speech writing in english for students

370+ Speech Writing Topics For Students

Discover our guide with great speech writing topics for debate speeches, persuasive speeches, informative speeches, and much more. Get answers below.

Writing and delivering a speech can be nerve-wracking, especially for the first time. Explore our top speech writing topics for college and high school students and get answers to your frequently asked questions about how to choose a speech topic and overcome anxiety surrounding public speaking. For tips on how to write a speech , check out our guide!

How to Prepare For Public Speaking 

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College and high school students often find themselves giving a speech for the first time, which can be stressful if you’ve never done public speaking before. Students can prepare ahead of time in several different ways to help set the stage for success – here are just a few:   

• Learn the fundamentals of giving a good speech. This includes understanding the elements of a speech, such as the introduction, body, and conclusion. Each section should flow smoothly into the next and build upon the main point. Pay close attention to which words you choose and how your delivery comes across.
• Practice makes perfect. Try to find opportunities to speak in front of an audience in different situations, even if it’s just in front of family, friends, or in front of a mirror. It can also help to record yourself so you can listen back and identify areas that need improvement. The more practice you have, the more confident you’ll feel when it comes time to give your speech.
• Use relaxation techniques before giving your speech. You can start by taking some deep breaths and focusing on exhaling slowly. You can also try progressive muscle relaxation, which involves tensing and relaxing different muscle groups in your body several times until your muscles begin to relax on their own naturally. You can also check out these quick writing topics .

• The dangers of social media. 
• How to improve American healthcare. 
• The problems with plastic bags. 
• How cell phones lessen the quality of life. 
• Why criminals need rights. 
• If students should be required to study art. 
• How the war on drugs harms communities of color.
• If schools should ban certain types of books. 
• If statues of slave owners should be removed from public property. 
• If more practical subjects should be taught in school instead of algebra. 
• If religion causes fighting and wars. 
• If outlawing drugs makes them more desirable. 
• If taking photographs of children in public should be illegal. 
• How making food a reward sets the stage for eating disorders. 
• If men should be granted paternity leave when they have or adopt a baby. 
• If routine circumcision should be banned in the United States. 
• How artificial intelligence stands to change the world. 
• How American prisons are a form of modern-day slavery. 
• Why the media needs more cultural and racial diversity. 
• If restaurants have an obligation to purchase produce from local farmers. 
• Global Warming & Climate Change 
• Renewable Energy Benefits 
• Problems In The American Education System 
• Harmful Ingredients In Fast Food
• Animal Testing, Zoos, And Other Forms of Animal Cruelty 
• The Difference Between Real Life And Reality Shows
• The Issue Of Indoor Pollution
• Unethical Fast Fashion Practices 
• The Benefits Of Journal Writing 
• The Dangers Of Texting And Driving 
• The Benefits Of Gender-Affirming Care For Trans People 
• The History Of Racism In America 
• The Dangers Of Hazing In College 
• How Natural Disasters Develop With Climate Change 
• How To Think Critically When Watching The News 
• Homelessness Statistics And Trends In America 
• The Use Of Color Psychology In Marketing  
• The Physical Effects Of Tattoo Ink 
• The Psychological Impacts Of Beauty Pageants  
• How Social Media Affects The Brain
• How best to protect endangered animals. 
• If having pet birds is ethical. 
• If vegetable gardens should replace grass lawns. 
• The impact of plastic disposables on the environment. 
• The most efficient type of renewable energy. 
• How increasing train travel can benefit both people and the environment.
• If zoos should be strictly regulated or banned. 
• The impact of fracking on the environment. 
• If animal testing should be outlawed. 
• If the government needs to allocate more resources to national wildlife preserves. 
• The deforestation crisis. 
• Air pollution and the impact of poor air quality on human health. 
• If people should be allowed to own certain types of exotic animals and keep them as pets. 
• How to reduce the presence of microplastics in the ocean. 
• How drilling for oil impacts water aquifers and sources of clean, fresh water in America. 
• If all grocery stores should stop using plastic bags. 
• If parents should be allowed to choose their child’s sex and physical characteristics 
• If vaccinations should be mandatory. 
• If private corporations have a responsibility to create sustainable products. 
• The impact of robots on the environment. 
• If cloning animals and humans is moral. 
• Whether physician-assisted suicide and compassionate euthanization should be legalized.
• If cigarette smoking should be outlawed. 
• If minors should be allowed to purchase birth control without parental permission. 
• If sugary drinks should be taxed to discourage overconsumption. 
• If America should have a single-payer healthcare system. 
• The importance of adequate mental health care for high school students. 
• Racial bias in the American healthcare system. 
• If women face higher rates of being denied adequate pain control by healthcare providers.
• If cannabis is harmful or helpful for certain medical conditions. 
• If fast food restaurants have a responsibility to offer more affordable healthy food options. 
• The role of relaxation in physical and mental health. 
• If organ donation should be mandatory. 
• How to address the obesity epidemic in America. 
• If doctors should be paid according to their patient outcomes. 
• How to reduce the cost of prescription medications for the average person. 
• The benefits of laughing on physical and mental health. 
• If breastfeeding should be more normalized in America. 
• Sources of indoor air pollution and its impact on physical health. 
• If food additives in America are unsafe. 
• How technology can improve daily life. 
• The consequences of biological warfare. 
• How the advancement of robotics will impact the human population. 
• If the internet is more dangerous than it is beneficial. 
• The role of social media and online bullying in teen suicide. 
• Practical applications for 3D printing. 
• The future of self-driving cars. 
• The differences and similarities between computers and the human brain. 
• If colonizing the moon is possible and beneficial or harmful to the human species. 
• How cell phones affect the human body. 
• If humans can be grown in an artificial womb. 
• If text messaging jargon is having a negative impact on human language. 
• How technology has changed over the years for the better or worse. 
• The impact of cryptocurrency on world economics. 
• Using virtual reality to augment mental health treatment. 
• The intersection of artificial intelligence and animatronics.
• The future applications of nanotechnology. 
• The applications of drones in global military efforts. 
•  If dependence on technology is a danger to humanity. 
• The impacts of Wi-Fi signals on human health. 

• Women’s Empowerment 
• The Me Too Movement 
• Overcoming Peer Pressure 
• The Value Of Community Service 
• Mental Health And Wellness 
• Productivity And Time Management 
• How To Own Up To Mistakes And Learn From Them 
• The Benefits Of Meditation 
• Money Management 
• Taking Time For Yourself 
• How To Become A Winner 
• How To Be A Better Role Model
• Turning Failures Into Successes 
• Handling Rejection Gracefully 
• How To Work Smarter Instead Of Harder 
• Why Time Is More Valuable Than Money 
• Setting Effective Goals 
• How To Break Bad Habits 
• How To Cope When Bad Things Happen 
• Thinking And Speaking Positively
• How mental health can affect friendships and other relationships.
• Tips for managing conflicts with friends. 
• How to communicate special needs effectively to friends. 
• The qualities of a good friend. 
• Signs of a toxic friendship and how to get out of one. 
• How people from different generations can be friends. 
• If sororities and fraternities promote friendships or cause problems. 
• How to help a friend who is experiencing thoughts of self-harm. 
• What loyalty and dependability mean in a friendship. 
• How to hold friends accountable for wrongdoing without destroying the friendship. 
• What can be done about bullying that occurs inside a friend group? 
• If friends have a responsibility to report dangerous behavior. 
• If men and women can be friends. 
• If it’s a good idea to develop a friendship with someone before dating them and why. 
• The benefits of keeping in touch with your childhood or high school friends. 
• If groups of single parents can become friends and raise their children together. 
• How friends can help each other succeed in life. 
• The challenges of maintaining friendships as a busy adult. 
• What gifts would you get your friends if money was no object? 
• How to avoid jealousy in a friendship. 
• Signs of toxic family dynamics and how to get out of harmful cycles. 
• The definition and impact of generational trauma. 
• Qualities of a strong and healthy family dynamic. 
• How parents can build a loving family and home life. 
• Communication tips for family members. 
• If families with young children should limit their screen time. 
• The benefits of going on family vacations. 
• The best ways to balance work and family commitments.
• The importance of staying in touch with family members who are far away. 
• How having a family can enrich someone’s life. 
• If you should be required to donate a lifesaving organ or blood to a family member. 
• If children should be required to take care of elderly parents. 
• If the Christian religion promotes misogyny within conservative families. 
• If the number of children a couple can have should be regulated by the government. 
• If parents should be held accountable for crimes committed by their children. 
• If couples should be required to take parenting classes before starting a family. 
• How spanking causes brain damage in young children. 
• Misconceptions new parents have about raising kids in modern society. 
• What it means to go “no contact” with a parent and why adult children choose to leave their families.
• What a “chosen family” is and how people develop familial relationships outside of their blood relatives. 
• What Is Good Sportsmanship?
• Professional Sports Salaries 
• How Sports Impact Human Psychology
• Sports And Mental Development 
• Benefits Of Childhood Sports 
• How Sports Teach Morals 
• Do International Sports Promote World Peace?
• Why Dance Is A Sport 
• Should School Sports Be Mandatory?
• What Competitive Sports Teach About Life 
• Sports and Performance Enhancing Drugs 
• Trans People In Sports 
• The Role Of Social Media In Sports 
• How Sports Build Social Skills
• How Losing At Sports Teaches Life Lessons 
• Are Professional Sports Too Commercialized Now? 
• Sports And Virtual Reality 
• The Future Of College Sports 
• What Players Want Sports Coaches To Know 
• Sports And Disabilities 
• Violent Video Games 
• The Death Penalty 
• Human Rights Issues 
• Obesity in America
• Mass Shootings In Public Places 
• Alcohol Has A Greater Negative Impact On Society Than Cannabis 
• The War Against Drugs 
• Cellphone Policies In Schools 
• Religious Indoctrination Is Child Abuse 
• Police & Qualified Immunity 
• Regulating Senior Drivers 
• Affirmative Action 
• Stem Cell Research 
• Peaceful Protests 
• Contraceptive Regulation 
• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) 
• Arranged Marriages 
• Censorship 
• Animal Breeding 
• The Adoption Industry 
• If America is not a true democracy. 
• If corporations should be allowed to donate to political campaigns. 
• If celebrities should be able to run for public office. 
• If poverty should be a government priority. 
• The prevalence of political corruption in America. 
• If the voting age should be raised in America. 
• If the United States should fund wars between other countries. 
• If national voter ID laws would disenfranchise minority voters. 
• The definition and prevalence of domestic terrorism in America. 
• Why it’s important for young people to vote. 
• If far-right influencers promote dangerous ideals. 
• If the government should spend less money on the military and wars. 
• If Social Security benefits should be preserved for future generations. 
• If Americans should get to vote for who serves on the Supreme Court. 
• If Congress should have term limits. 
• If the Electoral College should be abolished. 
• How minorities are represented in Congress. 
• If private for-profit prisons should be banned or heavily regulated. 
• If the police should be required to operate their body cameras at all times. 
• If people imprisoned for marijuana offenses should be let out in states where cannabis is now legal. 
• Abortion 
• Free Education In America 
• Right To Marry 
• Racism And Poverty In America 
• Food Deserts And Malnutrition 
• Substance Abuse And Crime Rates 
• The Right To Housing 
• Wage Inequality 
• Crime Recidivism Reduction 
• Child Labor 
• Agricultural Integrity 
• Taxing Religious Institutions 
• Prostitution 
• Minimum Wage 
• Common Sense Gun Control Laws 
• Gender And Sexual Orientation Discrimination 
• Violence In Media 
• Paid Maternity And Paternity Leave In America 
• What skills do entrepreneurs need to be successful? 
• How to motivate and engage employees at work. 
• Top indicators of business success. 
• How to make money using your passion. 
• The importance of good financial planning for businesses. 
• How companies can create loyal customers for life. 
• Why businesses need to create a powerful brand image in today’s competitive market. 
• Tips for people who want to start their own business. 
• How to create a home office. 
• Why do some companies have high turnover rates? 
• If incentivized customer reviews are unethical. 
• If businesses should be held responsible for false advertising. 
• If businesses should be allowed to lobby people in Congress. 
• Ethical marketing practices for new businesses. 
• How to balance owning a business and starting a family. 
• Women entrepreneurs in America. 
• Do companies have a responsibility to help manage inflation?
• The disparity between CEO and employee pay. 
• If the existence of billionaires is ethical. 
• How businesses can cultivate positive company culture. 
• The scariest thing you ever did and how you overcame your fear. 
• A difficult decision you had to make and why you made the choice you did. 
• Your favorite teacher and what you learned from them. 
• Something you learned about yourself that improved your life. 
• A regret that you have and what you wish you would have done instead and why. 
• Something valuable you broke or lost and how it made you feel. 
• Someone you admire in your personal life and what they taught you. 
• Your ambitions and why you want to achieve them. 
• A family member you looked up to as a child and why. 
• The most exciting thing you’ve ever done and if you would do it again. 
• The type of job you want to hold in the future and why. 
• Specific expertise you hold and how it can provide value to your community. 
• Charities or social initiatives you support and why. 
• What your favorite motivational quote is and why. 
• Something that makes you unique and distinguishes you from other people. 
• The historical figure you most look up to and why. 
• A time you failed at something you tried but learned an important lesson from the experience. 
• A close call you had with something and how the situation might have turned out differently. 
• Somewhere you would visit in the world and why you would go there. 
• Something you learned watching television or listening to the radio that changed your life. 
• Graduation Speeches 
• Valedictorian Speeches
• Independence Day Speeches 
• Wedding Toasts
• Eulogies 
• Speeches For Beauty Pageants 
• Pep Rally Speeches 
• Award Acceptance Speeches 
• Introduction Speeches 
• Presentation Speeches 
• Farewell Speeches 
• Dedication Speeches 
• Commemorative Speeches 
• Retirement Speeches
• Welcome Speeches 
• Birthday Speeches 
• Tribute Speeches 
• Keynote Addresses 
• Anniversary Speeches 
• Bar/Bat Mitzvah Speeches 
• If traveling to Hawaii is ethical. 
• If it’s dangerous for women to travel internationally alone. 
• How travel can be educational. 
• If vacations have a positive impact on emotional and psychological health. 
• How travel can help prevent burnout. 
• The dangers of drinking tap water when traveling to other countries. 
• If there should be more travel accommodations for plus-size people. 
• How viruses spread on cruise ships. 
• Top reasons people travel. 
• How to manage travel frustrations like missed flights and canceled reservations. 
• What to do if there’s an emergency while traveling. 
• Ethical tourism in poor countries. 
• How to get to know a country’s customs when traveling. 
• The impact of traveling on the economy. 
• How American tourism impacts politics. 
• The intersection between travel and religion. 
• How the COVID-19 pandemic affected the travel industry. 
• What travel means to you. 
• If young children should be allowed to travel to dangerous places. 
• How to navigate currency exchange issues when traveling. 
• How COVID-19 impacted public education in America. 
• The benefits of e-learning for children of different ages and education levels. 
• If corporal punishment should be allowed in schools with or without parental consent. 
• If sodas and energy drinks should be allowed in high schools. 
• The different types of learning styles and how these play a role in public education. 
• The impact of public school on child socialization. 
• If schools should abolish homework policies. 
• How elementary and middle schools should treat young trans students. 
• The role of the Internet in American education today. 
• How schools can provide more support to students with learning disabilities. 
• If special education in schools is actually beneficial to students who are struggling in class. 
• Comparing American schools to educational institutions in other countries. 
• If students should be taught sex education in schools and if so, to what degree? 
• If high school students should have access to condoms at school. 
• If college should be free. 
• Why teachers of all grade levels don’t make enough money in America. 
• If a student’s grades are an indicator of their intelligence. 
• If students should be required to learn etiquette at a certain age. 
• If public education institutions should implement school uniform policies. 
• If the pressures of school have a negative impact on kids who should be enjoying their childhood. 
• The definition of trauma and how it impacts young children. 
• How emotional abuse impacts psychological development in children. 
• How dissociative disorders work to protect the brain from the impact of severe trauma. 
• How reverse psychology works. 
• The greatest contribution to modern psychology in history. 
• How people with different personality disorders experience the world. 
• The psychological relationship between parents and their children. 
• The intersection between sleep and psychology. 
• The differences between psychology and psychiatry. 
• How psychologists benefit society and human development. 
• How child psychology differs from adult treatment modalities. 
• How psychological treatment has changed over the years. 
• If basic psychology should be a required high school or college course. 
• How violent movies and television impact human psychology.
• How short and long-term memories form. 
• The impact of bullying on child psychological development. 
• The psychological impact of childhood neglect. 
• If antidepressants are overprescribed.
• The comorbidity of trauma and personality disorders. 
• If birth order affects a child’s psychological development. 

Looking for more? You might also be interested in our list of the best report writing topics .

• How Trix cereal discriminates against rabbits by making their cereal for kids. 
• If plants have feelings and if vegans are committing acts of vegetable cruelty. 
• Why the grass might literally be greener on the other side of a fence. 
• How to be good at being lazy. 
• Why lying well can be considered a talent. 
• How being annoying can be considered an art. 
• How to fail at a job interview. 
• Tell a story about a joke that didn’t go over well. 
• Compare Instagram to real life. 
• If regifting is an ethical practice.
• Why clothing companies don’t put pockets in women’s clothes. 
• Why bad pickup lines work better than traditionally good pickup lines. 
• Why a cartoon character should be elected President. 
• A practical guide to surviving the zombie apocalypse. 
• If internet surfing counts as an aerobic workout. 
• Why kids shouldn’t have to clean their rooms. 
• The worst business slogans and why. 
• The correct way to offend someone. 
• How to cheat at the game of Life. 
• A list of the worst gifts ever. 

If you liked this post, you might also find these essays about being a student helpful.

The three main types of persuasive speeches are value-based, policy-based, and emotional-based. Value-based speeches argue a certain concept based on its merits, while a policy persuasive speech argues for a certain course of action. Emotional-based speeches seek to elicit a certain response from the audience by evoking an emotional reaction.

Some people find that focusing on their breathing helps to calm their nerves, while others find visualization exercises like picturing the audience in their underwear to be a helpful way to diffuse the tension. Others say that simply accepting that they will be nervous and embracing that feeling is the best way to get through it.  

Looking for more? Check out our round-up of the best inspirational books !

Meet Rachael, the editor at Become a Writer Today. With years of experience in the field, she is passionate about language and dedicated to producing high-quality content that engages and informs readers. When she's not editing or writing, you can find her exploring the great outdoors, finding inspiration for her next project.

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How to write a good speech in 7 steps

By:  Susan Dugdale  

- an easily followed format for writing a great speech

Did you know writing a speech doesn't have be an anxious, nail biting experience?

Unsure? Don't be.

You may have lived with the idea you were never good with words for a long time. Or perhaps giving speeches at school brought you out in cold sweats.

However learning how to write a speech is relatively straight forward when you learn to write out loud.

And that's the journey I am offering to take you on: step by step.

To learn quickly, go slow

Take all the time you need. This speech format has 7 steps, each building on the next.

Walk, rather than run, your way through all of them. Don't be tempted to rush. Familiarize yourself with the ideas. Try them out.

I know there are well-advertised short cuts and promises of 'write a speech in 5 minutes'. However in reality they only truly work for somebody who already has the basic foundations of speech writing in place.

The foundation of good speech writing 

These steps are the backbone of sound speech preparation. Learn and follow them well at the outset and yes, given more experience and practice you could probably flick something together quickly. Like any skill, the more it's used, the easier it gets.

In the meantime...

Step 1: Begin with a speech overview or outline

Are you in a hurry? Without time to read a whole page? Grab ... The Quick How to Write a Speech Checklist And come back to get the details later.

• WHO you are writing your speech for (your target audience)
• WHY you are preparing this speech. What's the main purpose of your speech? Is it to inform or tell your audience about something? To teach them a new skill or demonstrate something? To persuade or to entertain? (See 4 types of speeches: informative, demonstrative, persuasive and special occasion or entertaining for more.) What do you want them to think, feel or do as a result of listening the speech?
• WHAT your speech is going to be about (its topic) - You'll want to have thought through your main points and have ranked them in order of importance. And have sorted the supporting research you need to make those points effectively.
• HOW much time you have for your speech eg. 3 minutes, 5 minutes... The amount of time you've been allocated dictates how much content you need. If you're unsure check this page: how many words per minute in a speech: a quick reference guide . You'll find estimates of the number of words required for 1 - 10 minute speeches by slow, medium and fast talkers.

Use an outline

The best way to make sure you deliver a perfect speech is to start by carefully completing a speech outline covering the essentials: WHO, WHY, WHAT and HOW.

Beginning to write without thinking your speech through is a bit like heading off on a journey not knowing why you're traveling or where you're going to end up. You can find yourself lost in a deep, dark, murky muddle of ideas very quickly!

Pulling together a speech overview or outline is a much safer option. It's the map you'll follow to get where you want to go.

Get a blank speech outline template to complete

Click the link to find out a whole lot more about preparing a speech outline . ☺ You'll also find a free printable blank speech outline template.  I recommend using it!

Understanding speech construction

Before you begin to write, using your completed outline as a guide, let's briefly look at what you're aiming to prepare.

• an opening or introduction
• the body where the bulk of the information is given
• and an ending (or summary).

Imagine your speech as a sandwich

If you think of a speech as a sandwich you'll get the idea.

The opening and ending are the slices of bread holding the filling (the major points or the body of your speech) together.

You can build yourself a simple sandwich with one filling (one big idea) or you could go gourmet and add up to three or, even five. The choice is yours.

But whatever you choose to serve, as a good cook, you need to consider who is going to eat it! And that's your audience.

So let's find out who they are before we do anything else. 

Step 2: Know who you are talking to

Understanding your audience.

Did you know a  good speech is never written from the speaker's point of view?  ( If you need to know more about why check out this page on  building rapport .)

Begin with the most important idea/point on your outline.

Consider HOW you can explain (show, tell) that to your audience in the most effective way for them to easily understand it.   

Writing from the audience's point of view

To help you write from an audience point of view, it's a good idea to identify either a real person or the type of person who is most likely to be listening to you.

Make sure you select someone who represents the "majority" of the people who will be in your audience. That is they are neither struggling to comprehend you at the bottom of your scale or light-years ahead at the top.

Now imagine they are sitting next to you eagerly waiting to hear what you're going to say. Give them a name, for example, Joe, to help make them real.

Ask yourself

• How do I need to tailor my information to meet Joe's needs? For example, do you tell personal stories to illustrate your main points? Absolutely! Yes. This is a very powerful technique. (Click storytelling in speeches to find out more.)
• What type or level of language is right for Joe as well as my topic? For example if I use jargon (activity, industry or profession specific vocabulary) will it be understood?

Step 3: Writing as you speak

Writing oral language.

Write down what you want to say about your first main point as if you were talking directly to Joe.

If it helps, say it all out loud before you write it down and/or record it.

Use the information below as a guide

(Click to download The Characteristics of Spoken Language  as a pdf.) 

You do not have to write absolutely everything you're going to say down * but you do need to write down, or outline, the sequence of ideas to ensure they are logical and easily followed.

Remember too, to explain or illustrate your point with examples from your research. 

( * Tip: If this is your first speech the safety net of having everything written down could be just what you need. It's easier to recover from a patch of jitters when you have a word by word manuscript than if you have either none, or a bare outline. Your call!)

Step 4: Checking tone and language

The focus of this step is re-working what you've done in Step 2 and 3.

You identified who you were talking to (Step 2) and in Step 3, wrote up your first main point.  Is it right? Have you made yourself clear?  Check it.

How well you complete this step depends on how well you understand the needs of the people who are going to listen to your speech.

Please do not assume because you know what you're talking about the person (Joe) you've chosen to represent your audience will too. Joe is not a mind-reader!

How to check what you've prepared

• Check the "tone" of your language . Is it right for the occasion, subject matter and your audience?
• Check the length of your sentences. You need short sentences. If they're too long or complicated you risk losing your listeners.

Check for jargon too. These are industry, activity or group exclusive words.

For instance take the phrase: authentic learning . This comes from teaching and refers to connecting lessons to the daily life of students. Authentic learning is learning that is relevant and meaningful for students. If you're not a teacher you may not understand the phrase.

The use of any vocabulary requiring insider knowledge needs to be thought through from the audience perspective. Jargon can close people out.

• Read what you've written out loud. If it flows naturally, in a logical manner, continue the process with your next main idea. If it doesn't, rework.

We use whole sentences and part ones, and we mix them up with asides or appeals e.g. "Did you get that? Of course you did. Right...Let's move it along. I was saying ..."

Click for more about the differences between spoken and written language .

And now repeat the process

Repeat this process for the remainder of your main ideas.

Because you've done the first one carefully, the rest should follow fairly easily.

Step 5: Use transitions

Providing links or transitions between main ideas.

Between each of your main ideas you need to provide a bridge or pathway for your audience. The clearer the pathway or bridge, the easier it is for them to make the transition from one idea to the next.

If your speech contains more than three main ideas and each is building on the last, then consider using a "catch-up" or summary as part of your transitions.

Is your speech being evaluated? Find out exactly what aspects you're being assessed on using this standard speech evaluation form

Link/transition examples

A link can be as simple as:

"We've explored one scenario for the ending of Block Buster 111, but let's consider another. This time..."

What follows this transition is the introduction of Main Idea Two.

Here's a summarizing link/transition example:

"We've ended Blockbuster 111 four ways so far. In the first, everybody died. In the second, everybody died BUT their ghosts remained to haunt the area. In the third, one villain died. His partner reformed and after a fight-out with the hero, they both strode off into the sunset, friends forever. In the fourth, the hero dies in a major battle but is reborn sometime in the future.

And now what about one more? What if nobody died? The fifth possibility..."

Go back through your main ideas checking the links. Remember Joe as you go. Try each transition or link out loud and really listen to yourself. Is it obvious? Easily followed?

Keep them if they are clear and concise.

For more about transitions (with examples) see Andrew Dlugan's excellent article, Speech Transitions: Magical words and Phrases .

Step 6: The end of your speech

The ideal ending is highly memorable . You want it to live on in the minds of your listeners long after your speech is finished. Often it combines a call to action with a summary of major points.

Example speech endings

Example 1: The desired outcome of a speech persuading people to vote for you in an upcoming election is that they get out there on voting day and do so. You can help that outcome along by calling them to register their support by signing a prepared pledge statement as they leave.

"We're agreed we want change. You can help us give it to you by signing this pledge statement as you leave. Be part of the change you want to see!

Example 2: The desired outcome is increased sales figures. The call to action is made urgent with the introduction of time specific incentives.

"You have three weeks from the time you leave this hall to make that dream family holiday in New Zealand yours. Can you do it? Will you do it? The kids will love it. Your wife will love it. Do it now!"

How to figure out the right call to action

A clue for working out what the most appropriate call to action might be, is to go back to your original purpose for giving the speech.

• Was it to motivate or inspire?
• Was it to persuade to a particular point of view?
• Was it to share specialist information?
• Was it to celebrate a person, a place, time or event?

Ask yourself what you want people to do as a result of having listened to your speech.

For more about ending speeches

Visit this page for more about how to end a speech effectively . You'll find two additional types of speech endings with examples.

Write and test

Write your ending and test it out loud. Try it out on a friend, or two. Is it good? Does it work?

Step 7: The introduction

Once you've got the filling (main ideas) the linking and the ending in place, it's time to focus on the introduction.

The introduction comes last as it's the most important part of your speech. This is the bit that either has people sitting up alert or slumped and waiting for you to end. It's the tone setter!

What makes a great speech opening?

Ideally you want an opening that makes listening to you the only thing the 'Joes' in the audience want to do.

You want them to forget they're hungry or that their chair is hard or that their bills need paying.

The way to do that is to capture their interest straight away. You do this with a "hook".

Hooks to catch your audience's attention

Hooks come in as many forms as there are speeches and audiences. Your task is work out what specific hook is needed to catch your audience.

Go back to the purpose. Why are you giving this speech?

Once you have your answer, consider your call to action. What do you want the audience to do, and, or take away, as a result of listening to you?

Next think about the imaginary or real person you wrote for when you were focusing on your main ideas.

Choosing the best hook

• Is it humor?
• Would shock tactics work?
• Is it a rhetorical question?
• Is it formality or informality?
• Is it an outline or overview of what you're going to cover, including the call to action?
• Or is it a mix of all these elements?

A hook example

Here's an example from a fictional political speech. The speaker is lobbying for votes. His audience are predominately workers whose future's are not secure.

"How's your imagination this morning? Good? (Pause for response from audience) Great, I'm glad. Because we're going to put it to work starting right now.

I want you to see your future. What does it look like? Are you happy? Is everything as you want it to be? No? Let's change that. We could do it. And we could do it today.

At the end of this speech you're going to be given the opportunity to change your world, for a better one ...

No, I'm not a magician. Or a simpleton with big ideas and precious little commonsense. I'm an ordinary man, just like you. And I have a plan to share!"

And then our speaker is off into his main points supported by examples. The end, which he has already foreshadowed in his opening, is the call to vote for him.

Prepare several hooks

Experiment with several openings until you've found the one that serves your audience, your subject matter and your purpose best.

For many more examples of speech openings go to: how to write a speech introduction . You'll find 12 of the very best ways to start a speech.

That completes the initial seven steps towards writing your speech. If you've followed them all the way through, congratulations, you now have the text of your speech!

Although you might have the words, you're still a couple of steps away from being ready to deliver them. Both of them are essential if you want the very best outcome possible. They are below. Please take them.

Step 8: Checking content and timing

This step pulls everything together.

Check once, check twice, check three times & then once more!

Go through your speech really carefully.

On the first read through check you've got your main points in their correct order with supporting material, plus an effective introduction and ending.

On the second read through check the linking passages or transitions making sure they are clear and easily followed.

On the third reading check your sentence structure, language use and tone.

Double, triple check the timing

Now go though once more.

This time read it aloud slowly and time yourself.

If it's too long for the time allowance you've been given make the necessary cuts.

Start by looking at your examples rather than the main ideas themselves. If you've used several examples to illustrate one principal idea, cut the least important out.

Also look to see if you've repeated yourself unnecessarily or, gone off track. If it's not relevant, cut it.

Repeat the process, condensing until your speech fits the required length, preferably coming in just under your time limit.

You can also find out how approximately long it will take you to say the words you have by using this very handy words to minutes converter . It's an excellent tool, one I frequently use. While it can't give you a precise time, it does provide a reasonable estimate.

Step 9: Rehearsing your speech

And NOW you are finished with writing the speech, and are ready for REHEARSAL .

Please don't be tempted to skip this step. It is not an extra thrown in for good measure. It's essential.

The "not-so-secret" secret of successful speeches combines good writing with practice, practice and then, practicing some more.

Go to how to practice public speaking and you'll find rehearsal techniques and suggestions to boost your speech delivery from ordinary to extraordinary.

The Quick How to Write a Speech Checklist

Before you begin writing you need:.

• Your speech OUTLINE with your main ideas ranked in the order you're going to present them. (If you haven't done one complete this 4 step sample speech outline . It will make the writing process much easier.)
• Your RESEARCH
• You also need to know WHO you're speaking to, the PURPOSE of the speech and HOW long you're speaking for

The basic format

• the body where you present your main ideas

Split your time allowance so that you spend approximately 70% on the body and 15% each on the introduction and ending.

How to write the speech

• Write your main ideas out incorporating your examples and research
• Link them together making sure each flows in a smooth, logical progression
• Write your ending, summarizing your main ideas briefly and end with a call for action
• Write your introduction considering the 'hook' you're going to use to get your audience listening
• An often quoted saying to explain the process is: Tell them what you're going to tell them (Introduction) Tell them (Body of your speech - the main ideas plus examples) Tell them what you told them (The ending)

TEST before presenting. Read aloud several times to check the flow of material, the suitability of language and the timing.

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57 Writing a Speech: Activities and Resources

Lyon, A. (2017). Communication coach Alex Lyon. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h6sm47j-Am4 Standard YouTube License.

Riegel, D. G.  (2019). Stop Beginning Your Speeches with Good Morning and Thank You and Start with This Instead. Talk Support. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbq4_Swj0Gg

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How to start a speech:

1. When I showed for 1st day of work here, I mistakenly thought that… 2. 5,10,20 years ago, I never could have imagined that… 3. The year was… 4. I will never forget the first time that… 5. What would you do if you’d been in my shoes? Here’s what happened… 6. I have a confession to make… 7. I was brought up to believe… 8. Among my friends, I am famous for… 9. I don’t like to admit it, but… 10. Something you’d never guess about me is…

Advanced Public Speaking Copyright © 2021 by Lynn Meade is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Speech-writing tips for high school students

by Daniella Dautrich | May 29, 2017 | High school , Teaching Homeschool Writing

Speech-writing Tips for Students

Speech writing offers a rare chance for students to impact an audience in lasting, meaningful ways. Through this kind of written and oral communication, they can learn to convey truth in a world with where morals are blurred and virtues are disappearing. Thus, speech writers combine narrative, descriptive, explanatory, and persuasive skills, arranging a composition to make both logical and emotional appeals . After all, rhetoric (the art of persuasion) should engage the whole person, not just the mind or heart.

Even if your kids will never enroll in a speech and debate club, encourage them to present an original speech in a group setting such as a class, family gathering, or graduation party. These speech-writing tips for students should help them get started!

The Prewriting Stage

When you write a speech, the prewriting stage represents about a third of the entire process.

• Choose a topic you feel strongly about. If you don’t care about the subject matter, neither will your audience.
• Evaluate your potential audience. Will you speak to a mixed group of teenagers or to a room of retirees? What are their values and interests? What kinds of music and cultural references will they relate to?
• Understand your purpose. Are you writing a speech to entertain, inform, or persuade? If you intend to persuade, are you trying to reach a like-minded or neutral audience or an openly hostile group?
• Research and brainstorm. Start gathering your facts and examples, and make a list of possible talking points.

The Writing Stage

Writing the first draft should consume about 20% of your time as a speech writer.

• Develop a “hook.” You need to capture the audience’s attention at the beginning of the speech and motivate them to keep listening. A humorous story or a startling statistic may serve this purpose, depending on the type of speech you’re writing.
• Construct a thesis . Your speech should present a clear message, with each sub-point logically leading to the final conclusion.
• Build a relationship with the audience . Establish your credibility as a speaker by demonstrating your connection to the topic. Did a hobby, a favorite author, or a family experience lead you to choose this subject?
• Organize your ideas . Offer a preview of what’s to come in the introduction, and be sure you follow those points in order.
• Finish with a strong conclusion . When you reach the end of your speech, restate your thesis and tie everything back to your introduction.

The Editing Stage

The editing stage requires another third of your time as a speech writer. As you revise, check for these items:

• Grammar . Poor writing could cause an audience to stop taking you seriously , even if your main message is solid.
• Style. In the writing stage, you focused on substance (what to say); now you can focus on style (how to say it). Without resorting to overdone “ purple prose ,” you can practice writing techniques such as parallelism , repetition, alliteration, and series or lists.
• Time. Read your speech out loud. It shouldn’t take longer than 20 minutes.
• Sound. When you read the speech aloud, do you stumble over unnatural words and phrases? Perhaps you need to rewrite with more direct, simple language. Is your flow of thoughts easy to understand? Is your vocabulary appropriate to the audience’s age and education?
• Appeal to the senses. Your speech should engage the imagination—not put people to sleep! Do you use figurative language to help the audience visualize concepts? Include a descriptive passage to help them hear, feel, and touch your topic. Try to include narratives that people will identify with. You don’t need too many details… just enough to make the stories ring true and help you explain your persuasive points or morals.
• Organization. You can arrange your speech chronologically, topically, by comparison/contrast, or in some other way. Just be sure you’re consistent.
• Politeness . Have you used appropriate language throughout? Have you written with respect for yourself and others? The best speeches display compassion and empathy, rather than tear others down.

The Pre-Performance Stage

Once you’ve written and revised your speech, it’s time to practice! Try to memorize it, and watch your speed so you don’t speak too quickly. Practice in front of a mirror so you remember to move naturally, incorporating hand/arm gestures and facial expressions. Experiment with volume, high and low pitch, and pauses (take notes about what works and what doesn’t.)

Finally, have confidence ! Stage fright is part of life, but the greatest performers have learned that passion and honesty set the speaker—and the audience—at ease every time.

Daniella Dautrich studied classical rhetoric at a liberal arts college in Hillsdale, Michigan.

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How to start a speech for students (Ultimate opening lines)

Hrideep barot.

• Public Speaking , Speech Topics , Speech Writing

Schools and their love for speeches is an affair we are all quite aware of. Now if you are looking to move beyond the mundane way of delivering speeches in school and are in search of some amazing speech openings for students, you are at the right place!

Speeches are the most common form of public speaking that is encouraged in schools . Be it for a competition, assignment, presentation, or even as a punishment (oops), speeches are everywhere in a student’s life.  

To get a quick idea on speech opening lines for students , don’t forget to check out our video on 3 speech opening lines for students!

But before we dive into understanding how to go about your speeches, it is important to first understand why educational institutes focus so much on speeches or public speaking in general that they begin introducing us to speeches as early as primary sections.

Why is speech encouraged in Primary school?

It is a common practice to give the students a little idea about giving speeches as early as primary school. Part of the reason is that these are the foundational years and form as a stepping stone for the students to get a little more used to public speaking as they move to higher classes .

A couple of ways students in primary schools may be asked to give speeches would be to introduce themselves or at competitions like fancy dress competitions.

What is the use of speech in high school?

In high school, as students gain more understanding about the world at large and develop their opinions, giving speeches is encouraged in school to help them navigate their thoughts to their peers. Further, speeches as a form of public speaking also help build the student’s soft skills .

A few ways giving speeches in high school can help in developing their soft skills are:

1. critical thinking.

Speeches aren’t about blurting out your ideas or opinions, rather it requires you to research and find evidence to back your point of view, or to think critically to deliver a speech that effectively reaches the other students.

2. Problem-solving

Speeches could be framed around a popular or controversial issue that the student wishes to provide their insight into. This would encourage them to come up with solutions. Apart from that, even coming up with a speech can be a task sometimes, and overcoming those challenges too can be counted in as a way of problem-solving

3. Time-management

With a huge number of students in high school, speeches are almost always time-bound. This also means that the students have to structure their speeches in a way that fits the time given, further inculcating time management skills in them.

4. Active listening

Speeches are not only about delivering or conveying your ideas or findings but also about listening carefully to what others have to say in terms of questions that may ask.

Why is speech required at college?

Speeches in college have an entirely different goal than the one that schools have.

In college, it isn’t always mandatory to give speeches or to participate in public speaking. However, a few reasons why giving speeches or public speaking is encouraged in colleges is because:

• It helps in developing communication and public speaking skills that can be very beneficial to their professional life later.
• Speeches may also be a way to meet new people and make new connections.
• It improves the student’s leadership skills. How? We have all heard how a good speaker carries with him or her the potential to influence and lead the crowd, and that is how practicing public speaking in college helps improve a student’s leadership skills.

When can students be asked to give a speech?

As we just discussed that the purpose of giving speeches changes as we progress in our school. However, there are a couple of situations where mostly all students are expected to present their speech. And they are:

Classroom/section speeches

Classroom or section speeches are the ones you give in front of your classmates or people from your age group. Generally, the presentation of assignments and competitions comes under this category.

Graduation Speech

Students may also be expected to present a graduation speech . However, the big difference here is that not everyone gets the opportunity to present a graduation speech or commencement address as it is known.

What type of speech is a graduation speech? Or what type of speech is a commencement speech?

Graduation speeches or commencement speeches are parting speeches wherein the focus is on reflecting on the good times in the institute and motivating others for their bright future ahead. Depending on the purpose as selected by the speaker, these speeches could be persuasive, informative, or entertaining in nature . 

How to start a speech as a student 

Giving speeches as a student, even if you have been doing it for the past few years can still end up being a little challenging.  But rather than giving you tons of tips on things you can focus on while coming up with your speech or speech openings for students, we have got one ultimate tip . If you follow that, you should ideally be able to reach your audience more effectively.

Ultimate tip when writing speeches or speech openings for students

Write how you speak, not how you write.

When I came across this tip, I was surprised too. Because is indeed true that we write very differently when we have to show the speech to someone in written form but if asked honestly, do we speak in such a highly polished, extra professional vocabulary?

The idea is not to write the speech or speech opening riddled with slang but rather in a way that you’d feel comfortable listening to and understanding easily had you been the listener.

So in short, prepare the speech with the listener in mind, not the reader .

What is a good opening line for a speech?

Most opening lines for speech in school begin with a good morning.  We usually follow it with greetings or addressing the audience and the guests.

Wondering how you greet everyone in a speech?

Here is a list of ways you can begin with a simple good morning:

• Good morning everyone presents here today. I’m delighted to present my views and understanding on a very delicate yet overlooked topic; Gender sensitization in the workplace.
• Good afternoon esteemed members of the jury, my friends and peers, and everyone present in the room today.
• Good morning to the faculty, the non-teaching staff, and the class of 2022!!

Now it is a good practice to begin your speech with your usual greetings. However, in this blog, we are trying to look beyond the usual.

It doesn’t mean that you will not be saying good morning or your basic greetings; the only difference is that you’ll not be opening your speech with it but addressing these basic formalities later in the speech.

How do you start a speech without saying good morning?

There are a couple of ways you can start a speech without saying good morning. Here are some of the ways we will take a look at in this blog:

• “Imagine” scenario
• “What if” scenario
• Rhetorical questions
• Statistics and figures
• Powerful statements

Quotes are phrases or things spoken by someone influential . Quotes as speech openings for students can not only help them go beyond the widely popular way of beginning any speech but will also help them establish credibility right in the very beginning!

Now if you have ever wondered,

How to start your speech with a quote?

Here are a couple of examples of using quotes as speech openings for students:

Lon Watters had said that “A school is a building with four walls, with tomorrow inside.” And it would be wrong if I said that I didn’t agree with every bit of what he said. As we come to an end of our journey with this school that has provided us with tons of opportunities to learn, grow, interact and make memories we sure will cherish forever…

“If you don’t have a plan for your life, somebody else does.” This is a quote given by Michael Hyatt and isn’t it something we have all been experiencing all these years of growing up as our parents or guardians make plans for us right from the way we dress to the school we go to and sometimes even the careers we choose. Good morning everyone, I am Myra, a student of XYZ school standing here to voice my opinion on “Factors that influence your career decisions.”

 2. “Imagine” Scenario

This happens to be a personal favorite of mine when it comes to speech openings for students. A very simple yet beautiful way to engage your audience right at the beginning of your speech while at the same time allowing them to relate to what you’ll be saying next is what the image” scenarios are all about.

Before we begin, I’d like you to take a moment and imagine walking through a trail. You see the lush greens and pretty sky above you, the most dynamic clouds following everyone you go. Try sniffing the smell of wet soil and a hint of flowery fragrance as you walk towards the edge of the hill expecting to take a glimpse of the utter beauty that these hours of walking would lead you to, but you find something else. You see something that sends chills down your spine. There are some strange men performing rituals right in the very heart of these dense greens. You wonder what it is all about until it hits you; you have just uncovered a cult.

For the next example, I’d like you to take a look at the video below and check for yourself how wonderfully the speaker (although not a student) has made use of the “imagine” scenario to share his tragic experience with his audience.

Imagine a big explosion as you climb through 3,000 ft. Imagine a plane full of smoke. Imagine an engine going clack, clack, clack, clack, clack, clack, clack. It sounds scary. Well I had a unique seat that day. I was sitting in 1D.

3. “What If” Scenario

What if I told you that the best speech openings for students are actually the ones wherein they come up with an opening that best represents their style and comfort at delivering speeches, be it with a joke or a story?

Do you see what I did there?

That is an example of a “what if” scenario. It is similar to the imagination scenario we discussed above but the only difference here is that “what if” speech openings for students focus on providing an alternative idea to the audience while the imagined scenarios provide the audience an opportunity to relate to the speaker.

4. Rhetorical question

Rhetorical questions are questions the speaker includes in his/her/their speech that doesn’t necessarily require the audience to come up with an answer but are posed to get the audience thinking on the same.

Using rhetorical questions as speech openings for students can work wonders especially when you are looking for either a very quick speech opening or have very little time to deliver the speech.

An example of using rhetorical questions for speech opening is given below:

Talking about the new policy that makes it illegal to check the gender of the child before birth, do you think that it will curb the issue of female foeticide? Or will it simply take the activity underground?

The art of silence is phenomenal. Opening your speech in silence can help enhance your speech in two ways.

First, it will give the audience some time to settle in , post which you can expect to grab their dedicated attention. And secondly, silence would give you some time to understand the room and calm your pre-stage anxiousness .

6. Statistics and figures

Want to begin your speech on a hard-hitting and eye-opening note?

Show the numbers, the figures, and any statistics that serve your purpose for giving the speech.

It is very common to overlook the seriousness of any situation when you aren’t aware of the real extent of its seriousness. But when we have numbers in front of us, there is no more room for being in denial.

Examples of using Statistics or figures as speech openings for students

• According to the 2019 WWF report , on average, we consume about 1,769 microplastic particles every week. 1769 microplastic particles every single week, can you imagine that?
• 3.2 million teenagers between the age of 12-17 were depressed in the US as of 2017. Now you can only assume the number has increased over the past 5 years.

7. Powerful  Statements

Powerful statements are statements that try to break any common ideologies held by the public. Another example of a powerful statement is stating a fact or idea that isn’t openly spoken .

The video below is one such example of how the speaker tries to break a perception generally held by the people.

How often have we been told to include stories in our speech?

Almost every time isn’t it? So here we are to bombard you yet again by saying that stories are extremely fun and engaging forms of speech openings for students.

You can either share your experience or someone else’s story.

You can also refer to a Recent Conversation by starting your speech with something like “Just the other day as I was walking out of my Philosophy lecture, I asked Mr.Dee about his philosophy on life, and what he said was so eye-opening that I could not wait to share with all of you.”

An adorable example of how to begin a speech with a story is given below to help you get a clearer idea.

Examples of speech openings for students

Speech opening lines for public speaking competitions.

When it comes to public speaking competitions like elocutions, speech competitions, or even presentations, it is almost always recommended to begin with self-introduction . The reason is quite simple; there is a high chance that your audience might not know you .

But if you don’t want to begin with a self-introduction, you can start by using any of the alternatives we discussed earlier. Click here to go back and take another peek at it.

Speech Opening Lines for Self-introductions

Speech openings for self-introductions need to be simple, to the point yet descriptive.

Wait a minute? Wasn’t I contradicting myself in that line?

Yes, but that is how opening lines for self-introductions would ideally work. As people expect you to talk about yourself in depth in the rest of your speech, your opening lines would just be a teaser about yourself.

2 most important things to add in your self-introduction opening lines for students

• What do you do?

Other things that you can talk about in these opening lines include:

• Where are you from?
• What is your goal?
• What does your organization do?
• A little bit about your family

Examples of opening lines for students

Good morning, I am Reini. I recently graduated from BMU college and have since been working as a Design intern at Desgynopedia. 

Hello and good evening everyone. I am Nicole and this is my team, Alina, Tim, Harold, and Noman. We are in our senior year majoring in Organizational psychology. Today we would like to talk about the 5 main Psychological factors that impact any organization’s overall performance.

Hey, I am Nizan. I am a nerd for Political Science and Greek Philosophy and am currently majoring in the same. My love for the subjects is also the reason why I am here to present a topic I found very intriguing “The injustice behind socrates’ death.”

Funny speech opening lines for students

If you are giving a speech for a competition, one of the most fun ways of opening your speech could be to say “Good morning to the faculty, my friends, and (look at the opponents) others.”

Other funny opening line examples:

• I almost bunked school today until I realized that this speech carries marks and I sure don’t want to be in a class with our juniors. Just imagine! Who could do that?
• Hello and good morning to everyone, except the ones who are well prepared for their speeches today.
• Hello everyone, I’m excited to present my speech on XYZ’s topic today. I mean come on, what could be better than waking up at 7 am on a Monday morning to give a speech?
• Today I’ll be talking about XYZ because I was told to!

Best Speech Opening Lines by students

1. chase dahl.

In one of the funniest speech opening lines by students, Chase Dahl opens up by saying “You know I have never understood how imagining the audience naked was supposed to make you less nervous. Honestly, I’m just uncomfortable right now.”

2. Kyle Martin (The King’s Academy)

Yet another Valedictorian speech that has caught our eye is the one given by Kyle Martin. The reason we would suggest you take a look into the opening lines of his speech is so that you can take notes on how beautifully he has described the efforts taken by every department of the institute as he tries to thank them for their efforts.

Presentation Opening Lines

Presentation speeches are a little different compared to your usual speeches and the major reason for that is because now you have access to visuals or your PPT.

Besides some of the ways already discussed above, you can begin the presentation by pointing out a particular slide. You can show your audience a graph, table, pictures, or any other creative and eye-catching ideas that can also turn out to be an amazing presentation opening.

How to start a presentation speech example for students

A few common ways you can open your speech are:

• Hello everyone, I am Miya. I would first like to thank you all for your time.
• For those who don’t know me, my name is Nazia, and if you do know me, hello again!
• Good afternoon to all you wonderful people present here. I am Ryan and as you can see on screen, today I’ll be speaking on “The hazards of drinking from plastic bottles.”

For more examples of opening lines check out 50 Speech Opening Lines .

You might also like to know:

How to start a speech for the student council.

Speeches for student council are usually persuasive. They are your pitch to convince your fellow students to vote for you and help you get the position you are looking for.

So ideally, you should start by addressing everyone in the room . Then make a point to introduce yourself. Once you have introduced yourself, remind the audience why you are speaking which means let them know the position you are campaigning for. Bring up at least 1-2 issues that the students are most concerned about and tell them how if elected you’ll provide solutions to their issues.

Try to end it on a high note and don’t forget to add your campaign slogan .

You can also begin by stating your campaign slogan .

Yet another way to begin your speech for the student council is by challenging your opponent’s point of view or campaign . However, this would work only f you have a better strategy or solutions to the issues raised by your opponents.

Lastly, do something that no one expects from you . Let me share a story here to help you understand this point better. During one of the student council speeches, one candidate asked the audience to stand up, move a step in the front then go back to their seats and settle down. Following this, she said, “My parents told me if I could move the audience, I’d win.” And so she did win!

What is a speech class?

A speech class in high school or college is usually a short course or 1-semester course wherein the student is expected to improve on their public speaking skills along with critical thinking and active listening skills.

It essentially enhances their oral communication skills.

This also reminds me to introduce you to our courses that help enhance your public speaking and communication skills. If you are interested, head to Frantically Speaking .

But if your appetite for learning more about opening speeches isn’t satiated yet, we suggest you go check out our Video on the Powerful speech opening lines.

To Conclude

There are tons of ways to get creative with speech openings for students. From saying a simple good morning to adding stories, quotes, statistics, rhetorical questions, and even silence!

Get creative with your speech openings. As we always say, there are no right or wrong ways of public speaking as such, only a way that suits perfectly for you is the one that is right for you.

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Speech Topics in English for Students and Children

Many times we have wanted our voices to be heard and also inspire others with our ideas and thoughts. However, we aren’t able to do so in the correct manner sometimes. It is mostly because one fails to find the right words at the right times. That is why we have speeches. They help you attract the attention of the audience and make people listen to you. In school and college, speech topics become a part of our lives. While it is comparatively easy to write an essay, to deliver a speech is an entirely different thing. Proper persuasive speech topics can help you inform and convince your target audience. In order to do that, you need to do thorough research and state valid points to make a good impression.

When we talk about persuasive speech topics, it is important to note that they must inform, educate, convince or motivate your audience. In other words, you will be influencing them to accept your point of view. The finest persuasive speech topics are always stimulating, daring and very crisp and clear. Always remember to choose an interesting persuasive speech topic. It will help attract the attention of the listener or reader from the start to the end. Moreover, make sure to have ample knowledge about the topics, which will assist you in counter-questioning.

When choosing your persuasive speech topic, make sure it is familiar so you can prepare it easily. Further, your audience must care about the topic and must be able to easily visualize them. The main point is to make sure to not choose something that is overdone. Emotional topics help stimulate more emotions and give better chances of achieving the desired outcome.

Types of Persuasive Speech Topics

• Factual Persuasive Speech – Use facts and figures to prove whether the topic is true or false
• Value Persuasive Speech – Argues whether something is morally correct or not
• Policy Persuasive Speech – Speeches that try to advance policies, laws and more.

There are a lot of persuasive speech topics that we consider interesting enough to be chosen as given below. All these persuasive speech topics are relevant and will remain so for a long time. When it comes to choosing persuasive speech topics, your options are infinite. We have compiled some of the best ones to help you make a good impression.

Toppr has done all the thorough research on your behalf so you can solely focus on delivering the speech excellently. In this article, we have listed out numerous important speech topics from various categories for special occasions, on prominent leaders, motivational, persuasive speech topics and more. They are appropriate for everyone from school students to college ones. Our vast collections of speech topics ensure you find anything and everything that you are looking for. Following is a great list of speech topics divided into different categories like persuasive speech topics and more for a better and quick search:

List of 100+ Speech Topics for Students and Children

List of persuasive speech topics.

• Will punishing bullies help?
• How to speak confidently in public?
• Do exam results alone determine a child’s worth?
• Do video games promote violence?
• How to overcome the fear of Maths?
• Should schools have longer recess time?
• Should schools make swimming lessons mandatory?
• What is the best age to own a mobile phone?
• What is better: Paper books or E-Books?
• How to overcome exam fever?

List of Persuasive Speech Topics on Environment

• How will recycling help us?
• Should there be a ban on smoking in public places?
• Should zoos be banned?
• Should there be a ban on animal testing?
• Will banning plastic bags help?
• Should exotic animals be kept as pets?
• Is the government doing enough to tackle Global Warming?
• How to control water pollution?
• What is better: Buying pets or Adoption?
• Why Elephant riding is unethical?

Speech Topics about Prominent Leaders

• APJ Abdul Kalam Speech
• Jawaharlal Nehru Speech
• Lal Bahadur Shastri Speech
• Mahatma Gandhi Speech
• Speech On Swami Vivekananda

Speech Topics about Yourself

• My Aim In Life Speech
• My Mother Speech
• My School Life Speech
• My School Speech

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Speech Topics on Environment and Nature

• Climate Change Speech
• Global Warming Speech
• Save Environment Speech
• Save Water Speech
• Speech About Nature
• Speech On Air Pollution
• Speech On Deforestation
• Speech On Disaster Management
• Speech On Environment
• Speech On Importance Of Water
• Speech On Pollution
• Speech On Waste Management
• Speech On Water
• Speech On Water Pollution
• Speech On World Environment Day

Speech Topics on Festivals and Events

• Speech on Ambedkar Jayanti
• Children’s Day Speech
• Christmas Day Speech
• Gandhi Jayanti Speech
• Hindi Diwas Speech
• Human Rights Day Speech
• Independence Day Speech
• International Women’s Day Speech
• Labour Day Speech
• Mother’s Day Speech
• Speech On Baisakhi
• Speech On Diwali
• Speech On World Population Day
• Teachers Day Celebration Speech
• Teachers Day Speech
• Welcome Speech For Independence Day
• Tryst With Destiny

Speech Topics on Proverbs

• Health Is Wealth Speech
• Knowledge Is Power Speech
• Laughter Is The Best Medicine Speech
• Speech On Unity Is Strength

Speech Topics for Special Occasions

• Best Man Speech
• Best Farewell Speech
• Annual Function Speech
• Farewell Speech For Colleague
• Retirement Farewell Speech
• Thank You Speech
• Thank You Speech For Award
• Thank You Speech For Birthday
• Thank You Speech For Farewell
• Vote Of Thanks Speech
•  Welcome Speech For Republic Day
• Welcome Speech For Annual Function
• Welcome Speech For College Function
• Welcome Speech For Conference
• Welcome Speech For Event
• Welcome Speech For Farewell

Speech Topics on Social Issues

• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Speech
• Clean India Speech
• Organ Donation Speech
• Road Safety Speech
• Speech On Child Labour
• Speech On Agriculture
• Speech On Cleanliness
• Speech On Corruption
• Women Empowerment Speech
• Speech On Unemployment

Speech Topics about Education

• Importance Of Education Speech
• Speech on Education
• Speech On Books
• Speech On Education System In India
• Speech On Girls Education
• Value Of Education Speech

Speech Topics for Kids

• Doctor Speech
• Speech On Money
• Speech On Mother
• Speech On Music
• Speech On Respect
• Speech On Sports
• Speech On Sports And Games
• Speech On the Importance of Teacher in Our Lives
• Speech About Friendship
• Speech On India
• Speech On Junk Food
• Speech On Grandparents

Speech Topics on Public Speaking Topics

• Speech On Article 370
• Speech On Constitution Of India
• Election Speech
• Leadership Speech
• Political Speech
• Speech About Youth
• Speech On Fashion
• Speech On Generation Gap
• Speech On Indian Army
• Speech On Indian Culture
• Speech On Internet
• Speech On Technology
• Speech On Unity
• Speech On Yoga
• Speech On Travel And Tourism
• Speech On Health
• Speech On Importance Of Cleanliness

List of Persuasive Speech Topics on Education

• Should school uniforms be banned?
• Should we allow mobile phones in school?
• Co-Education has more benefits or drawbacks?
• What is better: Rote learning or Hands-on Learning?
• Boarding schools are better than Day schools?
• Dropping a year helps students or not?
• Are PowerPoint presentations a waste of time?
• Having the same grading system for all students, is it fair?
• Should it be mandatory for all schools to have a canteen?
• Are smart classes beneficial to students?

Motivational Speech Topics

• Speech About Dreams
• Speech About Life
• Speech On Time
• Speech On Discipline
• Speech On Happiness
• Speech On Kindness
• Speech On Value Of Time
• Speech On Health And Fitness

Tips for Writing a Speech

It does not matter if you have the most innovative ideas if you don’t execute them well in your speech. A good speech always invokes emotion, is well-researched and addresses relevant subjects. In order to write a good speech, make sure to follow the points given below:

Structure: Always remember to have a definite structure when you begin writing your speech. It is a frame that will give shape to your speech and help keep you on track. Jot down all ideas coming to your mind and then connect them so that each part has something interesting to keep the audience intrigued.

Vocabulary: A speech is meant for an audience that is filled with different types of people. You need to make sure you are using the right words so your message is conveyed successfully to each and every one. Only the right words can express and highlight your message. Thus, the level of complexity must match the level of the audience of your speech.

Relatable: Your speech is what you make of it, if your speech has incredible points but you don’t deliver it well, it won’t work. Try to include relatable things in the speech to make everyone comfortable and deliver it in a humanized manner so the audience relates to you as well as your speech.

Examples: When you use examples, it helps support and proves your point in a better manner. It also helps convince the audience and result in better engagement. Try using just enough examples so people buy what you are offering and also to add that emotional edge to your speech.

Short: The worst thing you can do to your audience is to deliver a long speech. Do not try too hard and sum up your views in a short and informative speech. In fact, the longer you take, the more mistakes you will make. When someone is investing their time to listen to you, make sure it is worth it.

To sum it up, a good speech requires time and effort. Try to pick the right topic if it’s in your hand and express your thoughts and opinions freely, without any hesitance. Consistency is key, you won’t get it perfect the first time, but eventually, you will get there.

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Speech for Students

• Speech on India for Students and Children
• Speech on Mother for Students and Children
• Speech on Air Pollution for Students and Children
• Speech about Life for Students and Children
• Speech on Disaster Management for Students and Children
• Speech on Internet for Students and Children
• Speech on Generation Gap for Students and Children
• Speech on Indian Culture for Students and Children
• Speech on Sports for Students and Children
• Speech on Water for Students and Children

16 responses to “Speech on Water for Students and Children”

this was very helpful it saved my life i got this at the correct time very nice and helpful

This Helped Me With My Speech!!!

I can give it 100 stars for the speech it is amazing i love it.

Its amazing!!

Great !!!! It is an advanced definition and detail about Pollution. The word limit is also sufficient. It helped me a lot.

This is very good

Very helpful in my speech

Oh my god, this saved my life. You can just copy and paste it and change a few words. I would give this 4 out of 5 stars, because I had to research a few words. But my teacher didn’t know about this website, so amazing.

Tomorrow is my exam . This is Very helpfull

It’s really very helpful

yah it’s is very cool and helpful for me… a lot of 👍👍👍

Very much helpful and its well crafted and expressed. Thumb’s up!!!

wow so amazing it helped me that one of environment infact i was given a certificate

check it out travel and tourism voucher

thank you very much

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• Speech Topics For Kids
• How To Write A Speech

How to Write a Speech: A Guide to Enhance Your Writing Skills

Speech is a medium to convey a message to the world. It is a way of expressing your views on a topic or a way to showcase your strong opposition to a particular idea. To deliver an effective speech, you need a strong and commanding voice, but more important than that is what you say. Spending time in preparing a speech is as vital as presenting it well to your audience.

Read the article to learn what all you need to include in a speech and how to structure it.

Table of Contents

• Self-Introduction

The Opening Statement

Structuring the speech, choice of words, authenticity, writing in 1st person, tips to write a speech, frequently asked questions on speech, how to write a speech.

Writing a speech on any particular topic requires a lot of research. It also has to be structured well in order to properly get the message across to the target audience. If you have ever listened to famous orators, you would have noticed the kind of details they include when speaking about a particular topic, how they present it and how their speeches motivate and instill courage in people to work towards an individual or shared goal. Learning how to write such effective speeches can be done with a little guidance. So, here are a few points you can keep in mind when writing a speech on your own. Go through each of them carefully and follow them meticulously.

Self Introduction

When you are writing or delivering a speech, the very first thing you need to do is introduce yourself. When you are delivering a speech for a particular occasion, there might be a master of ceremony who might introduce you and invite you to share your thoughts. Whatever be the case, always remember to say one or two sentences about who you are and what you intend to do.

Introductions can change according to the nature of your target audience. It can be either formal or informal based on the audience you are addressing. Here are a few examples.

Addressing Friends/Classmates/Peers

• Hello everyone! I am ________. I am here to share my views on _________.
• Good morning friends. I, _________, am here to talk to you about _________.

Addressing Teachers/Higher Authorities

• Good morning/afternoon/evening. Before I start, I would like to thank _______ for giving me an opportunity to share my thoughts about ________ here today.
• A good day to all. I, __________, on behalf of _________, am standing here today to voice out my thoughts on _________.

It is said that the first seven seconds is all that a human brain requires to decide whether or not to focus on something. So, it is evident that a catchy opening statement is the factor that will impact your audience. Writing a speech does require a lot of research, and structuring it in an interesting, informative and coherent manner is something that should be done with utmost care.

When given a topic to speak on, the first thing you can do is brainstorm ideas and pen down all that comes to your mind. This will help you understand what aspect of the topic you want to focus on. With that in mind, you can start drafting your speech.

An opening statement can be anything that is relevant to the topic. Use words smartly to create an impression and grab the attention of your audience. A few ideas on framing opening statements are given below. Take a look.

• Asking an Engaging Question

Starting your speech by asking the audience a question can get their attention. It creates an interest and curiosity in the audience and makes them think about the question. This way, you would have already got their minds ready to listen and think.

• Fact or a Surprising Statement

Surprising the audience with an interesting fact or a statement can draw the attention of the audience. It can even be a joke; just make sure it is relevant. A good laugh would wake up their minds and they would want to listen to what you are going to say next.

• Adding a Quote

After you have found your topic to work on, look for a quote that best suits your topic. The quote can be one said by some famous personality or even from stories, movies or series. As long as it suits your topic and is appropriate to the target audience, use them confidently.  Again, finding a quote that is well-known or has scope for deep thought will be your success factor.

To structure your speech easily, it is advisable to break it into three parts or three sections – an introduction, body and conclusion.

• Introduction: Introduce the topic and your views on the topic briefly.
• Body: Give a detailed explanation of your topic. Your focus should be to inform and educate your audience on the said topic.
• Conclusion:  Voice out your thoughts/suggestions. Your intention here should be to make them think/act.

While delivering or writing a speech, it is essential to keep an eye on the language you are using. Choose the right kind of words. The person has the liberty to express their views in support or against the topic; just be sure to provide enough evidence to prove the discussed points. See to it that you use short and precise sentences. Your choice of words and what you emphasise on will decide the effect of the speech on the audience.

When writing a speech, make sure to,

• Avoid long, confusing sentences.
• Check the spelling, sentence structure and grammar.
• Not use contradictory words or statements that might cause any sort of issues.

Anything authentic will appeal to the audience, so including anecdotes, personal experiences and thoughts will help you build a good rapport with your audience. The only thing you need to take care is to not let yourself be carried away in the moment. Speak only what is necessary.

Using the 1st person point of view in a speech is believed to be more effective than a third person point of view. Just be careful not to make it too subjective and sway away from the topic.

• Understand the purpose of your speech: Before writing the speech, you must understand the topic and the purpose behind it. Reason out and evaluate if the speech has to be inspiring, entertaining or purely informative.
• Identify your audience: When writing or delivering a speech, your audience play the major role. Unless you know who your target audience is, you will not be able to draft a good and appropriate speech.
• Decide the length of the speech: Whatever be the topic, make sure you keep it short and to the point. Making a speech longer than it needs to be will only make it monotonous and boring.
• Revising and practicing the speech: After writing, it is essential to revise and recheck as there might be minor errors which you might have missed. Edit and revise until you are sure you have it right. Practise as much as required so you do not stammer in front of your audience.
• Mention your takeaways at the end of the speech: Takeaways are the points which have been majorly emphasised on and can bring a change. Be sure to always have a thought or idea that your audience can reflect upon at the end of your speech.

How to write a speech?

Writing a speech is basically about collecting, summarising and structuring your points on a given topic. Do a proper research, prepare multiple drafts, edit and revise until you are sure of the content.

Why is it important to introduce ourselves?

It is essential to introduce yourself while writing a speech, so that your audience or the readers know who the speaker is and understand where you come from. This will, in turn, help them connect with you and your thoughts.

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• Earth and space

Speech Writing: Introduction with Examples

What is a speech.

• A speech is a formal address delivered to an audience.
• It always has a purpose. It aims to convey the purpose with logically connected ideas.
• Speech writing is a method of telling a thought or message to a reader using correct punctuation and expressions.

While writing a speech we should concentrate on the three ‘ C’ s.

Your speech should be clear, concise, and consistent .

• Clear: The speech should be simple and easy to understand.
• Concise: It should not be too long. Generally, the word limit is 150-200 words. But it may vary.
• Consistent: The speech should be logically in order.

Let’s see the format of speech writing.

It contains two parts.

Title: Give a good title to the topic while writing a speech.

Content: The content section is divided into 3 subparts.

• Introduction

1. INTRODUCTION:

Start greeting the audience with the phrases like:

• Respected Sir/Ma’am
• Dear students
• Good morning, everyone

Share your personal introduction in one or two lines.

Then write in brief what is the theme of the speech.

• Explain the topic in detail.
• Be clear and specific about your thoughts.
• We can use 3 techniques while writing a speech.

Advantage & Disadvantage

Cause & Effect

Problem & Solution

Let’s learn them in detail.

Advantages & Disadvantages:

• Tell the advantages and disadvantages of the thing.
• Example: If the topic is ‘online education’, you can write its benefits and side effects.

Cause & Effect:

• Write why it is happening or the cause of the thing given in the speech.
• What is its effect on society?
• Example: If the topic is ‘ pollution ’, you can write its cause and effect on the earth.

Problem & Solution:

• Discuss the problem and write the proper solution to it.
• Write the need for that thing in your daily life.

3. CONCLUSION:

• Conclude the speech by giving an overall view or summary.
• Add the specific action you want the audience to do right away.

Some important things you must keep in mind while writing a speech.

• Figure out the primary point of the speech.
• Identify the audience who will listen to the speech.
• Give proper support and structure to the speech.
• Make sure to use correct punctuation while writing.

Sample of Speech:

Good morning respected principal sir, all the teachers, and my dear friends.

Today we have gathered here to celebrate the Teachers’ Day.

First, I would like to wish all my respected teachers a very happy Teachers’ Day. Thank you for being

our backbone and support. Teachers play a big role in building the character of students. They give

us knowledge and help in achieving our dreams. They are our guiding spirits and role models.

Teachers help in building the character of students. Teachers plays an important role in the education

of students, society, and country.

On behalf of all students, I would like to thank all the teachers for their tireless efforts they make to give us knowledge and shape our future.

Another Example of Speech :

Write a speech on “Importance of Education” which you will deliver in your school.

Good morning respected teachers and my dear friends.

      I am Linda studying from grade 3.

The topic of my speech is ‘Importance of Education’. I would let you know all about the value of education and its contribution to our lives.

      Education helps us to remove doubt and fear of challenges in our lives. We can say it is a tool that keeps us happy and give courage to fight in difficult situations. We need education to make ourselves confident and to be aware of equality. It makes us self -dependent. Education shape us for the future challenges in life. It helps you to earn money to fulfill the basic need of life.

If we are not properly educated, we may face challenges in some situations. Education is not about gaining knowledge only; it means learning the ways to be happy and social life.

      My dear friends, education is like a healthy food that nourishes us both internally and externally. It gives us confidence by developing our personality. We should help others as well as ourselves to be educated and contribute to the development of the society.

      Thank you!!!

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Public speaking can be daunting for students. They often struggle to start, engage the audience, and be memorable. It's a fear of forgetting words or losing the audience's interest.

This leads to anxiety and self-doubt. Students wonder, "Am I boring them? Will they remember what I say? How can I make my speech better?"

The solution lies in speech examples. In this guide, we'll explore these examples to help students create captivating and memorable speeches with confidence.

So, keep reading to find helpful examples!

• 1. Speech Examples 
• 2. Tips to Write a Good Speech

Speech Examples 

Talking in front of a bunch of audiences is not as easy as it seems. But, if you have some good content to deliver or share with the audience, the confidence comes naturally.

Before you start writing your speech, it is a good idea that you go through some good speech samples. The samples will help to learn how to start the speech and put information into a proper structure. 

Speech Examples for Students 

Speech writing is a huge part of academic life. These types of writing help enhance the creative writing skills of students.

Here is an amazing farewell speech sample for students to learn how to write an amazing speech that will captivate the audience.

Below, you will find other downloadable PDF samples.

Speech Examples for Students

Every school and college has a student council. And every year, students elect themselves to be a part of the student council. It is mandatory to impress the student audience to get their votes. And for that, the candidate has to give an impressive speech. 

Here are some speech examples pdf for students.

Speech Examples For Public Speaking

Speech Examples About Yourself

Speech Examples Short

Speech Examples For College Students

Speech For Student Council

Speech Examples Introduction

Speech Example For School

Persuasive Speech Examples

The main purpose of a speech is to persuade the audience or convince them of what you say. And when it comes to persuasive speech , the sole purpose of speech becomes more specific.

Persuasive Speech Example

Informative Speech Examples

Informative speeches are intended to inform the audience. These types of speeches are designed to provide a detailed description of the chosen topic. 

Below we have provided samples of informative speech for you.

Informative Speech Example

Informative Speech Sample

Entertainment Speech Examples

Entertainment speeches are meant to entertain the audience. These types of speeches are funny, as well as interesting. The given speech samples will help you in writing an entertaining speech.

Entertainment Speech Example

Entertainment Speech Sample

Argumentative Speech Examples

Making a strong argument that is capable of convincing others is always difficult. And, when it comes to making a claim in an argumentative speech, it becomes more difficult. 

Check out the argumentative speech sample that demonstrates explicitly how an argumentative speech needs to be written.

Argumentative Speech Example

Demonstration Speech Examples

The demonstrative speeches are intended to demonstrate or describe the speech topic in depth. Get inspired by the demonstrative speech sample given below and write a captivating demonstrative speech.

Demonstration Speech Example

Demonstration Speech Sample

Motivational Speech Examples

Motivational speeches are designed to motivate the audience to do something. Read out the sample motivational speech given below and learn the art of motivational speech writing.

Impromptu Speech Examples

Impromptu speech writing makes you nervous as you are not good at planning and organization?

Check out the sample impromptu speech and learn to make bullet points of your thoughts and plan your speech properly.

Graduation Speech Examples

Are you graduating soon and need to write a graduation farewell speech?

Below is a sample graduation speech for your help. 

Wedding Speech Examples

“My best friend’s wedding is next week, and I’m the maid of honor. She asked me to give the maid of honor speech, but I’m not good at expressing emotions. I’m really stressed. I don’t know what to do.”

If you are one of these kinds of people who feel the same way, this sample is for you. Read the example given below and take help from it to write a special maid of honor speech.

Best Man Speech Examples

Father of The Bride Speech Example

Speech Essay Example

A speech essay is a type of essay that you write before writing a proper speech. It helps in organizing thoughts and information. 

Here is a sample of speech essays for you to understand the difference between speech format and speech essay format.

Tips to Write a Good Speech

Reading some famous and incredible sample speeches before writing your own speech is really a good idea. The other way to write an impressive speech is to follow the basic tips given by professional writers. 

• Audience Analysis: Understand your audience's interests, knowledge, and expectations. Tailor your speech to resonate with them.
• Clear Purpose: Define a clear and concise purpose for your speech. Ensure your audience knows what to expect right from the beginning.
• Engaging Opening: Start with a captivating hook – a story, question, quote, or surprising fact to grab your audience's attention.
• Main Message: Identify and convey your main message or thesis throughout your speech.
• Logical Structure: Organize your speech with a clear structure, including an introduction, body, and conclusion.
• Transitions: Use smooth transitions to guide your audience through different parts of your speech.
• Conversational Tone: Use simple, conversational language to make your speech accessible to everyone.
• Timing: Respect the allocated time and write the speech accordingly. An overly long or short speech can diminish the audience's engagement.
• Emotional Connection: Use storytelling and relatable examples to evoke emotions and connect with your audience.
• Call to Action (if appropriate): Encourage your audience to take action, change their thinking, or ponder new ideas.
• Practice Natural Pace: Speak at a natural pace, avoiding rushing or speaking too slowly.

So, now you know that effective communication is a powerful tool that allows you to inform, persuade, and inspire your audience. Throughout this blog, we've provided you with numerous examples and invaluable tips to help you craft a compelling speech. 

And for those moments when you require a professionally written speech that truly stands out, remember that our team is here to help. We can rescue you from writer's block and deliver an outstanding speech whenever you need it.

With our professional essay writing service , you can be confident in your ability to communicate your message effectively and leave a lasting impact. 

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100 Persuasive Speech Topics for Students

• Homework Tips
• Learning Styles & Skills
• Study Methods
• Time Management
• Private School
• College Admissions
• College Life
• Graduate School
• Business School
• Distance Learning
• M.Ed., Education Administration, University of Georgia
• B.A., History, Armstrong State University

If you are planning a persuasive speech, you should think about a topic that can engage your audience. For this reason, you may want to consider a few topics before settling on the one that allows you to be more descriptive and entertaining.

Another important factor when picking a persuasive speech topic is to choose one that can provoke your audience. If you stir up a little emotion in your audience members, you'll keep their attention.

The list below is provided to help you brainstorm. Choose a topic from this list, or use it to generate an idea of your own. It could even be an idea that opposes the proposed example. For instance, instead of arguing American workers should be guaranteed a three-day weekend by law, you could argue why this shouldn't be the case.

How to Pick a Good Persuasive Speech Topic

Persuasive speeches are generally meant to convince an audience to agree with an idea you present. The topics can range from political to scientific or societal, and professional to personal—or even fun. They can be almost anything.

Just remember, a persuasive speech is different than a persuasive essay because you are presenting to an audience. So as you decide on a topic, think about your audience and decide on a subject matter that will be appropriate, compelling, and engaging to discuss. Perhaps it's a timely issue attracting a lot of news coverage, or maybe you want to be motivational and encourage a healthy activity. Whatever it is, structure your argument with a hook to capture attention , a clear definition of the topic or issue, and finally, your proposed solution or opinion.

100 Examples of Persuasive Speech Topics

• Studying martial arts is good for mind and health.
• Competitive sports can teach us about life.
• Reality shows are exploiting people.
• Community service should be a graduation requirement for all high school students.
• The characteristics that make a person a hero.
• It's important to grow things in a garden.
• Violent video games are dangerous.
• Lyrics in a song can impact our lives.
• Traveling and studying abroad are positive experiences.
• Journal writing is therapeutic.
• You should spend time with your grandparents.
• A laptop is better than a tablet.
• Religion and science can go hand in hand.
• School uniforms are good.
• All-female colleges and all-male colleges are bad.
• Multiple-choice tests are better than essay tests .
• We should not spend money on space exploration.
• Open-book tests are as effective as closed-book tests.
• Security cameras keep us safer.
• Parents should have access to students' grades.
• Small classes are better than big classes.
• You need to start saving for retirement now.
• Credit cards are harmful to college students.
• We should have a royal family.
• We should protect endangered animals.
• Texting while driving is dangerous.
• You can write a novel.
• Recycling should be required in the U.S.
• State colleges are better than private colleges.
• Private colleges are better than state colleges.
• We should do away with penny coins.
• Fast food containers hurt the environment.
• Plastic straws are harmful to the environment.
• You can eat and enjoy healthy snacks.
• You can become a millionaire.
• Dogs are better pets than cats.
• You should own a bird.
• It's unethical to keep birds in cages.
• Liberal arts degrees prepare graduates to be better workers than other degrees.
• Hunting animals should be banned.
• Football is a dangerous sport.
• School days should start later.
• Night school is better than day school.
• Technical training is better than a college degree.
• Immigration laws should be more lenient.
• Students should be able to choose their schools.
• Everyone should learn to play a musical instrument.
• Grass lawns should be prohibited.
• Sharks should be protected.
• We should do away with cars and go back to horse and carriage for transportation.
• We should use more wind power.
• We should pay more taxes.
• We should do away with taxes.
• Teachers should be tested like students.
• We should not interfere in the affairs of other countries.
• Every student should join a club.
• Homeschooling is better than traditional schooling.
• People should stay married for life.
• Smoking in public should be illegal.
• College students should live on campus .
• Parents should let students fail.
• Giving to charity is good.
• Education makes us happier people.
• T​he ​ death penalty should be outlawed.
• Bigfoot is real.
• We should increase train travel to save the environment.
• We should read more classic books.
• Fame is bad for young children.
• Athletes should stay loyal to teams.
• We should reform our prisons.
• Juvenile offenders should not go to boot camps.
• Abraham Lincoln was the best president.
• Abraham Lincoln gets too much credit.
• Students should be allowed to have cell phones in elementary, middle, and high school.
• College student-athletes should be paid for playing.
• Elderly citizens on fixed income should receive free public transportation.
• Colleges and universities should be free to attend.
• All American citizens should complete one year of community service.
• Students should be required to take Spanish language classes.
• Every student should be required to learn at least one foreign language .
• Marijuana should be legal for recreational use nationwide.
• Commercial testing of products on animals should no longer be allowed.
• High school students should be required to participate in at least one team sport.
• The minimum drinking age in the U.S. should be 25.
• Replacing fossil fuels with cheaper alternative energy options should be mandated.
• Churches need to contribute their share of taxes.
• The Cuba embargo should be maintained by the U.S.
• America should replace income taxes with a nationwide flat tax.
• Once they reach the age of 18, all U.S. citizens should be automatically registered to vote .
• Doctor-assisted suicide should be legal.
• Spammers—people who bombard the internet with unsolicited email—should be banned from sending junk mail.
• Every automobile driver should be required to take a new driver's test every three years.
• Electroshock treatment is not a humane form of therapy.
• Global warming is not real.
• Single-parent adoption should be encouraged and promoted.
• Gun companies should be held accountable for gun crimes.
• Human cloning is not moral.
• Religion does not belong in public education.
• Juveniles should not be tried as adults.
• American workers should be guaranteed a three-day weekend by law.
• 100 Persuasive Essay Topics
• 50 Argumentative Essay Topics
• 40 Writing Topics for Argumentative and Persuasive Essays
• Middle School Debate Topics
• Controversial Speech Topics
• How to Write and Structure a Persuasive Speech
• High School Debate Topics
• Speech Topics to Meet Oral Communication Standards
• 30 Writing Topics: Persuasion
• Preparing an Argument Essay: Exploring Both Sides of an Issue
• 50 Topics for Impromptu Student Speeches
• Deliberative Rhetoric
• 5 Tips on How to Write a Speech Essay
• Impromptu Speech Activities
• 12 Interesting Ethical Topics for Essay Papers
• 501 Topic Suggestions for Writing Essays and Speeches

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Public Speaking Tips & Speech Topics

Speech and Essay Samples

Don’t know where to start? Get inspired by our  FREE speech and essay examples .

Use them to get the creative juices flowing . Don’t copy any of these examples! Since these speeches are available for anyone to download, you can never be sure that another student has not used them, and that they will pass plagiarism evaluation tools, such as Turnitin or Plagscan.

Whether you find a sample that is on your given topic or a closely related discussion, all of the speeches can help you get organized and focused.

Review multiple speeches to learn:

• How the presenter laid out the talking points and the number of points used
• What references and statistics they used to solidify their arguments
• How long the speech was for a given topic
• How the topic was introduced and summarized
• How the speaker engaged and interacted with the audience

By using these speech examples as an outline, you’ll have a fully formed presentation in no time ! We also have this page with gun control speech examples , in case you’d like to see different examples on the same topic.

Persuasive Speeches

• Birth Control Persuasive Speech
• We should stand up for our gun rights
• The truth about gun control
• The controversy over gun control
• Speech against stricter gun control
• It’s up to society to solve gun problems
• Guns don’t kill people
• Does banning firearms help prevent homicides
• Criminals will be criminals
• What to do about Deadbeat Parents
• Why state aid applicants need to be drug tested
• Subculture is Mainstream
• Eating Healthy
• Teachers should be paid more
• Digital Piracy
• Minimum Wage
• Drug Testing for State Aid
• Drug testing welfare
• Why snakes make good pets
• Why you need to quit drinking soda
• Why Everyone Should Learn to Play an Instrument
• Why Android is better then IOS 2
• Why Android is better then IOS 1
• Video Games Do Not Cause Violence
• Soda and Obesity
• Plastic Surgery 2
• Plastic Surgery
• Maintaining A Healthy Lifestyle
• Human development depends primarily on environmental factors
• Donating Blood
• Birth Control Persuasive Speech Example with Outline
• Social Media Persuasive Speech Example with Outline
• Texting and Driving Persuasive Speech Example with Outline
• Persuasive Speech on Sleep
• Persuasive Speech about Bullying
• Persuasive Speech on Organ Donation

Informative Speeches

• Guns and gun control - Texas
• Gun violence and control
• Gun control on campuses
• Wind Energy
• About Serial Killers
• Eating Disorder
• Robin Williams 2
• Dream Types
• Separation of Powers of the Federal Government
• Memory Loss
• Internet Black Market
• Blood Donation
• Alcohol in Winter
• About Guitar
• Social Media Informative Speech Example with Outline
• Texting and Driving Informative Speech Example with Outline
• Informative Speech on Sleep
• Informative Speech about Bullying
• Free Organ Donation Informative Speech
• Free Informative Speech on Caffeine and Its Effects
• Five Side Effects of Global Warming
• Global Warming Is Real

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Question and Answer forum for K12 Students

Speech Writing For Class 7 Format, Examples, Topics, Exercises

Speech writing for class 7 topics.

Speech writing holds immense importance for Class 7 students as it helps them develop crucial skills necessary for their academic and personal growth. By learning the art of crafting compelling speeches, students can express their thoughts and opinions confidently, making them effective communicators both inside and outside the classroom. Additionally, speech writing nurtures critical thinking, English Grammar , and research skills, enabling students to articulate their ideas concisely.

Understanding The Format Of A Speech Writing For Class 7:

A well-structured speech consists of three main corridors the preface, the body, and the conclusion. Each section plays a vital part in delivering a poignant speech.

The preface sets the tone for the speech and grabs the followership’s attention. It should include a witching opening statement, also known as the” hook,” to pique the listeners’ interest. The preface should also introduce the content and give a brief overview of what the speech will cover.

The body of the speech contains the main ideas and supporting arguments. It’s important to organize the body into logical sections, each fastening on a specific point. Transition expressions can be used to easily move from one point to another, icing a coherent inflow of studies.

Also Check: Speech Writing for Class 10

Topics For A Speech Writing For Class 7:

When selecting a topic for a speech, Class 7 students have various options to explore. It is essential to choose a subject that aligns with personal interests, as it will make the writing process more enjoyable. Current events and social issues can also serve as excellent speech topics, as they allow students to engage with real-world issues and foster critical thinking. Here are a few tips to help students choose an appropriate speech topic:

• Personal interests: Think of things about which you are passionate or knowledgeable. It could be a pastime, a favorite book, or an enjoyable activity. Speaking about something you actually care about will enhance the authenticity and engagement of your speech.
• Recent occurrences: Keep up with current events and issues by selecting a topic that reflects them. It could be about politics, the environment, or social justice. Discussing current events demonstrates that you are aware of your surroundings and may provide helpful insights.
• Take a stand on crucial social issues like bullying, gender equality, or climate change. These subjects not only raise awareness but also foster empathy and understanding among your peers. Addressing social issues in your speech shows that you are capable of advocating for positive change.

Exercises For Speech Writing For Class 7:

Practicing speech writing exercises can significantly enhance your skills.

• Topic selection exercise: Choose a random topic and brainstorm ideas for a speech on that topic. Practice narrowing down your ideas and selecting the most relevant ones.
• Outline creation exercise: Take a familiar topic and create a detailed outline for a speech. Focus on structuring your main points and supporting arguments.
• Introduction writing exercise: Write captivating opening statements for different speech topics. Experiment with different hooks to engage your audience right from the beginning.
• Body development exercise: Select a specific topic and write a paragraph for each main point you want to discuss in your speech. Ensure that each paragraph provides sufficient evidence and examples to support your arguments.
• Conclusion writing exercise: Practice writing impactful conclusions for different speech topics. Summarize the main points and leave the audience with a memorable closing statement.

Examples Of Speech Writing For Class 7:

To further understand the concept of speech jotting, let’s explore many exemplifications of speeches that are suitable for Class 7 scholars

• Reading speech bandy the benefits of reading books, similar as extending knowledge, perfecting vocabulary, and inspiring imagination.
• Technology Impact Speech Examine how technology has changed multitudinous rudiments of our lives, similar to education, communication, and entertainment.
• Physical exertion benefits speech Emphasize the benefits of engaging in regular physical conditioning, similar to adding physical health, boosting mood, and enhancing cognitive capacities.

Recommended Reading: Speech Writing For Class 7

Conclusion On Speech Writing For Class 7:

Speech jotting is a precious skill that can empower Class 7 scholars to express their studies effectively and confidently. By following the proper format, opting for engaging motifs, and rehearsing speech delivery, scholars can come complete in delivering poignant speeches. Flashback to choose motifs that reverberate with your interests, conduct thorough exploration, and practice diligently. With time and trouble, you’ll develop the chops demanded to draft compelling speeches that leave a lasting print on your followership.

15 Speech Writing Topics for Class 7 with Questions and Answers

Explore engaging Speech Writing Topics for Class 7, covering themes like friendship, the environment, and favorite books. This guide includes questions and answers to help young speakers craft compelling speeches, fostering communication skills and confidence. 

Guidelines for Effective Speech Writing for Class 7

• Keep it Simple and Clear.
• Use language that is easily understandable for Class 7 students.
• Make the speech relatable by including personal examples.
• Connect with the audience through stories.
• Illustrate key points with real-life situations.
• Ensure that the speech is educational while keeping the audience entertained.
• Practice Regularly and Seek Feedback.

Structure of Speech Writing for Class 7

When writing a speech for a class 7 level, it’s important to keep it simple, engaging, and well-structured. Here’s a basic format you can follow:

Sample of Speech Writing for Class 7

Question: Prepare a speech about the ‘importance of kindness’.

Introduction:

Good morning/afternoon, everyone! My name is [Your Name], and I am in class 7. Today, I want to talk to you about something that has been on my mind lately – the importance of kindness.

Firstly, let’s think about why kindness matters. Being kind not only makes others feel good, but it also creates a positive environment for everyone. For instance, helping a friend with homework or sharing a smile can brighten someone’s day.

Secondly, kindness is like a ripple effect. When we are kind to others, they are more likely to be kind to someone else. It’s a simple way to make our school and community a better place.

Lastly, let’s not forget self-kindness. Taking care of ourselves, both physically and emotionally, allows us to be better friends, students, and family members. So, don’t forget to be kind to yourself too.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, let’s make kindness a habit. Small acts of kindness can have a big impact on our lives and the lives of those around us. So, let’s strive to be kind every day. 

Thank you for listening, and let’s make our school a place where kindness truly matters!

People also ask

Speech Writing Topics for Class 7 with Questions

Questions 1:, 1. we are all blessed with relatives by birth. but we make friends ourselves. friends are integral to our lives. it is difficult to imagine a day without friends. we share our sorrow and happiness with our buddies. the best way to rejuvenate ourselves and get moral support in a difficult situation is through good friends. taking ideas from the unit- relationships, write a speech on the topic, ‘the greatest gift of life is friendship.’ (word limit: 120-150), questions 2:, 2. experience is the hardest teacher; it gives you the test first and the lesson afterward. courage gives you the power to chase after things that are important to you. it also bolsters your self-confidence and allows you to believe in your abilities. likewise, you must realize that courage is not the absence of fear. taking ideas from the unit- attitude, write a speech on the topic, ‘courage leads to success.’  (word limit: 120-150) , questions 3:, 3. write a speech on the topic importance of physical games and exercise in today’s fast-paced life.          .

[Optional: Encourage the audience to take small steps towards incorporating physical activities into their daily routines.]

Questions 4:

4. write a speech to be delivered in the morning assembly on the topic importance of eating a healthy diet.       , questions 5:, 5. you are sameer/siya, a student of class vii. you have to prepare a speech to be delivered in the morning assembly of your school on the topic ‘significance of siblings in our life’. write the speech in about 120-150 words. you can use ideas from the unit ‘relationships’ of my english reader along with your views.   , questions 6:, 6. nature has enough for man’s needs but not enough for man’s greed. it is imperative to understand that the earth is our home and it is our responsibility to take care of it for ourselves and the generations to come., questions 7:, 7. using the hints given below, prepare a speech to be delivered in the school assembly highlighting the ‘role of students in conservation of environment.”.

[Hints:- Reduce waste – Avoid wastage of paper – Conserve existing resources – Turn off electrical appliances when not in use – Use non-toxic cleaners – Use biodegradable products]

Questions 8:

8. grandparents play a vital role in the life of grandchildren. they provide a whole sense of history, identity, and heritage. they provide a vital connection with the past, where the young generation has come from.  taking ideas from the unit – “relationships”, of “my english reader”  write a speech on the topic “importance of grandparents in our lives.” (word limit: 120-150 words)     , questions 9:, 9. of all the relationships, a bond between the siblings is always special. a sibling can be a guide, a friend, a mentor, a competitor, or a teacher – all rolled into one. taking ideas from unit “relationships” of ‘’my english reader”, write a speech on the topic – “role of siblings in our life” ( word limit: 120-150 words)     , questions 10:, 10. experience is the hardest teacher; it gives you the test first and the lesson afterward. courage gives you the power to chase after things that are important to you. it also bolsters your self-confidence and allows you to believe in your abilities. likewise, you must realize that courage is not the absence of fear. taking ideas from the unit- attitude, write a speech on the topic, ‘courage leads to success.’  (word limit: 120-150)  , questions 11:, 11. success comes to those who struggle to overpower their apprehensions. it is a result of hard work, endurance, and persistence. taking ideas from the unit ‘achievers’ and using your ideas prepare a speech for your school assembly on the topic- ‘the seed of achievement lies in the human mind’.  (120-150 words), questions 12:, 12. “disability does not mean inability”. our country has witnessed an innumerable number of heroic personalities, who despite their disabilities have achieved success. it in turn displays the fact that to achieve anything, all we need is courage and determination. taking ideas from the unit “achievers” and using your ideas write a speech to be delivered in the school assembly on the topic- “ the seed of achievement lies in the human mind” (120 – 150 words).  you are namit / namita.      , questions 13:, 13. friends are an integral part of our life. it is difficult to imagine a day without friends. we share our sorrow and happiness with them. it is the relationship we choose for ourselves. taking hints from the unit “relationships” and using your ideas write a speech on the topic “ “importance of friends in our lives” in 120 to 150 words. you are namit / natasha.   , questions 14:, 14. india is a diverse country with diverse cultures, traditions, and religions. but there is a strange feeling that binds together all these diversities.  taking ideas from the unit- unity in diversity, write a speech on the topic – ‘varied people, varied cultures but one humanity’.  (100-120 words)    , questions 15:, 16. prepare a short speech on the topic „good manners‟ with the help of the given outlines to be delivered in your school‟ ‘s assembly. you are avadhesh/gouravi, studying in class vii. importance of good manners – cost nothing – at home – at school in social life., faqs on speech writing for class 7, what are the uses of speech writing.

Ans: Speech writing is essential for expressing thoughts clearly, whether in public speaking or personal communication. It helps convey messages effectively and engages audiences in a structured and impactful way.

How to write a speech for class 7th?

Choose an Engaging Topic:

• Pick a subject that interests you and your classmates.
• Ensure it’s something you can talk about with enthusiasm.

Organize Your Speech:

• Divide it into an introduction, main points, and conclusion.
• Clearly outline what you want to say in each section.

Use Simple Language:

• Keep sentences short and easy to understand.
• Avoid complicated words that might confuse your classmates.

Practice, Practice, Practice:

• Rehearse your speech multiple times.
• Speak slowly, with clear pronunciation, and build confidence.

Does speech writing have a title?

Ans: Yes, speech writing typically includes a title that encapsulates the main theme or purpose of the speech, offering a preview of its content. The title of a speech is typically delivered at the beginning, providing the audience with a clear preview of the topic and setting the tone for the presentation.

Why is speech writing important for students?

Ans: Speech writing is important for students as it helps them express ideas clearly and builds confidence in public speaking, essential skills for effective communication. It nurtures their ability to articulate thoughts, aiding academic success and personal development.

What is the most important part of speech writing?

Ans: The most crucial part of speech writing is the introduction, where you grab attention and set the tone. For example, starting with a question like “Have you ever wondered…” instantly engages the audience.

Speech Writing Topics for Class 7 Answers

Ladies and gentlemen,

Good [morning/afternoon/evening],

I stand before you today to talk about something we all hold dear – friendship. We are born into families, but we choose our friends, and in that choice lies the greatest gift of life.

In the unit on relationships, we explore the intricate bonds we share with our families, but let us not overlook the incredible significance of our friends. A day without friends seems almost unimaginable, doesn’t it? They are the companions who stand by us through thick and thin, sharing both our sorrows and joys.

Friendship is not just a bond; it’s a lifeline. In times of trouble, our friends are the ones who rejuvenate our spirits, offering not only a listening ear but also genuine moral support. The laughter we share with them lightens our burdens, and the empathy they provide makes the tough times a bit more bearable.

So, let us cherish and celebrate the greatest gift of life – friendship. In our friends, we find not just companionship, but a reflection of our true selves. As we navigate the journey of life, let’s appreciate the unique and irreplaceable role our friends play. 

[Optional: You can end with a quote about friendship or a call to the audience to reflect on and appreciate their friendships.]

In the unit on attitude, we uncover the profound connection between courage and success. As the saying goes, “ Experience is the hardest teache r; it gives you the test first and the lesson afterward.” Similarly, courage is the guiding force that transforms those lessons into stepping stones toward success.

Courage is not the absence of fear but the triumph over it. It bestows upon us the power to pursue what truly matters, empowering us to chase after our goals with determination. It acts as a catalyst, propelling us beyond our comfort zones and reinforcing our self-confidence. With courage, we come to believe in our abilities, realizing that challenges are not roadblocks but growth opportunities.

Success often lies on the other side of fear. It is the courage to face uncertainties, to take calculated risks, and to persevere in the face of adversity that leads to triumph. So, let us cultivate courage in our attitudes, for it is the compass that directs us on the path to success. Remember, the test of experience becomes a testament to our courage. 

[Optional: Encourage the audience to embrace challenges with courage and turn obstacles into opportunities.]

In today’s fast-paced life, where time seems to slip through our fingers, it’s crucial to reflect on the often overlooked but essential aspect of our well-being— physical games and exercise.

Our modern lifestyles are marked by hectic schedules and sedentary habits, leading to a decline in physical activity. However, the importance of incorporating physical games and exercise into our daily routines cannot be overstated. These activities are not merely a means to stay fit; they contribute significantly to our overall mental and physical health.

Engaging in physical games and exercise is an antidote to the stress and pressures of our fast-paced lives. They enhance our cardiovascular health, boost our energy levels, and improve our mood by releasing endorphins—the feel-good hormones. Additionally, regular exercise is proven to enhance cognitive function, fostering better concentration and creativity.

In a world dominated by screens and constant connectivity, physical games provide a refreshing break and an opportunity for social interaction. Whether it’s team sports or individual workouts, these activities build camaraderie, discipline, and resilience.

Therefore, let us recognize the importance of prioritizing physical games and exercise in our lives. By doing so, we not only invest in our physical health but also cultivate a balanced and fulfilling lifestyle in the face of today’s relentless pace. 

Good morning, respected teachers, and dear friends,

I stand before you today to shed light on a topic that holds the key to our overall well-being – the importance of maintaining a healthy diet. In the hustle and bustle of our lives, it’s easy to overlook the significance of what we consume daily.

Our bodies are our most valuable assets, and the fuel we provide them determines how well they function. A healthy diet is not just about watching our weight; it is about nourishing our bodies with the essential nutrients they need to thrive. It fuels our energy, supports our immune system, and promotes mental clarity.

In a world filled with tempting fast food and sugary treats, it’s crucial to make mindful choices. A balanced diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and proteins, ensures that our bodies receive the necessary vitamins and minerals for optimal performance.

So, let us pledge to prioritize our health by making conscious choices about the food we consume. Remember, a healthy diet is not a sacrifice; it is an investment in our well-being. Let’s start our day by choosing nutritious meals that empower us to face the challenges ahead. 

Today, I want to share some thoughts on a topic that is close to my heart – the significance of siblings in our lives . As Sameer/Siya, a seventh-grader, I believe that our relationships with our siblings are some of the most precious bonds we form.

In the unit ‘Relationships’ from our English Reader, we’ve explored the dynamics of family ties. Our siblings, be they older or younger, play a unique role in shaping who we are. They are our partners in crime, our confidantes, and our lifelong friends.

Through shared experiences, we learn valuable life lessons and develop qualities like patience, understanding, and cooperation. Our siblings are there with us through thick and thin, celebrating our triumphs and providing solace during challenges. In essence, they are our companions on this journey called life.

We need to appreciate and nurture these relationships. While we may have our differences, the love and support we receive from our siblings are unparalleled. So, let’s take a moment to express gratitude for the significance of siblings in our lives. They are not just family; they are our allies, making the journey of growing up all the more memorable. 

Answers 6:      

In the delicate balance of nature, there exists a profound truth – “ Nature has enough for man’s needs but not enough for man’s greed. ” These words, echoing the wisdom of Mahatma Gandhi, implore us to reflect on our relationship with the environment.

Our Earth, our home, provides us with an abundance of resources to fulfill our genuine needs. However, as stewards of this planet, we must recognize the consequences of unchecked greed. Exploitative practices, deforestation, and pollution jeopardize the delicate ecosystems that sustain life.

It is our shared responsibility to preserve the beauty and vitality of our home for ourselves and the generations yet to come. Sustainable living, conservation efforts, and responsible consumption are not just buzzwords; they are the keys to ensuring a harmonious coexistence with nature.

Let us embrace a collective consciousness that acknowledges the finite resources of our Earth. By fostering an attitude of respect and gratitude towards nature, we can strive to be mindful custodians, ensuring that the legacy we leave for future generations is one of environmental stewardship and not depletion.

 Thank you.

Respected teachers, dear students, and honored guests,

I stand before you today to emphasize the crucial role that each one of us, as students, plays in the conservation of our environment . Our actions, no matter how small, collectively contribute to the well-being of our planet.

Firstly, let’s consider the significant impact of waste reduction. By being mindful of our consumption and adopting practices like recycling, we actively participate in reducing the burden on landfills and conserving valuable resources. Additionally, let’s commit to minimizing paper wastage by utilizing both sides of sheets and embracing digital alternatives whenever possible.

Conserving existing resources is another responsibility we hold. Whether it’s water, energy, or natural habitats, our choices matter. Turn off electrical appliances when not in use, as this not only saves energy but also contributes to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Let’s be champions of water conservation by using it judiciously in our daily activities.

Furthermore, consider the products we use daily. Opting for non-toxic cleaners and embracing biodegradable products ensures that our daily routines are not harming the environment. Small changes in our lifestyle choices can collectively make a significant impact.

In conclusion, the role of students in the conservation of the environment is pivotal. By incorporating these simple habits into our lives, we become ambassadors for a sustainable future. Let us be conscious consumers and stewards of this planet, ensuring that our actions today contribute to a healthier and greener tomorrow. 

Respected teachers, dear friends, and honored guests,

Today, I am honored to speak about a topic that holds immense significance in our lives— the importance of grandparents . In the unit “ Relationships ” from our English Reader, we’ve explored the profound connections we share with our family members, and among these connections, the role of grandparents is truly special.

Grandparents serve as the living chronicles of our family’s history, offering a wealth of stories, traditions, and wisdom. Their presence provides a sense of continuity and identity, connecting us to our roots and heritage. In a world that’s constantly evolving, this link with the past is invaluable.

Through their experiences and anecdotes, grandparents become our storytellers, passing down not just tales of bygone eras but also lessons learned from a lifetime. Their unconditional love and guidance shape us into the individuals we are meant to become.

In a fast-paced world, where time often moves too quickly, the slower pace of a grandparent’s wisdom and affection serves as a grounding force. They are our pillars of strength, offering support and understanding during both triumphs and tribulations.

So, let us recognize and cherish the importance of grandparents in our lives. Their presence is a source of comfort, guidance, and a reminder of where we come from. Today, let’s express our gratitude for the love and wisdom bestowed upon us by these special individuals.

Respected teachers, dear friends, and cherished guests,

I am delighted to share thoughts on a relationship that holds a unique place in our lives—the bond between siblings. As explored in the unit “Relationships” from our ‘My English Reader,’ the role of siblings is truly multifaceted, encompassing various roles that shape our journey through life.

A sibling is not just a family member; they are a guide, a friend, a mentor, a competitor, and a teacher, all rolled into one. Growing up with a sibling means having a constant companion to share laughter, joy, and even the occasional squabble. They are our partners in crime, creating a treasure trove of shared memories that accompany us through the years.

Beyond the camaraderie, siblings often take on the roles of mentors and teachers, offering guidance and support in times of need. Their experiences become valuable lessons, helping us navigate the challenges of life. Moreover, the friendly competition between siblings fosters resilience and determination, preparing us for the broader world.

In moments of celebration or sorrow, a sibling is there to share the highs and lows of life. This unique bond contributes to the formation of our identities, providing an unrivaled support system.

Let us celebrate and appreciate the role of siblings in our lives. They are not just family; they are lifelong companions, enriching our journey with shared experiences, lessons, and, above all, unconditional love. 

Answers 10:

In the journey of life, two indispensable virtues stand out – experience and courage. As we explore the concept of courage through the lens of the unit on attitude, it becomes evident that courage is the dynamic force propelling us toward success.

“Experience is the hardest teacher; it gives you the test first and the lesson afterward.” These words remind us that life’s challenges are inevitable, but it’s the courage to face them head-on that transforms these tests into valuable lessons. Courage, in essence, is the catalyst for growth.

Courage provides the power to pursue what is important to us. It is the driving force behind our ambitions, propelling us to chase our dreams with determination. Beyond that, courage acts as a powerful ally, bolstering self-confidence and instilling the belief that we are capable of overcoming any obstacle.

Crucially, courage does not signify the absence of fear but rather the triumph over it. It is the ability to confront our fears and move forward despite them that leads to success. Each step taken with courage opens new doors and paves the way for accomplishments.

In conclusion, let us embrace courage as the guiding force on our path to success. It’s not just a virtue; it’s the key that unlocks our potential and turns aspirations into achievements. So, let courage be our compass as we navigate the journey towards a successful and fulfilling life. 

Answers 11:

Good morning respected teachers, dear friends, and distinguished guests,

Today, I, as [Your Name], wish to share a fundamental truth that resonates with the stories of achievers we have explored in the unit ‘Achievers’— “ Success comes to those who struggle to overpower their apprehensions, and the seed of achievement lies in the human mind.”

In the journeys of those who have achieved greatness, the common thread is not just hard work, endurance, and persistence, but the remarkable power of the human mind. The mind is the seed from which success sprouts, nurtured by determination and resilience.

Overcoming apprehensions is a daunting task, yet it is through this struggle that the foundation of success is laid. The human mind, with its incredible capacity for adaptability, innovation, and focus, becomes the driving force behind every achievement.

Hard work, endurance, and persistence are not just actions; they are the fruits of a mindset that believes in the possibility of overcoming challenges. The stories of achievers tell us that success is not an external destination but an internal journey—a journey shaped by the power of the human mind.

As we navigate our paths, let us recognize the potential within our minds. Let us strive to cultivate a mindset that transforms apprehensions into opportunities and obstacles into stepping stones toward achievement. The seed of accomplishment lies within each of us, waiting to be nourished by our determination and belief. 

Answers 12:

Good morning respected teachers, dear friends, and honored guests,

I stand before you as Namit/Namita to share a thought deeply ingrained in the stories of countless heroes in our nation – “ Disability does not mean inability.” The unit “Achievers” in our studies has showcased individuals who, despite facing physical challenges, have achieved remarkable success. This underscores a profound truth – the seed of achievement lies in the human mind.

Our minds have an extraordinary capacity to overcome obstacles, turning challenges into stepping stones towards success. The stories of achievers with disabilities teach us that with courage and determination, one can surmount any adversity. These individuals have not just broken barriers but shattered stereotypes, showcasing the indomitable spirit residing within the human mind.

The seed of achievement germinates when we cultivate a mindset that refuses to be defined by limitations. It blossoms when we embrace challenges with resilience and use setbacks as fuel for growth. These achievers exemplify that success is not restricted by physical abilities but is, in fact, a testament to the strength of the human mind.

In our own lives, let us nurture this seed of achievement by fostering a mindset of determination and courage. Every challenge we face is an opportunity for growth, and within our minds lies the power to turn dreams into reality. 

Answers 13:

Good [morning/afternoon/evening] respected teachers, dear friends, and esteemed guests,

I stand before you as Namit/Natasha to express the significance of a relationship that adds color to the canvas of our lives—friendship. Friends, truly, are the heartbeat of our existence.

In the unit “Relationships,” we’ve explored the dynamic connections that shape our lives, and among them, the bond with friends is unparalleled. Imagine a day without friends—a day devoid of shared laughter, comforting embraces during sorrow, and the joy that comes from having companions who understand us.

Friends are not just companions; they are the family we choose. The importance of this chosen relationship is immeasurable. In times of joy, they magnify our celebrations, and in times of sorrow, they offer solace and understanding.

It is through friendships that we learn the art of empathy, compassion, and the joy of selfless giving. As Namit/Natasha, I encourage each of us to cherish and nurture these precious bonds. Our lives are enriched by the tapestry of friendships we weave, making each day brighter and more meaningful. 

Answers 14:   

Respected teachers, dear friends, and esteemed guests,

In the mosaic of India’s cultural landscape, we witness a beautiful tapestry woven with diverse threads of cultures, traditions, and religions. Yet, amidst this rich diversity, there exists a peculiar and heartwarming sentiment that binds us all together—a recognition of our shared humanity.

Our unity in diversity is a theme resonating from the unit “Unity in Diversity.” It’s fascinating how, despite the myriad cultures and traditions that paint our nation, there is an invisible thread of connection that ties us as one people. This strange feeling is the acknowledgment that, beyond our differences, we are all part of the greater human family.

India, with its varied people and cultures, stands as a living testament to the idea that diversity is not a source of division but a celebration of unique identities coming together. Our differences are the colors that paint the canvas of our nation, creating a vibrant and harmonious portrait.

Let us take pride in this diversity and, at the same time, celebrate our shared humanity. Varied people, and varied cultures, but one humanity—this is the essence that defines the spirit of our incredible nation. Through understanding, acceptance, and unity, let us continue to cherish and preserve this unique identity that makes India truly special. 

Answers 15:

Good morning respected teachers, dear friends, and esteemed guests,

I am Avadhesh/Gouravi from class VII, and today I wish to speak to you about something that costs nothing but holds immense value—good manners.

In a world that is often bustling with activities, good manners serve as the foundation of harmonious relationships. They are not just a set of rules but a reflection of our respect and consideration for others.

At home, practicing good manners creates a positive and peaceful environment. Simple gestures like saying “please” and “thank you” contribute to a culture of appreciation and understanding within our families.

In the school setting, good manners create a conducive atmosphere for learning and collaboration. Respecting our teachers, classmates, and staff fosters an environment where everyone feels valued and heard.

Beyond the school gates, in our social lives, good manners are like a common language that connects us all. Politeness, empathy, and consideration make social interactions smoother and more enjoyable.

So, let’s remember that the importance of good manners extends beyond politeness; it’s about building a world where kindness and respect are the guiding principles. 

Related Posts:

Motivational Speaker Techniques To Encourage Students’ English Speaking Skills

As teachers, we’re always looking for ways to improve our students’ English speaking skills and build their confidence in speaking English. An effective way to do this is to integrate motivational speaking techniques into our teaching methods and teach our students some engaging speaking strategies to use. 

It is important to point out to students that speakers in public talks such as TED talks or other significant speeches sound confident because of the key components that make up a successful talk. By adopting some of these, students can begin their journey to confidence and enjoyment in speaking English.

Great motivational speaker techniques 

Knowledge and clarity.

Great motivational speakers possess a deep knowledge of their subject, which helps their audience trust in the speaker. 

• For students, this emphasises the importance of understanding the content they are speaking about. 
• Encourage students to research and fully understand the topics they discuss. This will ensure they can present information clearly and confidently. 
• This can be practised through classroom presentations or group discussions where the focus is on explaining concepts in simplified terms.

Confidence and purpose

Confidence often comes from speakers feeling well-prepared and passionate about their subject. 

• Teach students to define the purpose of their speeches and talks – whether to inform, persuade or entertain. This clarity helps them deliver their message with conviction and engage their audience more effectively. 
• Role-playing different scenarios in class can help students build confidence and define their speaking goals.

Storytelling

Whether it’s a personal anecdote or something else, stories can captivate an audience and make the speech memorable. 

• Remind students that by telling a story, the audience is instantly more engaged and likely to follow along throughout the talk. 
• Help students develop their storytelling skills by integrating stories into language lessons. They could start with narrating simple personal experiences and gradually move to more complex narratives as their skills improve.

Audience awareness

Understanding the audience is crucial for effective communication. 

• Have students think of a talk or presentation they’ve recently seen. Then, have them think about who the audience for the talk was. 
• Tell students that speakers tailor their content and delivery to match the audience’s knowledge level and background. This involves using appropriate language, examples and explanations that the audience understands and can relate to. 
• In class, students can practise audience awareness by presenting the same information in different ways to different groups and tailoring the language they are using and the way they are presenting the information. 

A strong conclusion

A strong finish is essential in great motivational speaking. It reinforces the message and often includes a call to action that leaves the audience inspired. 

• Teach students to summarise their key points effectively and end with a compelling conclusion that prompts further thought or action. 
• This could be practised through debates or persuasive speeches in class, where students are encouraged to conclude with strong statements and a call to action.

Practical exercises to enhance English speaking skills

• Focus on activities that enhance clarity in communication. For example, paraphrasing or connecting complex ideas with simpler concepts.
• Have students do exercises that improve non-verbal communication, such as maintaining eye contact, using gestures and controlling hesitations.
• Help students reflect on the purpose of their talk or presentation, and choose language that aligns with their goals, for example, to convince, inform, teach or entertain.
• Have students discuss how best to explain complex ideas. Remind them that any information should be appropriate and understandable to the audience without requiring much prior knowledge.
• Explore the use of extreme adjectives and the connotations of words with your students, emphasising how language choice can inspire and motivate an audience.

Incorporating motivational speaking techniques into your lessons can have a significant impact on students’ engagement and confidence in communicating their ideas. By having these skills, students will not only improve their English proficiency but also gain valuable life skills in speaking and presenting to audiences. 

You can read more about teaching your students presentation skills here. Or read our paper for in-depth advice on teaching English pronunciation.

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• Published: 22 May 2024

Collaborative reflection and discussion using the narrative medicine approach: speech acts and physician identity

• Shanshan Li   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0006-2816-6389 1 ,
• Libo Zhong 2 &
• Yaping Cai 3  

Humanities and Social Sciences Communications volume  11 , Article number:  651 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

• Medical humanities

Narrative medicine has become a meaningful solution to promote medical students’ professional and personal growth. However, there is a lack of study on how students benefit from the narrative medicine approach when developing identities. This study aimed to establish and implement an integrated English reading and writing curriculum based on collaborative reflection and discussion using the narrative medicine approach, exploring how students presented and constructed physician identities by performing speech acts. First-year undergraduate students majoring in clinical medicine were recruited. Collaborative reflection and discussion were conducted in the integrated course involving 14 pieces of medical-related narrative works, along with essential elements that guided the students to engage in classroom activities. In the following analysis, the qualitative analysis software NVivo was used to identify the main speech acts and their frequency to analyze students’ perception and recognition of different physician identities. Our analysis presented 33 major speech acts and revealed their frequency and characteristics, which we summarize in five interrelated physician identities. The fine-grained analysis showed how these identities were influenced by the narrative medicine approach, which provides enlightenment for supporting students to develop their professional identities. Another unique contribution of this study was to present the teaching basis and essential elements in an integrated humanistic curriculum. The results helped clarify the relationship between speech acts and physician identity and suggested that collaborative reflection and discussion using the narrative medicine approach improved the humanistic component that was in short supply in medical education through its interdisciplinary advantages, thus promoting professional identity development that can lead to higher-quality medical and emotional care.

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Introduction.

Physician identity is “a representation of self, achieved in stages over time during which the characteristics, values, and norms of the medical profession are internalized” (Cooke et al. 2010 ). Many medical education commissions and associations encourage medical educators to ensure the ongoing development of appropriate professional behaviors for students in medical and health professions because the cultivation of physician identities, including professional values, actions, and aspirations, is the backbone of medical education (Cooke et al. 2010 ). Medical students with a professional identity are more confident in what they do as doctors, which affects their relationships with colleagues, patients, professional groups, and society (Monrouxe, 2010 ). They show concern for ethical principles and a willingness to interact with patients and co-workers to achieve professional growth (Cruess et al. 2002 ).

One of the reasons for the difficulty in professional identity development can be found in medical education, for it has become a source of biased teaching and learning (An et al. 2008 ). The students are trained to excel in medical and treatment technology, while social value and humanistic aspects of medicine are excluded (Ferry-Danini, 2018 ; Thibault, 2019 ). Medical educators have criticized “dehumanization in medicine” by calling on doctors to be scientific in their way of thinking as well as to learn to conduct ethical analysis and moral judgment (Amin et al. 2021 ; Pellegrino, 1984 ; Serodio et al. 2016 ). Therefore, academic attention should be paid to medical humanities. It is necessary to make educational suggestions for cultivating future doctors who pay more attention to patients.

As a theoretical and operative approach, narrative medicine plays a role in interdisciplinary learning from medicine, education, and humanities. Narrative medicine’s innovative model includes training in close reading and reflective writing. On the one hand, by reading virtual records of possible clinical situations, medical students are trained in the four essential abilities of attention, representation, reflection, and affiliation (Charon, 2005 ). Therefore, they can look outward at patients and inward at themselves (Langellier, 2009 ). On the other hand, medical students may not only gain emotional benefits (e.g., empathy) but also understand the patient’s experience and spiritual journey of themselves in career growth (Charon, 2008 ). In addition, using narrative medicine as a medical education tool includes potential benefits such as the perception of ethical challenges (Daryazadeh et al. 2020 ), identification with peers and broader professional communities (Lukolyo et al. 2019 ), and enhanced communication and reasoning skills (Welch and Harrison, 2016 ). Evidence from the structured model for narrative-based medicine interventions has shown that collaborative reflection and discussion further enrich the teaching strategies of close reading and corresponding reflective writings (Balmer and Richards, 2012 ; Milota et al. 2019 ). Opportunities are created for medical students to promote reflective thinking and their awareness of professional identity, thereby influencing their learning of professionalism (Huang et al. 2021 ). Close reading, reflective writing, sharing, and discussion help students have a broader view of patients and diseases in clinical practice, understand what the physician profession means, and comprehend the discourse of medicine and the society it serves (Charon, 2001 ). Students can think, act, and feel like a doctor under the positive influence of narrative medicine.

More attention has been put on the effects of narrative medicine interventions in recent years. There are many studies on its implementation for students during clinical practice, such as cultivating professionalism (Huang et al. 2021 ), its impact on patient care (Chretien et al. 2015 ; Fioretti et al. 2016 ), and increasing a sense of empathy (McDonald et al. 2015 ). It has also applied to teachers, helping them reflect in a unique space and gain support for their professional growth (Balmer and Richards, 2012 ; Holdren et al. 2023 ). Few studies have been conducted on how medical students in pre-clinical years benefit from the narrative medicine approach when developing identities. Pre-clinical students’ professional identity as preliminary doctors has not been fully developed (Park and Hong, 2022 ). Therefore, students need to perceive humanistic values and construct a professional identity for their future careers by having a rich knowledge of medical humanities, strengthening their ability to reflect and discuss with others, and enhancing listening, interpreting, absorbing, and imaginative skills (Miller et al. 2014 ).

Therefore, the study focuses on narrowing the gap in humanities education for pre-clinical students who lack sufficient opportunities to develop their professional identity and clarifying to what extent students externalize humanistic literacy into virtual clinical practice. We encourage students to integrate reading and writing practice into narrative medicine. Apart from improving English reading and writing abilities, with collaborative reflection and discussion (CRD) using the narrative medicine approach, students can also pay more attention to the reflection on medical-related stories, think about the attitudes, emotions, and values of the characters, gaining an awareness of professional identity. CRD refers to students inspiring and complementing each other through self-examination and peer interaction to generate new ideas, usually in the form of group and classroom discussions. This study designed a 32-week English reading and writing course to explore what physician identities students may develop from the analytical perspective of speech acts in the CRD corpus. Our study focused on the following questions:

(1) What are the repeated speech acts in CRD using the narrative medicine approach? How about their frequency?

(2) What physician identities do medical students develop through repeated speech acts?

Study design and context

This curriculum innovation experiment was conducted during the 2022–2023 academic year at Hangzhou Medical College in China. Based on the theory and practice of narrative medicine, an integrated English reading and writing curriculum was designed to explore how to adapt English teaching to medical education to avoid traditional grammar and vocabulary teaching. In our preliminary study (Zhong, 2021 ), we negotiated the main challenges and participatory changes involved in such an integrated course. As an implicit goal of medical education, professional identity is often taught in reliance on humanities, such as Ethics and Psychology. It is also the implicit teaching goal of this innovative curriculum partly because the characteristics of language learning help researchers to observe the relationship between students’ perception of physician identity and their language use and partly because the interdisciplinary characteristics of the integrated course help students improve their ability to explain and reflect on medical behavior from the stories and their ability to use metaphors and symbolic tools for future medical practice which may bring practical benefits to their identity transformation (Jones, 2013 ).

Participants

Fifty-six first-year undergraduate students majoring in clinical medicine from the same class participated in this research. The usual duration of their studies was five years. In addition to electives, the participants studied seven basic courses like Psychological Health Education, six specialized courses like Topological Anatomy, and had a two-week clinical clerkship. None of the participants took courses related to narrative medicine. All participants provided written informed consent before participating in the study.

Narrative medicine was introduced into the weekly English reading and writing course, which was compulsory for the participants. The teacher used the narrative medicine approach to organize reading and writing activities with the explicit goal of nurturing the ability to read and write in English to improve communicative skills and the implicit goal of developing an awareness of physician identity. The medical-related texts were selected from the successful experiences of narrative medicine researchers and our preliminary study to cater to the needs of general medical students. The participants were divided into groups of five to six students to participate in CRD, the basis and teaching elements of which are described as follows:

CRD is based on a series of curriculum activities (Table 1 ). First, students understood the theoretical background of narrative medicine and the analysis methods of narrative works and simulated the process of narrative reading and writing. The focus was to give students a preliminary understanding of narrative medicine, laying the foundation for CRD. Then, we encouraged the medical students to adopt the narrative medicine approach, read and discuss narrative works in groups and with the class, engage in reflective writing, and share and comment on their writings with peers. The purpose was to promote medical students’ better understanding of their feelings and attitudes toward patients and doctors and of peers’ reflective discourse.

The essential elements of CRD were set according to the principles and teaching framework of narrative medicine based on the previous studies of Charon et al. ( 2016 ) (Fig. 1 ).

The arrows in the left panel reflect two contexts (i.e., close reading and reflective writing) involved in the three phases; the upper box in the right panel refers to the four elements of close reading centering on the goal of raising the awareness of physician identity through CRD; the lower box in the right panel refers to the four elements of reflective writing centering on the goal of exploring the physician identity through CRD.

After the students interpreted and absorbed the information through close reading, one researcher trained in teaching narrative medicine guided the students to engage in CRD around the four elements of narrative reading (Charon et al. 2016 ): time, space, metaphor, and voice. The aim of CRD in English reading was to encourage students to be aware of the role of medical staff in society and organizations.

The corresponding writing tasks enhanced students’ reflective ability. The subsequent CRD created a reflective space wherein students could explore the dimension and depth of narrative works and involved the following elements: reflection that helped students notice and shape their perceptions of medical behavior and organizational behavior; comment on the patient’s illness experience that helped construct empathy; and discussion that encouraged students to share their writings focusing on the understanding of plot, situation, illness, and death. The teacher provided supportive and non-judgmental mentoring and helped students develop an awareness of professional identity through interactions.

Data Sources

The corpus source is 24 CRD from October 2022 to June 2023 (Table 2 ). One of the researchers guided the students to engage in 24 CRD in the classroom; the other two took turns observing and recording the discussions via stenography, with a focus on students’ speech acts.

Fourteen pieces of medical-related narrative works were discussed (Table 3 ). The identities mentioned and discussed by the students include doctors, patients, patient’s relatives and friends, nurses, judges, and so on. All the discussions were tape-recorded. We transcribed the tape recordings into the corpus from which identifiable personal information was hidden.

Data analysis

Analytical perspectives.

The analytical perspectives are “speech acts” and speech acts as “acts of identity.” Although there are many analytical tools for communication and conversation in medicine, such as the Roter interactive analysis system (Roter and Larson, 2002 ) applied to general clinical practice, speech acts analysis is a more direct and effective tool to analyze the CRD of medical students in the field of education.

Speech Act Theory, an important pragmatic theory, suggests that human language is not simply a combination of “sound and meaning” and that language can produce behavior because if the speaker says something meaningful and acceptable, his words will have a behavioral result. Austin ( 1975 ) called the behavior “speech acts” (SA) and divided it into three categories: the locutionary act is the act of speaking words, phrases, and clauses, expressing literal meaning through syntax, vocabulary, and phoneme; the illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention, which means people carry out specific acts when speaking, such as informing, ordering, and warning; the perlocutionary act has the consequences or changes brought by utterances. We focused more on the illocutionary act, as it is more conventional for us to judge and distinguish from the other two acts as connected with the production of effects in certain senses (Austin, 1975 ). For example, “She can read some poems” in our study implied the speaker’s intention that the doctor can recommend this patient to read poetry, and it revealed the student’s perception of physician identity on this occasion. The classification and examples of the illocutionary act provide us a reference to an analysis: Austin ( 1975 ) divided the illocutionary act into five categories; Searle ( 1979 ) further classified them in greater detail. Besides, a person can also realize the same intention through different locutionary acts, but there are often some typical expressions. In our study, speech acts were conducted within speech events (Hymes, 1968 ) in which medical-related works were discussed, so descriptions and explanations could be made to understand students’ attitudes and values.

All speech acts are “acts of identity”—linguistic behaviors contribute to constructing complex identities (Walters, 1987 ). “Identity” refers to an individual identifies with a social group, such as ethnicity, race, and class, containing two meanings: one is that an individual can be identified as a member of a social group while the other is that an individual regards himself as part of a group. These “acts of identity” emphasize the structural impact of social groups and are limited and influenced by contexts and situations within the class in our study. It included the identity that an individual student readily chose in communication, presenting and constructing important identities by repeatedly performing some SA in their discourse.

Analytical process

Our analysis began with familiarization of the data, where we re-read, made notes, and added comments on the content of classroom discussions to identify recurring SA as students used them through reading and writing activities. Reviewing these preliminary records of SA, all authors collaboratively identified descriptive codes to develop our first cycle coding. These initial codes, including SA of close reading and SA of reflective writing, were intended to capture our perceived fragments of an association between SA and physician identity within the teaching framework of CRD. Using the software NVivo, we then applied the first cycle coding scheme, coded independently, generating various codes and having regular discussions about these codes. We generated codes at the locutionary act level, for example, literal meanings that had typical expressions to realize intentions, and at the illocutionary act level, exploring students’ intentions (for example “his needs should come first” indicated doctors should prioritize patients’ needs). This step was used to examine how students’ SA over different narrative works revealed their physician identity. We refined the second cycle coding scheme by sharing coding to illustrate the relationships among CRD elements, SA, and physician identity, and then collaboratively defined the second cycle codes. To address reliability issues, the team discussed a section of the initial coding of the data conducted by Shanshan Li to modify and refine our coding definitions as the team negotiated conflicts in applying the coding scheme. We then applied the second cycle codes, building nodes classified by theme, and supplemented, merged, revised, and finalized the coding. For example, the sub-node of “reflect on how to help the ill” was placed under the tree node of “medical behavior” when it was initially coded, but after our in-depth discussion of the data, it was placed under the tree node of “illness and death.” We finally calculated the frequency of repeated SA, namely, how many CRDs contained the repeated SA. Based on these SA, we analyzed students’ perception and identification of physician identity.

Reflexivity

The stenography of all lessons made by two authors was allowed to capture real-time experiences by minimizing all authors’ voices. The writing assignments students handed in allowed for the validation of CRD fragments. All authors checked transcripts with original audio files to ensure data accuracy and met regularly to engage reflexively in reviewing data from multiple perspectives and challenging interpretations that may result from potential biases. Diversity in the research backgrounds of the authors limited personal or disciplinary bias: Shanshan Li was trained in English language and literature at the bachelor’s level and educational sciences at the master’s level, and Libo Zhong was trained in English language and literature at the doctoral level. Both work as teachers and researchers in undergraduate medical education and conduct research projects on narrative medicine. Yaping Cai works as a professor in education with expertise in curriculum theory and boundary crossing. All researchers have experience in qualitative research. Trustworthiness was addressed by collaborative interrogation of our perception of data derived from diverse positionalities and by rigorous analytical steps. The research was approved by the institutional review board and followed ethical approvals.

SA and frequency

Many characteristics can be seen in Table 4 . Some SA appeared with high frequency in 24 CRD, which shows a distinct feature of the narrative medicine approach. For example, the SA of “focus on the time and speed of illness process (1)” appeared in 22 out of 24 discussions. SA with a percentage higher than 70% can be considered to be the most repeated parts of CRD, including “focus on the time and speed of illness process (1),” “analyze the patient’s physical changes (4),” “identify the different voices (6),” “know the attitude of the patient (13),” “understand the plot and situation deeply (15),” “increase the level of empathy (19),” “attention to details of illness and death, such as word choice (22),” “reflect on what kind of attitude doctors should have toward the patient (29),” and “think about communication and connection (32)”.

The frequency of SA varies widely, but it is not easy to distinguish which SA is necessary for students to use in CRD. One reason may be related to the contextual differences. If the narrative works provided the context in the first person of the patient, students need not “confirm that the patient is aware of the illness status (2)”; if there were no apparent conflicts in attitudes or interests, students need not “rank the wishes of the patient and others (14)”. The examples demonstrate that although some SA seems important, the narrative works do not guarantee the necessity to use them. The perspective of thinking also influences the choice of SA. For example, “give spatial information in a region (5)” and “identify the voices that influence the patient (10)” were usually not directly related to the medical knowledge that aroused students’ interest, but were often proposed by the teacher who guided the discussion. Students may choose SA that seems related to their major, or the one that is easier to identify from the elements of CRD. As a rough estimate, SA with a frequency of more than 60% (bold in Table 4 ) is necessary for CRD.

Physician identity

Based on the frequency of SA and the CRD corpus, we summarized the main physician identities as follows.

The spokesperson for the patient’s wishes

Students noticed that when patients did not clearly state their wishes for subjective or objective reasons, doctors should take the initiative to inquire and presume the patient’s wishes from the details. The identity of the spokesperson can be seen in confirming that the patient is aware of the illness status (2), presuming the patient’s wishes (11), knowing the attitude of the patient (13), ranking the wishes of the patient, and others (14), and being aware of the rights and interests of the patient (17). Students tried to analyze the patient’s wishes while taking notes of other people. Even when the patient did not express any wishes, the students speculated about his possible expression based on his educational background and life experience. When patients and doctors choose different medical options, students realize that they need to communicate with the patients (32), prioritize their wishes (14), and consider inviting their relatives regarded as people who know them best to participate in medical decisions (10).

Example 1a: The doctor’s objectivity and the patient’s suffering (CRD on How the Poor Die )

Student: Based on all we know about him (10), he would refuse cupping therapy (11). But his resistance had no effect (15), and he suffered too much (19).

Teacher: Did Orwell say anything? Why did you make this judgment?

Student: He knew he was seriously ill (2), but he didn’t want to be treated like the No. 57 patient (13) whose belly is the only valuable part to the doctor and interns (15). I think the doctor should ask for Orwell’s permission (32).

Student: Case teaching is inevitable, but the way the doctor performed was not beneficial for Orwell (17).

Teacher: What did he do for Orwell?

Student: Ask him to take fundamental drugs. But I’m afraid the doctor wanted to take him to the autopsy room after he died (14, 15).

Teacher: What did Orwell expect?

Student: His needs should come first (13, 14). If possible, any of his relatives or friends should also be there to help (10).

After closely reading How the Poor Die , the students identified that patients in free wards were treated with no dignity, and presumed Orwell’s wishes based on his life background and experience in public hospitals (11). After reviewing the details, they confirmed that he knew the illness status (2). The student perceived that the treatment chosen by the doctor or the medical institution did not necessarily correspond to the rights and interests of the patient (17). Therefore, after examining the doctor’s medical behavior in the story (15), they knew the patient’s attitudes by checking the medical context (13) and found that the wish of the patient was different from that of the doctor (14). The students were aware that, in diagnosis and treatment, the doctor should ask patients and their relatives about their wishes, putting the patient’s wish first in the ranking process (14).

The students found the hybrid identities of doctors challenging; they viewed the doctor as a scientist and researcher who should take a distant and objective attitude when communicating with the patient; on the other hand, they realized it was far from the patient-centered concept required by the clinical practice as it showed no respect for the patient. The students wrote in reflection (Example 1b): “This is a story told from the patient’s perspective as if to warn us what should be the first concern of a doctor (12,15)”; “Scientific descriptions and research are important, but ignoring the emotional demands of patients can lead to doctor-patient conflicts (9) and undermine doctors’ efforts to respect patients (17).” The students tried to understand complex expressions and the plot in the stories (12,15), coming to a consensus that, by inquiring and presuming the patient’s wishes, doctors not only prioritize the patient’s rights and interests (14,17) but also protect doctors’ safety by avoiding possible risks (29).

The guide for patients in the face of illness and death

Most students learned about different diseases and their consequences for the first time by reading a novel or watching a movie. They read detailed descriptions of the illness and tried to understand patients’ psychological states like emotions, perceptions, and expectations. Therefore, the physician identity as a guide was developed in CRD as the students learned how to help patients increase courage in the face of illness and death, and how to advise on possible arrangements as the disease got worse. It can be seen in focusing on the time and speed of illness development (1), examining how patients experience sick time (3), analyzing the patient’s physical changes (4), accepting and promoting the concept of palliative care (23), raising the issue of caring for patients (25), suggesting arrangements or activities (27), and paying attention to the patient’s hobbies or the final wishes (28).

Example 2a: Noticing, finding, and advising arrangements (CRD on Breathe )

Student: In just ten minutes of the film, Robin was infected with the polio virus and paralyzed (1), with only a slight head movement (3,4). It’s so sad (19).

Student: Without a ventilator, he would die in two minutes (1,4).

Teacher: So what is the narrative focus of Breath ?

Student: It’s about how they faced the disease (12). It’s good for them to do everything they can, leaving no regrets (27). What the doctors can do is trying to keep death from coming too soon (25).

Student: But Robin was lucky (19). Diana took care of everything with the help of their friends (25). Relatives can do more than doctors (25).

Teacher: What happened then?

Student: He finally decided to say goodbye to the world (1,13) because relying on the ventilator for such a long time made his lungs extremely susceptible to infection (1,4).

Student: At least he saw his son growing up. It may be what he wanted most (13,28). The near-death stage should not be prolonged (23). If I were Robin, I would do the same (19).

In Example 2a, the elements of “time” and “space” (1,4) were discussed several times as students constantly found new details of the progression of the disease and the physical changes of the patient. The students empathized with the loss of the patient’s health (19), tried to know the best that the doctor and caregivers could do in different stages of illness (25), noticed the patient’s final wishes (28), and accepted and promoted the concept of palliative care (23). By directly observing the dynamic changes of the disease and the patient’s experience of illness, the students proposed the arrangement (27) concerning emotional care and finally accepted and respected the patient’s decision to say goodbye to the world (13). Students developed an understanding of the doctor’s responsibility as a guide for patients. In the CRD of reflective writings (Example 2b), students realized that doctors need to communicate with patients on the topic of illness and death (32), reflect on what kind of attitude doctors should have toward the patient (29), and guide patients to vent their feelings when they are in sickness:

Example 2b: Guide patients to think about illness and death

• I think what the author wants to say is that the meaning of death is letting life explode more brightly in an increasingly limited time (12,15). Death is not a negative existence; it’s a “good night.” If we convey such positive emotions to the patient (29,32), it is also a form of medical help and treatment (16). (CRD on Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night )

• When the doctor informed the patient of the bad news, he encouraged the patient to face reality bravely rather than using technical terms (32). I was deeply impressed by his solicitude. A doctor’s verbal language can help a patient calm down and encourage him (16,29). (CRD on What the Doctor Said ).

The students’ SA were often targeted, usually from doctors’ perspectives, such as informing diagnosis, body language, medical or life advice, and palliative care. Students can understand that the doctor should be with the patient in the face of illness or death as their guide during medical treatment.

The listener for multiple voices

The students often searched for medical knowledge related to the narrative works and briefly exchanged information with peers (33) to prepare for a better understanding of diverse voices. They identified different voices (6), confirmed the speaker’s rights and obligations (7), noticed the gap between the speaker and the listener (8), and observed the effects of the speaker’s encounter with the listener (9) to understand all the voices in the story. Through deeper reading and writing, they noticed the patient’s difficulties (26) and communication issues (32). Students were thus able to ensure that all voices were taken into account in the virtual medical context and realized that they should listen to multiple voices before taking responsibility for healthcare decisions.

Example 3a: An understanding of all voices (CRD on the Children Act )

Teacher: Adam’s parents were supposed to know Adam best (10). What choice did they make?

Student: They would refuse blood transfusion because of religious beliefs (6).

Teacher: So what choice did others make?

Student: The hospital filed a lawsuit, so Fiona decided to force blood transfusions (6).

Teacher: We seemed to ignore Adam’s wishes (11).

Student: He refused the treatment (13).

Teacher: What did he say? Why did you make this judgment?

Student: He would accept blood transfusion treatment (11) because Fiona had become his new faith (15). But when he wrote or talked to her, Fiona thought it was not her job (6,26), so he refused (13).

Student: Fiona did not listen to Adam’s story (8). She ignored Adam’s emotional needs (7). There’s a big gap between them (8,26).

Teacher: But she finally changed. Do you know why?

Student: Her conversation with her husband showed that she had changed (9). If she had changed earlier, the result might have been different (29,32).

The students discovered the hidden voices between the lines and the intricate background behind them. The student first pointed out that Adam had leukemia and briefly shared relevant medical knowledge, noting that it should be a recurrent case (33). After identifying the voices of Adam, his parents, the court, Fiona, and her husband (6), they pointed out that Fiona, as a professional, refused to listen to Adam (26), which prevented the patient’s voice from being heard, and that she did not fulfill her duty as a listener (7,8). As a result, the students shared an in-depth reflection on Adam’s refusal of blood transfusion (9), which prompted them to think about how to communicate and connect with others as doctors (32). One student shared his writing excerpts in the class (Example 3b): “When Adam wanted to talk to Fiona, what Fiona thought about was the proprieties and dignity of her professional identity (26,32). Children are vulnerable. In addition to the physical well-being, we must provide them with spiritual well-being (29)”.

Different voices that need to be heard by doctors also arise among students who presume they are doctors. In the 22nd CRD on You Don’t Know Jack , many students believed that Jack patiently listened to each patient’s words and understood their wishes and interests, so making euthanasia legal was acceptable. However, some expressed concern about the technical aspects of communicating with the patients and understanding their choices and wishes. They finally concluded that doctors should pay attention to all the voices, on which they could make prudent healthcare decisions.

The Empathizer who offers love and help

Some SA showed students’ empathy for patients’ emotions like pain and loneliness. Being an empathetic doctor who can offer love and help to patients was also what medical students realized when developing the awareness of physician identity. The identity of the empathizer can be seen in their new or changed knowledge to help the patient (16), their perception of the patient’s experience (18), an increased level of empathy (19), an increased understanding of the elderly and the seriously ill (20), and reflection on how to help the ill (24). The discourse in Example 4 came from the 3rd CRD about how people help each other to overcome difficulties together.

Example 4: Giving care, love, and empathy to patients (CRD on The Way We Live Now )

• There are no words warning visitors of the possibility of infection now. It’s hard to imagine what it was like for him to live in an environment of discrimination before such changes happened (19).

• During his hospitalization, he began to keep a diary, recording his feelings since he was diagnosed with AIDS, and writing down his regrets (3,15). Will it be of great help if we encourage patients to read or write poems or diaries to vent their feelings or get inspiration (16,24)?

• He may think he was alienated and isolated (18), but the doctor was kind, patient, and optimistic about his condition (15). Good qualities such as respect, compassion, and companionship are valuable for the patients (16,24).

The students analyzed from all perspectives: how “his” lover, friends, the hospital, and doctors were concerned about his illness in different ways. They focused on how to provide “him” with continual love and assistance. The above SA with strong empathy included open-ended questions (“What it was like for him to …?”) and more implied questions (“Is it of great help if …?”). Such emotional insights left room for reflection and reminded students to offer love and help to patients. “Good qualities … are valuable” is not only the affirmation of the doctor’s medical behavior but also an invitation for all future doctors to give care and empathy to the patients.

The reflective doctor who reinterprets the process

To develop the ability to describe the clinical process in non-technical language, the students learned to describe the causes and effects, disease progression, and the care process, reinterpreting and thinking reflectively based on “time and speed of illness process (1),” “spatial information (5),” “complex and metaphorical expression (12),” “the plot and contextual situation (15),” and “details of illness and death such as word choice (22).” The students explored the way they reinterpreted the process in the discussions, which may contribute to their reflection on illness, diagnosis, and death:

Example 5a: Reinterpretation of the story (CRD on The Masque of the Red Death )

• During the plague (1), the king welded the bolt and reveled inside the castle, leaving people to die outside (5,15). The strike of midnight (1) suggested his death (12). “Red” (12,22) is the color of blood from killing all people (12), but behind the masque was empty. Does it indicate that the king was not killed by the “Red Death” but by his ruthlessness and brutality (12)?

Through reflection and discussion, students noticed something they were unaware of and re-understood the complicated information. Sometimes, they invited their peers to pay attention and listen to their reflections (30), and they responded to the invitations (31). In this process (Example 5b), the students often examined their reinterpretations from a distance or from the point of view of another student to verify whether their perceptions were accurate and adequate:

Example 5b: The dilemma of oncologists (CRD on Wit )

• She reviewed her life in the hospital bed (3), talking to her father, first teacher, students, and “us” in the classroom (5). Passing away with the teacher reading her favorite childhood story (1,3) was the best send-off she could have imagined (28). I felt a deep sadness (19). I think oncologists love cancer cells more than patients because the former is the victor and the strong (15). Do you agree (30)?

• It’s true that doctors should be calm, objective, and rational, but most also have compassionate hearts. Sometimes, patients only need someone to be with them (16,19).

Some students took great pride in their reflective writings and were adept at capturing what they saw in narrative works and sharing it with others (30); some commented on their peers’ concerns and reinterpretation (31). They responded to the call of the suffering patients and tried to understand what the doctor should do to echo the call.

While most medical-related narrative works provide opportunities for medical students to improve their level of empathy and sense of humanistic literacy (Milota et al. 2019 ), the students often have little support in systematically considering how they might utilize theory and knowledge of narrative medicine to influence their perceptions as a doctor and maintain an awareness of self-reflection with the help of peer-learning in the school context. Integrating CRD using the narrative medicine approach into the teaching of medical humanities, we intentionally targeted the professional identity development of medical students as the implicit teaching goal, leveraging the tool of speech acts to reveal students’ SA and their frequency. By intentionally enhancing the listening, interpreting, absorbing, and imaginative skills of the students through close reading and reflective writing, we summarized the physician identities from the CRD corpus—the spokesperson for the patient’s wishes, the guide for patients in the face of illness and death, the listener for multiple voices, the empathizer who offers love and help, and the reflective doctor who reinterprets the process. Through the analysis of SA frequency and CRD corpus, we summarized some speech acts and explored the process of students’ reflection and discussion. The above analysis and our work on curriculum integration provided implications for supporting medical students’ professional identity development.

First, a sustained commitment to providing students with poetry, novel, and film narratives related to illness and death while utilizing literary texts to discuss is imperative for developing students’ abilities to reflect on medical contexts and physician identities. Previous studies have shown that the fictional world created by narrative works may expand students’ knowledge of self and others and of self and the world around them, regardless of the limitations of time and space, which is conducive to professional identity development and the effective prevention of job burnout (Oyebode and Pourgourides, 1996 ; Charon, 2000 ). As for the physician’ss identity as the spokesperson, many SA show that medical students presumed, confirmed, and respected patients’ wishes; they tried to understand the patients and thought about how to communicate with them rather than being objectively alienated researchers. CRD supported by the narrative medicine approach helped students acquire the tacit knowledge that cannot be obtained from books: students can recognize that doctors should prioritize patients’ interests and wishes to avoid risks that may take place between doctors and patients. For another example, reflection and observation of the dynamic changes of disease deepen their understanding of life and death, training themselves to be the guide for patients in the face of illness and death, which may bring a new point of view for their future clinical practice.

It can be assumed that these narrative works imperceptibly convey ethical and moral values through CRD, inspiring students to think deeply about the process of diagnosis and treatment and re-understand patient narratives and the role of doctors. By targeting the creation of reflective space and positioning CRD as an opportunity to co-construct group identity, medical students can engage in the process of conceptual change (Sinatra and Pintrich, 2003 ) that promotes professional identity development. The study also confirmed the previous research results that narrative-based medical education has a positive impact on the cultivation of professional identity (Miller et al. 2014 ).

Second, guidance for medical students on the recognition of balance and interrelation among different physician identities is necessary. It can improve their sensitivity to medical situations and their capacity to find possible cause-and-effect relationships. Furthermore, the guidance can facilitate the students to identify the signal of what actions a doctor should take at some point and thus make more well-rounded judgments and diagnoses.

The interrelated physician identities as the listener for multiple voices and the empathizer who offers love and help, both of which reflected the benefits of using the narrative medicine approach—attention, reproduction, and affiliation (Charon, 2005 ): by focusing on the patients and their illness experience, listening to multiple voices in and out of the illness stories, sharing and discussing reflective writings, in the process being able to increase the understanding of the ill and re-understand the patients’ viewpoints and behaviors; attention and reproduction spiral into an affiliated relationship between the patient and the future doctors, medical students can understand the patient’s wishes and difficulties, empathize with them by examining their behavior and thoughts in the whole process, and tend to become reflective doctors who reinterpret the medical stories. This study illustrates that CRD using the narrative medicine approach may promote a more systematic and comprehensive understanding of physician identity among medical students. However, some studies have also pointed out that maintaining the steady development of these understandings through continuous training is also crucial (Xue et al. 2023 ).

In addition, we recommend that engaging in collaborative learning should provide more opportunities for students to repeatedly use some SA to develop an awareness of different physician identities, especially high-frequency SA as they are easier to identify from the elements of CRD. If the teacher guides the students to an in-depth discussion of the plot and situation, they must be prepared to understand discourse, mental activity, silence, metaphor, and implication of the virtual medical story. Therefore, speech acts with high repetition, such as “know the attitude of the patient” and “understand the plot and situation deeply,” are useful to explain more accurately their views and attitudes towards patients, diagnosis, and treatment, focusing their attention on the physician identity that they were unaware of—doctors who listen to patients’ description of pain or who are good at observing details. Students can be trained as reflective doctors who reinterpret the medical process by using frequent SA like “focus on the time and speed of illness,” “analyze the patient’s physical changes,” and “observe the effects of the speaker’s encounter with the listener.” Students can develop the habits of paying attention to the patient’s emotional demands rather than only focusing on the scientific description and morphological characteristics of the disease by repeatedly using SA such as “presume the patient’s wishes” and “pay attention to the patient’s hobbies or final wishes,” so the great decline in empathy levels may not occur. Students’ speech acts are not merely a reflection of the objective world, because language users are engaged in social activity while conveying information, creating a perspective filled with specific meanings, thus revealing their social identity (Gee, 2014 ). This study can be used as a non-linear model to consider how to expand SA through CRD, thereby encouraging more diverse identities of being a doctor, which may challenge the scientific learning experience these future doctors are very familiar with in their daily study and work.

Finally, we also recommend that encouraging students’ participation in the context of close reading and reflective writing be imperative for developing the capability of making the implicit learning of physician identity explicit for medical students by using the tool of language and literature. Influencing factors include the support for the ability of students to notice and negotiate different perceptions of the virtual medical stories, and the selection of narrative works. On the one hand, by organizing activities involving collaborative learning and reflective learning like CRD, students can discuss what they perceive from the role of a doctor, such as attitudes, behaviors, and values, through negotiation as critical peers. Isolated reflections and learning experiences can be challenging and uncertain without conceptual change processes, resulting in fewer opportunities for generative learning (Sinatra and Pintrich, 2003 ). Medical students can be provided the opportunities to feel what the group feels, mitigating some of the risks of interpersonal relationships brought about by critical friendship (Swaffield, 2007 ). On the other hand, considering that narrative works are reading materials and discussion contents, teachers should select narrative works and corresponding English versions that meet students’ English levels. By targeting medical narratives with sufficient details and ethical dimensions as opportunities for reflective and collaborative learning, teachers can help students engage in elaboration and description processes that improve narrative skills (Charon, 2008 ), constituting a valuable source of the implicit learning goal of professional identity for students in interdisciplinary environments.

Limitations

First, there were few interdisciplinary collaborations among different medical majors and few collaborations with experts who have diverse experiential and academic expertise that may occur in clinical practice. Introducing such collaboration may act as a catalyst for critical reflection on physician identity, resulting in producing a more comprehensive understanding of SA. Second, our study only investigated pre-clinical students, so further study can focus on the interns to produce more exciting ideas. Third, since there is no systematic and theoretical guidance for the selection of medical-related narrative works, we relied on the successful experience of narrative medicine researchers and our previous teaching experiments. Further research can be conducted on teaching contents and syllabi. Finally, it lacks an assessment of the long-term effects of the integrated curriculum and repeated use of SA, which may have implications for transferring the positive characteristics from classroom settings to clinical practice contexts to maintain sustainable development of professional identity.

The results of this qualitative study illustrated the benefits and value of the CRD approach based on narrative medicine theory and helped clarify the relationship between the frequent use of some SA and different physician identities to promote the professional identity development of medical students. This study used close reading and reflective writing adopting the narrative medicine approach to guide students in collaborative reflection, and in evaluating and discussing doctors’ clinical behaviors and patients’ experiences within the teaching framework of the integrated course, thereby bringing potential benefits for medical students’ personal and professional development.

Thus, many humanities courses with interdisciplinary strengths in medicine and literature, including English reading and writing, create conditions for teachers to use the narrative medicine approach through CRD to encourage students to view illness stories with humility and empathy and reflect on the attitudes, emotions, and values of healthcare professionals. Students can thereby gain an awareness of professional identity that may lead to higher-quality medical and emotional care. It is low-cost and easy to implement. Teachers can build a CRD corpus when implementing an integrated curriculum by collecting SA data to understand how the implicit goal of professional identity development is achieved. It is relatively simple and can be updated over time. We must give priority to favorable conditions, such as the selection of medical-related narrative works conducive to CRD, and the construction of teaching teams to achieve the desired results.

The fact that most Chinese medical schools have a requirement to learn English is more conducive to developing CRD using the narrative medicine approach in interdisciplinary courses. Although change is necessary in language courses that seem to have nothing to do with medicine, it is particularly vital in changing teaching methods and establishing the implicit goal because traditional instructional practices often fail to use medical-related works to influence students’ perception of physician identity. Traditional grammar and vocabulary teaching is not enough as it is divorced from the actual needs of medical education. Therefore, by integrating curriculum and updating teaching methods, the study tries to narrow the gap in medical humanities education for pre-clinical students and provides some references for professional identity and professionalism.

Data availability

Due to conditions on participant consent and other ethical restrictions required by the funder and the medical school, the datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available. If you have any database data requirements, please contact the corresponding author of this study.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Teaching Commission of Hangzhou Medical College under Grant number XJJG202216.

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Shanshan Li

Faculty of Foreign Languages, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China

Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China

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Contributions

Shanshan Li substantially contributed to the conception, data collection, data analysis, interpretation, drafting, and critical revision of the paper. Libo Zhong substantially contributed to the conception, methodology, data collection, data analysis, review, and editing of the manuscript. Yaping Cai was involved in the data collection, data analysis, and interpretation of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the research.

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Correspondence to Shanshan Li .

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Li, S., Zhong, L. & Cai, Y. Collaborative reflection and discussion using the narrative medicine approach: speech acts and physician identity. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 11 , 651 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03046-w

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03046-w

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| 5.23.2024

Shruthi Kumar ’24, Senior English Address: “The Power of Not Knowing”

Amid divisions and uncertainties, finding “space for empathy, solidarity, and a willingness to listen”.

Return to main article:

As prepared for delivery.

The Power of Not Knowing

Today, we are celebrated for what we know. In fact, for most of our lives, we’ve learned to feel a sense of accomplishment from the awards, accolades, and honors that lined our childhood homes. How much we knew and how we leveraged it got us far. It got us here. But today, I want to convince you of something counterintuitive that I’ve learned from the Class of 2024: the power of not knowing.

I grew up in the Great Plains of Nebraska alongside cattle ranches and cornfields. As the eldest daughter of South Asian immigrants, I was the first in my family to go to college here in the US. There was a lot I didn’t know. When it came time, I asked my parents how to apply to colleges. They too said, “I don’t know.”

The words “I don’t know” used to make me feel powerless. Like there was no answer, and therefore, no way. As if I was admitting defeat.

From Nebraska to Harvard, I found myself redefining this feeling of not knowing. I discovered a newfound power in how much I didn’t know. I didn’t know a field called the “History of Science” even existed. I now find myself a graduate of the Department. In my freshman year of college, for the first time in my life, I was taught by a professor of color. A Historian of Science who made clear to me that history is just as much about the stories we don’t know as the stories we do.

In the History of Science, we often look for what is missing. What documents are not in the archives and whose voices are not captured in history? I’ve learned silence is rarely empty, often loud. What we don’t know can sometimes tell the most powerful story.

I learned this not only in the classroom, but also from the Class of 2024. In reflecting on our collective journey at Harvard, I’ve learned it's often the moments of uncertainty from which something greater than we could have ever imagined grows. Our class has experienced more than our fair share of the unknown.

Our first year, during COVID, we didn’t have Annenberg to meet 100 people in an hour and walk out remembering 5 names. We didn’t know what starting Harvard in the middle of a global pandemic would be like. So what did we do?Jefe’s became the new Annenberg, and we learned, in the midst of uncertainty, to connect differently, building quality over quantity in our friendships. In our sophomore year, Roe v. Wade was overturned and there was and still is, in many parts of the country, an omnipresent uncertainty in accessing reproductive healthcare. In our junior year, Harvard faced the Supreme Court and the decision to reverse affirmative action. Whether we realize it or not, we have been swimming in uncharted waters.

Which brings me to our senior year, a year on campus that has been marked by enormous uncertainty. In the fall, my name and identity alongside other black and brown students at Harvard was publically targeted. For many of us, students of color, doxxing left our jobs uncertain, our safety uncertain, our well-being uncertain.

Now, we are in a moment of intense division and disagreement in our community over the events in Gaza. I see pain, uncertainty, and unrest across campus. It’s now, in a moment like this, that the power of “not knowing” becomes critical.

Maybe we don’t know what it’s like to be ethnically targeted. Maybe we don’t know what it's like to come face to face with violence and death. But, we don’t have to know.

Solidarity is not dependent on what we know, because “not knowing” is an ethical stance. It creates space for empathy, solidarity, and a willingness to listen.

I don’t know – so I ask. I listen. I believe an important type of learning takes place, especially in moments of uncertainty, when we lean into conversations without assuming we have all the answers. Can we see humanity in people we don’t know? Can we feel the pain of people with whom we disagree?

As we graduate, what we know , our material knowledge, may not matter so much anymore. The truth is, it’s what we don’t know and how we navigate it that will set us apart moving forward.

Uncertainty is uncomfortable. But I encourage you to dive into the deep end of discomfort, and as you do, bring with you a Beginner’s mind, an ethic of not knowing.

As Emily Dickinson had said, “Not knowing when the Dawn will come, I open every Door.”

Thank you, and Congratulations Class of 2024!

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• Speech Writing /

Speech on Personal Hygiene in English for Students

• Updated on  
• May 22, 2024

How often do you wash your hands or take a shower each day? Your answer reflects your level of concern for personal hygiene. Personal hygiene involves keeping your body free of germs. This includes washing your hands, taking showers, covering your mouth or nose while sneezing, and more. In this discussion, we will cover a speech on personal hygiene, exploring all its important aspects.

2 Minute Speech on Personal Hygiene

Why is personal hygiene.

1. Regular Handwashing: Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially before eating, after using the restroom, and after coughing or sneezing. 

 2. Shower or Bath Daily: Cleanse your body with soap and water daily to remove sweat, dirt, and bacteria. 

 3. Oral Hygiene: Brush your teeth at least twice a day, floss daily, and use mouthwash to maintain good oral health.

 4. Trim Nails: Keep your nails short and clean to prevent the buildup of dirt and bacteria.

 5. Wear Clean Clothes: Change your clothes daily and wear clean undergarments to maintain hygiene and prevent body odour. 

 6. Hair Care: Wash your hair regularly with shampoo and conditioner to keep it clean and healthy.

 7. Proper Toilet Habits: Always wipe from front to back after using the restroom to prevent the spread of bacteria. 

 8. Properly Dispose of Waste: Dispose of used tissues, sanitary products, and other waste properly to maintain cleanliness and prevent the spread of germs. 

 9. Healthy Diet: Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to support overall health and hygiene. 

 10. Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to stay hydrated and support bodily functions, including maintaining healthy skin. 

A.1 Hygiene refers to the habit of keeping our bodies germ-free. Hygiene is crucial to stay fit and live a healthy life. Good hygiene practices lead to better health outcomes and improves our overall quality of life. This includes better physical health, fewer days lost to illness, and enhanced mental well-being due to reduced stress about health issues.

A.2 Hygiene refers to behaviours that can improve cleanliness and lead to good health. 

A.3 Hygiene practices, such as sanitation and personal cleanliness, play a crucial role in preventing the spread of diseases. The scope extends to global health initiatives, epidemiology, healthcare system improvement, and health equity.

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For more information on such interesting speech topics for your school, visit our speech writing page and follow Leverage Edu .

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The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington, DC 20500

Remarks by President   Biden at the Morehouse College Class of 2024 Commencement Address | Atlanta,   GA

Morehouse College Atlanta, Georgia

10:29 A.M. EDT

THE PRESIDENT:  Thank you.  (Applause.)  Thank you, thank you, thank you, President Thomas, faculty, staff, alumni.  And a special thanks — I’ll ask all the folks who helped you get here — your mothers, fathers, grandmothers, grandfathers — all those who got you here, all the way in the back, please, parents, grandparents, all who helped, stand up, because we owe you a debt of gratitude.  (Applause.)  To all the family.  And that is not hyperbole.  A lot of you, like my family, had to make significant sacrifices to get your kids to school.  It mattered.  This mattered a lot. And the friends of Morehouse and the Morehouse men of the Class of 2024.  I got more Morehouse men in the White House telling me what to do than I know what to do.  (Laughter.)  You all think I’m kidding, don’t you?  (Laughs.)  You know I’m not.  And it’s the best thing that’s happened to me.

Scripture says, “The prayers of a righteous man availeth much.”  In Augusta, Georgia, a righteous man once enslaved set foot for freedom.  The story goes he feared no evil; he walked through the valley of the shadow of death on his way north to free soil in Philadelphia.  A Baptist minister, he walked with faith in his soul, powering the steps of his feet to glory.  But after the Union won the war, he knew his prayers availed him freedom that was not his alone.  And so, this righteous man, Richard Coulter, returned home, his feet wary, his spirit in no ways tired.  A hundred and fifty-seven years ago — you all know the story, but the rest of the world doesn’t, and it should — in the basement of a Baptist church in Augusta, he and two other ministers, William Jefferson White and Edmund Turney, planted the seeds of something revolutionary — and it was at the time — a school — a school to help formerly enslaved men enter the ministry, where education would be the great equalizer from slavery to freedom — an institution of higher learning that would become Morehouse College.

I don’t know any other college in America that has that tradition and that consequence. To the Class of 2024, you join, as you know, a sacred tradition.  An education makes you free.  And Morehouse education makes you fearless.  (Applause.)  I mean it.  Visionary.  Exceptional.  Congratulations.  You are Morehouse men.  God love you.  (Applause.) 

And, again, I thank your families and your friends who helped you get here, because they made sacrifices for you as well. This graduation day is a day for generations, a day of joy, a day earned, not given.

We gather on this Sunday morning because — if we were in church, perhaps there would be this reflection.  There would be a reflection about resurrection and redemption.  Remember, Jesus was buried on Friday, and it was Sunday — on Sunday he rose again.  But — but we don’t talk enough about Saturday, when the discip- — his disciples felt all hope was lost.  In our lives and the lives of the nation, we have those Saturdays — to bear witness the day before glory, seeing people’s pain and not looking away.  But what work is done on Saturday to move pain to purpose?  How can faith get a man, get a nation through what was to come? 

Here’s what my faith has taught me. 

I was the first Biden to ever graduate from college, taking out loans with my dad and my — all through school to get me there.  My junior year spring break, I fell in love at first sight, literally, with a woman I adored.  I graduated from law school in her hometown, and I got married and took a job at a law firm in my hometown, Wilmington, Delaware.  But then everything changed. 

One of my heroes — and he was my hero — a Baptist minister, a Morehouse man, Dr. Martin Luther King — in April of my law school graduation year, he was murdered. 

My city of Wilmington — and we were a — to our great shame, a slave state, and we were segregated.  Delaware erupted into flames when he was assassinated, literally. 

We’re the only city in America where the National Guard patrolled every street corner for nine full months with drawn bayonets, the longest stretch in any American city since the Civil War.  Dr. le- — Dr. King’s legacy had a profound impact on me and my generation, whether you’re Black or white.  I left the fancy law firm I had just joined and decided to become a public defender and then a county councilman, working to change our state’s politics to embrace the cause of civil rights.  The Democratic Party in Delaware was a Southern Democratic Party at the time.  We wanted to change it to become a Northeastern Democratic Party. 

Then, we were trying to get someone to run for the United States Senate the year Nixon ran.  I was 29 years of age.  I had no notion of running — I love reading about everybody knew I was going to run; I didn’t know I was going to run — (laughter) — when a group of senior members of the Democratic Party came to me.  They couldn’t find anybody to run and said, “You should run.”  Nixon won my state by 60 percent of the vote.  We won by 3,100 votes.  We won by the thinnest of margins but with a broad coalition, including students from the best HBCU in America, Delaware State University.  You guys are good, but — (laughter) — they got me elected.  And you all — you all think I’m kidding.  (Laughter.)  I’m not kidding. But by Christmas, I was a newly elected senator hiring staff in Washington, D.C., when I got a call from the first responders, my fire department in my hometown, that forever altered my life.  They put a young woman first responder on the line to say, “There was an automobile accident.  A tractor-trailer hit your wife’s car while she was Christmas shopping with your three children.”  And she — poor woman, she just blurted out.  She said, “Your wife and daughter are killed” — my 13-month-old daughter — “they’re dead, and your almost three-year-old and four-year-old sons are badly injured.  We’re not sure they’re going to make it, either.”  I rushed from Washington to their bedside.  I wanted to pray, but I was so angry.  I was angry at God.  I was angry at the world.

I had the same pain 43 years later when that four-year-old boy who survived was a grown man and a father himself, laying in another hospital bed at Walter Reed hospital having contracted stage four glioblastoma because he was a year in Iraq as a major — he won the Bronze Star — living next to a burn pit.  Cancer took his last breath. On this walk of life, you can understand — you come to understand that we don’t know where or what fate will bring you or when.  But we also know we don’t walk alone.  When you’ve been a beneficiary of the compassion of your family, your friends, even strangers, you know how much the compassion matters.  I’ve learned there is no easy optimism, but by faith — by faith, we can find redemption. 

I was a single father for five years — 

No man deserves one great love, let alone two.  My youngest brother, who was a hell of an athlete, did a great thing.  He introduced me to a classmate of his and said, “You’ll love her; she doesn’t like politics.”  (Laughter.)  But all kidding aside, until I met Jill, who healed — who healed the family in all the broken places.  Our family became my redemption.  Many of you have gone through similar or worse — and even worse things.  But you lean on others, they lean on you, and together, you keep the faith in a better day tomorrow.  But it’s not easy.

I know four years ago, as some of your speakers have already mentioned, it felt like one of those Saturdays.  

The pandemic robbed you of so much.  Some of you lost loved ones — mothers, fathers, brothers, sisters, who were — aren’t able to be here to celebrate with you today — today.  You missed your high school graduation.  You started college just as George Floyd was murdered and there was a reckoning on race. 

It’s natural to wonder if democracy you hear about actually works for you. 

What is democracy if Black men are being killed in the street? 

What is democracy if a trail of broken promises still leave Black — Black communities behind? 

What is democracy if you have to be 10 times better than anyone else to get a fair shot? 

And most of all, what does it mean, as we’ve heard before, to be a Black man who loves his country even if it doesn’t love him back in equal measure?  (Applause.)

When I sit behind the Resolute Desk in the Oval Office, in front of the fireplace across from my — my desk, I have two busts: one of Dr. King and one of Bobby Kennedy.  I often find myself looking at those busts and making decisions.  I ask myself: Are we living up to what we say we are as a nation, to end racism and poverty, to deliver jobs and justice, to restore our leadership in the world?  Then I look down and see the rosary on my wrist that was out of — my late son, he had on him when he w- — died at Walter Reed and I was with him.  And I ask myself: What would he say?  I know the answer because he told me in his last days. 

My son knew the days were numbered.  The last conversation was, “Dad, I’m not afraid, but I’m worried.  I’m worried you’re going to give up when I go.  You’re going to give up.” We have an expression in the Biden family.  When you want someone to know — give you their word, you say, “Look at me.”  He was lying to me — he said, “Look at me, Dad.  Look at me.” 

He said, “Give me your word.  Give me your word as my father that you will not quit, that you will stay engaged.  Promise me, Dad.  Stay engaged.  Promise me.  Promise me.” I wrote a book called “Promise Me, Dad,” not for the public at large, although a lot of people would end up buying it.  It’s for my grandchildren and great-grandchildren to know who Beau Biden was. 

The rosary on the — my wrist, the bust in my office remind me that faith asks you to hold on to hope, to move heaven and earth to make better days.  Well, that’s my commitment to you: to show you democracy, democracy, democracy is still the way.

If Black men are being killed on the streets, we bear witness.  For me, that means to call out the poison of white supremacy, to root out systemic racism. 

I stood up for George — with George Floyd’s family to help create a country where you don’t need to have that talk with your son or grandson as they get pulled over.

Instead of a trail of broken promises, we’re investing more money than ever in Black families and Black communities.  We’re reconnecting Black neighborhoods cut off by old highways and decades of disinvestment where no one cared about the community. 

We’ve delivered checks in pockets to reduce child — Black child poverty to the lowest rate in history.  We’re removing every lead pipe in America so every child can drink clean water without fear of brain damage, and then can’t afford to remove the lead pipes themselves. 

We’re delivering affordable high-speed Internet so no child has to sit in their parents’ car or do their homework in a parking lot outside of McDonald’s.

Instead of forcing you to prove you’re 10 times better, we’re breaking down doors so you have 100 times more opportunities: good-paying jobs you can raise a family on in your neighborhood — (applause); capital to start small business and loans to buy homes; health insurance, prescriptions drugs, housing that’s more affordable and accessible.

I’ve walked the picket line and defended the rights of workers.  I’m relieving the burden of student debt — many of you have already had the benefit of it — (applause) — so I [you] can chase your dreams and grow the economy.  When the Supreme Court told me I couldn’t, I found two other ways to do it.  (Applause.)  And we were able to do it, because it grows the economy.  And I — in addition to the original $7 billion investment in HBCUs, I’m investing 16 billion  more dollars — (applause) — more in our history, because you’re vital to our nation.  Most HBCUs don’t have the endowments.  The jobs of the future require sophisticated laboratories, sophisticated oppor- — opportunity on campus.  We’re opening doors so you can walk into a life of generational wealth, to be providers and leaders for your families and communities.  Today, record numbers of Black Americans have jobs, health insurance, and more [wealth] than ever.

Democracy is also about hearing and heeding your generation’s call to a community free of gun violence and a planet free of climate crisis and showing your power to change the world.

But I also know some of you ask: What is democracy if we can’t stop wars that break out and break our hearts?

In a democracy, we debate and dissent about America’s role in the world. 

I want to say this very clearly.  I support peaceful, nonviolent protest.  Your voices should be heard, and I promise you I hear them.  I determined to make my c- — my administration look like America.  I have more African Americans in high places, including on the Court, than any president in American history — (applause) — because I need the input. What’s happening in Gaza and Israel is heartbreaking.  Hamas’s vicious attack on Israel, killing innocent lives and holding people hostage.  I was there nine days after, s- — pictures of tying a mother and a daughter with a rope, pouring kerosene on them, burning them and watching as they died.  Innocent Palestinians caught in the middle of all this: men, women, and children killed or displaced in despite — in desperate need of water, food, and medicine.  It’s a humanitarian crisis in Gaza.  That’s why I’ve called for an immediate ceasefire — an immediate ceasefire to stop the fighting — (applause) — bring the hostages home.  And I’ve been working on a deal as we speak, working around the clock to lead an international effort to get more aid into Gaza, rebuild Gaza.   I’m also working around the clock for more than just one ceasefire.  I’m working to bring the region together.  I’m working to build a lasting, durable peace.  Because the question is, as you see what’s going on in Israel today: What after?  What after Hamas?  What happens then?  What happens in Gaza?  What rights do the Palestinian people have?  I’m working to make sure we finally get a two-state solution — the only solution — (applause) — for two people to live in peace, security, and dignity.  This is one of the hardest, most complicated problems in the world.  And there’s nothing easy about it.  I know it angered and frustrates many of you, including my family.  But most of all, I know it breaks your heart.  It breaks mine as well.  Leadership is about fighting through the most intractable problems.  It’s about challenging anger, frustration, and heartbreak to find a solution.  It’s about doing what you believe is right, even when it’s hard and lonely. You’re all future leaders, every one of you graduating today.  And that’s not hyperbole.  You’re future leaders, all of you.  You’ll face complicated, tough moments.  In these moments, you’ll listen to others, but you’ll have to decide, guided by knowledge, conviction, principle, and your own moral compass.

And the desire to know what freedom is, what it can be is the heart and soul of why this college was founded in the first place, proving that a free nation is born in the hearts of men spellbound by freedom.  But the — that’s the magic of Morehouse.  That’s the magic of America.

But let’s be clear what happens to you and your family when old ghosts in new garments seize power, extremists come for the freedoms you thought belonged to you and everyone. 

Today in Georgia, they won’t allow water to be available to you while you wait in line to vote in an election.  What in the hell is that all about?  (Applause.)  I’m serious.  Think about it.  And then the constant attacks on Black election workers who count your vote.

Insurrectionists who storm the Capitol with Confederate flags are called “patriots” by some.  Not in my house.  (Applause.)  Black police officers, Black veterans protecting the Capitol were called another word, as you’ll recall. 

They also say out loud, these other groups, immigrants “poison the blood” of our country, like the Grand Wizard and fascists said in the past.  But you know and I know we all bleed the same color.  In America, we’re all created equal.  (Applause.)

Extremists close the doors of opportunity; strike down affirmative action; attack the values of diversity, equality, and inclusion. 

I never thought when I was graduating in 1968 — as your honoree just was — we talked about — I never thought I’d be in — present in a time when there’s a national effort to ban books — not to write history but to erase history.  They don’t see you in the future of America.  But they’re wrong.  To me, we make history, not erase it.  We know Black history is American history.  (Applause.)  Many of you graduates don’t know me, but check my record, you’ll know what I’m saying I mean from my gut. 

And we know Black men are going to help us, lead us to the future — Black men from this class, in this university.  (Applause.)  

But, graduates, this is what we’re up against: extremist forces aligned against the meaning and message of Morehouse.  And they peddle a fiction, a caricature what being a man is about — tough talk, abusing power, bigotry.  Their idea of being a man is toxic.  I ran into them all the time when I was younger.  They got — all right, I don’t want to get started.  (Laughter.)  But that’s not you.  It’s not us.  You all know and demonstrate what it really means to be a man.  Being a man is about the strength of respect and dignity.  It’s about showing up because it’s too late if you have to ask.  It’s about giving hate no safe harbor and leaving no one behind and defending freedoms.  It’s about standing up to the abuse of power, whether physical, economic, or psychological.  It’s about knowing faith without works is dead.  (Applause.)

Look — and you’re doing the work.  Today, I look out at all you graduates and I see the next generation of Morehouse men who are doctors and researchers curing cancer; artists shaping our culture; fearless journalists and intellectuals challenging convention.  I see preachers and advocates who might even join another Morehouse man in the United States Senate.  You can clap for him.  He’s a good man.  (Applause.) 

As I said, I’m proud to have the most diverse administration in history to tap into the full talents of our nation.  I’m also proud of putting the first Black woman on the United States Supreme Court.  (Applause.)  And I have no doubt, one day a Morehouse man will be on that Court as well.  (Applause.)  You know it.

I’ve been vice president to the first Black president and become my close friend and president to the first woman vice president.  (Applause.)  Wh- — I have no idea — no doubt that a Morehouse man will be president one day, just after an AKA from Howard.  (Laughter and applause.)  She’s tough, guys.  (Laughter.)

Look, let me close with this.  I know I don’t look like I’ve been around very long.  (Laughter.)  (The President makes the sign of the cross.)  But in my career, for the first 30 years, I was told, “You’re too young, kid.”  They used to stop me from getting on the Senate elevator when I first got there, for real.  Now, I’m too old.  Whether you’re young or old, I know what endures: The strength and wisdom of faith endures.  And I hope — my hope for you is — my challenge to you is that you still keep the faith so long as you can.  That cap on your head proves you’ve earned your crown.  The question is now, 25 years from now, 50 years from now, when you’re asked to stand and address the next generation of Morehouse men, what will you say you did with that power you’ve earned?  What will you say you’ve done for your family, for your community, your country when it mattered most?  I know what we can do.  Together, we’re capable of building a democracy worthy of our dreams; a future where every — even more of your brothers and sisters can follow their dreams; a boundless future where your legacies lift us up t- — so those who follow; a bigger, brighter future that proves the American Dream is big enough for everyone to succeed.

Class of 2024, four years ago, it felt probably like Saturday.  Four years later, you made it to Sunday, to commencement, to the beginning.  And with faith and determination, you can push the sun above the horizon once more.  You can reveal a light hope — and that’s not — I’m not kidding — for yourself and for your nation.  “The prayers of a righteous man availeth much.”  A righteous man.  A good man.  A Morehouse man.  God bless you all.  We’re expecting a lot from you. Thank you.  (Applause.)

10:55 A.M. EDT

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Gaza campus protests: what are students’ free speech rights and what can universities do?

Lecturer in Political Theory and Philosophy, Queen's University Belfast

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Suzanne Whitten does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Queen's University Belfast provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation UK.

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Students expressing solidarity with Palestinians and protesting Israel’s war in Gaza have set up encampments on campuses around the UK. Around 15 encampments have emerged in Oxford , Cambridge , Edinburgh , Warwick Manchester and others. They’ve also emerged in other countries including France and Ireland .

Broadly, students are calling for transparency over and divestment from universities’ financial links with Israeli companies (particularly those involved in the arms industry). They are demanding university leaders cut ties with Israeli universities, increase resources (including scholarships for Palestinian students and make long-term commitments relating to the rebuilding of higher education in Palestine.

The encampments follow similar action at more than 140 universities in the US. There, scenes of police arresting protesters have sparked intense debate about when (if ever) it is permissible to limit the free expression of students.

Read more: US student Gaza protests: five things that have been missed

Universities have a difficult balance to strike between protecting student speech rights and ensuring campus safety.

In the US, public universities (as “arms of government”) are prevented from interfering with free speech under the constitution’s first amendment. While this doesn’t apply in the same way to private universities, most have agreed to uphold policies that closely resemble it. These rights must be balanced against reasonable considerations about the time, place and manner of the speech, as well as civil rights laws against harassment.

The UK does not have the same free speech protections, but many university leaders have made clear that their institutions support freedom of expression . They have reminded students of their duties to ensure that protest activities remain lawful and do not risk the safety of others.

They have encouraged students to follow university policy , and be mindful of other students, staff and members of the public. This generally means that they should not obstruct their access to work or get in the way of their education.

Rishi Sunak met with 17 vice-chancellors and representatives from the Union of Jewish Students (UJS), seeking reassurance that any antisemitism arising from the protests would be swiftly dealt with. And the education secretary, Gillian Keegan, called for vice-chancellors to “show leadership” to ensure that campuses are a safe place for all students.

Are the protests legal?

Protests that take place on university campuses in the UK are considered legal exercises of the right to freedom of expression. The rights of freedom of expression and freedom of assembly are protected by the European Convention on Human Rights, which is enshrined in UK law under the Human Rights Act .

These rights are further reinforced by a 1986 UK education law , which requires universities to take “reasonably practicable” steps to protect freedom of speech on campus. This includes permitting and facilitating the right to protest.

There are notable exceptions. In England and Wales, speech that incites violence is considered unlawful, as is harassment on the basis of protected characteristics (race, religion, sexuality and so on). The law is slightly different in Scotland and Northern Ireland .

Expressed support for one of the UK government’s 79 proscribed organisations (including Hezbollah and Hamas) is also criminalised by the Terrorism Act .

When it comes to semi-permanent occupations, duties to facilitate freedom of expression will be in tension with universities’ obligations to keep students and staff safe. Sally Mapstone, the president of the vice-chancellors’ group Universities UK, said universities “may need to take action ” if encampments interfere with the ability to take exams, graduate or go about other business.

In the past, universities have ended occupations by applying for a “possession order” from the High Court. This can lead to students being removed by bailiffs, as happened in March 2023 when the University of Bristol evicted students taking part in a rent strike.

In April 2024 , Bristol Students Occupy for Palestine ended a four-week occupation of the university’s executive management building after they were served with a possession order.

Any universities that take this route would need to show that they have considered protestors’ freedom of expression and assembly rights , and that these have been outweighed by other competing obligations.

The encampments could also risk breaching the Police Crime Sentencing and Courts Act and the Public Order Act, introduced in 2022 and 2023. These controversial laws limit noisy protests and make it unlawful to cause “public nuisance”.

They also ban protests that cause serious disruption to the life of the community , including by tunnelling , locking-on and taking part in slow-walking protests . Again, any interventions (from either the university or the police) must be weighed against the freedom of expression rights of protesters.

Successful negotiations

So far, some of the protests have been successful. Management at Goldsmiths, University of London agreed to protesters’ demands, including investing in a number of scholarships for Palestinian students and reviewing the university’s investment policy. The encampment at Trinity College Dublin has ended after the university agreed to divest from “Israeli companies that have activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory and appear on the UN blacklist in this regard”.

The University of York has also agreed to divest from weapons manufacturers. Other universities have established meetings between protesters and management, though most negotiations are still in the early stages.

Apart from upholding their legal obligations, universities should maintain open lines of dialogue with protesters. Doing so is not only essential from a safety perspective, but ensures that all are able to exercise their rights effectively. So far, most universities have been clear about their commitment to free expression, acknowledging lawful protest as a fundamental component of university life.

The free exchange of ideas will often make some people feel uncomfortable . But speech which harasses or threatens others is not only unlawful, it prevents them from taking part in university life as equals. Universities must also offer accessible channels of complaint for students and staff who have experienced abuse from others on campus.

• UK higher education
• Student protests
• UK universities
• Campus free speech
• encampments
• Gaza Protests

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