essay on diversity of living organisms

Biology Article

Diversity In Living Organisms

Our planet is gifted with numerous living organisms, which vary in their size, shape, habitat, nutrition, reproduction and a lot more. Based on their physical features and their habitat, these animals of Kingdom Animale are classified into different order and class.

Animals living in different environments, including the water, land, deserts, forests, grasslands, ice land and water and ice to deserts and forests and grasslands. All these organisms consist of something called cells.

Cells are the building blocks of life and one of the most important characteristics of living organisms. They are structural units of life carrying out specifically assigned functions. A group of such cells form a tissue.

Diversity in living organisms can be experienced everywhere on earth. The warm and humid regions of the earth are highly diverse and are called the region of mega biodiversity. 12 countries in the world have more than half of the biodiversity in the world. India is one of them.

Each individual has a unique DNA set up. We differ amongst human beings in the way we look and different attributes contributing to it such as our height, complexion etc. If we compare ourselves with a different species like a horse or a fish, we would definitely vary greatly in almost all aspects but if a horse is compared to a zebra, we would be able to draw a few differences only.

Classification

The arrangement of the organisms in groups on the basis of their similarities and differences is known as classification.

Basis Of Classification

Over millions of years, we have seen diversity in living beings. We have evolved from ape-like beings to homo sapiens. We look for similarities between organisms so that we can classify them into classes and hence study them as a whole, for this, fundamental characteristics need to be decided which would form the foundation for classifying.

Classification can be carried out based on many factors such as:

Presence of nucleus

Body design – make up of cells(Single-celled or Multicellular organisms)

Production of food

Level of the organization in bodies of organisms carrying out photosynthesis

In animals – an organization of one’s body parts, development of body, specialized organs for different functions

These features can differ in both plants and animals as they differ in their body design. Hence, these prominent designs and characteristic features can be used to make subgroups and not aa broad classification.

Classification System

The classification system is of two types:

Two-Kingdom Classification- This system was proposed by Carolus Linnaeus who classified organisms into two types- plants and animals.

Five-Kingdom Classification- This kingdom was proposed by H.Whittaker who divided the organisms into five different classes:

Hierarchy of Classification

Carolus Linnaeus arranged the organisms into different taxonomic groups at different levels. The groups from top to bottom are:

Characteristics of Five Kingdoms

Kingdom monera.

These are unicellular prokaryotes.

They lack a true nucleus.

They may or may not contain a cell wall.

They may be heterotrophic or autotrophic.

For eg., Bacteria, Cyanobacteria

Kingdom Protista

These contain unicellular, eukaryotic organisms.

They exhibit an autotrophic or heterotrophic mode of nutrition .

They possess pseudopodia, cilia, flagella for locomotion.

For eg., amoeba, paramaecium

Kingdom Fungi

These are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms.

They exhibit a saprophytic mode of nutrition.

The cell wall is made up of chitin.

They live in a symbiotic relationship with blue-green algae.

For eg., Yeast, Aspergillus

Kingdom Plantae

The cell wall is made up of cellulose.

They prepare their own food by means of photosynthesis.

Kingdom Plantae is sub-divided into- Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms.

For eg., Pines, ferns, Mango tree

Kingdom Animalia

These are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms without a cell wall.

They are heterotrophs.

The organisms in kingdom Animalia can be simple or complex.

They are genetically diverse.

They exhibit an organ-system level of organization.

It is sub-divided into different phyla such as Porifera, Coelenterata, Echinodermata, Chordata, etc.

For eg., Earthworms, Hydra, etc.

Classification And Evolution

Classification of organisms is closely related to evolution. Evolution is the changes that have accumulated over the years in the body design of organisms for better survival. In 1859, Charles Darwin first described the idea of evolution in his book ‘The Origin Of Species’.

Listed below are inferences drawn when evolution is connected to classification:

‘Lower’ or ‘primitive’ organisms are the organisms having the ancient body type and seem to have not changed over the years.

‘Higher’ or ‘advanced’ organisms are those who are relatively recent and have acquired their particular body designs.

But these terms cannot used be used in classifying organisms, hence we use terms like ‘younger’ and ‘older’ organisms as there is a possibility of witnessing changes with passing time due to increase in the complexity of body designs. Hence, we can simply say, older organisms are simpler compared to younger organisms.

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1.6: The Origins, Evolution, Speciation, Diversity and Unity of Life

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Gerald Bergtrom
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

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The question of how life began has been with us since the beginnings or recorded history. It is now accepted that there was a time, however brief or long, when the earth was a lifeless (prebiotic) planet. Life’s origins on earth date to some 3.7-4.1 billion years ago under conditions that favored the formation of the first cell, the first entity with all of the properties of life. But couldn’t those same conditions have spawned multiple cells independently, each with all of the properties of life? If so, from which of these did life, as we know it today, descend? Whether there were one or more different “first cells”, evolution (a property of life) only began with those cells.

115 Properties of Life

The fact that there is no evidence of cells of independent origin may reflect that they never existed. Alternatively, the cell we call our ancestor was evolutionarily successful at the expense of other life forms, which thus became extinct. In any event, whatever this successful ancestor may have looked like, its descendants would have evolved quite different appearances, chemistries and physiologies. These descendant cells would have found different genetic and biochemical solutions to achieving and maintaining life’s properties. One of these descendants evolved the solutions we see in force in all cells and organisms alive today, including a common ( universal ) genetic code to store life’s information, as well as a common mechanism for retrieving the encoded information. Francis Crick called is commonality the “Central Dogma” of biology. That ancestral cell is called our Last Universal Common Ancestor , or LUCA .

116 The Universal Genetic Code 117 Origins of Life 118 Life Origins vs Evolution

Elsewhere we consider in more detail how we think about the origins of life. For now, our focus is on evolution, the property of life that is the basis of speciation and life’s diversity.

Natural selection was Charles Darwin’s theory for how evolution led to the structural diversity of species. New species arise when beneficial traits are naturally selected from genetically different individuals in a population, with the concomitant culling of less fit individuals from populations over time. If natural selection acts on individuals, evolution results from the persistence and spread of selected, heritable changes through successive generations in a population. Evolution is reflected as an increase in diversity and complexity at all levels of biological organization, from species to individual organisms to molecules. For an easy read about the evolution of eyes (whose very existence according to creationists could only have formed by intelligent design by a creator), see the article in National Geographic by E. Yong (Feb., 2016, with beautiful photography by D. Littschwager).

Repeated speciation occurs with the continual divergence of life forms from an ancestral cell through natural selection and evolution. Our shared cellular structures, nucleic acid, protein and metabolic chemistries (the ‘unity’ of life) supports our common ancestry with all life. These shared features date back to our LUCA! Most living things even share some early behaviors . Take our biological clock , an adaptation to our planet’s 24 hour daily cycles of light and dark that have been around since the origins of life; all organisms studied so far seem to have one!. The discovery of the genetic and molecular underpinnings of circadian rhythms (those daily cycles) earned Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young the 2017 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology (click Molecular Studies of Circadian Rhythms wins Nobel Prize to learn more)!

The molecular relationships common to all living things largely confirm what we have learned from the species represented in the fossil record. Morphological, biochemical and genetic traits that are shared across species are defined as homologous , and can be used to reconstruct evolutionary histories. The biodiversity that scientists (in particular, environmentalists) try to protect is the result of millions of years of speciation and extinction. Biodiversity needs protection from the unwanted acceleration of evolution arising from human activity, including blatant extinctions (think passenger pigeon), and near extinctions (think American bison by the late 1800s). Think also of the consequences the introduction of invasive aquatic and terrestrial species and the effects of climate change.

Let’s look at the biochemical and genetic unity among livings things. We’ve already considered what happens when cells get larger in evolution when we tried to explain how larger cells divided their labors among smaller intracellular structures and organelles. When eukaryotic cells evolved into multicellular organisms, it became necessary for the different cells to communicate with each other and to respond to environmental cues.

Some cells evolved mechanisms to “talk” directly to adjacent cells and others evolved to transmit electrical (neural) signals to other cells and tissues. Still other cells produced hormones to communicate with cells to which they had no physical attachment. As species diversified to live in very different habitats, they also evolved very different nutritional requirements, along with more extensive and elaborate biochemical pathways to digest their nutrients and capture their chemical energy. Nevertheless, despite billions of years of obvious evolution and astonishing diversification, the underlying genetics and biochemistry of living things on this planet is remarkably unchanged. Early in the 20th century, Albert Kluyver first recognized that cells and organisms vary in form appearance in spite of the essential biochemical unity of all organisms (see Albert Kluyver in Wikipedia ). This unity amidst the diversity of life is a paradox of life that we will probe further in this course.

A. Genetic Variation, the Basis of Natural Selection

DNA contains the genetic instructions for the structure and function of cells and organisms. When and where a cell or organism’s genetic instructions are used (i.e., to make RNA and proteins) are regulated. Genetic variation results from random mutations. Genetic diversity arising from mutations is in turn, the basis of natural selection during evolution.

119 The Random Basis of Evolution

B. The Genome: An Organism’s Complete Genetic Instructions

We’ve seen that every cell of an organism carries the DNA including gene sequences and other kinds of DNA. The genome of an organism is the entirety of its genetic material (DNA, or for some viruses, RNA). The genome of a common experimental strain of E. coli was sequenced by 1997 (Blattner FR et al. 1997 The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science 277:1452-1474). Sequencing of the human genome was completed by 2001, well ahead of the predicted schedule (Venter JC 2001 The sequence of the human genome . Science 291:1304-1351). As we have seen in the re-classification of life from five kingdoms into three domains, nucleic acid sequence comparisons can tell us a great deal about evolution. We now know that evolution depends not only on gene sequences, but also, on a much grander scale, on the structure of genomes. Genome sequencing has confirmed not only genetic variation between species, but also considerable variation between individuals of the same species. Genetic variation within species is in fact the raw material of evolution. It is clear from genomic studies that genomes have been shaped and modeled (or remodeled) in evolution. We’ll consider genome remodeling in more detail elsewhere.

C. Genomic ‘Fossils’ Can Confirm Evolutionary relationships.

It had been known for some time that gene and protein sequencing could reveal evolutionary relationships and even familial relationships. Read about an early demonstration of such relationships based on amino acid sequence comparisons across evolutionary time in Zuckerkandl E and Pauling L. (1965) Molecules as documents of evolutionary theory. J. Theor. Biol. 8:357-366. It is now possible to extract DNA from fossil bones and teeth, allowing comparisons of extant and extinct species. DNA has been extracted from the fossil remains of humans, other hominids, and many animals. DNA sequencing reveals our relationship to each other, to our hominid ancestors and to animals from bugs to frogs to mice to chimps to Neanderthals to… Unfortunately, DNA from organisms much older than 10,000 years is typically so damaged or simply absent, that relationship building beyond that time is impossible. Now in a clever twist, using what we know from gene sequences of species alive today, investigators recently ‘constructed’ a genetic phylogeny suggesting the sequences of genes of some of our long-gone progenitors, including bacteria (click here to learn more: Deciphering Genomic Fossils ). The comparison of these ‘reconstructed’ ancestral DNA sequences suggests when photosynthetic organisms diversified and when our oxygenic planet became a reality.

120 Genomic Fossils- Molecular Evolution

ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRY

Biodiversity.

Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species on Earth, including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi. While Earth’s biodiversity is so rich that many species have yet to be discovered, many species are being threatened with extinction due to human activities, putting the Earth’s magnificent biodiversity at risk.

Biology, Ecology

grasshoppers

Although all of these insects have a similar structure and may be genetic cousins, the beautiful variety of colors, shapes, camouflage, and sizes showcase the level of diversity possible even within a closely-related group of species.

Photograph by Frans Lanting

Biodiversity is a term used to describe the enormous variety of life on Earth. It can be used more specifically to refer to all of the species in one region or ecosystem . Bio diversity refers to every living thing, including plants, bacteria, animals, and humans. Scientists have estimated that there are around 8.7 million species of plants and animals in existence. However, only around 1.2 million species have been identified and described so far, most of which are insects. This means that millions of other organisms remain a complete mystery.

Over generations , all of the species that are currently alive today have evolved unique traits that make them distinct from other species . These differences are what scientists use to tell one species from another. Organisms that have evolved to be so different from one another that they can no longer reproduce with each other are considered different species . All organisms that can reproduce with each other fall into one species .

Scientists are interested in how much biodiversity there is on a global scale, given that there is still so much biodiversity to discover. They also study how many species exist in single ecosystems, such as a forest, grassland, tundra, or lake. A single grassland can contain a wide range of species, from beetles to snakes to antelopes. Ecosystems that host the most biodiversity tend to have ideal environmental conditions for plant growth, like the warm and wet climate of tropical regions. Ecosystems can also contain species too small to see with the naked eye. Looking at samples of soil or water through a microscope reveals a whole world of bacteria and other tiny organisms.

Some areas in the world, such as areas of Mexico, South Africa, Brazil, the southwestern United States, and Madagascar, have more bio diversity than others. Areas with extremely high levels of bio diversity are called hotspots . Endemic species — species that are only found in one particular location—are also found in hotspots .

All of the Earth’s species work together to survive and maintain their ecosystems . For example, the grass in pastures feeds cattle. Cattle then produce manure that returns nutrients to the soil, which helps to grow more grass. This manure can also be used to fertilize cropland. Many species provide important benefits to humans, including food, clothing, and medicine.

Much of the Earth’s bio diversity , however, is in jeopardy due to human consumption and other activities that disturb and even destroy ecosystems . Pollution , climate change, and population growth are all threats to bio diversity . These threats have caused an unprecedented rise in the rate of species extinction . Some scientists estimate that half of all species on Earth will be wiped out within the next century. Conservation efforts are necessary to preserve bio diversity and protect endangered species and their habitats.

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Diversity in Living Organisms

What is diversity in living organisms.

Biodiversity is used to define the diversity of life forms worldwide. It is a word that is used more often to refer to the classification of living species found in a particular geographic region. The Diversity of living species of a geographic region in an area provides stability in the respective region.

There are numerous living organisms on earth with different sizes, shapes, habitats, nutrition, reproduction, and more. That depends on their physical features and their habitat. Animals of any kingdom are classified into different orders and classes.

Animals live in different climates like water, land, grasslands, deserts, forests, ice, water, and ice to forests, deserts, and grasslands. All these organisms consist of cells.

Cells are one of the essential characteristics of living organisms. Cells are structural units of life. It carries out specifically assigned functions in living species. In this way, a group of cells from tissue in living species.

Diversity in living organisms can be seen everywhere on earth. The region of the earth is highly diverse and is called the region of mega biodiversity. Twelve countries in the world have more than half of the biodiversity in the world. India is also one of them.

Over millions of years, diversity has been going on in living beings. Species have evolved from ape-like beings to homo sapiens. People look for similarities between organisms to classify them, and hence they study them as a whole. Regarding this, fundamental characteristics need to be decided, which would form the foundation for classifying.

Introduction to Diversity in Living Organisms

Life exists in different forms on Earth. When it comes to the question of the number of living organisms found on the earth, the answer is unimaginable. This is so because of the large diversity of organisms continuously evolving into a different variety ever since the origin of life had taken place. Diversity is present at different levels like genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecological diversity. Mango alone has around 10,000 varieties in India. This alone example indicates how large and diverse are the living organisms. Gaining knowledge about this large diversity is impossible without classifying them. Thus classification becomes an important step towards the study of different organisms found on the earth.

Biological Classification

The process of putting all the organisms in certain groups on the basis of certain similarities and differences is known as Classification

Various characteristics are taken into account in order to classify an organism. Some of them are-

The type of cell present whether the organism is having a eukaryotic cell or a prokaryotic cell.

The number of cells whether the organism is unicellular or multicellular.

Body organization whether the organization is cellular, tissue-level, or organ-level.

The nutrition of organisms whether it's autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Morphological features of the organisms.

Anatomical features of the organism etc.

All these features including many others are taken into consideration during the classification

Classification System

Various scientists have proposed their own model of classifying organisms. Some of these are given below.

Two Kingdom Classification

Carolus Linnaeus gave the 2-kingdom system of classification and divided all the organisms into two groups as Plantae and Animalia. This kind of classification brought all the organisms which had a cell wall together within their cell in one group called the Plantae and the rest all were placed in the other group known as Animalia.

Plantae comprises bacteria, fungi with plants. All were very different from each other but still were kept together under two-kingdom classification. There was no distinction between the prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes. Thus this system of classification was not right but surely helped in evolving a better classification system.

Five Kingdom Classification

R.H Whittaker proposed a five-kingdom classification. This classification is accepted and corrected worldwide. A number of criteria were considered for making this model like the cell type, cell number, cell organization, nutrition, etc.

It consists of 5 groups /kingdoms

Animalia

Characteristics of Five Kingdom

Kingdom Monera

This kingdom has organisms that are unicellular and have prokaryotic cell.

It includes bacteria, cyanobacteria, etc.

Their cell usually has a cell wall.

They can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

(Image will be Uploaded Soon)

Kingdom Protista

This kingdom includes organisms that are also unicellular but have a eukaryotic cell.

They may be photosynthetic or heterotrophic.

They may possess structures like flagella and cilia.

Examples are amoeba, euglena, paramecium, etc.

Kingdom Fungi

This is the first kingdom with multicellular organisms.

They exhibit a heterotrophic mode of nutrition more specifically saprotrophic mode of nutrition.

They have a eukaryotic cell with a cell wall that is made up of chitin.

Example - yeast, mushroom

Kingdom Plantae

All organisms are eukaryotic and multicellular.

The body can be seen as differentiated into higher groups.

They are photosynthetic and exhibit an autotrophic mode of nutrition. Some members are partially heterotrophic.

Their cell has a cell wall made up of cellulose.

Examples- mango tree, red algae , etc.

Kingdom Animalia

All members are eukaryotic and multicellular.

Their cells lack a cell wall.

They are heterotrophs.

Examples- lion, dog, fish, etc.

Classification Hierarchy

The broadest group Kingdom is further divided into small groups to reach a point of maximum similarity in one group of organisms. Thus a hierarchy of classification is developed when the small groups are arranged from the lowest to the highest order. Each category in the hierarchy is known as Taxon.

Following is the Hierarchy of Classification:

Phylum / Division

Genus

Species are the basic unit of classification.

Classification and Evolution

Classification of organisms is related to evolution. Evolution is the change that takes more over the years in the body design of organisms for better survival. Charles Darwin first described the concept of evolution in his book ‘The Origin Of Species’ in 1859.

Lower organisms are the organisms that seem to have not changed over the years.

Higher organisms are relatively recent and have their particular body designs.

Diversity in Living Organisms is a fundamental topic introduced in students in higher and junior classes. It is a primary and essential topic of Study, for this one can easily follow Vedantu and know about interesting facts about Diversity.

Yeast is the only unicellular fungus.

Lichens are organisms in which algae and fungi live together and exhibit symbiotic relationships.

FAQs on Diversity in Living Organisms

1. Why is there diversity among organisms?

Calculation of biology is never perfect, and one can not achieve the exact copy. There are numerous steps in molecular biology that do not give the exact copy from replication to a functional protein. This incident leads to mutation, changes, and Diversity. This Diversity is then screened by natural selection. Whoever survives the present environmental condition will reproduce if naturally selected as per evolution.

2. Why is biodiversity so important?

Biodiversity refers to the number of different species living in the regions. It represents the wealth of biological wealth in nature. It globally varies with the regions. Many natural factors affect biodiversities like temperature, soils, and other natural things. It maintains the balance of climate and nature in a recycled way. Biodiversity also affects social life like recreation, education, research, human health, industry, and culture. Thus one can say that biodiversity is crucial for the well-being of life on earth.

3. Why does evolution result in so much biodiversity?

The earth is much bigger than we can think. There are lots of species that are still not discovered. They also survive in various possible ways by fighting with nature. There are many attainable ways for organisms to survive. A planet has its way to protect the lives in it. There are several chemicals set up to make them survive. And this is also getting evolved day by day in their need.

4. Describe the significance of the study of living organisms for students?

Most people believe that everyone must study living organisms as humans are also part of evolution. By studying, one can know detailed information about nature, from recycling every natural thing and the life of every living species. There are many things about what a person may know. It is also an essential part for students as they should know about the Living species in nature. Diversity is now included in the study syllabus of the students.

5. How can a student get to know detailed information about living organisms?

The biodiversity of living organisms is a critical topic for students. If any student wants to know about that from the internet, they can find many research materials, and there are thousands of results and online learning websites where one can get help in any subject or topic. But choosing the best is the priority.

6. Comment on the relationship between classification and evolution.

As we take a closer look at the classification of organisms and how the kingdoms and phyla are arranged one after the other, depicting a change from simple to complex forms, it actually indicates the pattern of evolution that has taken place on the earth in the past years. Classification and its hierarchy is the direct evidence of evolution. Higher groups are evolved from the lower groups from gradual evolution and these groups are placed accordingly in the hierarchy. Thus Classification is interrelated to evolution though were developed and studied independently.

7. Define the artificial system of classification.

Organisms were also classified on the basis of habitat and feeding habits are known as an artificial system of classification.

Some groups on the basis of habitats are mentioned below :

Aquatic- Organisms that live in water are considered aquatic organisms. It has many other subgroups like Benthos (bottom-dwelling), sedentary (fixed in water), etc.

Terrestrial- Organisms that live on land are known as terrestrial. They can be scansorial (wall climbers), arboreal (tree climbers), cursorial (fast-moving ), etc. Example- ants, monkeys, etc.

Amphibious- These types of organisms can live both on land and water. Example- Frog and Crocodile.

Biology • Class 9

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May 22, 2024

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Exploring diversity in cell division: Study investigates the process of evolution that supports diverse life cycles

by Shreya Ghosh, European Molecular Biology Laboratory

New research by EMBL scientists shows how different modes of cell division used by animals and fungi might have evolved to support diverse life cycles.

Cell division is one of the most fundamental processes of life. From bacteria to blue whales, every living being on Earth relies on cell division for growth, reproduction, and species survival. Yet, there is remarkable diversity in the way different organisms carry out this universal process.

A new study from EMBL Heidelberg's Dey group and their collaborators, recently published in Nature , explores how different modes of cell division evolved in close relatives of fungi and animals, demonstrating, for the first time, the link between an organism's life cycle and the way their cells divide.

Despite last sharing a common ancestor over a billion years ago, animals and fungi are similar in many ways. Both belong to a broader group called "eukaryotes"—organisms whose cells store their genetic material inside a closed compartment called the "nucleus." The two differ, however, in how they carry out many physiological processes, including the most common type of cell division—mitosis.

Most animal cells undergo "open" mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope—the two-layered membrane separating the nucleus from the rest of the cell—breaks down when cell division begins. However, most fungi use a different form of cell division—called "closed" mitosis—in which the nuclear envelope remains intact throughout the division process.

Very little is known about why or how these two distinct modes of cell division evolved and what factors determine which mode would be predominantly followed by a particular species.

This question captured the attention of scientists in the Dey Group at EMBL Heidelberg, who investigate the evolutionary origins of the nucleus and cell division.

"By studying diversity across organisms and reconstructing how things evolved, we can begin to ask if there are universal rules that underlie how such fundamental biological processes work," said Gautam Dey, Group Leader at EMBL Heidelberg.

In 2020, during the COVID-19 lockdown, an unexpected path to answering this question grew out of discussions between Dey's group and Omaya Dudin's team at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne. Dudin is an expert on an unusual group of marine protists—Ichthyosporea. Ichthyosporea are closely related to both fungi and animals, with different species lying closer to one or the other group on the evolutionary family tree.

The Dey and Dudin groups, in collaboration with Yannick Schwab's group at EMBL Heidelberg, decided to probe the origins of open and closed mitosis using Ichthyosporea as a model. Interestingly, the researchers found that certain species of Ichthyosporea undergo closed mitosis while others undergo open mitosis. Therefore, by comparing and contrasting their biology, they could obtain insights into how organisms adapt to and use these two cell division modes.

Hiral Shah, an EIPOD fellow working across the three groups, led the study. "Having recognized very early that Ichthyosporea, with their many nuclei and key evolutionary position between animal and fungi, were well-suited for addressing this question, it was clear that this would require bringing together the cell biological and technical expertise of the Dey, Dudin, and Schwab groups, and this is exactly what the EIPOD fellowship allowed me to do," said Shah.

Upon closely probing the mechanisms of cell division in two species of Ichthyosporeans, the researchers found that one species, S. arctica, favors closed mitosis, similar to fungi. S. arctica also has a life cycle with a multinucleate stage, where many nuclei exist within the same cell—another feature shared with many fungal species as well as the embryonic stages of certain animals, such as fruit flies.

Another species, C. perkinsii, turned out to be much more animal-like, relying on open mitosis. Its life cycle involves primarily mononucleate stages, where each cell has a single nucleus.

"Our findings led to the key inference that the way animal cells do mitosis evolved hundreds of millions of years before animals did. The work therefore has direct implications for our general understanding of how eukaryotic cell division mechanisms evolve and diversify in the context of diverse life cycles, and provides a key piece of the animal origins puzzle," said Dey.

The study combined expertise in comparative phylogenetics, electron microscopy (from the Schwab Group and the electron microscopy core facility (EMCF) at EMBL Heidelberg), and ultrastructure expansion microscopy, a technique that involves embedding biological samples in a transparent gel and physically expanding it.

Additionally, Eelco Tromer, from the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, and Iva Tolic, from the Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb, Croatia, provided expertise in comparative genomics and mitotic spindle geometry and biophysics, respectively.

"The first time we saw an expanded S. arctica nucleus, we knew this technique would change the way we study the cell biology of non-model organisms," said Shah, who brought back the expansion microscopy technique to EMBL Heidelberg after a stint at the Dudin lab.

Dey agrees, "A key breakthrough in this study came with our application of ultrastructure expansion microscopy (U-ExM) to the analysis of the ichthyosporean cytoskeleton. Without U-ExM, immunofluorescence and most dye labeling protocols do not work in this understudied group of marine holozoans."

This study also demonstrates the importance of going beyond traditional model organism research when trying to answer broad biological questions, and the potential insights further research on Ichthyosporean systems might reveal.

"Ichthyosporean development displays remarkable diversity," said Dudin. "On one hand, several species exhibit developmental patterns similar to those of early insect embryos, featuring multinucleated stages and synchronized cellularization.

"On the other hand, C. perkinsii undergoes cleavage division, symmetry breaking, and forms multicellular colonies with distinct cell types, similar to the 'canonical view' of early animal embryos . This diversity not only helps in understanding the path to animals but also offers a fascinating opportunity for comparative embryology outside of animals, which is, in itself, very exciting."

The project's inherent interdisciplinarity served not only as a good testbed for this type of collaborative research but also for the unique postdoctoral training afforded at EMBL.

"Hiral's project nicely illustrates the virtue of the EIPOD program: a truly interdisciplinary project, bundling innovative biology with advanced methods, all contributing to a truly spectacular personal development," said Schwab. "We (as mentors) witnessed the birth of a strong scientist, and this is really rewarding."

The Dey, Dudin, and Schwab groups are currently also collaborating on the PlanExM project, part of the TREC expedition—an EMBL-led initiative to explore and sample the biodiversity along European coasts. PlanExM aims to apply expansion microscopy to study the ultrastructural diversity of marine protists directly in environmental samples.

"The project grew out of the realization that U-ExM is going to be a game-changer for protistology and marine microbiology," said Dey. With this project, as well as others currently underway, the research team hopes to shed further light on the diversity of life on Earth and the evolution of the fundamental biological processes.

Journal information: Nature

Provided by European Molecular Biology Laboratory

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The Elusive Nature of Viruses: a Conundrum of Existence

This essay about the perplexing nature of viruses explores why they defy traditional classification as living organisms. It highlights how viruses, while exhibiting traits of life such as replication and genetic diversity, lack essential attributes like autonomous metabolism and cellular structure. Through their dependence on host cells for reproduction, viruses challenge conventional definitions of life. Despite their non-living classification, viruses play a significant role in shaping ecosystems and influencing evolutionary processes. By examining the unique characteristics of viruses, this essay offers insights into the complexities of life and the boundaries that exist within the natural world.

How it works

In the vast tapestry of existence, viruses stand as elusive entities, defying conventional classification and challenging the boundaries of life itself. Their enigmatic nature has captivated the minds of scholars and scientists alike, sparking an ongoing quest to unravel the mysteries of their existence. To comprehend why viruses elude the label of “living,” we must embark on a journey through the intricate web of their unique attributes and their intricate dance with living cells.

At the heart of the debate lies the fundamental question: what defines life? Traditionally, living organisms are characterized by their ability to grow, reproduce, respond to stimuli, and maintain homeostasis.

Yet, viruses blur these distinctions, possessing some traits of life while lacking others. Unlike traditional life forms, viruses cannot independently carry out metabolic processes. They lack the cellular machinery necessary for energy production and protein synthesis, instead relying on the host cell’s resources to propagate.

Central to the discussion is the concept of autonomy in reproduction. While viruses indeed replicate and proliferate, they do so only within the confines of a host cell. Unlike self-sufficient cells, which can divide and propagate independently, viruses must infiltrate a host cell and hijack its machinery to replicate. This dependency on host cells challenges the conventional notions of autonomy and underscores the intricate dance between viruses and their hosts.

Moreover, viruses exhibit remarkable genetic diversity and adaptability, traits typically associated with living organisms. However, their genetic material—be it DNA or RNA—is encapsulated within a protein coat known as a capsid, distinct from the cellular structure found in living organisms. This lack of cellular organization further blurs the line between the living and the non-living, confounding attempts to categorize viruses within traditional frameworks.

Despite their classification as non-living entities, viruses wield significant influence over ecosystems and the evolution of life on Earth. Ubiquitous in nature, they inhabit diverse environments, from the depths of oceans to the heights of mountain peaks. Through their interactions with host organisms, viruses drive evolutionary change, shaping the genetic diversity of populations and contributing to the emergence of novel species.

In conclusion, the classification of viruses as non-living entities remains a subject of ongoing debate and inquiry. While they share certain characteristics with living organisms, such as replication and genetic diversity, viruses lack essential attributes like autonomous metabolism and cellular structure. As such, they occupy a unique realm in the natural world, challenging our perceptions of life and existence. By delving into the intricacies of viruses, we gain deeper insights into the complexities of life itself and the myriad forms it can take.

Cite this page

The Elusive Nature of Viruses: A Conundrum of Existence. (2024, May 28). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/the-elusive-nature-of-viruses-a-conundrum-of-existence/

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"The Elusive Nature of Viruses: A Conundrum of Existence," PapersOwl.com , 28-May-2024. [Online]. Available: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-elusive-nature-of-viruses-a-conundrum-of-existence/. [Accessed: 31-May-2024]

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NEET Mock Test on Diversity in the Living World

Boost your NEET exam preparation with our Specially Designed online NEET Mock Test on Diversity in the Living World. Get real-time analysis and evaluate your knowledge.

Diversity in Living World NEET Mock Test

Questions in this NEET Mock Test are taken from following Chapters

The Living World
Biological Classification
Plant Kingdom
Animal Kingdom

Note : All these Questions of Diversity in Living World NEET Mock Test are directly taken from our favorite NCERT Textbook and Previous year Questions Papers.

In any case you found any kind of error or mistakes in this NEET Mock Test then let us know in our comment box below, and also share your feedback on this NEET Mock Test .

➥ Chapterwise Biology Quizzes

Diversity in Living World Mock Test

#1. who was the founder of five kingdom system of classification.

R.H. Whittaker proposed five kingdom classification (1969)

NCERT Class 11th Page No.17 1st Para – 1st Line

#2. According to five kingdom system, gymnosperms and angiosperms are grouped under the kingdom

Gymnosperm and Angiosperm – Kingdom-Plantae

#3. Which organisms are not included in the five kingdom system of classification?

NCERT Class 11th Page No.25 ( 2.6 1st line of Paragraph )

#4. Heterotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular organisms lacking a cell wall are included in the kingdom.

Animalia includes heterotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular organism lacking a cell wall

NCERT Class 11th Page No.17 Table 2.1 Kingdom Animallia

#5. Select the correct statement.

Cholera, Typhoid, Tetanus – Bacterial diseases

Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids & Slime moulds – Protista

Diatoms are the chief producers in the ocean.

NCERT Class 11th Page No.20 ( 2.2 Kingdom Protista ) 5th line from Above

#6. Select the incorrect statement.

The cell wall is absent in Mycoplasma.

#7. Conifers are adapted to tolerate extreme environmental conditions because of

In conifers, the needle like leaves, thick cuticle and sunken stomata help to reduce water loss.

#8. Select the correct statement

#9. which one is a wrong statement.

Mucor has non-motile spore i.e. sporangiospores.

#10. Body having meshwork of cells, internal cavities lined with food filtering flagellated cells and indirect development are the characteristics of phylum:

In poriferans, the body is loose aggregate of cells (meshwork of cells). Internal cavities and canals are lined with food filtering flagellated cells i.e. choanocyte/collar cell. Choanocytes help in filter feeding.

#11. Which of the following characteristics is mainly responsible for diversification of insects on land?

#12. which of the following endoparasites of humans does show viviparity, #13. all eukaryotic unicellular organisms belong to.

NCERT Class 11th Page No.20 (2.2 First Line)

#14. Organisms living in salty areas are called as

NCERT Class 11th Page No.19 (2.1.1 2nd Line )

#15. Naked cytoplasm, multinucleated and saprophytic specifications are the characteristics of

NCERT Class 11th Page No.21 (2.2.4 1st Line )

#16. A dikaryon is formed when

NCERT Class 11th Page No.23 (2nd Para 7th Line from Top )

#17. Contagium vivum fluidum was proposed by

NCERT Class 11th Page No.26 (2nd Para 4th Line from Below )

#18. The association between mycobiont and phycobiont is found in

NCERT Class 11th Page No.27 ( 6th Line from Below )

#19. Difference between a Virus and a Viroid is

NCERT Class 11th Page No.26 & 27

#20. With respect to fungal sexual cycle, choose the correct sequence of events.

NCERT Class 11th Page No. 23 ( Below 1st Para ) VVImportant

#21. Viruses are non-cellular organisms but replicate themselves once they infect the host cell. To which of the following kingdom do viruses belong to?

NCERT Class 11th Page No.25 ( 2.6 1st Line )

#22. As we go from species to kingdom in a taxonomic hierarchy, the number of common characteristics

NCERT Class 11th Page No.10 ( Figure 1.1 )

#23. Which of the following ‘suffixes’ used for the units of classification in plants indicates a taxonomic category of ‘family’?

NCERT Class 11th Page No.11 ( Table 1.1 Checkout )

#24. The term ‘systematics’ refers to

#25. genus represents, #26. the taxonomic unit ‘phylum’ in the classification of animals is equivalent to which hierarchical level in the classification of plants, #27. botanical garden and zoological parks have, #28. taxonomic key is one of the taxonomic tools in the identification and classification of plants and animals. it is used in the preparation of, #29. cat and dog are placed in which families respectively, #30. which of the following is a defining characteristic of living organisms, #31. in some animal groups, the body is found divided into compartments with at least some organs/organ repeated. this characteristic feature is named as, #32. given below are types of cells present in some animals. each one is specialized to perform a single function except.

Interstitial cells are reserve cells which can differentiate into any type of cells. Nematocytes are stinging cells used for offence and defence. Gastrodermal cells line the gastrodermis and intracellular digestion takes place inside these cells. All these cells are found in cnidarians. Choanocytes are found in sponges; they are specialised flagellated cells that line spongocoel and canals.

#33. Which one of the following sets of animals share a four chambered heart?

#34. which of the following pairs of animals has non-glandular skin, #35. birds and mammals share one of the following characteristics as a common feature, #36. which one of the following sets of animals belongs to a single taxonomic group, #37. which one of the following statements is incorrect, #38. which of the following statements is incorrect, #39. which one of the following is oviparous, #40. which one of the following is not a poisonous snake.

Non-venomous snake bite can cause tissue damage.

#41. Cyanobacteria are classified under

#42. fusion of two motile gametes which are dissimilar in size is termed as, #43. holdfast, stipe and frond constitutes the plant body in case of, #44. a plant shows thallus level of organization. it shows rhizoids and is haploid. it needs water to complete its life cycle because the male gametes are motile. identify the group to which it belong to, #45. a prothallus is, #46. plants of this group are diploid and well adapted to extreme conditions. they grow bearing sporophylls in compact structures called cones. the group in reference is, #47. the embryo sac of an angiosperm is made up of, #48. if the diploid number of a flowering plant is 36. what would be the chromosome number in its endosperm.

Endosperm of flowering plants is a triploid structure. As 2n = 36 , then n = 18 , therefore 3n = 54.

#49. Protonema is

#50. the giant redwood tree (sequoia sempervirens) is a/an, cogratulations .

You have passed the NEET Mock Test !

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177 thoughts on “NEET Mock Test on Diversity in the Living World”

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Can You Please tell us Q.No

Q no. 37, Fasciola (liver fluke) is classified into the group platyhelminthes which are ACOELOMATE.

The question said it was pseudocoelomate,so it is wrong.

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In Q.47 two options are correct (7celled and 8nucleated ) and (8nuclei).

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We updated the question

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required ecology unit mcq’s

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Q.no: 29 Crt opt is B

We Changed the Question

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The Long-Overlooked Molecule That Will Define a Generation of Science

By Thomas Cech

Dr. Cech is a biochemist and the author of the forthcoming book “The Catalyst: RNA and the Quest to Unlock Life’s Deepest Secrets,” from which this essay is adapted.

From E=mc² to splitting the atom to the invention of the transistor, the first half of the 20th century was dominated by breakthroughs in physics.

Then, in the early 1950s, biology began to nudge physics out of the scientific spotlight — and when I say “biology,” what I really mean is DNA. The momentous discovery of the DNA double helix in 1953 more or less ushered in a new era in science that culminated in the Human Genome Project, completed in 2003, which decoded all of our DNA into a biological blueprint of humankind.

DNA has received an immense amount of attention. And while the double helix was certainly groundbreaking in its time, the current generation of scientific history will be defined by a different (and, until recently, lesser-known) molecule — one that I believe will play an even bigger role in furthering our understanding of human life: RNA.

You may remember learning about RNA (ribonucleic acid) back in your high school biology class as the messenger that carries information stored in DNA to instruct the formation of proteins. Such messenger RNA, mRNA for short, recently entered the mainstream conversation thanks to the role they played in the Covid-19 vaccines. But RNA is much more than a messenger, as critical as that function may be.

Other types of RNA, called “noncoding” RNAs, are a tiny biological powerhouse that can help to treat and cure deadly diseases, unlock the potential of the human genome and solve one of the most enduring mysteries of science: explaining the origins of all life on our planet.

Though it is a linchpin of every living thing on Earth, RNA was misunderstood and underappreciated for decades — often dismissed as nothing more than a biochemical backup singer, slaving away in obscurity in the shadows of the diva, DNA. I know that firsthand: I was slaving away in obscurity on its behalf.

In the early 1980s, when I was much younger and most of the promise of RNA was still unimagined, I set up my lab at the University of Colorado, Boulder. After two years of false leads and frustration, my research group discovered that the RNA we’d been studying had catalytic power. This means that the RNA could cut and join biochemical bonds all by itself — the sort of activity that had been thought to be the sole purview of protein enzymes. This gave us a tantalizing glimpse at our deepest origins: If RNA could both hold information and orchestrate the assembly of molecules, it was very likely that the first living things to spring out of the primordial ooze were RNA-based organisms.

That breakthrough at my lab — along with independent observations of RNA catalysis by Sidney Altman at Yale — was recognized with a Nobel Prize in 1989. The attention generated by the prize helped lead to an efflorescence of research that continued to expand our idea of what RNA could do.

In recent years, our understanding of RNA has begun to advance even more rapidly. Since 2000, RNA-related breakthroughs have led to 11 Nobel Prizes. In the same period, the number of scientific journal articles and patents generated annually by RNA research has quadrupled. There are more than 400 RNA-based drugs in development, beyond the ones that are already in use. And in 2022 alone, more than $1 billion in private equity funds was invested in biotechnology start-ups to explore frontiers in RNA research.

What’s driving the RNA age is this molecule’s dazzling versatility. Yes, RNA can store genetic information, just like DNA. As a case in point, many of the viruses (from influenza to Ebola to SARS-CoV-2) that plague us don’t bother with DNA at all; their genes are made of RNA, which suits them perfectly well. But storing information is only the first chapter in RNA’s playbook.

Unlike DNA, RNA plays numerous active roles in living cells. It acts as an enzyme, splicing and dicing other RNA molecules or assembling proteins — the stuff of which all life is built — from amino acid building blocks. It keeps stem cells active and forestalls aging by building out the DNA at the ends of our chromosomes.

RNA discoveries have led to new therapies, such as the use of antisense RNA to help treat children afflicted with the devastating disease spinal muscular atrophy. The mRNA vaccines, which saved millions of lives during the Covid pandemic, are being reformulated to attack other diseases, including some cancers . RNA research may also be helping us rewrite the future; the genetic scissors that give CRISPR its breathtaking power to edit genes are guided to their sites of action by RNAs.

Although most scientists now agree on RNA's bright promise, we are still only beginning to unlock its potential. Consider, for instance, that some 75 percent of the human genome consists of dark matter that is copied into RNAs of unknown function. While some researchers have dismissed this dark matter as junk or noise, I expect it will be the source of even more exciting breakthroughs.

We don’t know yet how many of these possibilities will prove true. But if the past 40 years of research have taught me anything, it is never to underestimate this little molecule. The age of RNA is just getting started.

Thomas Cech is a biochemist at the University of Colorado, Boulder; a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1989 for his work with RNA; and the author of “The Catalyst: RNA and the Quest to Unlock Life’s Deepest Secrets,” from which this essay is adapted.

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Sea urchins made to order: Scripps scientists make transgenic breakthrough

A fluorescent blue transgenic sea urchin is seen through a microscope

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Consider the sea urchin. Specifically, the painted urchin: Lytechinus pictus , a prickly Ping-Pong ball from the eastern Pacific Ocean.

The species is a smaller and shorter-spined cousin of the purple urchins devouring kelp forests . They produce massive numbers of sperm and eggs that fertilize outside of their bodies, allowing scientists to watch the process of urchin creation up close and at scale. One generation gives rise to the next in four to six months. They share more genetic material with humans than fruit flies do and can’t fly away — in short, an ideal lab animal for the developmental biologist.

Scientists have been using sea urchins to study cell development for roughly 150 years. Despite urchins’ status as super reproducers, practical concerns often compel scientists to focus their work on more easily accessible animals: mice, fruit flies, worms.

Scientists working with mice, for example, can order animals online with the specific genetic properties they are hoping to study — transgenic animals, whose genes have been artificially tinkered with to express or repress certain traits.

Researchers working with urchins typically have to spend part of their year collecting them from the ocean.

“Can you imagine if mouse researchers were setting a mousetrap every night, and whatever it is they caught is what they studied?” said Amro Hamdoun , a professor at UC San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

Professor Amro Hamdoun holds a sea urchin specimen in a lab

Marine invertebrates represent about 40% of the animal world’s biological diversity yet appear in a scant fraction of a percentage of animal-based studies. What if researchers could access sea urchins as easily as mice? What if it were possible to make and raise lines of transgenic urchins?

How much more could we learn about how life works?

“You know how during the pandemic, everyone was making sourdough? I’m not good at making sourdough,” Hamdoun said recently at his office in Scripps’ Hubbs Hall. He set his sights instead on a project of a different sort: a new transgenic lab animal, “a fruit fly from the sea.”

In March, Hamdoun’s lab published a paper on the bioRxiv preprint server demonstrating the successful insertion of a piece of foreign DNA — specifically, a fluorescent protein from a jellyfish — into the genome of a painted urchin that passed the change down to its offspring.

The result is the first transgenic sea urchin, one that happens to glow like a Christmas bulb under a fluorescent light. (The paper has been submitted for peer review.)

The animals are the first transgenic echinoderms, the phylum that includes starfish, sea cucumbers and other marine animals. Hamdoun’s mission is to make genetically modified urchins available to researchers anywhere, not just those who happen to work in research facilities at the edge of the Pacific Ocean.

Elliot Jackson, a postdoctoral researcher, works with sea urchin eggs in a lab at Scripps

“If you look at some of the other model organisms, like Drosophila [fruit flies], zebrafish and mouse, there are well-established resource centers,” said Elliot Jackson, a postdoctoral researcher at Scripps and lead author of the paper. “If you want a transgenic line that labels the nervous system, you could probably get that. You could order it. And that’s what we hope we can be for sea urchins.”

Being able to genetically modify an animal supercharges what scientists can learn from it, with implications far beyond any individual species.

“It will transform sea urchins as a model for understanding neurobiology, for understanding developmental biology, for understanding toxicology,” said Christopher Lowe , a Stanford professor of biology who was not involved in the research.

Huntington Beach, CA - April 20: The sunset illuminates one of thousands of creatures known as by-the-wind-sailors that have been washing ashore Southern California beaches, including Dog Beach in Huntington Beach Thursday, April 20, 2023. The oval-shaped, flat creatures with tiny blue tentacles may look like little jellyfish but are in fact hydroids called Velella velella, more commonly known as "by-the-wind sailors." The invertebrates have been washing ashore at Crystal Cove in Newport Beach, and the sailing bodies have been spotted as far north as Point Reyes National Seashore, north of San Francisco. They've also been spotted in San Clemente, Manhattan Beach and along other Southern California beaches.(Allen J. Schaben / Los Angeles Times)

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The lab’s breakthrough, and its focus on making the animals freely available to fellow scientists, will “allow us to explore how evolution has solved a lot of really complicated life problems,” he said.

Researchers tend to study mice, flies and the like not because the animals’ biology is best suited to answer their questions but because “all the tools that were necessary to get at your questions were built up in just a few species,” said Deirdre Lyons , an associate professor of biology at Scripps who worked with Hamdoun on early research related to the project.

Expanding the range of animals available for sophisticated lab work is like adding colors to an artist’s palette, Lyons said: “Now you can go get the color that you really want, that best fits your vision, rather than being stuck with a few models.”

Hamdoun holds two painted urchins in an outstretched hand

On the ground floor of Hamdoun’s office building is the Hubbs Hall experimental aquarium , a garage-like space crammed with tanks full of recirculating seawater and a motley assortment of marine life.

On a recent visit, Hamdoun reached into a tank and gently dislodged a painted urchin. It scooched with surprising speed across an outstretched palm, as if exploring alien terrain.

The last common ancestor of L. pictus and Homo sapiens lived at least 550 million years ago. Despite the different evolutionary paths we’ve since traveled, our genomes reveal a shared biological heritage.

The genetic instructions that drive the transformation of a single zygote into a living body are strikingly similar in our two species. Specialized systems differentiating from a single fertilized egg and the translation of a jumble of proteins into a singular living thing — on the cellular level, all of that proceeds in much the same way for urchins and people.

These animals are “really fundamental to our understanding of all of life,” Hamdoun said, placing the urchin back in its tank. “And historically, very inaccessible genetically.”

The experimental aquarium was built in the 1970s, when scooping life from the sea was the only way to acquire research specimens. A few floors up in Hubbs Hall, Hamdoun led the way into the urchin nursery — the first large-scale effort to raise successive generations of the animals in a laboratory. At any given moment, the team has 1,000 to 2,000 sea urchins in various stages of development.

Hamdoun points at rows of greenish tanks holding sea urchins

Row upon row of tiny plastic tanks stood against a wall, each containing a lentil-size juvenile urchin. A strip of tape on each tank noted the animal’s genetic modification and date of fertilization. On some, a second bit of tape indicated animals that had the modification in their sex cells’ DNA, meaning it could be passed down to offspring. (For this reason, the lab keeps its urchins scrupulously separate from the wild population.)

“One of the big questions in all of biology is to understand how the series of instructions in the genome gives you whatever phenotype you want to study,” Hamdoun said — essentially, how the string of amino acids that is an animal’s genetic code gives rise to the characteristics of the living, respiring creature. “One of the fundamental things you have to do is be able to modify that genome, and then study what the outcome is.”

Long Beach, CA - March 29: NEWS EMBARGOED UNTIL 4/11: Visitors view one of two non-releasable sea otters swimming on its back inside the sea otter habitat at the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach. The Aquarium of the Pacific in is attempting for the first time to ready a baby sea otter for release back into the wild by pairing it with a "surrogate mom." The adopted mom, they hope, will teach the baby the skills needed to survive in her natural environment. No one is allowed to get close to the surrogate mom and baby - they are trying to prevent all human interaction so the baby has a better chance of being re-wilded. However, cameras are set up to view the pair and there are other otters at the aquarium that we can get closer to. Photo taken at Aquarium of The Pacific in Long Beach Friday, March 29, 2024. (Allen J. Schaben / Los Angeles Times)

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He pointed to a tank containing a tiny urchin from whose genetic code the protein ABCD1 has been snipped.

ABCD1 acts like a bouncer, Hamdoun explained, parking along the cell membrane and ejecting foreign molecules. The protein’s action can preserve the cell from harmful substances but can sometimes work against an organism’s best interest, as when it prevents the cell from absorbing a necessary medication.

Researchers using urchins in which that protein no longer works can study the movement of a molecule through an organism — DDT, for example — and measure how much of the substance ends up in the cell without the confounding interference of ABCD1. They can reverse-engineer how big a role ABCD1 plays in preventing a cell from absorbing a drug.

A transgenic fluorescent sea urchin glows green through a microscope

And then there are the fluorescent urchins.

“The magic happens in this room,” Jackson said, walking into a narrow office with $1 million worth of microscopes at one end and a decades-old hand-cranked centrifuge bolted to a table at another.

He placed a petri dish containing three pencil-eraser-size transgenic urchins under a microscope. At 120 times its size, each looked like the Times Square New Year’s Eve ball come to life — a glowing, wiggling creature of pentamerous radial symmetry.

Fluorescence is not just an echinoderm party trick. Lighting up the cells makes it easier for researchers to track their movement in a developing organism. Researchers can watch as the early cells of a blastula divide and reorganize into neural or cardiac tissue. Eventually, scientists will be able to turn off individual genes and see how that affects development. It will help us understand how our own species develops, and why that development doesn’t always proceed according to plan.

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The lab has “done a great job. It’s really been welcomed by the community,” said Marko Horb , senior scientist and director of the National Xenopus Resource at the University of Chicago’s Marine Biological Laboratory.

Horb runs the national clearinghouse for genetically modified species of Xenopus, a clawed frog used in lab research. Funded in part by the National Institutes of Health, the center develops lines of transgenic frogs for scientific use and distributes them to researchers.

Hamdoun envisions a similar resource center for his lab’s urchins. They’ve already started sending tiny vials of transgenic urchin sperm to interested scientists, who can grow bespoke urchins with eggs acquired from Hamdoun’s lab or another source.

Hamdoun vividly recalls the time he spent earlier in his career trying to track down random snippets of DNA necessary for his research, the disappointment and frustration of writing to professors and former postdocs only to find that the material had long been lost. He’d rather future generations of scientists spend their time on discovery.

“Biology is really interesting,” he said. “The more people can get access to it, the more we’re going to learn.”

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Corinne Purtill is a science and medicine reporter for the Los Angeles Times. Her writing on science and human behavior has appeared in the New Yorker, the New York Times, Time Magazine, the BBC, Quartz and elsewhere. Before joining The Times, she worked as the senior London correspondent for GlobalPost (now PRI) and as a reporter and assignment editor at the Cambodia Daily in Phnom Penh. She is a native of Southern California and a graduate of Stanford University.

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May 2024 Issue of Microbiology Today is now available to read online

29 May 2024

The latest edition of Microbiology Today is now available to read online . This issue, titled ‘Emerging Threats', explores various threats that microbiologists and the wider community face – from the reemergence of infectious diseases to the rising complexities in biodefense and the latest technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI).

The first featured article is from Lucy Nixon from Cyber Security Partners who writes about artificial intelligence, specifically generative AI (GenAI). In this piece, Lucy explores the specific threats to science and asks the question – “Should we be worried?”. Though GenAI can be used for good, Lucy explains that the issue will be understanding the potential risks of AI and how we manage them.

The second featured article by Jessica Swanson from the University of Leeds continues to look ahead for potential threats by focusing on the growing dangers of measles. Despite an effective vaccine being available, global vaccine rates have fallen resulting in measle cases growing. In the article, Jessica highlights that, although the UK has eliminated measles in 2017, we need to aim to increase vaccine uptakes, ideally reaching a vaccination rate of 95%, to avoid possible outbreaks.

Our third featured article comes from Leen Delang, Grace Roberts, Judith White and Stephen Polyak who represent four different institutions: KU Leuven, the University of Leeds, the University of Virginia and the University of Washington. The team provide an overview of the risks of mosquito-borne alphaviruses. They then dive into how to combat these infections, by proposing leading with a combination drug strategy involving re-purposed drugs.

A comment piece by Gillian Kiely, Medical Affairs Manager in Anti-infectives at Pfizer Ltd, called “The Emerging Threat of Antifungal Resistance”, concludes this edition. Fungal infection numbers are rising, and recent estimates suggest around 2.5 million deaths per year are related to these infections. Gillian explores how the diagnosis is challenging due to limited sensitivity and the need for legitimate efforts to reduce the development of antifungal resistance.

This issue also includes details on Society activities, including Q&A with Society Champions Blanca Perez-Sepulveda and Arindam Mitra, a member Q&A with Norman van Rhijn and much more!

Microbiology Today : moving digital"> Microbiology Today : moving digital

In line with Society's new digital first policy, Microbiology Today is now exclusively published online – via our popular digital book format – allowing readers everywhere to enjoy the content. Learn more about changes to our magazine in this news story.

Image: your_photo/iStock .

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2.3: Diversity of Life
Species diversity refers to the number of different species in an ecosystem or on Earth as a whole. This is the commonest way to measure biodiversity. Current estimates for Earth's total number of living species range from 5 to 30 million species. Genetic diversity refers to the variation in genes within all these species.
Diversity in Living organisms- An Overview of Classification
Hence, we can simply say, older organisms are simpler compared to younger organisms. Also read: Cells. Diversity in Living Organisms is a fundamental topic introduced in the higher primary classes. We have reintroduced content revamped for better understanding and comprehension, leading to the creation of Diversity in Living Organisms Class 9.
4.3: The Diversity of Life
The length of each branch is proportional to the time elapsed since the split. Figure 4.3.1 4.3. 1: This phylogenetic tree was constructed by microbiologist Carl Woese using data obtained from sequencing ribosomal RNA genes. The tree shows the separation of living organisms into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
1.6: The Origins, Evolution, Speciation, Diversity and Unity of Life
The question of how life began has been with us since the beginnings or recorded history. It is now accepted that there was a time, however brief or long, when the earth was a lifeless (prebiotic) planet. Life's origins on earth date to some 3.7-4.1 billion years ago under conditions that favored the formation of the first cell, the first ...
Darwin, evolution, & natural selection (article)
Evolution by natural selection and other mechanisms underlies the incredible diversity of present-day life forms, and the action of natural selection can explain the fit between present-day organisms and their environments. ... In living organisms, many characteristics are inherited, or passed from parent to offspring. (Darwin knew this was the ...
Biodiversity
Biodiversity is a term used to describe the enormous variety of life on Earth. It can be used more specifically to refer to all of the species in one region or ecosystem. Bio diversity refers to every living thing, including plants, bacteria, animals, and humans. Scientists have estimated that there are around 8.7 million species of plants and animals in existence.
PDF Unit 1 Characteristics and classiﬁcation of living organisms
C The hierarchical classification system. There are various sizes of groups into which living organisms are put.The largest group is the kingdom.There are five kingdoms: prokaryotes (which includes bacteria), protoctista, fungi, plants and animals. Each kingdom is further divided into smaller groups called.
PDF Chapter7 DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS
Biodiversity means the diversity of life forms. It is a word commonly used to refer to the variety of life forms found in a particular region. Diverse life forms share the environment, and are affected by each other too. As a result, a stable community of different species comes into existence.
What is Biodiversity? Why Is It Important?
The term biodiversity (from "biological diversity") refers to the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems, and can encompass the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes that sustain life. Biodiversity includes not only species we consider rare, threatened, or endangered but also every living thing ...
Life
Life - Evolution, History, Earth: The evidence is overwhelming that all life on Earth has evolved from common ancestors in an unbroken chain since its origin. Darwin's principle of evolution is summarized by the following facts. All life tends to increase: more organisms are conceived, born, hatched, germinated from seed, sprouted from spores, or produced by cell division (or other means ...
Evolution and Diversity
Evolution and diversity result from the interactions between organisms and their environments and the consequences of these interactions over long periods of time. Organisms continually adapt to their environments, and the diversity of environments that exists promotes a diversity of organisms adapted to them. In recent years, new techniques and approaches have opened exciting new avenues of ...
Defining life and evolution: Essay on the origin, expansion, and
On the global scale of space and time, life on the Earth existed in a pulsing mode. In terms of both quantity (the total number of living organisms) and quality (their diversity and degree of complexity), it had catastrophic reductions, then rapid "explosion-like" increases and improvements [Valentine et al., 1991]. During one of such ...
Diversity In Living Organisms Essay
3225 Words 13 Pages. Diversity in Living Organisms (Science) |Close X | | [pic] Classification And Evolution Classification refers to the identification, naming, and grouping of organisms into a formal system based on similarities in their internal and external structure or evolutionary history. It determines the methods of organizing diversity ...
Essay on Biodiversity 1000+ Words
Essay on Biodiversity 1000+ Words. Biodiversity, short for biological diversity, is a remarkable tapestry of life that blankets our planet. It encompasses the variety of living organisms, ecosystems, and habitats that make Earth a vibrant and thriving place. In this essay, we will delve into the importance of biodiversity, the threats it faces ...
Diversity in Living Organisms
Introduction to Diversity in Living Organisms. Life exists in different forms on Earth. When it comes to the question of the number of living organisms found on the earth, the answer is unimaginable. This is so because of the large diversity of organisms continuously evolving into a different variety ever since the origin of life had taken place.
(PDF) Biodiversity, Facts, Importance And Preservation
the diversity of living organisms found in it, which includes bacteria, fungus, protozoa, insects, worms, other invertebrates, and vertebrates. Soil biodiversity drives the carbon, nitrogen, and ...
Cause and Importance of Variation and Diversity Essay
Importance of difference in DNA, leading to genetic diversity. - Genetic variation enables natural selection- Species become more adapted to their environment and are more likely to survive (selection pressure, selective advantage, change in allele frequency) Antigen variability. - Pathogens DNA can mutate frequently - If a mutation occurs in ...
Essay on Living Things
Living things encompass the vast array of organisms that populate our planet, ranging from microscopic bacteria to majestic forests and complex human beings. This informative essay explores the characteristics and diversity of living things, highlighting their remarkable adaptations, the interconnectedness of ecosystems, and the essential role ...
Exploring diversity in cell division: Study investigates the process of
From bacteria to blue whales, every living being on Earth relies on cell division for growth, reproduction, and species survival. Yet, there is remarkable diversity in the way different organisms ...
AQA A Level Biology
Importance of cycles in biology essay*** 20+/25. 29 terms. hjungbluth. Preview. Biology B1. 48 terms. DrPatient. ... phosphorous and hydrogen. Describe how these and other inorganic ions are used in living organisms. 1) ... The causes and importance of variation and diversity in organisms. 1) Antigenic variation in pathogens ...
What is biodiversity and why does it matter?
A diverse array of interconnected living organisms is the foundation of healthy and resilient ecosystems that provide food, shelter and clean air. The loss of a single species can upset the ...
The Elusive Nature of Viruses: A Conundrum of Existence
This essay about the perplexing nature of viruses explores why they defy traditional classification as living organisms. It highlights how viruses, while exhibiting traits of life such as replication and genetic diversity, lack essential attributes like autonomous metabolism and cellular structure.
Synthesis Essay: The Diversity Of Living Organisms
There are about 100 million unique species on Earth. Living organisms exhibit unity because they use the same processes for seizing and storing energy, producing proteins, and passing on the information through genes from generation to generation. At the same time living organisms exhibit diversity because there are so many different species.
Diversity in Living Organism
Diversity in Living Organisms (Science) |Close X | |[pic] Classification And Evolution Classification refers to the identification, naming, and grouping of organisms into a formal system based on similarities in their internal and external structure or evolutionary history. It determines the methods of organizing diversity of life on earth.
NEET Mock Test on Diversity in the Living World
Animal Kingdom. Note : All these Questions of Diversity in Living World NEET Mock Test are directly taken from our favorite NCERT Textbook and Previous year Questions Papers. No. of Questions in Mock Test. 50 with Explanation. Time for each Questions. 60 Seconds.
The Long-Overlooked Molecule That Will Define a Generation of Science
By Thomas Cech. Dr. Cech is a biochemist and the author of the forthcoming book "The Catalyst: RNA and the Quest to Unlock Life's Deepest Secrets," from which this essay is adapted. From E ...
Sea urchins made to order: Scripps scientists make transgenic
Marine invertebrates represent about 40% of the animal world's biological diversity yet appear in a scant fraction of a percentage of animal-based studies. ... model organisms, like Drosophila ...
May 2024 Issue of Microbiology Today is now available to read online
Microbiology is the study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye. This includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and algae, collectively known as 'microbes'. ... diversity and inclusion. ... Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We ...

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#2. According to five kingdom system, gymnosperms and angiosperms are grouped under the kingdom

#3. Which organisms are not included in the five kingdom system of classification?

#4. Heterotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular organisms lacking a cell wall are included in the kingdom.

#5. Select the correct statement.

#6. Select the incorrect statement.

#7. Conifers are adapted to tolerate extreme environmental conditions because of

#8. Select the correct statement

#10. Body having meshwork of cells, internal cavities lined with food filtering flagellated cells and indirect development are the characteristics of phylum: