Visit the new and improved Hamilton Education Program website

  • AP US History Study Guide
  • History U: Courses for High School Students
  • History School: Summer Enrichment
  • Lesson Plans
  • Classroom Resources
  • Spotlights on Primary Sources
  • Professional Development (Academic Year)
  • Professional Development (Summer)
  • Book Breaks
  • Inside the Vault
  • Self-Paced Courses
  • Browse All Resources
  • Search by Issue
  • Search by Essay
  • Become a Member (Free)
  • Monthly Offer (Free for Members)
  • Program Information
  • Scholarships and Financial Aid
  • Applying and Enrolling
  • Eligibility (In-Person)
  • EduHam Online
  • Hamilton Cast Read Alongs
  • Official Website
  • Press Coverage
  • Veterans Legacy Program
  • The Declaration at 250
  • Black Lives in the Founding Era
  • Celebrating American Historical Holidays
  • Browse All Programs
  • Donate Items to the Collection
  • Search Our Catalog
  • Research Guides
  • Rights and Reproductions
  • See Our Documents on Display
  • Bring an Exhibition to Your Organization
  • Interactive Exhibitions Online
  • About the Transcription Program
  • Civil War Letters
  • Founding Era Newspapers
  • College Fellowships in American History
  • Scholarly Fellowship Program
  • Richard Gilder History Prize
  • David McCullough Essay Prize
  • Affiliate School Scholarships
  • Nominate a Teacher
  • State Winners
  • National Winners
  • Gilder Lehrman Lincoln Prize
  • Gilder Lehrman Military History Prize
  • George Washington Prize
  • Frederick Douglass Book Prize
  • Our Mission and History
  • Annual Report
  • Contact Information
  • Student Advisory Council
  • Teacher Advisory Council
  • Board of Trustees
  • Remembering Richard Gilder
  • President's Council
  • Scholarly Advisory Board
  • Internships
  • Our Partners
  • Press Releases

History Resources

Turning Points in American Sports Spring 2010

Past Issues

title ix argumentative essay

70 | World War II: Portraits of Service | Spring 2024

title ix argumentative essay

69 | The Reception and Impact of the Declaration of Independence, 1776-1826 | Winter 2023

title ix argumentative essay

68 | The Role of Spain in the American Revolution | Fall 2023

title ix argumentative essay

67 | The Influence of the Declaration of Independence on the Civil War and Reconstruction Era | Summer 2023

title ix argumentative essay

66 | Hispanic Heroes in American History | Spring 2023

title ix argumentative essay

65 | Asian American Immigration and US Policy | Winter 2022

title ix argumentative essay

64 | New Light on the Declaration and Its Signers | Fall 2022

title ix argumentative essay

63 | The Declaration of Independence and the Long Struggle for Equality in America | Summer 2022

title ix argumentative essay

62 | The Honored Dead: African American Cemeteries, Graveyards, and Burial Grounds | Spring 2022

title ix argumentative essay

61 | The Declaration of Independence and the Origins of Self-Determination in the Modern World | Fall 2021

title ix argumentative essay

60 | Black Lives in the Founding Era | Summer 2021

title ix argumentative essay

59 | American Indians in Leadership | Winter 2021

title ix argumentative essay

58 | Resilience, Recovery, and Resurgence in the Wake of Disasters | Fall 2020

title ix argumentative essay

57 | Black Voices in American Historiography | Summer 2020

title ix argumentative essay

56 | The Nineteenth Amendment and Beyond | Spring 2020

title ix argumentative essay

55 | Examining Reconstruction | Fall 2019

title ix argumentative essay

54 | African American Women in Leadership | Summer 2019

title ix argumentative essay

53 | The Hispanic Legacy in American History | Winter 2019

title ix argumentative essay

52 | The History of US Immigration Laws | Fall 2018

title ix argumentative essay

51 | The Evolution of Voting Rights | Summer 2018

title ix argumentative essay

50 | Frederick Douglass at 200 | Winter 2018

title ix argumentative essay

49 | Excavating American History | Fall 2017

title ix argumentative essay

48 | Jazz, the Blues, and American Identity | Summer 2017

title ix argumentative essay

47 | American Women in Leadership | Winter 2017

title ix argumentative essay

46 | African American Soldiers | Fall 2016

title ix argumentative essay

45 | American History in Visual Art | Summer 2016

title ix argumentative essay

44 | Alexander Hamilton in the American Imagination | Winter 2016

title ix argumentative essay

43 | Wartime Memoirs and Letters from the American Revolution to Vietnam | Fall 2015

title ix argumentative essay

42 | The Role of China in US History | Spring 2015

title ix argumentative essay

41 | The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Legislating Equality | Winter 2015

title ix argumentative essay

40 | Disasters in Modern American History | Fall 2014

title ix argumentative essay

39 | American Poets, American History | Spring 2014

title ix argumentative essay

38 | The Joining of the Rails: The Transcontinental Railroad | Winter 2014

title ix argumentative essay

37 | Gettysburg: Insights and Perspectives | Fall 2013

title ix argumentative essay

36 | Great Inaugural Addresses | Summer 2013

title ix argumentative essay

35 | America’s First Ladies | Spring 2013

title ix argumentative essay

34 | The Revolutionary Age | Winter 2012

title ix argumentative essay

33 | Electing a President | Fall 2012

title ix argumentative essay

32 | The Music and History of Our Times | Summer 2012

title ix argumentative essay

31 | Perspectives on America’s Wars | Spring 2012

title ix argumentative essay

30 | American Reform Movements | Winter 2012

title ix argumentative essay

29 | Religion in the Colonial World | Fall 2011

title ix argumentative essay

28 | American Indians | Summer 2011

title ix argumentative essay

27 | The Cold War | Spring 2011

title ix argumentative essay

26 | New Interpretations of the Civil War | Winter 2010

title ix argumentative essay

25 | Three Worlds Meet | Fall 2010

title ix argumentative essay

24 | Shaping the American Economy | Summer 2010

title ix argumentative essay

23 | Turning Points in American Sports | Spring 2010

title ix argumentative essay

22 | Andrew Jackson and His World | Winter 2009

title ix argumentative essay

21 | The American Revolution | Fall 2009

title ix argumentative essay

20 | High Crimes and Misdemeanors | Summer 2009

title ix argumentative essay

19 | The Great Depression | Spring 2009

title ix argumentative essay

18 | Abraham Lincoln in His Time and Ours | Winter 2008

title ix argumentative essay

17 | Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Era | Fall 2008

title ix argumentative essay

16 | Books That Changed History | Summer 2008

title ix argumentative essay

15 | The Supreme Court | Spring 2008

title ix argumentative essay

14 | World War II | Winter 2007

title ix argumentative essay

13 | The Constitution | Fall 2007

title ix argumentative essay

12 | The Age Of Exploration | Summer 2007

title ix argumentative essay

11 | American Cities | Spring 2007

title ix argumentative essay

10 | Nineteenth Century Technology | Winter 2006

title ix argumentative essay

9 | The American West | Fall 2006

title ix argumentative essay

8 | The Civil Rights Movement | Summer 2006

title ix argumentative essay

7 | Women's Suffrage | Spring 2006

title ix argumentative essay

6 | Lincoln | Winter 2005

title ix argumentative essay

5 | Abolition | Fall 2005

title ix argumentative essay

4 | American National Holidays | Summer 2005

title ix argumentative essay

3 | Immigration | Spring 2005

title ix argumentative essay

2 | Primary Sources on Slavery | Winter 2004

title ix argumentative essay

1 | Elections | Fall 2004

The Impact of Title IX

By barbara winslow.

It’s hard to imagine that just forty years ago, young women were not admitted into many colleges and universities, athletic scholarships were rare, and math and science was a realm reserved for boys. Girls square danced instead of playing sports, studied home economics instead of training for "male-oriented" (read: higher-paying) trades. Girls could become teachers and nurses, but not doctors or principals; women rarely were awarded tenure and even more rarely appointed college presidents. There was no such thing as sexual harassment because "boys will be boys," after all, and if a student got pregnant, her formal education ended. Graduate professional schools openly discriminated against women. In every area of athletics, girls and women faced discrimination, racism, homophobia, prejudice, and ridicule. Women were warned that physical activity was not only unfeminine but proof of lesbianism. Female athletes were depicted as physically unattractive and women were told that competitive sports would hurt reproductive organs as well as a woman’s chances of marriage. Women were seen as more "selfish" and not as team-oriented as men. Marginalized and trivialized, girls’ teams had to raise their own money through bake sales or carwashes, wear their school gym suit or make their own uniforms. School cheerleaders received more attention than female athletes. Girls played in empty gymnasiums. Parents who would come to see their sons wouldn’t watch their athlete daughters. Those who defied the ridicule and institutional barriers did so because they loved their sport and to compete. Lynn Colella, who would go on to be an Olympic silver medalist in swimming, commented that female swimmers during her days at the University of Washington "ha[d] to be mean to themselves. There [was] no incentive for them to keep going. A boy ha[d] the possibility of college scholarships. There [weren’t] opportunities like that for women." Her brother, also a swimmer, had a full scholarship to UW. Katherine Switzer, a 20-year-old Syracuse University junior, showed up to run the Boston Marathon in 1967. She wanted to prove to herself and her coach she was capable of running 26.2 miles. Women were not allowed to officially run the marathon, so no one questioned "K. V. Switzer" as it appeared on the application. In the middle of the race, Jock Semple, a Boston marathon official, jumped off a truck, ran toward Switzer and shouted, "Get the hell out of my race." Switzer managed to finish. She entered the Marathon with no agenda to promote women’s running. Her experience radicalized her, changing her outlook on women in sports. Today, Switzer serves as an official commentator for the New York City Marathon. Another female athlete, Marge Snyder, remembers, "I played on my Illinois high school’s first varsity tennis team from 1968 to 1970. We were 56-0 over my three years. We were permitted to compete as long as we made no efforts to publicize our accomplishments and personally paid for our uniforms and equipment." Snyder would go on to work for the Women’s Sports Foundation. And another female athlete who faced adversity, C. Vivian Stringer, currently works as head coach of the championship Rutgers University women’s basketball team. Stringer began coaching at the historically black college Cheney State in 1971. She spent her own money to recruit players and had to drive her teams to their games in an unreliable, used prison bus. The 1960s feminist movement, the black freedom struggle, a more active and aware youth culture, and other sources of social unrest roiled the nation as a whole and the sports world in particular. Equal rights, social justice, and equal opportunities in education and employment were dominant and popular themes. Patsy Mink of Hawaii rose in this cultural climate. As the first woman of color to be elected to Congress, she was no stranger to race and sex discrimination. Turned down by twenty medical schools, Mink pursued law. But no law firm would hire her. She entered politics in order to fight for gender and racial equality. In 1972 Mink and Edith Green, a Democrat from Oregon who focused on women’s issues, education, and social reforms, introduced Title IX, and were responsible for its passage. Fellow politician Daniel Patrick Moynihan would later state that Title IX was one of the most important pieces of education legislation in the history of the Republic. The passage of the bill got very little attention until one event brought the issue of women’s sports and feminism to the national stage. Billie Jean King, who couldn’t get a tennis scholarship when she was a student Cal State Los Angeles, campaigned for higher pay and professional treatment for women tennis players. Opposed by sports media and even some women tennis players, she organized successful professional leagues for women. But she is most famous for defeating former Wimbledon champion and tennis hustler Bobbie Riggs in the so-called "Battle of the Sexes." The 1973 match captivated and changed the way women looked at themselves. "I just had to play," she said in a later interview with Newsweek . "Title IX had just passed, and I . . . wanted to change the hearts and minds of people to match the legislation." The women’s movement, King’s leadership, and the passage of Title IX led to an outpouring of interest and participation in as well as funding for women’s sports. Marge Snyder related the impact of Title IX on her college career: "In one short year things changed dramatically. The passage of Title IX in 1972 meant that by 1973 there were college scholarships at the larger schools, money for equipment and uniforms, and expanded travel schedules. It also meant my small school’s tennis team was no longer competitive with the larger schools’ teams." Sue Gunter, the third-winningest women’s basketball coach in NCAA history, called a meeting of her squad at Stephen F. Austin University in 1972. "I told my kids they could be on a scholarship the next year." "Wow, you’ve got to be kidding, Coach, why?" they asked. "Because of Title IX." "I can’t remember what I ate for dinner last night, but I can remember those kids’ faces in 1972. Title IX kick started us. It gave us the juice to go on." In 1971, fewer than 295,000 girls participated in high school varsity athletics, accounting for just 7 percent of all varsity athletes; in 2001, that number leaped to 2.8 million, or 41.5 percent of all varsity athletes, according to the National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education. In 1966, 16,000 females competed in intercollegiate athletics. By 2001, that number jumped to more than 150,000, accounting for 43 percent of all college athletes. In addition, a 2008 study of intercollegiate athletics showed that women’s collegiate sports had grown to 9,101 teams, or 8.65 per school. The five most frequently offered college sports for women are, in order: (1) basketball, 98.8% of schools have a team, (2) volleyball, 95.7%, (3) soccer, 92.0%, (4) cross country, 90.8%, and (5) softball, 89.2%. Since 1972, women have also competed in the traditional male sports of wrestling, weightlifting, rugby, and boxing. Parents have begun to watch their daughters on the playing fields, courts, and on television. A recent article in the New York Times found that there are lasting benefits for women from Title IX: participation in sports increased education as well as employment opportunities for girls. Furthermore, the athletic participation by girls and women spurred by Title IX was associated with lower obesity rates. No other public health program can claim similar success. However, as part of the backlash against the women’s movement, opposition quickly organized against Title IX. Worried about how it would affect men’s athletics, legislators and collegiate sports officials became concerned and looked for ways to limit its influence. One argument was that revenue-producing sports such as college football should be exempted from Title IX compliance. Another was that in order for schools and colleges to comply, they would have to cut men’s sports such as wrestling. Others argued that federal legislation was not the way to achieve equality or even parity. Finally, conservative opponents of women’s rights believed that feminists used Title IX as an all-purpose vehicle to advance their agenda in the schools. Since 1975, there have been twenty court challenges to Title IX in an attempt to whittle down greater gender equity in all fields of education—mirroring the ups and downs of the women’s movement at large. According to the National Federation of State High School Associations, female students received 1.3 million fewer opportunities to participate in high school athletics than their male peers in the 2006–2007 school years. Yet as a result of Title IX, women have benefited from involvement in amateur and professional sports and, in turn, sports are more exciting with their participation.

Barbara Winslow   is a historian who teaches in the School of Education and for the Women’s Studies Program at Brooklyn College, The City University of New York. Her publications include  Sylvia Pankhurst: Sexual Politics and Political Activism  (1996) and  Clio in the Classroom: Teaching US Women’s History in the Schools  (2009), co-authored and co-edited with Carol Berkin and Margaret Crocco. She is the founder and director of the Shirley Chisholm Project of Brooklyn Women’s Activism, 1945 to the Present (chisholmproject.com) and is currently completing a biography of Shirley Chisholm as well as writing about the Seattle Washington Women’s Liberation Movement.

Suggested Resources from the Archivist on this Topic

Stay up to date, and subscribe to our quarterly newsletter..

Learn how the Institute impacts history education through our work guiding teachers, energizing students, and supporting research.

Gender Equality and Title IX Essay

  • To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
  • As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
  • As a template for you assignment

Effects on College Sports

Gender equality has some effects on college sports and this led to implementation of Title IX in 1972 as a potential solution to conflict on gender inequality. Title IX was implemented in schools and it enforced that all men and women should have equal opportunities under all educational programs.

Title IX states, “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal assistance” (Thornton, 2011, p. 509). After the implementation, it offered a practical decision in generating equity within educational institutions.

Title IX covers several issues including college admissions, scholarships, health, and programs. Currently, Title IX has created more debates concerning its functions and effects on college athletes. Several people consider it as a law of proportionality that causes negative effects on male gender.

Women inequality in college sports may be classified into respect and money factors. In colleges, women receive less payment even if women they are similarly athletic matched up to men. Considering that both female teams in colleges and professional sports experienced inequality this has caused Congress to implement Title IX.

The function of Title IX is to guarantee gender equality in college sports and it has supported the development of female sports. Federal government used Title IX as an approach to address gender discrimination in school sports since women and their talents have been discriminated all over the years (Bank, 2011, p. 390).

However, in line with some studies, there is likelihood for the professional female athletes to draw level or even exceed professional males.

Title IX is giving new opportunities to female athletes in schools. When it was passed in 1972 women received only seven percent of all law degrees, but by 1997 the figure had increased to 45 percent. More women are able to be admitted to universities or colleges through athletic and academic scholarships, admission of women in medical degrees have increased by 32 percent since 1972 (Stevenson, 2007).

Before implementation of Title IX, just one in 28 girls participated in college sports, but currently the ratio has improved to one in three. Currently, a total of three million females are participating in high school sports with the expectations of receiving a scholarship to Universities.

Athletic scholarships were almost non-existent before it was implemented in 1972, but above 15,000 athletic scholarships are now given to female athletes to participate in college sports annually (Bank, 2011, p. 390).

Due to Title IX, women are receiving more respect on professional competitions and the number of men participating is being reduced radically. This even forced University of California Los Angeles to remove men’s swimming team in 1994 to follow Title IX and allow more women to participate in sports (Stevenson, 2007).

Title IX was at first intended as a law to address gender discrimination in sports, but today it is considered as a law of proportionality.

Currently, regardless of these progresses, inequalities in college sports exist and restrict opportunities of women in school sports. Although there is Title IX’s achievement in creating more opportunities for girls and women, inequality are experienced both in professional and college sports.

For instance, even though women in Division I colleges are 54 percent of the students, they are provided with 40% of the opportunities to participate in school sports, allocated 35 percent of the sport budgets, and allocated 31 percent of the money used for admission of new athletes. It has been approximated that men are allocated around $130 million more than women annually in athletic scholarships (Thornton, 2011, p. 509).

Title IX has brought about reduction in opportunities for men athletes and has been responsible to reduce in athletic scholarships and programs. Since 1972, inopportune reductions of men’s team have been experienced, but followers of Title IX argued the reductions have been balanced by the number of men participating in other sports.

Gender equality has been experienced mostly in college sports and many people consider that this issue may be experienced for long. Title IX currently being misunderstood as a law of proportionality and has huge harm to men than the way it is advantageous to women. Title IX is considered to solve the issue of gender inequality, but leads to male injustice.

Title IX states evidently that it is designed to address inequality, but currently applied as a mechanism to achieve an “unjust” benefit for women. Title IX was implemented to provide women similar chances in college sports, but currently restricting the opportunities which were formerly accessible for male athletes (Stevenson, 2007).

Provided that the original goal of Title IX is not misrepresented, there will be similar opportunities for both boys and girls in college sports. As a result, the gender conflicts in college and professional sports are controversial issues.

Some people consider it as conflict of equality, others consider it as conflict of proportionality, or perhaps it is only some women attempting to refute the existing saying “women cannot do what men can.”

Bank, B. (2011). Gender and Higher Education. New York: JHU Press.

Stevenson, B. (2007). Title IX and the Evolution of High School Sports. Contemporary Economic Policy , 25(4): 486-506.

Thornton, P. (2011). Sports Law. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

  • The Struggle for Gender Equality
  • The Evolution of the LGBT Rights
  • Riding the Waves of Culture: Chapter IX Reflection
  • Equity in Men and Women Participation in Sport at College
  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s Criticisms of the Nineteenth-Century Gender Order
  • How Gender Inequality Persists in the Modern World?
  • Analysis of Gender Inequalities in the Workplace
  • Gender Inequality in America
  • Do You Think There Is Gender War
  • Gender Inequality in Workplace
  • Chicago (A-D)
  • Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2019, July 10). Gender Equality and Title IX. https://ivypanda.com/essays/gender-equality-and-title-ix/

"Gender Equality and Title IX." IvyPanda , 10 July 2019, ivypanda.com/essays/gender-equality-and-title-ix/.

IvyPanda . (2019) 'Gender Equality and Title IX'. 10 July.

IvyPanda . 2019. "Gender Equality and Title IX." July 10, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/gender-equality-and-title-ix/.

1. IvyPanda . "Gender Equality and Title IX." July 10, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/gender-equality-and-title-ix/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Gender Equality and Title IX." July 10, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/gender-equality-and-title-ix/.

Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World

Read our research on:

Full Topic List

Regions & Countries

  • Publications
  • Our Methods
  • Short Reads
  • Tools & Resources

Read Our Research On:

Most Americans who are familiar with Title IX say it’s had a positive impact on gender equality

Boston College celebrates a goal during the NCAA Women's Lacrosse National Championships in 2017.

Fifty years after the passage of Title IX , which prohibits high schools and colleges that receive federal funding from discriminating based on sex, most Americans who have heard about the law say it’s had a positive impact on gender equality in the United States (63%). Still, 37% of those who are familiar with Title IX say it has not gone far enough in increasing opportunities for women and girls to participate in sports, according to a February Pew Research Center survey of U.S. adults.

A bar chart showing that more than four-in-ten women familiar with Title IX say it has not gone far enough when it comes to increasing opportunities for women in sports

Men and women who have heard about Title IX are about equally likely to say that the law has had a positive impact on gender equality. However, women (46%) are more likely than men (29%) to say the legislation has not gone far enough to increase opportunities for women in sports. A majority of men (54%) say the progress has been about right, compared with 41% of women.

Views on the impact of Title IX vary along party lines: 75% of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents who have heard of Title IX say it has had a positive impact on gender equality, while 49% of similar Republicans and GOP leaners say the same. Republicans, in turn, are more likely than Democrats to say the law has had a negative impact on gender equality (25% vs. 10%).

Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to better understand Americans’ views on gender equality in sports and the impact of sports participation surrounding the 50 th anniversary of Title IX legislation. This analysis is based on 9,388 U.S. adults; the data was collected as a part of a larger survey conducted Feb. 7-13, 2022. Everyone who took part is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way, nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology .

Here are the questions used for this analysis, along with responses, and its methodology .

Democrats who are familiar with Title IX are also far more likely than Republicans to say the law has not gone far enough to increase opportunities for girls and women in sports (51% vs. 19%), while Republicans are more likely to say things are about right (57% vs. 41%) or that the law has gone too far (22% vs. 6%).

Democratic women are especially likely to say Title IX has not gone far enough: 60% of Democratic women say this, compared with 42% of Democratic men, 27% of Republican women and 13% of Republican men.

Roughly half of Americans say they have heard a little (37%) or a lot (13%) about Title IX; 50% say they have heard nothing at all about the law. Men (55%) are more likely than women (44%) to say they have heard at least a little about it, and older Americans are more likely to have heard about it than younger Americans. The age gap is especially pronounced among women: Women under age 50 are less likely than women ages 50 and older to have heard of Title IX (41% vs. 48%). 

Most Americans say women’s and men’s college sports should get about equal funding

The survey also found about six-in-ten Americans (61%) say funding for women’s and men’s college sports should be roughly equal, but a sizable share (21%) says it should be based on the amount of money brought in by the team. Relatively small shares say either men’s sports should receive more funding than women’s (5%) or women’s sports should receive more than men’s (3%).

Women (71%) are more likely than men (50%) to say that college sports should be equally funded regardless of gender, while men are more likely than women to say funding should be based on the amount of money brought in by the team (30% vs. 14%, respectively). Still, half of men say funding should be equal across genders.

A bar chart showing that roughly seven-in-ten women say men’s and women’s college sports should get about equal funding

Partisan gaps are also pronounced when it comes to views of funding for college sports. Democrats (69%) are more likely than Republicans (51%) to say men’s and women’s college sports should get about equal funding, while Republicans are much more likely than Democrats to say funding should be based on the amount of money brought in by the team (31% vs. 15%).

The gender gap persists in both parties, though it is particularly wide among Republicans. About two-thirds of Republican women (65%) say funding should be about equal regardless of gender, compared with 37% of Republican men. Republican men, in turn, are about twice as likely as Republican women to say funding should be based on the amount of money brought in by the teams (42% vs. 20%). Among Democrats, majorities of men (61%) and women (75%) say funding should be about equal.

Views on this issue also differ by age, with older Americans more likely than younger Americans to say that men’s and women’s college teams should get about equal funding. Women ages 50 and older are particularly likely to hold this view: 75% say funding should be about equal, compared with 68% of women under 50, 57% of men ages 50 and older and just 44% of men under 50. 

More than one-third of Americans say there is too much emphasis on boys participating in youth sports and too little emphasis on girls

A bar chart showing that roughly a third of Americans say there is too little emphasis on girls participating in youth sports, including about four-in-ten women

Some 36% of Americans say there is too much emphasis on boys participating in youth sports, while 45% say there is about the right amount of emphasis and just 5% say there is too little emphasis. By contrast, when asked about the emphasis placed on girls’ participation, roughly one-third (35%) say there is too little emphasis, while 42% say there is about the right amount and 6% say there is too much emphasis. In both cases, similar shares say they are not sure (13% and 16%, respectively).

Women are more likely than men to say there is too much emphasis on boys participating in youth sports (42% vs. 29%) and that there is too little emphasis on girls participating in youth sports (39% vs. 31%). Men, on the other hand, are more likely than women to say there is the right amount of emphasis on participation for boys (50% vs. 41%) and girls (45% vs. 39%).

The partisan gap in views about gender and youth sports participation is even wider. Democrats are much more likely than Republicans to say there is too much emphasis on boys participating in sports (45% vs. 25%). And Democrats are also much more likely to say there is too little emphasis on girls’ participation: 44% say this, compared with 26% of Republicans. About half or more Republicans say there is the right amount of emphasis for boys (55%) and girls (51%).

Democratic and Republican women are more likely than their male counterparts to say there is too much emphasis on boys participating in sports and too little emphasis on girls participating in sports. Some 32% of Republican women say there is too much emphasis on boys participating in sports, compared with 17% of Republican men. Among Democrats, 50% of women see too much emphasis on boys and sports, while 40% of Democratic men say the same.

Most former high school and college athletes say participating in sports had a positive impact on them, especially when it comes to confidence and physical health

When it comes to people’s own participation in sports, 48% of Americans say they took part in organized, competitive sports either in high school or college – 39% say they participated in high school sports and 9% say they competed in sports in college (including 7% who say they did both).

Men are more likely than women to say they participated in high school or college sports (56% vs. 41%). Among women, those under 50 are more likely than those ages 50 and older to have participated in high school or college sports (48% vs. 33%). Some 11% of men say they did college sports, compared with 7% of women.

A bar chart showing that most who participated in high school or college sports say it had a positive impact on their health, confidence

Among people who participated in organized, competitive sports in high school or college, most say that their involvement in sports had a positive impact on their health and confidence or self-esteem. More than four-in-ten (46%) say playing sports had a very positive impact on their physical health, and 38% say the same about the impact on their confidence or self-esteem. A smaller share (18%) say participating in competitive sports had a very positive impact on their career or job opportunities. Just over half of competitive athletes (54%) say participating in sports had no impact on their job opportunities. Very few athletes say their participation in sports had a negative impact on their confidence (6%), physical health (5%) or job opportunities (3%).

Across all three measures asked, athletes who played sports in college were more likely than those who only participated in high school sports to say their participation had a very positive impact. For example, 53% of college athletes say that their participation had a very positive impact on their physical health, compared with 44% of athletes who only played in high school.  

Assessments of the personal impact of sports differ by race. Larger shares of Black and Hispanic athletes (44% each) than White athletes (36%) say their participation in sports had a very positive impact on their confidence or self-esteem. Black athletes are also more likely than White athletes to say playing sports had a very positive impact on their job opportunities (27% vs. 16%). There are no differences across racial and ethnic groups in reported impact on physical health. There were not enough Asian American athletes in the sample to analyze their experiences separately.

Men and women are roughly equally likely to say that playing competitive sports very positively impacted their health and career opportunities. Men are somewhat more likely to say it had a very positive impact on their confidence (40% vs. 36%).

Note: Here are the questions used for this analysis, along with responses, and its methodology .

  • Education & Gender
  • Gender Equality & Discrimination
  • Higher Education

Download Ruth Igielnik's photo

Ruth Igielnik is a former senior researcher at Pew Research Center .

Half of Latinas Say Hispanic Women’s Situation Has Improved in the Past Decade and Expect More Gains

Race and lgbtq issues in k-12 schools, fewer young men are in college, especially at 4-year schools, women have gained ground in the nation’s highest-paying occupations, but still lag behind men, what’s behind the growing gap between men and women in college completion, most popular.

901 E St. NW, Suite 300 Washington, DC 20004 USA (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax (+1) 202-419-4372 |  Media Inquiries

Research Topics

  • Email Newsletters

ABOUT PEW RESEARCH CENTER  Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of  The Pew Charitable Trusts .

© 2024 Pew Research Center

Home — Essay Samples — Law, Crime & Punishment — Laws & Regulations — Title Ix

one px

Essays on Title Ix

Choosing the right title ix essay topic.

When it comes to writing an essay on Title IX, it's important to choose a topic that is not only interesting and engaging, but also relevant and thought-provoking. Title IX is a federal civil rights law that prohibits sex-based discrimination in education, and there are a wide range of issues and controversies surrounding this topic that can make for an impactful essay. In this article, we'll discuss the importance of choosing the right Title IX essay topic, offer some advice on selecting a topic, and provide a detailed list of recommended essay topics, divided into categories.

The Importance of the Topic

Writing an essay on Title IX can be an opportunity to shed light on important issues related to gender equality and discrimination in education. By choosing a compelling and well-researched topic, you can contribute to the ongoing conversation about the impact of Title IX and the challenges that still exist in ensuring equal opportunities for all students. Additionally, writing about Title IX can help raise awareness and educate others about the importance of this law and the work that still needs to be done to fully achieve its goals.

Choosing a Topic

When choosing a Title IX essay topic, it's important to consider your own interests and the specific aspects of Title IX that you find most compelling. You may want to start by brainstorming a list of potential topics and then conducting some preliminary research to see which ones have the most potential for exploration and analysis. It's also important to consider the current state of the conversation around Title IX and to choose a topic that is relevant and timely.

Recommended Essay Topics

Gender discrimination.

  • The impact of Title IX on gender discrimination in sports
  • The role of Title IX in addressing sexual harassment and assault on college campuses
  • The challenges of enforcing Title IX in K-12 education

Equal Opportunities

  • The impact of Title IX on access to STEM education for women and girls
  • The role of Title IX in addressing disparities in educational funding and resources
  • The impact of Title IX on access to leadership and mentorship opportunities for women in education

Transgender Rights

  • The evolving interpretation of Title IX in relation to transgender students' rights
  • The impact of Title IX on the inclusion of transgender athletes in sports
  • The challenges of addressing gender identity discrimination in education under Title IX

Intersectionality

  • The intersection of Title IX and race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status
  • The impact of Title IX on addressing the needs of students with disabilities
  • The challenges of addressing intersectional discrimination under Title IX

Choosing the right Title IX essay topic is crucial for creating an impactful and meaningful essay. By selecting a topic that is relevant, engaging, and thought-provoking, you can contribute to the ongoing conversation about gender equality and discrimination in education. With the recommended essay topics provided in this article, you can explore a wide range of issues related to Title IX and make a valuable contribution to the dialogue surrounding this important law.

A Research on The Changes Brought by Title Ix on Sports and Society

The title ix and social change in the united states, made-to-order essay as fast as you need it.

Each essay is customized to cater to your unique preferences

+ experts online

Policy Analysis of Title Ix of The Education Amendments of 1972

The role of title ix in the physical education for women, title ix as an effective way to prevent gender discrimination in educational sports, the effectiveness of title ix throughout ncaa institutions, let us write you an essay from scratch.

  • 450+ experts on 30 subjects ready to help
  • Custom essay delivered in as few as 3 hours

Title Ix and Sexual Harassment on Campus

Bobby riggs v. billie jean king match and passing of title ix, a review and analysis of title ix in the context of certification courses, gender equality in competitive sports: a history of the title ix law, gender issues in physical education, relevant topics.

  • Business Law
  • Constitution
  • Serial Killer
  • Domestic Violence
  • Drunk Driving
  • Animal Cruelty
  • Child Abuse
  • Juvenile Delinquency

By clicking “Check Writers’ Offers”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy . We’ll occasionally send you promo and account related email

No need to pay just yet!

We use cookies to personalyze your web-site experience. By continuing we’ll assume you board with our cookie policy .

  • Instructions Followed To The Letter
  • Deadlines Met At Every Stage
  • Unique And Plagiarism Free

title ix argumentative essay

Home / Essay Samples / Law / Laws & Regulations / Title Ix

Title Ix Essay Examples

Relevance of title ix in modern society.

Title IX was approved on June 23rd, 1972 of the Education Amendments and put into action. The official definition of Title IX is “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of,...

Title Ix: an Incomplete Effort to Achieve Equality in Sports

Two concrete conclusions about Title IX can be concluded: football, a sport played primarily by men and developed to showcase characteristics of male bodies, should be treated separately for purposes of analyzing whether equality has been achieved; and, where possible sporting events should be restructured...

Title Ix and United States Women’s Soccer team

Title IX was passed in 1972, giving many influential women an opportunity to prove their abilities and create a path for many women to follow. One example of this is how Title IX caused the creation of the United States National Women’s Soccer Team (USWNT)....

Discussion of Whether Any Changes Should Be Done to Title Ix

In this point of time rape/sexual assault survivors have little to no courage to seek help or report their aggressors due to fear of not enough evidence being provided, fear that nothing would be done or feel shameful in letting others around them know. Throughout...

The Dynamics of Title Ix in Modern Society

In society today, Title IX is used to enforce equality and fair treatment among all ranges of gender identity, sexual orientation, and sexual assault status. The details of Title IX have been argued time and time again ranging back to a Supreme Court case from...

The Life of Billy Jean King and Her Participation in Title Ix

Who was Billie Jean King? Have you ever heard about him of his influence on the society? This is Title IX essay where we will look at the biography of Billie Jean King. Around the beginning of the twentieth century, it was typical for elite...

Title Ix and the Issue of Sexual Misconduct in Schools

Title IX is a federal civil right that not only prohibits sex discrimination in education, but also addresses sexual harassment, gender-based discrimination, and sexual violence. There is not much evidence to support bullying as a greater problem than sexual harassment for a student’s well-being in...

Critical Evaluation of the New Title Ix Regulations

Sexual assault and harassment has become an increasing issue on many college campuses. With the changing political administration in the United States, there has been a variety of revised laws and regulations addressing the Title IX Act of 1972. The Title IX Act, prohibited any...

Trying to find an excellent essay sample but no results?

Don’t waste your time and get a professional writer to help!

You may also like

  • First Amendment
  • Cyber Crime
  • Marijuana Legalization
  • Second Amendment
  • Civil Liberties
  • Plessy Vs Ferguson
  • Advocacy Essays
  • Criminal Law Essays
  • Business Law Essays
  • Consumer Protection Essays
  • Contract Law Essays
  • Due Process Essays
  • Patriot Act Essays
  • Legal Drinking Age Essays
  • Restorative Justice Essays
  • Family Law Essays

samplius.com uses cookies to offer you the best service possible.By continuing we’ll assume you board with our cookie policy .--> -->