is that is to say to clarify to explain

to put it another way to rephrase it

granted it is true

naturally of course

finally lastly

in conclusion in the end

to conclude

Intensification

in fact indeed no

of course surely to repeat

undoubtedly without doubt yes

for this purpose in order that

so that to that end

to this end

in brief in sum

in summary in short

to sum up to summarize

Improving Your Writing Style

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Avoid unneccessarily inflated words

Avoid noun strings

Connecting Ideas Through Transitions

Using Transitional Words and Phrases

Understanding Transition Sentences (For Essays and Writing with Examples)

What are transition sentences? And how do they work? Is there a correct way to use them? And an incorrect way? Understanding transition sentences is critical when writing essays, articles, or any type of logical flow.

Learn what transitional sentences are in this short guide…

What are transition sentences?

When you write an article, essay (or anything), you’ll want to write it in a logical sequence. You start with an introduction, highlight your points, and then end with a conclusion. Throughout your writing, you would be using sentences to express your thought. To make your writing effective, you need to link the sentences together in a logical way .

This is where transition sentences can be helpful.

As the name suggests, a transition sentence links the thoughts you are expressing in your writing. They make use of words and phrases that act as a bridge between different parts of your writing.

Transition sentences allow your reader to move smoothly from one section to another. Without transition sentences, your reader might not be able to understand the link between different parts of your writing.

What makes a good transition sentence?

Look at this example:

The CEO was very clear that productivity and efficiency were the two key things he would focus on. However , the legacy systems followed by the company acted as a detriment. Tech modernization was the solution that would enhance productivity and efficiency.

Sentences one and three make sense by themselves. But it is important to establish a relationship between the two. This is what the second sentence does . It acts as a bridge (or transition) between the first and third sentences. By doing so, it helps the writer communicate their ideas more effectively.

A good transition sentence would bring clarity by linking ideas expressed in the sentences before and after it. Words and phrases like ‘however,’ ‘in contrast,’ ‘for instance,’ ‘in fact,’ and ‘therefore’ can get used to help make the transition.

Many transition words are available to use. Choose the appropriate word for the situation.

For example, if you want to show the sequence between two sentences, you can use a word like ‘then’ or ‘after.’ If you want to emphasize a point through the transition, you can use ‘indeed,’ ‘especially,’ or ‘particularly.’

Transition words can be used at the start of the sentence ( e.g. , Surely , you are not going to go now!). It can also be used within the sentence (e.g., I rejected the job offer because the salary was lesser than my present pay ).

Here are a few tips that will help you use transition words correctly:

When sentences within a paragraph sound abrupt or awkward, you need to use transition words to link them.
Choose the correct transition word that is appropriate to the situation. A wrong selection can make your reader confused.
When moving from one idea to another, use a transition word to let the reader know.
Don’t make the mistake of overusing transition words. Too many transition words can end up making your writing look messy.

List of words for transition sentences

Some common words used in transition sentences are:

Furthermore
Nevertheless
Specifically

List of phrases for transition sentences

Transition sentences would use both words and phrases as the bridge. A few phrases that are used include:

In other words
On the contrary
As a result
In the long run
As you can see
In the following
In the previous
Having established
Most importantly
For example/instance
By the time

5 Examples of Transitions (Types of Transitions)

Conjunctive adverbs can be used to establish the logical link between ideas. They can be classified under five heads. It must be noted some words appear in multiple categories.

Of addition

Additionally
In addition
In the same way

The following example will make this clear.

First , put a pan on the stove and heat it. Next , add oil to the pan.

In the above, first and next act as the transition and are adding on to what is being said previously.

Of contrast

These words establish a contrast or difference while making the transition.

In contrast
Even though
At any rate
In spite of that
On the other hand

The island was not the paradise we were hoping for. On the contrary , it was dirty, noisy, and had unmanageable traffic.

The above example brings out a contrast between expectations and reality.

Of comparison

By comparison
In the same manner

Jonathan is crazy about chess. His daughter is similarly a big fan of the board game.

In this example, the word similarly shows a comparison between father and daughter. You may note the transition word need not be at the start of the sentence. It can be placed anywhere.

These transition words are indicative of a result. It shows the result of the previous sentence/idea.

Consequently

Their star player was suffering from a hamstring injury and could not play. Hence , their team faced a humiliating defeat on match day.

The star player’s absence resulted in the team’s defeat. The transition word ‘Hence’ in the example is the bridge between the cause/event and the result.

Some transition words show relationships in time. They include:

Simultaneously
Subsequently

The speaker will be a bit late for the talk. Meanwhile , let’s ask the participants to share their views on the program .

As the speaker will be late, there is time left. So, the participants are asked to share their views and opinions. In this example, ‘Meanwhile’ is a transition word that shows relationship to time.

Subordinating conjunctions and transition sentences

You can use a subordinating conjunction in a sentence to join a dependent clause to an independent clause .

Example: When the postman came, my dog greeted him with a volley of barks.

In this example, the word ‘when’ is the subordinating conjunction that joins ‘the postman came’ and ‘my dog greeted him …’

The subordinating conjunction serves a special purpose here. It acts as a transition between two ideas. The use of the coordinating conjunction provides a logical flow.

Example: He is smarter than you are.

In this example, “than” is the subordinating conjunction that connects ‘He is smarter’ and ‘you are.’ It provides the bridge or transition between the two clauses .

Let’s look at another example to understand this. There are two clauses – ‘The spring arrives’ and ‘my hay fever gets aggravated. A subordinating conjunction can link the two. We can use ‘As’ here. So, the sentence would now read – ‘ As the spring arrives, my hay fever gets aggravated.’

Correlative conjunctions and transition sentences

The correlative conjunction shows a correlation between two words or phrases within a sentence. They play a key role in transition sentences. The use of a correlative conjunction ensures a smooth flow between two sentences or ideas.

Example: My boss totally ignored my work. Neither my hard work nor my punctuality impressed him. So, I decided to move on and look for a new job.

In the above example, sentences one and three are independent and convey the meaning clearly. However, the second sentence acts as a transition explaining why sentence one leads to sentence two.

In the second sentence, we see the use of neither … nor. This combination of words acts as correlative conjunctions in this example.

Some other words that work as correlative conjunctions are:

Either … or
Neither … nor
Whether … or
Not only … Also

Whether you want to have dinner or prefer to skip it is entirely left to you.

The above example uses Whether … or as correlative conjunctions in the sentence.

Examples of transition sentences

Examples of transition sentences:

Communicate similarities

To communicate similarities, you can use transitional words like:

Examples of sentences where the transition word communicates similarities:

He decided to join the army just as his brother had done five years back.
You can fly this plane the same way you flew the trainer jet; there is no real difference.
All the employees in the Production department come from the neighboring town . Similarly , the store staff is also from that town.

Express emphasis

Words like ‘especially,’ ‘above all,’ ‘particularly’, ‘indeed,’ in fact,’ and ‘in particular’ can be used to express emphasis. When used in transition sentences, they emphasize the idea express previously.

She was overweight. In fact , it won’t be wrong to say she was grossly obese.
I liked the blue dress in particular .
Indeed , it won’t be wrong to say that her arrogance led to the engagement’s breakup.
There is a lot of focus on improving public services, especially education.

Cause and effect

Transition sentences can be very helpful in showing cause and effect or result. The following words can be used for this:

Accordingly
At that time
They spent the entire semester binge-watching shows. Consequently , they failed to obtain pass marks on any of the papers.
There are just ten items left in stock. Hence , it would be better if we suspend taking new orders at present.
The tests revealed that his blood pressure and cholesterol levels were very high. As a result , the doctor decided that he had to increase the dosage of his medicines.

Position or place can be indicated through the use of transition words like:

At the back

Here are some example sentences:

Walk towards the bookshelf. Adjacent to the shelf is a table, that’s where you will find the money.
The house was located a few yards from the river. Next to the house was the scary-looking tree.
You will see the building with the red flag. The storeroom is at the back of this building.

Describe a sequence

Transition words are perfect to use while describing a sequence. The words that can be used are:

Followed by
First , write down all the numbers in the form of a list. Next , add all the numbers. Finally , write down the total.
Initially , three employees were working on the project. Subsequently , the project grew the numbers rise to twenty.
The private plane owned by the CEO was the first to land. This was followed by the helicopter containing the crew.

To show examples

Transition words can be used to show examples or illustrate a particular point. Some words to use are:

For example
For instance
Illustrated by
As an example
In this case
On this occasion
To illustrate
To demonstrate
The speaker displayed the blueprint of the equipment on the screen. To illustrat e its working, he showed a video.
There are seven tools you can use to solve this problem. As an example , I will talk about the fishbone diagram.
Different essential oils can help you feel relaxed. For instance , using lavender oil makes you feel refreshed and rejuvenated.

How to use transition sentences between paragraphs

Transition sentences can get used within a paragraph. It also can get used between paragraphs.

This is important since the transition sentence provides a flow between paragraphs . It allows the readers to understand the relationship between the ideas expressed in those two different paragraphs.

When you start writing a paragraph , show a link to the previous paragraph in the first sentence. This establishes a bridge between both paragraphs.

Here’s an example:

There is no doubt that the effects of pollution by industries. This is why activists call for a ban on industries to stop pollution.

Despite the previous argument , we must also think about the economy. Banning industries will bring the economy to a standstill.

This example, ‘despite the previous argument’ is used to transition between the two paragraphs.

In contrast, the first part calls for a ban on industries, and the second discusses the economic effect. Using a transition allows for a smooth flow between the two.

Examples of transition sentences for essays

The use of transitions is very important in essays. An essay is written to convey an idea, opinion, or viewpoint. To ensure its effectiveness, transition sentences are needed at different parts of the essay. Transition sentences are needed between sentences, between sections, and at the conclusion of the essay.

A few examples of this:

Having established that a large majority of students have internet access, we can conclude t hat e-learning is a distinct possibility.
All the employees have a smartphone. In fact , most of them connect to the company’s Wi-Fi using their phone.

Examples of transition words for concluding sentences

Transition sentences are used throughout a write-up. It is imperative that the conclusion also has a transition. Your write-up needs to end with a summary of what you are trying to say. Or with a call-to-action. Using transition words in the conclusion can help you achieve this.

A few transition words you can consider using are:

In conclusion
As shown above
On the whole
Generally speaking
To summarize
To summarize , sustained use of this medicine offers significant benefits to patients.
In summary, democracy has many limitations but no other acceptable alternative.
Ultimately , it all boils down to the decision taken by the customer.
In short , the best option available is to get funds from a new investor.

Sentence structure

Core lessons

Abstract Noun
Accusative Case
Active Sentence
Alliteration
Adjective Clause
Adjective Phrase
Adverbial Clause
Appositive Phrase
Body Paragraph
Compound Adjective
Complex Sentence
Compound Words
Compound Predicate
Common Noun
Comparative Adjective
Comparative and Superlative
Compound Noun
Compound Subject
Compound Sentence
Copular Verb
Collective Noun
Colloquialism
Conciseness
Conditional
Concrete Noun
Conjunction
Conjugation
Conditional Sentence
Comma Splice
Correlative Conjunction
Coordinating Conjunction
Coordinate Adjective
Cumulative Adjective
Dative Case
Declarative Statement
Direct Object Pronoun
Direct Object
Dangling Modifier
Demonstrative Pronoun
Demonstrative Adjective
Direct Characterization
Definite Article
Doublespeak
Equivocation Fallacy
Future Perfect Progressive
Future Simple
Future Perfect Continuous
Future Perfect
First Conditional
Gerund Phrase
Genitive Case
Helping Verb
Irregular Adjective
Irregular Verb
Imperative Sentence
Indefinite Article
Intransitive Verb
Introductory Phrase
Indefinite Pronoun
Indirect Characterization
Interrogative Sentence
Intensive Pronoun
Inanimate Object
Indefinite Tense
Infinitive Phrase
Interjection
Intensifier
Indicative Mood
Juxtaposition
Linking Verb
Misplaced Modifier
Nominative Case
Noun Adjective
Object Pronoun
Object Complement
Order of Adjectives
Prepositional Phrase
Past Simple Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Progressive Tense
Present Simple Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Personal Pronoun
Personification
Persuasive Writing
Parallel Structure
Phrasal Verb
Predicate Adjective
Predicate Nominative
Phonetic Language
Plural Noun
Punctuation
Punctuation Marks
Preposition
Preposition of Place
Parts of Speech
Possessive Adjective
Possessive Determiner
Possessive Case
Possessive Noun
Proper Adjective
Proper Noun
Present Participle
Quotation Marks
Relative Pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun
Reciprocal Pronoun
Subordinating Conjunction
Simple Future Tense
Stative Verb
Subjunctive
Subject Complement
Subject of a Sentence
Sentence Variety
Second Conditional
Superlative Adjective
Slash Symbol
Topic Sentence
Types of Nouns
Types of Sentences
Uncountable Noun
Vowels and Consonants

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33 Transition Words and Phrases

Transitional terms give writers the opportunity to prepare readers for a new idea, connecting the previous sentence to the next one.

Many transitional words are nearly synonymous: words that broadly indicate that “this follows logically from the preceding” include accordingly, therefore, and consequently . Words that mean “in addition to” include moreover, besides, and further . Words that mean “contrary to what was just stated” include however, nevertheless , and nonetheless .

as a result : THEREFORE : CONSEQUENTLY

The executive’s flight was delayed and they accordingly arrived late.

in or by way of addition : FURTHERMORE

The mountain has many marked hiking trails; additionally, there are several unmarked trails that lead to the summit.

at a later or succeeding time : SUBSEQUENTLY, THEREAFTER

Afterward, she got a promotion.

even though : ALTHOUGH

She appeared as a guest star on the show, albeit briefly.

in spite of the fact that : even though —used when making a statement that differs from or contrasts with a statement you have just made

They are good friends, although they don't see each other very often.

in addition to what has been said : MOREOVER, FURTHERMORE

I can't go, and besides, I wouldn't go if I could.

as a result : in view of the foregoing : ACCORDINGLY

The words are often confused and are consequently misused.

in a contrasting or opposite way —used to introduce a statement that contrasts with a previous statement or presents a differing interpretation or possibility

Large objects appear to be closer. Conversely, small objects seem farther away.

used to introduce a statement that is somehow different from what has just been said

These problems are not as bad as they were. Even so, there is much more work to be done.

used as a stronger way to say "though" or "although"

I'm planning to go even though it may rain.

in addition : MOREOVER

I had some money to invest, and, further, I realized that the risk was small.

in addition to what precedes : BESIDES —used to introduce a statement that supports or adds to a previous statement

These findings seem plausible. Furthermore, several studies have confirmed them.

because of a preceding fact or premise : for this reason : THEREFORE

He was a newcomer and hence had no close friends here.

from this point on : starting now

She announced that henceforth she would be running the company.

in spite of that : on the other hand —used when you are saying something that is different from or contrasts with a previous statement

I'd like to go; however, I'd better not.

as something more : BESIDES —used for adding information to a statement

The city has the largest population in the country and in addition is a major shipping port.

all things considered : as a matter of fact —used when making a statement that adds to or strengthens a previous statement

He likes to have things his own way; indeed, he can be very stubborn.

for fear that —often used after an expression denoting fear or apprehension

He was concerned lest anyone think that he was guilty.

in addition : ALSO —often used to introduce a statement that adds to and is related to a previous statement

She is an acclaimed painter who is likewise a sculptor.

at or during the same time : in the meantime

You can set the table. Meanwhile, I'll start making dinner.

BESIDES, FURTHER : in addition to what has been said —used to introduce a statement that supports or adds to a previous statement

It probably wouldn't work. Moreover, it would be very expensive to try it.

in spite of that : HOWEVER

It was a predictable, but nevertheless funny, story.

in spite of what has just been said : NEVERTHELESS

The hike was difficult, but fun nonetheless.

without being prevented by (something) : despite—used to say that something happens or is true even though there is something that might prevent it from happening or being true

Notwithstanding their youth and inexperience, the team won the championship.

if not : or else

Finish your dinner. Otherwise, you won't get any dessert.

more correctly speaking —used to introduce a statement that corrects what you have just said

We can take the car, or rather, the van.

in spite of that —used to say that something happens or is true even though there is something that might prevent it from happening or being true

I tried again and still I failed.

by that : by that means

He signed the contract, thereby forfeiting his right to the property.

for that reason : because of that

This tablet is thin and light and therefore very convenient to carry around.

immediately after that

The committee reviewed the documents and thereupon decided to accept the proposal.

because of this or that : HENCE, CONSEQUENTLY

This detergent is highly concentrated and thus you will need to dilute it.

while on the contrary —used to make a statement that describes how two people, groups, etc., are different

Some of these species have flourished, whereas others have struggled.

NEVERTHELESS, HOWEVER —used to introduce a statement that adds something to a previous statement and usually contrasts with it in some way

It was pouring rain out, yet his clothes didn’t seem very wet.

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Transition Words & Phrases | List & Examples

Transition Words & Phrases | List & Examples

Published on 20 October 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 15 March 2023.

Transition words and phrases (also called linking words, connecting words, or transitional words) are used to link together different ideas in your text. They help the reader to follow your arguments by expressing the relationships between different sentences or parts of a sentence.

The proposed solution to the problem did not work. Therefore , we attempted a second solution. However , this solution was also unsuccessful.

For clear writing, it’s essential to understand the meaning of transition words and use them correctly.

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When and how to use transition words, types and examples of transition words, common mistakes with transition words.

Transition words commonly appear at the start of a new sentence or clause (followed by a comma ), serving to express how this clause relates to the previous one.

Transition words can also appear in the middle of a clause. It’s important to place them correctly to convey the meaning you intend.

Example text with and without transition words

The text below describes all the events it needs to, but it does not use any transition words to connect them. Because of this, it’s not clear exactly how these different events are related or what point the author is making by telling us about them.

If we add some transition words at appropriate moments, the text reads more smoothly and the relationship among the events described becomes clearer.

Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Consequently , France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany. The Soviet Union initially worked with Germany in order to partition Poland. However , Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.

Don’t overuse transition words

While transition words are essential to clear writing, it’s possible to use too many of them. Consider the following example, in which the overuse of linking words slows down the text and makes it feel repetitive.

In this case the best way to fix the problem is to simplify the text so that fewer linking words are needed.

The key to using transition words effectively is striking the right balance. It is difficult to follow the logic of a text with no transition words, but a text where every sentence begins with a transition word can feel over-explained.

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There are four main types of transition word: additive, adversative, causal, and sequential. Within each category, words are divided into several more specific functions.

Remember that transition words with similar meanings are not necessarily interchangeable. It’s important to understand the meaning of all the transition words you use. If unsure, consult a dictionary to find the precise definition.

Additive transition words

Additive transition words introduce new information or examples. They can be used to expand upon, compare with, or clarify the preceding text.

Adversative transition words

Adversative transition words always signal a contrast of some kind. They can be used to introduce information that disagrees or contrasts with the preceding text.

Causal transition words

Causal transition words are used to describe cause and effect. They can be used to express purpose, consequence, and condition.

Sequential transition words

Sequential transition words indicate a sequence, whether it’s the order in which events occurred chronologically or the order you’re presenting them in your text. They can be used for signposting in academic texts.

Transition words are often used incorrectly. Make sure you understand the proper usage of transition words and phrases, and remember that words with similar meanings don’t necessarily work the same way grammatically.

Misused transition words can make your writing unclear or illogical. Your audience will be easily lost if you misrepresent the connections between your sentences and ideas.

Confused use of therefore

“Therefore” and similar cause-and-effect words are used to state that something is the result of, or follows logically from, the previous. Make sure not to use these words in a way that implies illogical connections.

We asked participants to rate their satisfaction with their work from 1 to 10. Therefore , the average satisfaction among participants was 7.5.

The use of “therefore” in this example is illogical: it suggests that the result of 7.5 follows logically from the question being asked, when in fact many other results were possible. To fix this, we simply remove the word “therefore.”

We asked participants to rate their satisfaction with their work from 1 to 10. The average satisfaction among participants was 7.5.

Starting a sentence with also , and , or so

While the words “also,” “and,” and “so” are used in academic writing, they are considered too informal when used at the start of a sentence.

Also , a second round of testing was carried out.

To fix this issue, we can either move the transition word to a different point in the sentence or use a more formal alternative.

A second round of testing was also carried out.
Additionally , a second round of testing was carried out.

Transition words creating sentence fragments

Words like “although” and “because” are called subordinating conjunctions . This means that they introduce clauses which cannot stand on their own. A clause introduced by one of these words should always follow or be followed by another clause in the same sentence.

The second sentence in this example is a fragment, because it consists only of the “although” clause.

Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed. Although other researchers disagree.

We can fix this in two different ways. One option is to combine the two sentences into one using a comma. The other option is to use a different transition word that does not create this problem, like “however.”

Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed, although other researchers disagree.
Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed. However , other researchers disagree.

And vs. as well as

Students often use the phrase “ as well as ” in place of “and,” but its usage is slightly different. Using “and” suggests that the things you’re listing are of equal importance, while “as well as” introduces additional information that is less important.

Chapter 1 discusses some background information on Woolf, as well as presenting my analysis of To the Lighthouse .

In this example, the analysis is more important than the background information. To fix this mistake, we can use “and,” or we can change the order of the sentence so that the most important information comes first. Note that we add a comma before ‘as well as’ but not before ‘and’.

Chapter 1 discusses some background information on Woolf and presents my analysis of To the Lighthouse .
Chapter 1 presents my analysis of To the Lighthouse , as well as discussing some background information on Woolf.

Note that in fixed phrases like “both x and y ,” you must use “and,” not “as well as.”

Both my results as well as my interpretations are presented below.
Both my results and my interpretations are presented below.

Use of and/or

The combination of transition words “and/or” should generally be avoided in academic writing. It makes your text look messy and is usually unnecessary to your meaning.

First consider whether you really do mean “and/or” and not just “and” or “or.” If you are certain that you need both, it’s best to separate them to make your meaning as clear as possible.

Participants were asked whether they used the bus and/or the train.
Participants were asked whether they used the bus, the train, or both.

Archaic transition words

Words like “hereby,” “therewith,” and most others formed by the combination of “here,” “there,” or “where” with a preposition are typically avoided in modern academic writing. Using them makes your writing feel old-fashioned and strained and can sometimes obscure your meaning.

Poverty is best understood as a disease. Hereby , we not only see that it is hereditary, but acknowledge its devastating effects on a person’s health.

These words should usually be replaced with a more explicit phrasing expressing how the current statement relates to the preceding one.

Poverty is best understood as a disease. Understanding it as such , we not only see that it is hereditary, but also acknowledge its devastating effects on a person’s health.

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Essay Writing Guide

Transition Words For Essays

Transition Words For Essays - The Ultimate List

11 min read

What are Good Transition Words for Essays?

Transition words are essential tools in essay writing , providing a clear path for your readers to follow. They serve the crucial purpose of connecting words, phrases, sentences, or even entire paragraphs.

By using these transitions effectively, you can effortlessly convey your ideas and thoughts in a coherent and easily understandable manner.

However, it's crucial to exercise moderation when using transition words. Overusing them can clutter your essay, making it confusing and difficult to read.

On the other hand, omitting them entirely can result in a piece that lacks flow and direction. Striking the right balance ensures that your essay is both engaging and comprehensible.

Purpose of Transition Words

Let’s take a look at the purpose of using transitions in essays:

Enhance Readability: Transition words improve the overall flow and coherence of your writing.
Clarify Relationships: They signal connections between ideas, whether it's adding, contrasting, or summarizing.
Improve Comprehension: Readers can follow your argument or narrative more easily.
Smooth Transitions: They act as bridges, seamlessly guiding your audience from one point to the next.
Manage Change: They prepare the reader for shifts in topic or perspective.
Enhance Engagement: Well-placed transitions keep readers interested and invested in your content.
Encourage Flow: They maintain a logical progression, aiding in the overall structure of your work.

Examples of Different Types of Transition Words

Here are some common types of transitions for essays that can be used in almost any situation.

Addition Transitions

Furthermore
Additionally
In addition
Not only...but also

Comparison Transitions

In the same way
Comparable to
Correspondingly
In comparison
By the same token

Contrast Transitions

On the other hand
In contrast
Nevertheless
Nonetheless
Even though

Cause and Effect Transitions

Consequently
As a result
For this reason
Accordingly

Time Transitions

Simultaneously
In the meantime
Subsequently
At the same time

Illustration Transitions

For example
For instance
Specifically
To illustrate
In particular
In this case
As an illustration

Emphasis Transitions

Undoubtedly
Without a doubt

Summary Transitions

To summarize
To conclude

Sequence Transitions

Example transitions.

As an example
To demonstrate
For one thing
As evidence
As an instance

For Showing Exception

At The Same Time
Nevertheless
On The Other Hand
But At The Same Time
Conversely

For Proving

For This Reason
Certainly
To Demonstrate
In Fact
Clearly
As A Result

This transition words for essays list will make it easier for you to understand what words to use in which kind of essay or for which purpose.

Transition Words for Argumentative Essays

To begin with
By contrast
One alternative is
To put more simply
On the contrary
With this in mind
All things considered
Generally speaking
That is to say
Yet another

Transition Words for Persuasive Essays

furthermore
Moreover
Because
Besides that
Pursuing this further

Transition Words for Essays PDF

Transition Words for Compare and Contrast Essays

Althoughyhtjyjum,u
Notwithstanding

Transition Words for Informative Essays

After all
As can be expected
Obviously

Transition Words for Expository Essays

Equally important
Another reason
Not long after that
Looking back

Transition Words for Cause and Effect Essays

In order to
Provided that
Because of this

Transition Words for Synthesis Essays

As noted earlier
Consequently
Whereas
This leads to
Another factor
This lead to
The underlying concept
In this respect

Transition Words for Analysis Essays

(once) again
Primarily
Due to
Accordingly
That is to say
Subsequently
To demonstrate
However

Conclusion Transition Words for Essays

In any event
As mentioned
In other words
As you can see

Beginning Transition Words for Essays

These are some introduction transition words for essays to start writing:

In the first place
First of all
For the most part
On one hand
As a rule

Paragraph Transition Words for Essays

To put it differently
Once and for all

Transition Words for Essay’s First Body Paragraph

To start with
First and foremost
In the beginning

Transition Words for Essay’s Second Body Paragraph

In addition to this
Furthermore

Transition Words for Essay’s Last Body Paragraph

In conclusion
Finally
Last but not least
To sum up
Altogether

Transition Words for Quotes in Essays

Acknowledges

Transition Words for Essays Middle School

In conclusion
For instance

Transition Words for Essays High School

Today
In addition
To summarize
On the other hand
As well as
Although

Transition Words for Essays College

Here are some college level transition words for essay:

Pursuing this
Similarly
What’s more
As much as
In a like manner
In the same fashion

Do’s and Don’ts of Using Transition Words

So, now you have some strong transition words for essays at hand. But how do you use these transition words?

Here are the basic dos and don’ts of using transition words for essays.

Understand that these terms are an important part of any type of essay or paper, adding to its overall flow and readability.
Use these words when you are presenting a new idea. For example, start a new paragraph with these phrases, followed by a comma.
Do not overuse transition words. It is one of the most common essay writing problems that students end up with. It is important to only use those words required to convey your message clearly. It is good to sound smart by using these words but don’t overdo it.
Avoid using these words at the start and in the middle. Always try to use transition words only a few times where it is necessary to make it easy for the readers to follow the ideas.

So, now you have an extensive list of transition words. These are some of the best transition words for essays that you can add to your essays.

If your essay seems redundant because you used similar transition words, you can always have a look at this list to find some good replacements.

So, whenever you’re writing an essay, refer back to this list and let your words flow!

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A List of Transition Words to Use for Argumentative Essays

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Writing an argumentative essay requires a lot of effort aside from research. Besides grammar and structure, you definitely need to make sure your essay is coherent by using transitions.

Argumentative essay transition words allow you to wrap up a piece of evidence to support your main point and then move on to another. Keep reading for tips and an exhaustive list of transition words I put together for your argumentative essays.

What Is a Transition Word?

A transition word is critical to producing quality content. Also known as linking words, transition words make basic connections between sentences and paragraphs to show a relationship between ideas.

A strong transition is crucial when writing an essay. It’s not enough that you provide complete information about your main points and supporting details. You also have to make your argument attractive and logical by using transitions in your academic essay.

The absence of transition words will make your paper less readable and understandable. But too many transitions can also ruin your piece. Use them in moderation to avoid confusion about your document.

Function and Importance of Transitions

The goal of transition words is to convey ideas clearly and concisely to your readers. If you’re writing an argumentative paper, you want to make logical connections in your document to prove your central point.

Transitional phrases and words help you produce a logical flow from one sentence or paragraph to another. In other words, they introduce what the following information will be. Some transitions come in single words, while others come in complete phrases and sentences.

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There are many categories of transitions, including those that present counterarguments and others that build on your arguments. Be careful about using the wrong transition. Otherwise, you won’t achieve your goal of clarity and conciseness. Consider these examples.

“ For instance , an anonymous TikTok user reports having a shorter attention span because of its over-swiping feature.” (In this sentence, for instance is used to provide an example).
“ Here’s an exception to my previous point. ” (This entire sentence is a transition, showing a logical connection between the previous and following sentences).

Transition can also be a sentence to a paragraph long. I’ll show you an example.

Paragraph A: A point that supports co-sleeping as a parenting method.

Transition: Despite this, there are many reasons that prove co-sleeping leads to sleep-related accidents.

Paragraph B: Points that oppose co-sleeping.

Types of Transition Words

There are several types of transitions you can use for making high-quality essays.

Transition Between Paragraphs

A type of transition required for a well-written essay is one you can find between paragraphs. Once you’ve arranged each paragraph according to your outline, it’s important to start each with an effective transition. This word or phrase is usually present in the topic sentence of the body.

Some examples include however, similarly, and for example. But these transition expressions cannot be a single sentence long. The initial sentence of every paragraph should be clear and substantial instead of simply connecting ideas.

Transition Within Paragraphs

Creating a powerful transition within every paragraph of your academic papers avoids choppy sentences. It provides a sense of connection between complex ideas to help readers anticipate what is coming.

These are usually single words or short phrases like in addition, since, and if.

Transition Between Sections

The last type of transition phrases and sentences are those between sections. You’ll find them all over the entire paper to summarize the information. They can be restatements of arguments or a short closing sentence to ensure the flow of ideas.

What Is an Argumentative Essay?

It’s a type of essay that requires you to research a subject matter and establish a position for or against it.

Aside from researching and evaluating evidence, showing a relationship between sentences and sections is essential when writing a paper. This will allow you to wrap up an idea and then start another. You must cite different sources to support your point of view, then show counterarguments.

The entire essay should include an introduction, a conclusion, and at least three body paragraphs.

How Do You Start an Argumentative Essay?

Every type of paper starts with an introduction, which usually includes a hook, background, and thesis statement.

The common essay introduction piques the reader’s interest through a surprising statistic or an interesting question. Provide readers with a background of your entire content piece, then state your main argument in a clear sentence.

Transition expressions are not yet essential in this stage of essay writing. Focus on setting up your point and discussing how you will argue it throughout the paper.

Common Transitions for Argumentative Essay Writing

Take a look at this list of transitional words and phrases commonly used to make strong arguments.

Additionally
In addition
Not only… but also
In the same way
Comparatively
Furthermore
Equally important

Counterargument Transition Words

Here’s a transition word list for essays showing different sides of an argument.

While it is true that
Nevertheless
Despite this
On the other hand
Be that as it may
Even though
Although this may be true

Transition Words and Phrases for Comparing and Contrasting

Here’s a breakdown of transition words and phrases you can use when comparing and contrasting.

In spite of
On the contrary
Different from
In contrast

Transition Words to Include in Your College Essay

Here are some examples of transition words you can use when applying for college admission or scholarship.

To put it in another way
To demonstrate
As an illustration
By all means
In other words

Transition Words for Cause and Effect

Consider this transition word list when showing cause and effect.

As a result
For this reason
Consequently
Accordingly
Under those circumstances
Because the

Transition Words for Essay Paragraphs

At the present time
In due time
To begin with
All of a sudden
Immediately
In a moment

Transitions to Emphasize a Point

Most of all
The main problem/issue is
Without question
More importantly
Most important of all

Transition Words for Additional Support or Evidence

Transition words for sequence or order, transition words for space or place.

In the middle of
In the distance
In the background
Here and there
On the side

To Cite a Source or Paraphrase

According to
This means that
Put it more simply

Transition Words to Begin a Body Paragraph

What is more
Beyond that

Transition Words to Introduce Details

For example
As an example
For instance
A case in point
Specifically
In particular
More specifically

Transition Words for Conclusion

As can be seen
By and large
On the whole
To summarize
In the final analysis
Generally speaking

More Transition Words

With this intention
In order to
In the hope that
With this in mind
For the purpose of
Provided that

Tips for Using Argumentative Essay Transitions

Follow these tips to improve your use of transitions in your essay.

Know What the Transitions Mean

Non-native speakers may need help knowing the meaning of every transition expression, so research every term before using it.

There are also many categories of transition words. You can use them to summarize points, show contradictions, express sequence, or begin a paragraph.

Start Your Essay with an Outline

Writing an outline will make it easier to map your ideas and move them around. This strategy will help you transition between paragraphs.

Don’t Overuse Transitions

The last mistake you shouldn’t make is overuse. Instead of making connections between sentences, you’ll make your paper more difficult to read. It creates more incoherence and distraction in your writing, contradicting its intended purpose in your paper.

Use Transition Words Properly

Now you know how to use transition words and phrases for your argumentative essay through this guide and list. These expressions will help you produce a coherent relationship between every idea.

Mastering transitions for your essay may not be a piece of cake, but practice makes perfect. Don’t forget to revise and proofread your argumentative before submitting it to your professor.

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Definition and Examples of Transitional Paragraphs

Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms

An Introduction to Punctuation
Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
B.A., English, State University of New York

A transitional paragraph is a paragraph in an essay , speech , composition , or report that signals a shift from one section, idea, or approach to another.

Usually short (sometimes as short as one or two sentences), a transitional paragraph is most commonly used to summarize the ideas of one part of a text in preparation for the beginning of another part.

Bridging Paragraphs

"Many writing teachers use the analogy that transitional paragraphs are like bridges: the first section of the essay is one riverbank; the second section is the other riverbank; the transitional paragraph, like a bridge, links them." Randy DeVillez, Writing: Step by Step , 10th ed. Kendall/Hunt, 2003

"When you want to separate, summarize, compare or contrast , or emphasize certain areas, the transitional paragraph will meet that need." Shirley H. Fondiller, The Writer's Workbook: Health Professionals' Guide to Getting Published , 2nd ed. Jones and Bartlett, 1999

Functions of Transitional Paragraphs

"The transitional paragraph is a type that you will have occasion to use, especially in long essays. It is generally short, often only one sentence. ... Such a paragraph may summarize what has been written:

In short, the defining characteristic of the valedictory address is its statement of the opposition between the university on the one hand and the world on the other. Lionel Trilling, 'A Valedictory'

It may signal a change from general to more specific information:

I am not talking pure theory. I will just give you two or three illustrations . Clarence Darrow, 'Address to the Prisoners in the Cook Street Jail'

It may hint at what is to come or announce the introduction of new material:

Before the end of my trial period in the field I made two really exciting discoveries—discoveries that made the previous months of frustration well worth while. Jane Goodall, In the Shadow of Man

Or it may state explicitly what new material the writer is about to turn to:

I n what follows, the parallels are not always in physical events but rather in the effect on society, and sometimes in both. Barbara Tuchman, 'History as Mirror'

The transitional paragraph is a useful device for achieving coherence between paragraphs and groups of paragraphs." Morton A. Miller, Reading and Writing Short Essays . Random House, 1980

Examples of Transitional Paragraphs

"Unfortunately, the characteristics of the spoiled child do not vanish with childhood or even with adolescence. A university training does not necessarily transform petulance into ripe wisdom. Literary ability may only give fluent expression to a peevish spirit." Samuel McChord Crothers, "The Spoiled Children of Civilization," 1912

"It was over a year before I was again in London. And the first shop I went to was my old friend's. I had left a man of sixty, I came back to one of seventy-five, pinched and worn and tremulous, who genuinely, this time, did not at first know me." (John Galsworthy, "Quality," 1912)

"Thus musing, wise in theory, but practically as great a fool as Sam, I lifted my eyes and beheld the spires, warehouses, and dwellings of Rochester, half a mile distant on both sides of the river, indistinctly cheerful, with the twinkling of many lights amid the fall of the evening." (Nathaniel Hawthorne, "Rochester," 1834)

"I do not always feel colored. Even now I often achieve the unconscious Zora of Eatonville before the Hegira. I feel most colored when I am thrown against a sharp white background." (Zora Neale Hurston, "How It Feels to Be Colored Me," 1928)

Transitional Paragraphs in Comparison Essays

"After you have finished discussing topic A, add a transitional paragraph. A transitional paragraph is a short paragraph, usually consisting of a few sentences, that acts as a conclusion to topic A and an introduction to the next section, topic B. The advantage of the transitional paragraph is that it serves as a reminder of the key points you've made so that your reader can keep these points in mind while approaching topic B." (Luis A. Nazario, Deborah D. Borchers, and William F. Lewis, Bridges to Better Writing , 2nd ed. Wadsworth, 2012)

Practice Composing Transitional Paragraphs

"A transitional paragraph does not exist for itself. It connects two different lines of thought. It is a connecting link, just as a conjunction or a preposition is a connecting link."

"Now let us turn from the outside of the house, where we have seen so much that is beautiful, and look at the inside. "

Imagine that you are going to write a long composition on one of the subjects named below. Think of any two different lines of thought that you might develop in your long composition. Write a short, transitional paragraph that would serve to connect the two lines of thought. 1 Handy with a knife. 2 A day with a fisherman. 3 In the old shack. 4 The morning visitor. 5 Father's pet hobbies. 6 The story of a rug. 7 Along the rail fence. 8 The runaway. 9 An early start. 10 My aunt's cookies.

Frederick Houk Law, English for Immediate Use . Charles Scribner's Sons, 1921

Examples of Great Introductory Paragraphs
How to Write a Good Descriptive Paragraph
Definition and Examples of a Transition in Composition
Definition and Examples of Paragraphing in Essays
Transitional Expressions
Development in Composition: Building an Essay
Definition and Examples of Body Paragraphs in Composition
Paragraph Length in Compositions and Reports
Paragraph Transition: Definition and Examples
Complete List of Transition Words
Writers on Writing: The Art of Paragraphing
Definition and Examples of Paragraph Breaks in Prose
How to Write a Paragraph Developed With Reasons
Conclusion in Compositions
Meaning of Tense Shift in Verbs
Make Your Paragraphs Flow to Improve Writing

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64 Examples of Social Issues Topics for 2024

May 21, 2024

Writing assignments asking students to engage with social justice/social issues topics target skills vitally important to success in college and beyond. They require writers to demonstrate critical, ethical, and dynamic thinking around demanding topics that present no quick and easy solution. Often, they will call for some amount of research, building textual and media literacy and awareness of the research process. In other words, these kinds of essays can be valuable in teaching students how to think and learn for themselves. But another, underappreciated learning outcome of these essays has to do with their function as communication.

This last feature can be easy to overlook in the context of writing assignments. Questions of audience, authority, and impact seem less significant when you know your teacher must read your essay. However, taking these questions seriously can not only enhance your odds of writing an excellent essay, but could also foster skills instrumental to real-world writing situations.

This article provides a list of social justice topics carefully selected to demonstrate the range and scale of available subjects. It also explains how you might approach writing about these issues with an eye for defining them and understanding the audience. Identifying a great topic that interests you enough to write about is an important early step. But what’s equally or even more important is to understand how to write about it clearly, directly, and persuasively.

How to Write a Successful Essay Grappling with Social Issues Topics

Writing about social issues topics is best improved through asking questions about purpose, context, and outcome. Why this topic and not another? Who is the audience, what do they know, and where might they stand on an issue? What are the typical ways others address the issue? What knowledge, perspective, or plan of action has been missing from that conversation? Why is this topic important to think about? Why is this essay important to read? These questions are crucial to delimiting which social justice topics to focus on and the strategy for writing about them. Answering them in the process of selecting a topic and developing a writing plan can help achieve the following components of good essays:

1) Defining the Issue

A frequent problem with student writing involves tackling questions or issues that are overly broad or vaguely defined. When selecting from social issues topics, it’s actually a smart strategy to think small. Rather than purporting to solve world peace, essays work better when drilling down into more localized and easily defined issues. This will help to communicate clearly what the issue is, convince the reader of its relevance, and successfully indicate that a short piece of writing could meaningfully contribute to the conversation around the issue.

2) Finding and Using Evidence

In many cases, essays on social issues topics will require some amount of research. When incorporating secondary evidence, it’s vital to find sources that are relevant to the topic and signal their credibility. However, even if research is not formally required, it can help toward establishing the purpose of a piece of writing within a larger discussion. Looking toward how others typically address an issue can help toward understanding whether an essay should aim to fill a gap in knowledge, supply a missing perspective, or outline actions that have not been proposed.

Successful Essay Grappling with Social Issues Topics (Cont.)

3) understanding audience.

Student essayists are not overly incentivized to think about questions of audience. However, understanding audience can help toward both defining an issue and acknowledging the purpose of writing. The most important thing to reflect on is the audience’s reason for reading a piece of writing. Why should they care about this social issue and what the essay will say about it? Understanding the reason for reading will help toward envisioning the ideal reader. Then, the essay’s language and arguments can be tailored to what that ideal reader already knows about the topic and their likely attitudes and beliefs.

4) Making an argument

This step follows the others and builds upon each. After clearly defining an issue that is appropriate in scope, an essay should clearly state its purpose or position. It should then interpret relevant evidence to support that position or fulfill its purpose. Then, it should aim to convince the audience by organizing evidence and reasoning into paragraphs structured around topic sentences that support the purpose or position. As these steps make clear, the argument is the essay. Making an argument entails justifying the act of writing itself, as well as the reader’s decision to follow the writer in focusing on an issue from a unique vantage point.

The following list of examples indicates some of the range of social issue essay topics. When considering these or other examples, writers should consider how they can foster purposive essays that understand how they are entering and changing the conversation around the issue.

Example Social Issues Topics – Tech and Labor

Artificial intelligence and digital technology.

The environmental impact of emerging AI technologies and industries.
Whether AI is a paradigm-shifting revolution or part of a long, gradual history of technology-assisted creative or technical work.
The biases that exist in AI systems and data and ways of redressing them.
The emergent use of AI tools in modern warfare.
How a specific political movement or group of activists has embraced digital communication technologies to advance a cause.
How digital self-publishing has affected trends and systems in the publishing industry.
How social media algorithms promote addictive behaviors and their effect on minors.
A surprising or disturbing effect of government and corporate digital surveillance practices.

Social Issues Topics (Continued)

Economic and labor issues.

Causes and effects of unionization in industries connected to the gig economy.
Disparities in wages between men and women affecting a key industry like tech.
How changes in minimum wage policies affect other wage earners.
The impact of globalization on labor rights and standards in the film industry.
Comparing the outcomes of universal basic income and guaranteed minimum income as novel social welfare programs.
How faculty and graduate student unionization movements respond to shifting labor and ideological conditions at universities.
What geographical factors and/or trends in property ownership shape income inequality within a select area?
Job fields under threat by automation and AI and strategic responses to the prospect of job replacement.

Example Social Issues Topics –Education and the Environment

The effects of the COVID pandemic on textual and media literacy in children and young adults.
How educators are responding to the challenges and opportunities of generative AI.
Areas of learning affected by bans on “critical race theory” and LGBTQ-related topics in schools.
How digital culture has affected the attention spans of young learners.
The sources of increased student debt and its effects on the culture of higher education.
The history and educational role of political protest on college campuses.
How the end of affirmative action could affect the role colleges have played in promoting wide social mobility.
The source of debates around “school choice” and how it is changing the face of education.

Environment and Sustainability

Geopolitical tensions salient to the transnational effort to combat climate change.
Protest and advocacy strategies adopted by environmental advocates and different ways of measuring their effectiveness.
Solutions for the disproportionate environmental burdens on marginalized communities.
Whether mass consumer behavior or the practices of the economic elite are most responsible for climate crises.
Comparing the effectiveness of political optimism and pessimism in efforts to redress climate change.
Environmental challenges that result from destructive practices of modern warfare including ecocide.
Global meat consumption, its contribution to climate change , and proposed solutions.
The benefits and drawbacks of green capitalist and “de-growth” movements as radically contrasting approaches to combatting climate change.

Example Social Justice Topics – Human Rights and Geopolitics

Human rights and equality.

How the end of Roe v. Wade has changed the political landscape around women’s reproductive rights.
Whether cultural or legal solutions could work best to prevent violence against women.
The alliance between feminists and political conservatives that has emerged in the clash over LGBTQ rights.
How news media outlets have influenced widespread political efforts to curtail the rights of transgender people.
Tensions between private corporations and governments around diversity and inclusion efforts.
The effect of enhanced police oversight by civilians on the disproportionate use of force against minority communities.
Barriers to housing, employment, or health services faced by people with disabilities.
How exploitative work practices affecting minors exist despite legal efforts to curtail them.

International and Geopolitical Issues

How migrant crises have influenced new border and immigration policies.
How contemporary proxy wars differ from earlier methods of international conflict.
Tensions that exist between global humanitarian aid agencies and actors in Global South countries that receive aid.
How efforts to ensure affordable access to medicines across the world were affected by the COVID pandemic.
How globalization has changed the world distribution of wealth inequality.
Weighing the humanitarian costs of solar and electric energy production against those of the oil industry.
How cultural differences around gender and sexuality influence global movements for women’s equality and LGBTQ rights.
How authoritarian and/or religious political movements have become internationalized.

Example Social Justice Topics – The Legal System and Government

Justice and legal system.

Restorative justice alternatives to traditional carceral approaches in the legal system.
Efforts to eliminate cash bail and their potential effect on disparities in pretrial detention and bail practices.
Legal challenges that new technologies have created in terms of defining or prosecuting crime.
Methods of preventing and prosecuting police brutality and harassment.
How the locations of prisons affect local communities and economies.
Ways to combat mass incarceration through rethinking policing and sentencing standards.
Academic, professional, and legal services in prisons and their effect on imprisoned populations.
Mental health challenges present in the legal and carceral systems.

Politics and Governance

Methods of global governance that have emerged to address transnational challenges like climate change and public health.
Questions related to freedom of speech principles that have emerged in the digital age.
Mutual aid efforts that address areas of public need that have been unaddressed through traditional political methods.
How participatory media encourages broader civic engagement and government transparency.
Political solutions for addressing the phenomena of food deserts or food apartheid.
Responses of local governments to sharp increases in homelessness after the COVID pandemic.
The internationalization of culture wars and political polarization around issues relating to race/ethnicity, gender, and sexuality.
Philosophies about the conflict between ideals of multicultural openness and respect for cultural differences.

Final Thoughts – Social Issues Topics

The above social justice topics provide a sense of the large range of urgent issues an essay might topic. However, it’s best to reflect on how a piece of writing can define an issue so as to make clear that it is capable of doing something meaningful with it. That could entail looking for similar, more niche issues to address. Or it could mean deeper thought about an issue for which the writer anticipates they could provide missing information, perspectives, or plans of action. While many readers care about many topics, it’s vital to understand how an essay can create a tangible relationship with an ideal reader. Only then can a writer spur others to think or act in novel and potentially transformative ways.

Additional Resources

Good Persuasive Speech Topics
Debate Topics
Argumentative Essay Topics
60 Senior Project Ideas for High Schoolers
101 Topics for the Science Fair
100 Creative Writing Prompts
High School Success

Tyler Talbott

Tyler holds a Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of Missouri and two Master of Arts degrees in English, one from the University of Maryland and another from Northwestern University. Currently, he is a PhD candidate in English at Northwestern University, where he also works as a graduate writing fellow.

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Guest Essay

I Don’t Write Like Alice Munro, but I Want to Live Like Her

A blurry photo of a woman, the author Alice Munro, smiling.

By Sheila Heti

Ms. Heti is the author of the novels “Pure Colour,” “How Should a Person Be?” and, most recently, “Alphabetical Diaries.”

It is common to say “I was heartbroken to hear” that so-and-so died, but I really do feel heartbroken having learned about Alice Munro, who died on Monday.

As a writer, she modeled, in her life and art, that one must work with emotional sincerity and precision and concentration and depth — not on every kind of writing but on only one kind, the kind closest to one’s heart.

She has long been a North Star for many writers and was someone I have always felt guided by. We are very different writers, but I have kept her in mind, daily and for decades, as an example to follow (but failed to follow to the extent that she demonstrated it): that a fiction writer isn’t someone for hire.

A fiction writer isn’t someone who can write anything — movies, articles, obits! She isn’t a person in service to the magazines, to the newspapers, to the publishers or even to her audience. She doesn’t have to speak on the political issues of the day or on matters of importance to the culture right now but ought first and most to attend seriously to her task, which is her only task, writing the particular thing she was most suited to write.

Ms. Munro only ever wrote short stories — not novels, though she must have been pressured to. She died in a small town not too far from where she was born, choosing to remain close to the sort of people she grew up with, whom she remained ever curious about. Depth is wherever one stands, she showed us, convincingly.

Fiction writers are people, supposedly, who have things to say; they must, because they are so good with words. So people are always asking them: Can you say something about this or about this? But the art of hearing the voice of a fictional person or sensing a fictional world or working for years on some unfathomable creation is, in fact, the opposite of saying something with the opinionated and knowledgeable part of one’s mind. It is rather the humble craft of putting your opinions and ego aside and letting something be said through you.

Ms. Munro held to this division and never let the vanity that can come with being good with words persuade her to put her words just everywhere, in every possible way. Here was the best example in the world — in Canada, my own land — of someone who seemed to abide by classical artistic values in her choices as a person and in her choices on the page. I felt quietly reassured knowing that a hundred kilometers down the road was Alice Munro.

She was also an example of how a writer should be in public: modest, unpretentious, funny, generous and kind. I learned the lesson of generosity from her early. When I was 20 and was just starting to publish short stories, I sent her a fan letter. I don’t remember what my letter said. After a few months, I received a handwritten thank-you note from her in the mail. The fact that she replied at all and did so with such care taught me a lot about grace and consideration and has remained as a warmth within me since that day.

She will always remain for me, and for many others, a model of that grave yet joyous dedication to art — a dedication that inevitably informs the most important choices the artist makes about how to support that life. Probably Ms. Munro would laugh at this; no one knows the compromises another makes, especially when that person is as private as she was and transforms her trials into fiction. Yet whatever the truth of her daily existence, she still shines as a symbol of artistic purity and care.

I am grateful for all she gave to the world and for all the sacrifices she must have made to give it. I’m sorry to be here defying her example, but she was just too loved, and these words just came. Thank you, Alice Munro.

Sheila Heti is the author of the novels “Pure Colour,” “How Should a Person Be?” and, most recently, “Alphabetical Diaries.”

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Household Debt Rose by $184 Billion in Q1 2024; Delinquency Transition Rates Increased Across All Debt Types

NEW YORK — The Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s Center for Microeconomic Data today issued its Quarterly Report on Household Debt and Credit . The report shows total household debt increased by $184 billion (1.1%) in the first quarter of 2024, to $17.69 trillion. The report is based on data from the New York Fed’s nationally representative Consumer Credit Panel .

The New York Fed also issued an accompanying Liberty Street Economics blog post examining credit card utilization and its relationship with delinquency. The Quarterly Report also includes a one-page summary of key takeaways and their supporting data points.

“In the first quarter of 2024, credit card and auto loan transition rates into serious delinquency continued to rise across all age groups,” said Joelle Scally, Regional Economic Principal within the Household and Public Policy Research Division at the New York Fed. “An increasing number of borrowers missed credit card payments, revealing worsening financial distress among some households.”

Mortgage balances rose by $190 billion from the previous quarter and was $12.44 trillion at the end of March. Balances on home equity lines of credit (HELOC) increased by $16 billion, representing the eighth consecutive quarterly increase since Q1 2022, and now stand at $376 billion. Credit card balances decreased by $14 billion to $1.12 trillion. Other balances, which include retail cards and consumer loans, also decreased by $11 billion. Auto loan balances increased by $9 billion, continuing the upward trajectory seen since 2020, and now stand at $1.62 trillion.

Mortgage originations continued increasing at the same pace seen in the previous three quarters, and now stand at $403 billion. Aggregate limits on credit card accounts increased modestly by $63 billion, representing a 1.3% increase from the previous quarter. Limits on HELOC grew by $30 billion and have grown by 14% over the past two years, after 10 years of observed declines.

Aggregate delinquency rates increased in Q1 2024, with 3.2% of outstanding debt in some stage of delinquency at the end of March. Delinquency transition rates increased for all debt types. Annualized, approximately 8.9% of credit card balances and 7.9% of auto loans transitioned into delinquency. Delinquency transition rates for mortgages increased by 0.3 percentage points yet remain low by historic standards.

Household Debt and Credit Developments as of Q1 2024

*Change from Q4 2023 to Q1 2024 ** Change from Q1 2023 to Q1 2024

Flow into Serious Delinquency (90 days or more delinquent)

About the Report

The Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s Household Debt and Credit Report provides unique data and insight into the credit conditions and activity of U.S. consumers. Based on data from the New York Fed’s Consumer Credit Panel , a nationally representative sample drawn from anonymized Equifax credit data, the report provides a quarterly snapshot of household trends in borrowing and indebtedness, including data about mortgages, student loans, credit cards, auto loans and delinquencies. The report aims to help community groups, small businesses, state and local governments and the public to better understand, monitor, and respond to trends in borrowing and indebtedness at the household level. Sections of the report are presented as interactive graphs on the New York Fed’s Household Debt and Credit Report web page and the full report is available for download.

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Unlock a new era of innovation with Windows Copilot Runtime and Copilot+ PCs

Pavan Davuluri – Corporate Vice President, Windows + Devices

I am excited to be back at Build with the developer community this year.

Over the last year, we have worked on reimagining Windows PCs and yesterday, we introduced the world to a new category of Windows PCs called Copilot+ PCs.

Copilot+ PCs are the fastest, most intelligent Windows PCs ever with AI infused at every layer, starting with the world’s most powerful PC Neural Processing Units (NPUs) capable of delivering 40+ TOPS of compute. The new class of PCs is up to 20 times more powerful 1 and up to 100 times as efficient 2 for running AI workloads compared to traditional PCs. This is a quantum leap in performance, made possible by a quantum leap in efficiency. The NPU is part of a new System on Chip (SoC) that enables the most powerful and efficient Windows PCs ever built, with outstanding performance, incredible all day battery life, and great app experiences. Copilot+ PCs will be available in June, starting with Qualcomm’s Snapdragon X Series processors. Later this year we will have more devices in this category from Intel and AMD.

I am also excited that Qualcomm announced this morning its Snapdragon Dev Kit for Windows which has a special developer edition Snapdragon X Elite SoC. Featuring the NPU that powers the Copilot+ PCs, the Snapdragon Dev Kit for Windows has a form factor that is easily stackable and is designed specifically to be a developer’s everyday dev box, providing the maximum power and flexibility developers need. It is powered by a 3.8 GHz 12 Core Oryon CPU with dual core boost up to 4.3GHz, comes with 32 GB LPDDR5x memory, 512GB M2 storage, 80 Watt system architecture, support for up to 3 concurrent external displays and uses 20% ocean-bound-plastic. Learn more .

This new class of powerful next generation AI devices is an invitation to app developers to deliver differentiated AI experiences that run on the edge, taking advantage of NPUs that offer the benefits of minimal latency, cost efficiency, data privacy, and more.

As we continue our journey into the AI era of computing, we want to give Developers who are at the forefront of this AI transformation the right software tools in addition to these powerful NPU powered devices to accelerate the creation of differentiated AI experiences to over 1 billion users. Today, I’m thrilled to share some of the great capabilities coming to Windows, making Windows the best place for your development needs.

We are excited to extend the Microsoft Copilot stack to Windows with Windows Copilot Runtime. We have infused AI into every layer of Windows, including a fundamental transformation of the OS itself to enable developers to accelerate AI development on Windows.
Windows Copilot Runtime has everything you need to build great AI experiences regardless of where you are on your AI journey – whether you are just getting started or already have your own models. Windows Copilot Runtime includes Windows Copilot Library which is a set of APIs that are powered by the 40+ on-device AI models that ship with Windows. It also includes AI frameworks and toolchains to help developers bring their own on-device models to Windows. This is built on the foundation of powerful client silicon, including GPUs and NPUs.
We are introducing Windows Semantic Index, a new OS capability which redefines search on Windows and powers new experiences like Recall. Later, we will make this capability available for developers with Vector Embeddings API to build their own vector store and RAG within their applications and with their app data.
We are introducing Phi Silica which is built from the Phi series of models and is designed specifically for the NPUs in Copilot+ PCs. Windows is the first platform to have a state-of-the-art small language model (SLM) custom built for the NPU and shipping inbox.
Phi Silica API along with OCR, Studio Effects, Live Captions, Recall User Activity APIs will be available in Windows Copilot Library in June. More APIs like Vector Embedding, RAG API, Text Summarization will be coming later.
We are introducing native support for PyTorch on Windows with DirectML which allows for thousands of Hugging Face models to just work on Windows.
We are introducing Web Neural Network (WebNN) Developer Preview to Windows through DirectML. This allows web developers to take advantage of the silicon to deliver performant AI features in their web apps and can scale their AI investments across the breadth of the Windows ecosystem.
We are introducing new productivity features in Dev Home like Environments, improvements to WSL, DevDrive and new updates to WinUI3 and WPF to help every developer become more productive on Windows.

I can’t wait to share more with you during our keynote today, be sure to register for Build and tune in !

Introducing Windows Copilot Runtime to provide a powerful AI platform for developers

We want to democratize the ability to experiment, to build, and to reach people with breakthrough AI experiences. That’s why we’re committed to making Windows the most open platform for AI development. Building a powerful AI platform takes more than a new chip or model, it takes reimagining the entire system, from top to bottom. The new Windows Copilot Runtime is that system. Developers can take advantage of Windows Copilot Runtime in a variety of ways, from higher level APIs that can be accessed via simple settings toggle, all the way to bringing your own machine learning models. It represents the end-to-end Windows ecosystem:

Applications and Experiences created by Microsoft and developers like you across Windows shell, Win32 Apps and Web apps.
Windows Copilot Library is the set of APIs powered by the 40+ on-device models that ship with Windows. This includes APIs and algorithms that power Windows experiences and are available for developers to tap into.
AI frameworks like DirectML, ONNX Runtime, PyTorch, WebNN and toolchains like Olive, AI Toolkit for Visual Studio Code and more to help developers bring their own models and scale their AI apps across the breadth of the Windows hardware ecosystem.
Windows Copilot Runtime is built on the foundation of powerful client silicon , including GPUs and NPUs.

New experiences built using the Windows Copilot Runtime

Windows Copilot Runtime powers the creation of all experiences you build, and what we – Windows – build for our end-users. Using a suite of APIs and on-device models in Windows Copilot Library, we have built incredible first-party experiences like

Recall that helps users instantly find almost anything 3 they’ve seen on their PC
Cocreator 4 a collaborative AI image generator that helps users bring their ideas to life using natural language and ink strokes locally on the device
Restyle Image, helps users reimagine their personal photos with a new style combining image generation and photo editing in Photos
Others like Windows Studio Effects, and Live captions, with real-time translation from video and audio in 40+ languages into English subtitles

We are also partnering with several third-party developers on apps like Davinci Resolve, CapCut, WhatsApp, Camo Studio, djay Pro, Cephable, LiquidText, Luminar Neo and many more that are leveraging the NPU to deliver innovative AI experiences with reduced latency, faster task completion, enhanced privacy and lower cloud compute costs. We’re excited for developers to take advantage of the NPU and Windows Copilot Runtime and invent new experiences.

Windows Copilot Library offers a set of APIs helping developers to accelerate local AI development

Windows Copilot Library has a set of APIs that are powered by the 40+ on-device AI models and state-of-the-art algorithms like DiskANN , built into Windows. Windows Copilot Library consists of ready-to-use AI APIs like Studio Effects, Live captions translations, OCR, Recall with User Activity, and Phi Silica, which will be available to developers in June. Vector Embeddings, Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG), Text Summarization along with other APIs will be coming later to Windows Copilot Library . Developers will be able to access these APIs as part of the Windows App SDK release.

Developers can take advantage of the Windows Copilot Library with no-code effort to integrate Studio Effects into their apps like Creative filters, Portrait light, Eye contact teleprompter, Portrait blur, and Voice focus. WhatsApp among others has already upgraded their user experience adding Windows Studio Effects controls directly into the UI. Learn more.

With a similar no-code effort, developers can take advantage of Live captions, the translation feature in Windows to caption audio and video in real time and translate into preferred language in apps.

Developers can tap into the newly announced Recall feature on Copilot+ PCs. Enhance the user’s Recall experience with your app by adding contextual information to the underlying vector database via the User Activity API. This integration helps users pick up where they left off in your app, improving app engagement and user’s seamless flow between Windows and your app. E dge and M365 apps like Outlook, PowerPoint and Teams have already extended their apps with Recall. Concepts , a 3rd party sketching app is an early example – if launched from Recall, it brings users immediately to the exact canvas location in the right document, and even the same zoom level seen in the Recall timeline.

Introducing Windows Semantic Index that redefines search on Windows. Vector Embeddings API offers the capability for developers to build their own vector store with their app data

Recall database is powered by Windows Semantic Index, a new OS capability that redefines search on Windows. Recall is grounded in several state-of-the-art AI models, including multi-modal SLMs, running concurrently and integrated into the OS itself. These models understand different kinds of content and work across several languages, to organize a vast sea of information from text to image to videos, in Windows. This data is transformed and stored in a vector store called Windows Semantic Index. The semantic index is stored entirely on the user’s local device and accessible through natural language search. This deep integration allows a uniquely robust approach to privacy as the data does not leave the local device.

To help developers bring the same natural language search capability in their apps, we are making Vector Embeddings and RAG API available in Windows Copilot Library later. This will enable developers to build their own semantic index store with their own app data and this combined with Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) API, developers can bring natural language search capability in their apps. This is a great example of how we are building new features using the models and APIs in Windows Copilot Runtime and offering the same capability for developers to do so in their apps.

The APIs in the Windows Copilot Library cover the full spectrum from low-code APIs to sophisticated pipelines to fully multi-modal models.

Windows is the first platform to have a state-of-the-art SLM shipping inbox and Phi Silica is custom built for the NPUs in Copilot+ PCs

We recently introduced Phi-3 the most capable and cost-effective SLM. Phi-3-mini does better than models twice its size on key benchmarks. Today we are introducing Phi Silica, built from the Phi series of models. Phi Silica is the SOTA (state of the art) SLM included out of the box and is custom built for the NPUs in Copilot+ PCs. With full NPU offload of prompt processing, the first token latency is at 650 tokens/second – and only costs about 1.5 Watts of power while leaving your CPU and GPU free for other computations. Token generation reuses the KV cache from the NPU and runs on the CPU producing about 27 tokens/second.

These are just a few examples of the APIs available to developers in the Windows Copilot Library. As new models and new libraries come to Windows, the possibilities will only grow. We want to make it easy for developers to bring powerful AI features into their apps, and Windows Copilot Library is the perfect place to start.

We consistently ensure Windows AI experiences are safe, fair, and trustworthy, following our Microsoft Responsible AI principles. When developers extend their apps with Windows Copilot Library, they automatically inherit those Responsible AI guardrails.

Developers can bring their own models and scale across breadth of Windows hardware powered by DirectML

While the models that ship with Windows 11 power a wide range of AI experiences, many developers will want to bring their own models to Windows to power their applications. As an open platform, Windows supports a diverse silicon ecosystem, and Windows has simplified optimizing models across silicon with DirectML. Just like DirectX is for Graphics, DirectML is the high-performance low-level API for machine learning in Windows.

DirectML abstracts across the different hardware options our Independent Hardware Vendor (IHV) partners bring to the Windows ecosystem, and supports across GPUs and NPUs, with CPU integration coming soon. It integrates with relevant frameworks, such as the ONNX Runtime, PyTorch and WebNN.

PyTorch is now natively supported on Windows with DirectML

We know that a lot of developers do their PyTorch development on Windows. So, we’re thrilled to announce that Windows now natively supports PyTorch through DirectML. Native PyTorch support means that thousands of Hugging Face models will just work on Windows. Not just that – we’re collaborating with Nvidia to scale these development workflows to over 100M RTX AI GPUs.

PyTorch support on GPUs is available starting today, with NPU support coming soon. Learn more

We recognize that many developers start with web apps today. Web apps should also be able to take advantage of silicon on local devices to deliver AI experiences to users.

DirectML now supports web apps that can take advantage of silicon to deliver AI experiences powered by WebNN

From native to web applications, DirectML now brings local AI scale across Windows for the web through the new WebNN Developer Preview. WebNN, an emerging web standard for machine learning, powered by DirectML and ONNX Runtime Web, simplifies how developers can leverage the underlying hardware on their user’s device for their web apps to deliver AI experiences at near native performance for tasks such as generative AI, image processing, natural language processing, computer vision and more. This WebNN Developer Preview supports GPUs with broader accelerator coverage to include NPU coming soon. Learn more about how to get started with WebNN.

High-performance inferencing on Windows with ONNX Runtime and DirectML

Microsoft’s ONNX Runtime builds on the power of the open-source community to enable developers to ship their AI models to production with the performance and cross-platform support they need. ONNX Runtime with DirectML applies state-of-the-art optimizations to get the best performance for all generative AI models like Phi, Llama, Mistral, and Stable Diffusion. With ONNX Runtime, developers can extend their Windows applications to other platforms like web, cloud or mobile, wherever they need to ship their application on. ONNX Runtime is how Microsoft apps like Office, Visual Studio Code, and even Windows itself ship their AI to run on-device. Learn More.

DirectML helps scale your efforts across the Windows ecosystem – whether you are building your own models or you want to bring an open-source model from Hugging Face, and whether you are building a native Windows app or a web app.

DirectML is generally available across all Windows GPUs. DirectML support on Intel® Core™ Ultra processors with Intel® AI Boost is available as a Developer Preview with GA coming soon, and Qualcomm® Hexagon™ NPU in the Snapdragon X Elite SoC is coming soon. Stay tuned for more DirectML features that will simplify how developers can differentiate with AI and scale their innovations across Windows. Grab your favorite model and get started with DirectML today at DirectML Overview or Windows AI Dev Center | Microsoft Developer

Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) offers a robust platform for AI development on Windows by making it easy to run Windows and Linux workloads simultaneously. Developers can easily share files, GUI apps, GPU and more between environments with no additional setup. WSL is now enhanced to meet the enterprise grade security requirements so enterprise customers can confidently deploy WSL for their developers to take advantage of both Windows and Linux operating systems on the same Windows device and accelerate AI development efficiently.

WSL now incorporates two new Zero Trust features, Linux Intune Agent and Integration with Microsoft Entra ID, to enable system administrators to enhance enterprise security. With Linux Intune agent integration, IT admins and administrators can determine compliance based on WSL distro versions and more, using custom scripts. Microsoft Entra ID integration provides a zero trust experience to access protected enterprise resources from within a WSL distro by providing a secure channel to acquire and utilize tokens bound to the host device. The Linux Intune agent integration is currently in public preview, and Microsoft Entra ID integration will be in public preview this summer.

New experiences designed to help every developer become more productive on Windows 11

We know building great AI experiences starts with developer productivity. That’s why we are excited to announce new features in Dev Home, performance improvements to DevDrive and improvements to your favorite tool PowerToys.

At Build last year, we announced Dev Home and since then we have been evolving Dev Home to be the one-stop-shop for setting up your Windows machine for development. We have made some key improvements to Dev Home to further boost developer productivity. Dev Home is now installed on every Windows machine making it easy to get started. We are introducing Environments, Windows Customization and welcoming WSL and a subset of PowerToys utilities to Dev Home.

Environments in Dev Home help centralize your interactions with all remote environments. Create, manage, launch and configure dev environments in a snap from Dev Home

For developers who often use virtual machines and remote environments, Environments in Dev Home is for you. With support for Hyper-V VMs and cloud Microsoft Dev Boxes, you can create new environments, set up environments with repositories, apps, and packages. You can perform quick actions such as taking snapshots, starting, and stopping, and even pin environments to the Start Menu and taskbar, all from Environments in Dev Home. To make this experience even more powerful, it’s all extensible and open source so you can add your own environments. Environments in Dev Home is available now in preview.

We know developers want zero distractions when coding, and customizing your dev machine to the ideal state is critical for productivity. We also know developers want more control and agency on their device. That’s why we are releasing Windows Customization feature in Dev Home .

Windows Customization in Dev Home allows developers to customize their device to an ideal state with fewest clicks

Windows Customization gives developers access to Dev Drive insights, advanced File Explorer settings, virtual machine management, and the ability to quiet background processes, giving developers more control over their Windows machine. Submit feature requests for what you want to see in Windows Customization on GitHub .

Windows customization folders in Dev Home

New Export feature in Dev Home Machine Configuration allows you to quickly create configuration files to share with your teammates, boosting productivity

WinGet configuration files are an easy way to get your machine set up for development exactly how you like it. For a streamlined experience, try the new export feature in Dev Home which allows you to generate a configuration file based on the choices you made in Dev Home’s Machine Configuration setup flow, allowing you to quickly create configuration files to share with your teammates for a consistent machine setup.

Lastly, when cloning a repository in Dev Home that contains a configuration file, Dev Home can now detect that file and let you run it right away, allowing you to get set up for coding even faster than before.

In addition to these new features, we are bringing WSL and a subset of PowerToys utilities to Dev Home, truly making Dev Home your one-stop shop for all your development needs. You can now access WSL right from Dev Home in the Environments tab. Also, a subset of PowerToys utilities such as Hosts File Editor , Environment Variables , and Registry Preview can be accessed in the new Utilities tab on Dev Home. These features are currently available in preview.   

Dev Drive introduces block cloning that will allow developers to perform large file copy operations, instantaneously

At the heart of developer productivity lies improving performance for developer workloads on Windows. Last year at Build , we announced Dev Drive a new storage volume tailor-made for developers and supercharged for performance and security. Since then, we have continued to invest further in Windows performance improvements for developer workloads.

With the release of Windows 11 24H2, workflows will get even faster when developing on a Dev Drive. Windows copy engine now has Filesystem Block Cloning, resulting in nearly instantaneous copy actions and drastically improving performance, especially in developer scenarios that copy large files. Our benchmarks include the following:

Dev Drive is a must for any developer, especially if you are dealing with repositories with many files, or large files. You can set up Dev Drive through the Settings app under System->Storage->Disks and Volumes page.

Reducing toil and unlocking the fun and joy of development on Windows with new features and improvements

Sudo for Windows allows developers to run elevated commands right in Terminal

For command line users, we’re providing a simple and familiar way for elevating your command prompt with Sudo for Windows. Simply enable Sudo within Windows developer settings and you can get started running elevated commands with Sudo right in your terminal. You can learn more about Sudo on GitHub.

New Source code integration in File Explorer allows tracking commit messages and file status directly in File Explorer

File Explorer will provide even more power to developers with version control protocol integration (including Git). This allows developers to monitor data including file status, commit messages, and current branch directly from File Explorer. File Explorer has also gained the ability to compress to 7zip and TAR.

Continuing to innovate and accelerating development for Windows on Arm

The Arm developer ecosystem momentum continues to grow with updates to Visual Studio, .NET, and many key tools delivering Arm native versions. Windows is continuing to welcome more third-party Windows apps, middleware partners and Open-Source Software natively to Arm. Learn how to add Arm support for your apps.

Visual Studio now includes Arm native SQL Server Developer Tools (SSDT), the #1 requested Arm native workload for VS. Learn more
.NET 8 includes tons of performance improvements for Arm: Performance Improvements in .NET 8 – .NET Blog (microsoft.com)
Unity games editor is now available in preview and will release to market with the next Unity update, allowing game developers to build, test and run Unity titles for Arm powered Windows devices.   
Blender Arm native builds is available in preview with the official builds with long term support expected to ship in June. Blender is the free and open source 3D creation suite. It supports the entirety of the 3D pipeline—modelling, rigging, animation, simulation, rendering, compositing and motion tracking, even video editing and game creation.
Arm Native Docker tools for Windows are now available.  
Github Actions now has Arm64 runners on Windows. This is now available in private preview with a public preview expected in the coming months. You can apply to join here .
GIMP adds Arm native with long term support from v3.0 will be available in May.  
Qt 6.8 release due in September will move Arm native to LTS for Windows.

Continuing investments in WinUI3 and WPF to help developers build rich, modern Windows applications

Windows is an open and versatile platform that supports a wide range of UI technologies. If you are looking to develop native Windows applications using our preferred UI development language, XAML, we recommend using either WinUI 3 or WPF.

WinUI 3 includes a modern native compositor and excels at media and graphics-focused consumer and commercial applications. WPF has a longer history and can take advantage of a deep ecosystem of commercial products as well as free and open source projects, many of which are focused on enterprise and data-intensive scenarios. We recommend you first consider WinUI 3, and if that meets your app’s needs, proceed with it for the most modern experience. Otherwise, WPF is an excellent choice. Both WinUI 3 and WPF can take advantage of all Windows has to offer, including the new features and APIs in the Windows App SDK, so you can feel confident in creating a modern application in either technology.

WinUI 3 and Windows App SDK now support native Maps control and .NET 8

With the latest updates to Windows App SDK 1.5+ we shipped several developer-requested features including support for .NET 8, with its faster startup, smaller footprint, and new runtime features. We’ve also brought to WinUI 3 one of the most requested features, the Maps control, powered by WebView 2 and Azure Maps. You can learn more about the controls and features in WinUI 3 in the interactive WinUI 3 Gallery App

Microsoft apps like Photos and File Explorer have migrated to WinUI3 along with developers like Apple (Apple TV, Apple Music, iCloud, Apple Devices) and Yair A (Files App), who are also adopting WinUI 3.

Windows 11 theme support makes it easy to modernize the look and feel of your WPF applications

WPF is popular, especially for data-heavy and enterprise apps. We listened to your feedback and are committed to continuing investments in WPF. With the latest updates to WPF, we have made it easier than ever to modernize the look and feel of your app through support for Windows 11 theming. We also improved integration with Windows by including a native FolderBrowserDialog and managed DWrite.

Developers, including Morgan Stanley and Reincubate , have created great apps that showcase what can be built using WPF.

Our updated Windows Dev Center includes information on both WinUI3 and WPF to help you make the best decision for your application.

Extend Windows apps into 3D space

As Windows transforms for the era of AI we are continuing to expand the reach of the platform including all the AI experiences developers create with the Windows Copilot Runtime. We are delivering Windows from the cloud with Windows 365 so apps can reach any device, anywhere. And we are introducing Windows experiences to new form factors beyond the PC.

For example, we are deepening our partnership with Meta to make Windows a first-class experience on Quest devices. And Windows can take advantage of Quest’s unique capabilities to extend Windows apps into 3D space. We call these Volumetric apps. Developers will have access to a volumetric API. This is just one of many ways to broaden your reach through the Windows ecosystem.

Building for the future of AI on Windows

This past year has been incredibly exciting as we reimagined the Windows PC in this new era of AI. But this is just the start of our journey. With the most efficient and performant Windows PCs ever built, powered by the game-changing NPU technology, and an OS with AI at its core, we have listened to your feedback and worked to make Windows the very best platform for developers.

We look forward to continuing to partner with you, our developer and MVP community, to bring innovation to our platform and tools, and enabling each of you to create future AI experiences that will empower every person on the planet to achieve more. We can’t wait to see what you will build next.

Editor’s note, May 21, 2024: This post was updated to reflect the latest product information on Snapdragon Dev Kit for Windows.

Disclaimers

1 Tested April 2024 using debug application for Windows Studio Effects workload comparing pre-release Copilot+ PC builds with Snapdragon Elite X 12 Core to Windows 11 PC with Intel 12th gen i7 configuration

2 Tested April 2024 using Phi SLM workload running 512-token prompt processing in a loop with default settings comparing pre-release Copilot+ PC builds with Snapdragon Elite X 12 Core and Snapdragon X Plus 10 core configurations (QNN build) to Windows 11 PC with NVIDIA 4080 GPU configuration (CUDA build).

3 Optimized for select languages (English, Chinese (simplified), French, German, Japanese, and Spanish.) Content-based and storage limitations apply. See [ aka.ms/copilotpluspcs ].

4 Optimized for English text prompts. See aka.ms/copilotpluspcs.

IMAGES

Transition Words and Definitions, Transition Words For Essays
Transition Words for Essays: Great List & Useful Tips • 7ESL
Transition Words for Essays: Great List & Useful Tips • 7ESL
100+ Important Transition Words and Phrases with Examples
Transition Words: A Comprehensive List to Enhance Your Writing • 7ESL
Transition Words: A Comprehensive List to Enhance Your Writing • 7ESL

VIDEO

Transition words for Essay, Part 1
Transition Words for Essay, Part 2
How Can I Effectively Use Transition Words in My Essays?
Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood
Individual Education Plan in Case of Disabilities
Transitions

COMMENTS

Transition Sentences
Clear transitions are crucial to clear writing: They show the reader how different parts of your essay, paper, or thesis are connected. Transition sentences can be used to structure your text and link together paragraphs or sections. Example of a transition sentence for a new paragraph. In this case, the researchers concluded that the method ...
Transitions
Transitions. Transitions help your readers move between ideas within a paragraph, between paragraphs, or between sections of your argument. When you are deciding how to transition from one idea to the next, your goal should be to help readers see how your ideas are connected—and how those ideas connect to the big picture.
Transitions
A transition between paragraphs can be a word or two (however, for example, similarly), a phrase, or a sentence. Transitions can be at the end of the first paragraph, at the beginning of the second paragraph, or in both places. Transitions within paragraphs: As with transitions between sections and paragraphs, transitions within paragraphs act ...
Common Transition Words and Phrases
Common Transition Words and Phrases. ... 9. Emphasis. Use to suggest that an idea is particularly important to your argument important to note, most of all, a significant factor, a primary concern, a key feature, remember that, pay particular attention to, a central issue, the most substantial issue, the main value, a major event, the chief factor, a distinctive quality, especially valuable ...
Transitional Words and Phrases
Transitional words and phrases can create powerful links between ideas in your paper and can help your reader understand the logic of your paper. However, these words all have different meanings, nuances, and connotations. Before using a particular transitional word in your paper, be sure you understand its meaning and usage completely and be sure…
190 Good Transition Words for Essays
Along with transition words, rhetorical devices and literary devices are other tools to consider during this stage of essay writing. Transition Words for College Essays. While this list will be a useful tool for all types of essay writing it will be particularly helpful when it comes to finding the right transition words for college essays. The ...
PDF 7th Edition Transitions Quick Guide
Transitions Quick Guide. There are two kinds of transitions: (a) transitional words and phrases that are used at the start of a sentence to show how the sentence connects with the previous sentence and (b) transitional sentences that are used at the start of a paragraph to show how the paragraph logically connects with the previous paragraph.
Understanding Transition Sentences (For Essays and Writing with Examples)
Examples of transition sentences for essays. The use of transitions is very important in essays. An essay is written to convey an idea, opinion, or viewpoint. To ensure its effectiveness, transition sentences are needed at different parts of the essay. Transition sentences are needed between sentences, between sections, and at the conclusion of ...
Transition Words: Examples In Sentences, Paragraphs & Essays
The last thing you want is your transition words to feel trite and uninspired. Discover what these words are and a variety of examples for your writing here.
How to Use Transitions in an Essay
Rule 1. Structure your essay well. If your essay has a clear structure, this will minimize the need for transitions. Remember - you shouldn't really need a lot of transitional words and phrases in your essay. Use transitions in places where they are most likely to help the reader make the necessary connection and move along.
33 Transition Words for Essays
33 Transition Words and Phrases. 'Besides,' 'furthermore,' 'although,' and other words to help you jump from one idea to the next. Transitional terms give writers the opportunity to prepare readers for a new idea, connecting the previous sentence to the next one. Many transitional words are nearly synonymous: words that broadly indicate that ...
Transition Sentence Examples
Essays often require transition sentences or even paragraphs, which perform a similar function, linking what the reader knows after reading the previous part to the new information or idea coming up. ... Sample transition words: altogether, finally, in brief, to sum up, to conclude, on the whole, all things considered. Opposition. This new ...
Transition Words & Phrases
Example sentence. Transition words and phrases. Addition. We found that the mixture was effective. Moreover, it appeared to have additional effects we had not predicted. indeed, furthermore, moreover, additionally, and, also, both x and y, not only x but also y, besides x, in fact. Introduction.
A List of 200+ Transition Words For Essays
Transition Words for Argumentative Essays. 4. Transition Words for Persuasive Essays. 5. Transition Words for Compare and Contrast Essays. 6. Transition Words for Informative Essays. 7. Transition Words for Expository Essays.
A List of Transition Words to Use for Argumentative Essays
Transition can also be a sentence to a paragraph long. I'll show you an example. Paragraph A: A point that supports co-sleeping as a parenting method. Transition: Despite this, there are many reasons that prove co-sleeping leads to sleep-related accidents. Paragraph B: Points that oppose co-sleeping.
PDF Transitions
Transitions can be at the end of the first paragraph, at the beginning of the second paragraph, or in both places. 3. Transitions within paragraphs—As with transitions between sections and paragraphs, transitions within paragraphs act as cues by helping readers to anticipate what is coming before they read it.
Complete List of Transition Words
Additive Transitions . Probably the most common type, additive transitions are those you use when you want to show that the current point is an addition to the previous one, notes Edusson, a website that provides students with essay-writing tips and advice.Put another way, additive transitions signal to the reader that you are adding to an idea and/or your ideas are similar, says Quizlet, an ...
Definition and Examples of Transitional Paragraphs
Definition and Examples of Transitional Paragraphs. Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms. A transitional paragraph is a paragraph in an essay, speech , composition, or report that signals a shift from one section, idea, or approach to another. Usually short (sometimes as short as one or two sentences), a transitional paragraph is most ...
PDF Transitions
Transitional words that signal explanation or elaboration include in other words, for example, for instance, in particular, that is, to illustrate, moreover. • drawing conclusions You can use transitions to signal to readers that you are moving from the body of your argument to your conclusions. Before you use transitional words to signal
"Why This College?" Essay Examples
Essay Example 1: As current Editor-in-Chief of my school magazine The Clarion, I'd like to pursue a Journalism major at the College of Northeastern Ohio, where I will deepen my experience in writing and design through classes such as "Reporting with Visual Journalism" and "International Writing.".
64 Examples of Social Issues Topics for 2024
As these steps make clear, the argument is the essay. Making an argument entails justifying the act of writing itself, as well as the reader's decision to follow the writer in focusing on an issue from a unique vantage point. The following list of examples indicates some of the range of social issue essay topics.
I Don't Write Like Alice Munro, but I Want to Live Like Her
Guest Essay. I Don't Write Like Alice Munro, but I Want to Live Like Her. May 15, 2024. ... Here was the best example in the world — in Canada, my own land — of someone who seemed to abide ...
Household Debt Rose by $184 Billion in Q1 2024; Delinquency Transition
Delinquency transition rates increased for all debt types. Annualized, approximately 8.9% of credit card balances and 7.9% of auto loans transitioned into delinquency. Delinquency transition rates for mortgages increased by 0.3 percentage points yet remain low by historic standards. Household Debt and Credit Developments as of Q1 2024
Unlock a new era of innovation with Windows Copilot Runtime and
For example, we are deepening our partnership with Meta to make Windows a first-class experience on Quest devices. And Windows can take advantage of Quest's unique capabilities to extend Windows apps into 3D space. We call these Volumetric apps. Developers will have access to a volumetric API. This is just one of many ways to broaden your ...