short essay on kushal konwar

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Saluting the Legacy of Kushal Konwar: An Inspirational Indian Freedom Fighter from Assam

Priyal Dholakia {Assistant Editor)

In the annals of Indian history, there are countless stories of valiant individuals who fearlessly stood against the oppressive forces of colonial rule. Among these luminous figures, Kushal Konwar emerges as a beacon of courage and determination. Hailing from the picturesque state of Assam, Kushal Konwar’s legacy is a testament to his unwavering commitment to the cause of India’s independence. In this comprehensive article, we delve deep into the life, struggles, and contributions of this remarkable Indian freedom fighter, aiming not only to inform but also to inspire.

Early Life and Guiding Values

Born on March 21, 1905, in the quaint village of Chaodang Chariali in Ghiladhari Mouza (Sivasagar district) in Assam, Kushal Konwar’s journey towards becoming an iconic freedom fighter began amidst the lush landscapes and cultural richness of the region. Growing up in the lap of nature, Konwar imbibed the values of freedom, justice, and equality from an early age. His upbringing in the culturally diverse milieu of Assam sowed the seeds of his later activism. 

In addition to nationalistic and patriotic activism, Konwar lived by many other ideals. He was a devout follower of the principles and teachings enshrined in the Bhagavad Gita. He was also an ardent admirer and scholar of ancient Hindu scriptures and Vedic philosophies. Besides, Konwar even embraced a vegetarian lifestyle and pledged to never consume any form of meat throughout his entire life. Additionally, he shunned the consumption of salt after the Salt Satyagraha of 1930.  

A Spark Ignites: Role in the Freedom Struggle

The clarion call for India’s independence sparked Kushal Konwar’s entry into the world of activism. He joined the Indian National Congress during his college years, a pivotal moment that marked the beginning of his tireless commitment to the cause. His eloquence, determination, and charisma swiftly earned him recognition as a leader within the local movement.

Pivotal Contributions and Sacrifices

Konwar’s contributions to the struggle for independence were manifold. He organised peaceful protests, delivered stirring speeches, and mobilised the masses to unite against colonial oppression. His efforts led to the formation of social and political awareness groups that aimed to awaken the masses to the injustices faced by the country under foreign rule. Kushal Konwar’s unwavering dedication saw him make personal sacrifices, including imprisonment, to uphold the values he held dear.

The Iconic “Quit India” Movement

One of the most defining moments in Kushal Konwar’s journey was his active involvement in the historic Quit India Movement of 1942. Konwar led protests and strikes all over Assam during this movement, which Mahatma Gandhi was the driving force behind. His role in the Quit India Movement not only galvanised the local population but also drew international attention to the plight of Indians under colonial subjugation.

Legacy and Inspiration

As a part of the Quit India Movement, a military train derailment was planned and executed in Assam (at Sarupathar station), in which many British soldiers lost their lives. This derailment was an endeavour by Indian freedom fighters to challenge British authority and supremacy. Konwar was convicted as one of the prime leaders heading this mission. This led to his detention and imprisonment by British officials. At the young age of 38, Kushal Konwar tragically lost his life when the British hanged him in Jorhat Jail in 1943. However, his legacy continued to inspire generations to come. His selfless dedication to the cause of freedom, his ability to connect with people from all walks of life, and his indomitable spirit remain etched in the hearts of millions.

Recognising His Contributions

In recognition of his exceptional contributions, several institutions, roads, and buildings across Assam have been named after Kushal Konwar. His memory lives on in the cultural fabric of the state and in the minds of those who continue to draw inspiration from his life story.

The Journey Forward

Kushal Konwar’s journey exemplifies the power of an individual’s resolve in the face of adversity. His story serves as a reminder that true change begins with the determination of a few to stand up against injustice. As we remember his legacy, let us also draw lessons from his life—lessons of unity, sacrifice, and unwavering dedication.

In conclusion, Kushal Konwar’s story stands as a testament to the strength of character, resilience, and dedication that fueled the fight for India’s independence. His legacy continues to inspire and ignite the flame of patriotism in the hearts of Indians across the nation. Let us honour his memory by embracing the values he held dear and by perpetuating the spirit of unity and freedom that he championed.

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• Kushal Konwar

Kushal Konwar (1905 -1943) was an Assamese freedom fighter and the only martyr of the Quit India movement in India. He was a true patriot and follower of Gandhian philosophy of non-violence. Though he was not directly involved, British hanged Kushal Konwar in relation to the famous Sarupathar derailment of October 10, 1942. Assams.info is presenting a brief biography of Kushal Konwar.

Kushal Konwar was born on March 21, 1905 at Balijan Chariali near Sarupathar in Golaghat district of Assam. His father was Sonaram Konwar and his mother’s name was Konpahi. Kushal Konwar started his schooling from Baligaon School. After finishing primary education, he got enrolled in Bezbaruah English School at Golaghat. At that time, Non-cooperation movement started all across India and Kushal Konwar joined the movement

Service Life:

In 1925, Kushal Konwar started a school of his own at Bengmai. But due to financial constraints he had to abandon the noble project. Kushal Konwar later joined Balijan Tea Estate as a Clerk. But the patriot inside forced him to leave the job. In 1936, Kushal Konwar left the tea garden job and devoted himself fully in the Indian freedom movement.

Quit India Movement

In 1942, Quit India movement started and ‘Do or die’ became the motto of the patriots. Though Mahatma Gandhi advocated the philosophy of non-violence, many patriots adopted armed and subversive techniques. So, August Revolution started. In Assam , ‘Santi Sena’ (peace force) and ‘Mrityu Bahini’ (death squad) of Congress took active part in the movement. Kushal Konwar took the side of Santi Sena and became the Secretary of Sarupathar Congress.

On October 10, 1942 at 1.42 AM, few members of Sarupathar Mrityu Bahini derailed a military train near Sarupathar. The train was carrying British and American soldiers. A considerable amount of soldiers died in the Sarupathar derailment. Soon, British military cordoned off the whole Sarupathar area and many people got harassed and arrested by the police. Kushal Konwar was one of them.

Trial and Hanging

On October 13, 2942, police arrested Kushal Konwar when he was on his way to Sarupathar railway station. On March 6, 1943, hearing of Kushal Konwar started in the court of C. A. Humphrey, the Deputy Commissioner of Sibsagar district. Several advocated defended Kushal Konwar. Also there was no proof against him. But one Pulin Barua of Sarupathar Santi Bahini became approver in the case. In the mock trial, judge C. A. Humphrey sentenced four persons to be hanged by neck till death. They were Kushal Konwar, Kanakeswar Konwar, Dharmakanta Deka and Ghanashyam Saikia.

Though innocent, Kushal Konwar accepted the illegal or unlawful sentence. Except Kushal Konwar, other three got their sentence commuted to 10 years of rigorous imprisonment due to mercy petition. British hanged Kushal Konwar in Jorhat Jail, on 15 June 1943, at 4.30 AM. Before hanging, Kushal Konwar read some selected verses of Gita and prayed to the God.

Kushal Konwar was neither an extraordinarily popular leader, nor a revolutionary. But he was a ‘True Patriot’. He loved his country and it’s people. That’s why he accepted the sentence of illegal trial. He sacrificed his life happily for the freedom and happiness of his countrymen.

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3 comments in “ Kushal Konwar ”

Thanks for uploading.

Pey ong lei chao kushal khunchow

Thanks Admin… Bt expect a lit bit more about this great patriot…..

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Priyanka Rout

The Fearless Golden Girl Of India’s Freedom Struggle

India’s freedom struggle boasts of the supreme sacrifices of men. While men were arrested during the struggle, a large number of women too came to the forefront to support the movement. Indian History narrates the tales of legendary women like Aruna Asaf Ali, Sarojini Naidu, Sucheta Kripalini but forgets the contributions of women like Kanaklata Barua, who attained martyrdom in their teens.

Kanaklata Barua: The Woman Who Dared To Dream; Image Source: Officers Pulse

It was in the 1940s when India’s freedom struggle was at its peak. The young blood of the country was getting restless to attain freedom from the cruel clutches of the Britishers. A group of youngsters had come together to form a band named Mrityu Bahini , in Gohpur, with determination to lay down their lives for the nation. The youngsters were quite excited to hear Mahatma Gandhi’s action plan at Gowalia Tank, but little did they know of the circumstances waiting for them. The very next day, Gandhiji and several other freedom fighters were arrested by the police officials and the Indian National Congress, along with public gatherings, was also banned.

On the other hand, the youngsters who were eagerly waiting to hear Gandhiji’s plans had no clue of the arrests that took place. Mukunda Kakati, a member of Mrityu Bahini , asked, “But what did the Mahatma say? What does he want us to do?” But the newspapers were banned from printing the message of Gandhi, and only those who themselves attended the meeting knew about the message of Gandhi. They made several copies of this message and sent it to different parts of the country.

One such copy reached Gohpur through the hands of a young lad. Kanaklata Barua, another member of Mrityu Bahini, snatched the paper and spoke the message of Gandhi in a clear and confident voice.

“ This is the mantra Mahatma has given us. He wants us to carry it in our hearts. The mantra is: Do or Die. We shall either free India or die in the attempt. We shall not live to see the continuation of our slavery. ”

In response, Mukund shouted, “ We are free. We don’t need anyone to give us freedom. We give freedom unto ourselves. We are free. ” Kanaklata added, “ The British will no longer order us. We refuse to accept them as our Masters. ” A youngster chipped in, “ If we are free, why do we see the British flag flying in Gohpur? ”

“ Let’s set it right. We shall fly our national flag, the Tricolour, in its place ,” said Kanaklata Barua.

India’s freedom struggle was in its last phase, and women from all over the country came together to play a pivotal role in it. Inspired by them, a 17-year old patriot from Assam realised that her contribution too would be necessary for the country to be free. But who was Kanaklata Barua, a teenager who had this burning desire to eliminate the Britishers from her motherland?

Born in the Borangabari village of the undivided Darrang district of Assam, Kanak was the eldest child of Krishna Kanta and Karneshwari Barua. While her grandfather Ghana Kanta Barua was a famous hunter of Darrang, her ancestors were from the mighty Dolakasharia Barua kingdom of the Ahom state. Her ancestors renounced the Dolakasharia title and adopted the Barua title. Her father was a farmer, and her family led a simple life with modest means.

Tragedy stuck Kanaklata when her mother died when she was just five years old. With two younger sisters to take care of, Lata became a motherly figure for them. Though her father remarried, he too died when she was a teenager. Left alone with her stepmother, her two younger sisters, and three step-siblings, they faced a lot of hardships. Lack of finances and responsibility of all the members of the household made her mature at quite a young age. Kanak was not able to complete her education and had to drop out of school after third grade to earn for her family.

From quite a young age, Lata was inspired by freedom fighters such as Mahatma Gandhi, Kiran Bala Bora, Ambika Kataki Aidew, Bishnu Prabha Rabha, and Jyoti Prasad Agarwala. During the year 1919, the horrifying incident of Jallianwalla Bagh took place, which further spread the spirit of the freedom movement throughout the country. At the same time, the Non-Cooperation Movement also took momentum to persuade the Britishers to grant Swaraj. The nation’s outcry to gain freedom as soon as possible grew to such an extent that it spread like wildfire across all the states, including Assam. People took part in the Non-Cooperation Movement wholeheartedly and boycotted all the British-origin products along with social, political, economic and educational institutions. However, the movement was withdrawn after the Chauri Chaura incident.

In the year 1942, Gandhi launched yet another campaign called the Quit India Movement with the call “Do or Die”, which finally brought in freedom from the British Raj. The patriotic waves surged in the country, with Assam getting involved in it with full enthusiasm. Initially, the freedom movement in Assam started in a very peaceful manner, but with time, it grew violent. Many Congress leaders of Assam were arrested, and the Britishers too increased the atrocities on the citizens of Assam. Finally, the Congress organised a group named Mrityu Bahini, and they were involved in various revolutionist activities like derailing and burning trains, attacking army outposts and snapping communication channels.

With tricolour in her hands, she marched fearlessly. Suddenly, the officers opened fire on the crowd and Barua too was hit by the bullet on her chest. The national flag in her hand still did not waver as she fell with a thud on the ground. A local activist named Mukund Kakoti took the flag from her hands to hoist it, but he too was shot dead. Kanak’s body was brought to her home at Barangabari and cremated at her own homeland.

The tragic martyrdom of Kanaklata Barua at the gentle age of 17 made her a household call in Assam. She has posthumously been given the titles ‘Shaheed’ and ‘Birbala’, which means ‘martyr’ and ‘courageous girl’, the primary of many accolades. An Indian Coast guard speedy Patrol Vessel changed into named after her in 1997, and a huge statue of her became unveiled in 2011, in a rock lawn known as ‘Kanaklata Udyan’, in Gauripur (formerly Gohpur), Tezpur. The teenage patriot’s unusual courage has also been immortalised within the Assamese film Epaah Phulil Epaah Xoril, directed by way of Chandra Mudoi, and launched in Hindi as Purab ki Aawaz. She remains, even to the present time, one of Assam’s icons.

Kushal Konwar, who was the then president of the local Congress committee, was falsely accused of derailing a train that killed many British officers. Though Kushal was an ardent believer of non-violence, he was still hanged by the firangis . This action by the Britishers enraged the activists of the Gohpur division, and they started unfurling the national flags in all the prominent places of Assam.

Kanaklata was a member of the Mrityu Bahini and was leading the women volunteers. No one in her family knew about this. Even though Barua was initially refused to join the Azad Hind Fauj as she was underage, her spirit to fight did not deter her as she officially enrolled her name in the Mrityu Bahini group despite being seventeen years old.

It was the early morning of 20 September 1942 when Kanak completed all her household chores, fed her brothers and sisters, and told them mournfully that she might not return again. Coming out of her house, she joined the picketers at Barangabari Chariali. She stood at the head of the women volunteers line, and all of them proceeded towards the Gohpur Police Station. Their main aim was to launch the flag at the British dominated police station by following Gandhi’s principle of non-violence. The group was joined by many other volunteers on the ways, and together, they shouted in unity- “ British imperialists should go back ” and “ Freedom is our birthright. ”

While they were approaching the police station, Rebati Mahan Som, the officer in charge, warned them about the deadly consequences if they followed their plans. But Kanaklata paid no heed and shouted back, “ You do your duty, and I will do mine. ”

When Kanak and Mukund held the pride of our country in their hands; Image Source: Katha Kids.

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Kushal Konwar Biography in Assamese। কুশল কোঁৱৰৰ জীৱনী

কুশল কোঁৱৰ অসমৰ এজন ভাৰতীয়-অসমী স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী আছিল আৰু তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ একমাত্ৰ শ্বহীদ আছিল যাক ১৯৪২-৪৩ চনৰ ভাৰত ত্যাগ আন্দোলনৰ অন্তিম পৰ্যায়ত ফাঁচী দিয়া হৈছিল।

Table of Contents

প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন, শিক্ষা আৰু কাম Kushal Konwar Biography in Assamese

কুশল কোঁৱৰৰ জন্ম হৈছিল ১৯০৫ চনৰ ২১ মাৰ্চত অসমৰ আধুনিক গোলাঘাট জিলাৰ সৰুপথাৰৰ ওচৰৰ বালিজানত। তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালটো নাথ ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজপৰিয়ালৰ পৰা আহিছিল আৰু “কোঁৱৰ” উপাধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, যাক পিছলৈ এৰি দিয়া হৈছিল। কুশলে বেজবৰুৱা বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িছিল। ১৯২১ চনত স্কুলত থাকোতে গান্ধীজীৰ অসহযোগ আন্দোলনৰ আহ্বানৰ দ্বাৰা তেওঁ অনুপ্ৰাণিত হয় আৰু ইয়াত সক্ৰিয় অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। গান্ধীজীৰ স্বৰাজ, সত্য আৰু অহিংসাৰ আদৰ্শৰ দ্বাৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত হৈ কোঁৱৰে বেংমাইত এখন প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয় স্থাপন কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ সন্মানীয় শিক্ষক হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰে। পিছত, তেওঁ বালিজান টি ইষ্টেটত কেৰাণী হিচাপে যোগদান কৰে য’ত তেওঁ কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, স্বাধীনতাৰ আত্মা আৰু মহাত্মা গান্ধীৰ আহ্বানে তেওঁক স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনত নিজকে আন্তৰিকতাৰে সমৰ্পিত কৰিবলৈ অনুপ্ৰাণিত কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কংগ্ৰেছ দলৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল আৰু সত্যাগ্ৰহত সৰুপথাৰ অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলক নেতৃত্ব দিছিল আৰু ব্ৰিটিছৰ বিৰুদ্ধে অসহযোগ আন্দোলন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ সৰুপথাৰ কংগ্ৰেছ কমিটিৰ সভাপতি নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। Kushal Konwar Biography in Assamese

ৰাজকীয় বংশ

কুশল কোঁৱৰৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক ১৯০৫ চনত গোলাঘাট জিলাৰ ঘিলাধাৰী মৌজাৰ (পূৰ্বতে গীতাগাৰ জিলাৰ অন্তৰ্গত) নামৰ গাওঁখনত মধ্যবিত্ত পিতৃ-মাতৃৰ জন্ম হোৱা বুঢ়া-মাতৃৰ পৰা পোৱা যায়, কুশল কোঁৱৰ তেওঁৰ সময়ৰ আন যুৱকসকলৰ দৰেই আছিল, যি এক শান্ত পাৰিবাৰিক জীৱন যাপন কৰিছিল। কিন্তু ১৯২৫ চনৰ পৰা তেওঁ মহাত্মা গান্ধীৰ প্ৰভাৱত আহে আৰু ইয়াৰ ফলত তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ গতিপথ সলনি হয়। তেতিয়াৰ পৰা, কুশল কোঁৱৰে নিৰামিষভোজী হৈ থকাৰ প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিছিল আৰু শ্ৰীমদ ভগৱাদ গীতাক তেওঁৰ একমাত্ৰ সংগী হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। ১৯৩১ চনত গান্ধীজীৰ নেতৃত্বত নিমখ সত্যাগ্ৰহৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি, কোঁৱৰে আনকি নিমখ গ্ৰহণ কৰাও বন্ধ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জীৱনৰ শেষ মুহূৰ্তলৈকে এই প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিবোৰ পালন কৰিছিল। কুশল কোঁৱৰ সৰুতে শান্ত আৰু সত্যপ্ৰেমী আছিল – তেওঁ তেওঁৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃ সোণাৰাম কোঁৱৰ আৰু কানকেশ্বৰী কোঁৱৰৰ পৰা উত্তৰাধিকাৰী হিচাপে লাভ কৰা বিশেষত্ববোৰ। পিতৃ-মাতৃৰ পঞ্চম সন্তান কুশল কোঁৱৰে ১৯১৮ চনত প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে আৰু গোলাঘাটৰ বেজবৰুৱা মধ্য ইংৰাজী বিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰে

ভাৰত ত্যাগ আন্দোলন

১৯৪২ চনৰ ৮ আগষ্টত কংগ্ৰেছ ৱৰ্কিং কমিটিয়ে বোম্বাইত অনুষ্ঠিত বৈঠকত “ভাৰত ত্যাগ” প্ৰস্তাৱ গৃহীত কৰে। এই প্ৰস্তাৱটোৱে ভাৰতৰ মাটিৰ পৰা ব্ৰিটিছসকলক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে প্ৰত্যাহাৰ কৰাৰ দাবী জনাইছিল। ব্ৰিটিছে মহাত্মা আৰু সকলো কংগ্ৰেছ নেতাক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰি আৰু তেওঁলোকক কাৰাগাৰত ৰাখি প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া ব্যক্ত কৰিছিল। সমগ্ৰ ভাৰততে, ই ব্ৰিটিছসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এক ব্যাপক গণ আন্দোলনৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। জাতি, ধৰ্ম আৰু ধৰ্মৰ মাজেৰে কাটি মানুহে “বন্দে মাতৰম” শ্লোগান দি ৰাজপথলৈ ওলাই আহিছিল। গান্ধীজীয়ে শান্তিপূৰ্ণ অসহযোগ আৰু ধৰ্ণাৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰা স্বত্বেও, বহুতো অঞ্চলত মানুহে কাৰ্যালয় জ্বলাই দিয়া আৰু চৰকাৰী সম্পত্তি ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত কৰা, পথ, ৰেল আৰু দূৰসংযোগ নেটৱৰ্ক ব্যাহত কৰাৰ ফলত হিংসাত্মক ঘটনা সংঘটিত হয়।

১৯৪২ চনৰ এই ঐতিহাসিক আন্দোলনত অসমৰ কিছু সংখ্যক লোকেও স্বতঃস্ফূৰ্তভাৱে যোগদান কৰিছিল। অসম প্ৰদেশ কংগ্ৰেছৰ দুজন নেতা গোপীনাথ বৰদলৈ আৰু সিদ্ধিনাথ শৰ্মাক ব্ৰিটিছে ধুবুৰীত কংগ্ৰেছ ৱৰ্কিং কমিটিৰ বৈঠকত অংশ গ্ৰহণ কৰি বোম্বাইৰ পৰা উভতি অহাৰ সময়ত গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰে। আন কংগ্ৰেছ নেতা যেনে বিষ্ণুৰাম মেধি, বিমলা প্ৰসাদ চলিহা, মোঃ তায়েবুলা, ওমিও কুমাৰ দাস, দেৱেশ্বৰ শৰ্মা আদিক অসমৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰি কাৰাগাৰত পেলাই দিয়া হয়। অসমো ভাৰতৰ বাকী অংশৰ দৰে জ্বলি গৈছিল আৰু বহুলোকে হিংসাত লিপ্ত অহিংসাৰ পথ এৰি গৈছিল। Kushal Konwar Biography in Assamese

১৯৪২ চনৰ ১০ অক্টোবৰত, ৰাতিপুৱা ঘন কুঁৱলীত লুকাই থকা, কিছুমান লোকে গোলাঘাট জিলাৰ সৰুপথাৰৰ ওচৰত ৰেলপথৰ কেইটামান স্লিপাৰ আঁতৰাই পেলাইছিল। এখন সামৰিক ৰেল লাইনচ্যুত হৈছিল আৰু বহুতো ব্ৰিটিছ আৰু আমেৰিকান সৈন্যই প্ৰাণ হেৰুৱাইছিল। ব্ৰিটিছ সেনাই লগে লগে অঞ্চলটো ঘেৰাও কৰিছিল আৰু অপৰাধীসকলক ধৰিবলৈ অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। অঞ্চলটোৰ নিৰীহ লোকসকলক ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল, মাৰপিট কৰা হৈছিল আৰু হাৰাশাস্তি কৰা হৈছিল। ব্ৰিটিছ আৰক্ষীয়ে সন্ত্ৰাসৰ এই ৰাজত্বকালত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল য’ত মানুহক মাৰপিট কৰা হৈছিল আৰু গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।

কুশল কোঁৱৰক ৰে’ল ধ্বংসৰ মুখ্য ষড়যন্ত্ৰকাৰী বুলি অভিযোগ কৰি ব্ৰিটিছ আৰক্ষীয়ে তেওঁক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰে। গান্ধীজীৰ এজন উৎসাহী অনুগামী আৰু তেওঁৰ অহিংসাৰ নীতি, কুশল ধ্বংসাত্মক পৰিকল্পনা আৰু কাৰ্যৰ বিষয়ে অজ্ঞ আছিল। তেওঁ নিৰ্দোষ আছিল কিন্তু আৰক্ষীয়ে তেওঁক ৰেল ধ্বংসৰ মাষ্টাৰমাইণ্ড হিচাপে অভিযুক্ত কৰিছিল। তেওঁক গোলাঘাটৰ পৰা অনা হৈছিল আৰু ১৯৪২ চনৰ ৫ নৱেম্বৰত তেওঁক জ্যোতি কাৰাগাৰত ৰখা হৈছিল।

মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হামফ্ৰিৰ আদালতত কুশল কোঁৱৰক দোষী ঘোষণা কৰা হৈছিল, যদিও তেওঁৰ বিৰুদ্ধে এটাও প্ৰমাণ নাছিল। কুশলক ফাঁচী দি মৃত্যুদণ্ড দিয়া হৈছিল। তেওঁ ৰায়টো সন্মানৰ সৈতে গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। যেতিয়া তেওঁৰ পত্নী প্ৰভৱতীয়ে তেওঁক যোৰহাট কাৰাগাৰত সাক্ষাৎ কৰিছিল, তেতিয়া তেওঁ তেওঁক কৈছিল যে তেওঁ গৌৰৱান্বিত যে ঈশ্বৰে তেওঁক দেশৰ বাবে সৰ্বোচ্চ বলিদান দিয়া হাজাৰ হাজাৰ বন্দীৰ ভিতৰত একমাত্ৰ ব্যক্তি হ’বলৈ বাছনি কৰিছে। কুশলে তেওঁৰ বাকী থকা দিনবোৰ জ্যোতি কাৰাগাৰৰ মৃত্যুশাৰীৰ কোষত প্ৰাৰ্থনা আৰু গীতা পঢ়ি অতিবাহিত কৰিছিল।

১৯৪৩ চনৰ ১৫ জুনৰ পুৱা ৪:৩০ বজাত কুশল কোঁৱৰক জ্যোতি কাৰাগাৰত ফাঁচী দিয়া হয়। মহাত্মাই এইদৰে কৈছিল: “তেওঁ অকলে এজন প্ৰকৃত সত্যাগ্ৰহী হ’ব পাৰে যি জীয়াই থকা আৰু মৰাৰ কলা জানে।”

কুশল কোঁৱৰে সৰু অৱস্থাত প্ৰভাৱতীক বিয়া কৰাইছিল আৰু খগেন আৰু নগেন নামৰ দুটা পুত্ৰ আছিল। দুয়োজন পুত্ৰৰ মৃত্যু হৈছে। তেওঁৰ স্বৰ্গীয় ডাঙৰ পুত্ৰ খগেন কোঁৱৰৰ এগৰাকী পত্নী, পাঁচজন পুত্ৰ আৰু পাঁচজনী কন্যা আছিল যি এতিয়াও জীয়াই আছে। স্বৰ্গীয় নগেন কোঁৱৰৰ পৰিয়ালৰ পত্নী আৰু দুই পুত্ৰও এতিয়াও জীয়াই আছে আৰু গুৱাহাটীত বাস কৰে।

১৯৪৩ চনৰ ১৫ জুনৰ পুৱা কুশল কোঁৱৰক যোৰহাট কেন্দ্ৰীয় কাৰাগাৰত ফাঁচী দিয়া হয়।

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বহলাই পঢ়ক Read Full Details about Kushal Konwar

কুশল কোঁৱৰৰ জীৱনী kushal konwar biography in assamese.

যিসকলে দেশৰ বাবে আত্মবলিদান দিবলৈ হাঁহিমুখে আগুৱাই আহিছে, সেইসকলৰ কথা স্মৰণ কৰিলেই প্রথমে কুশল কোঁৱৰৰ কথাই মনত ভাহি আহে। বিয়াল্লিছৰ গণ আন্দোলনৰ ছহিদ কোঁৱৰে ভগৎ সিং, ক্ষুদিৰাম বসু, উধম সিং আদিৰ দৰেই মহান আত্মত্যাগৰ উজ্জ্বল উদাহৰণ প্রতিষ্ঠা কৰিলেও তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ মর্যাদা নাপালে। ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনত অসমৰ মুঠ পাঁচগৰাকী জাতীয় বীৰে ফাঁচিশালত মূৰ পাতি প্রাণাহুতি দিছিল। ১৮৩০ত ব্রিটিছৰ বিৰুদ্ধে সশস্ত্র সংগ্রাম কৰাৰ অপৰাধত শিৱসাগৰ পুখুৰীৰ পাৰত পতা ফাঁচিকাঠত পিয়লি বৰফুকন আৰু জীউৰাম দুলীয়া বৰুৱাই প্রাণ দিলে। তাৰ পাছত ১৮৫৮ত যােৰহাটতমণিৰাম দেৱান আৰু পিয়লি বৰুৱা আৰু ১৯৪৩ত ফাঁচিকাঠত প্রাণ দিয়া শেহৰজন অসমীয়া সংগ্রামী কুশল কোঁৱৰ। মাথোঁ দেশৰ বাবে ফাঁচিকাঠত প্রাণ দিয়া শ্বহীদ হিচাপেই কুশল ‘অমৰ নহয়, তেওঁৰ জ্ঞান-বৌদ্ধিকতা, দার্শনিক চিন্তা, অসীম সাহস আৰু ত্যাগৰ মাজেৰেহে কোঁৱৰ শ্রেষ্ঠত্ব প্রতিপন্ন হয়।

১৯০৫ৰ ২১ মার্চত গােলাঘাট জিলাৰ ঘিলাধাৰী মৌজাৰ চাওদাং চাৰিআলিত কুশল কোঁৱৰৰ জন্ম। পিতৃ সােণাৰাম কোঁৱৰে কাঠৰ ব্যৱসায় কৰিছিল আৰু মাতৃৰ নাম আছিল কনকেশ্বৰী। বাঁহী আৰু ঢােল বজোৱাত পাৰ্গত সােণাৰামৰ আর্থিক অৱস্থা আছিল টনকিয়াল। কে’বাশ বছৰীয়া আহােম ৰাজ-ইতিহাসৰ অতি গুৰুত্বপূর্ণ

কালছােৱাত ৰাজত্ব কৰা তুঙ্গখুঙীয়া ফৈদৰ সন্তান আছিল কুশল। গদাধৰ সিংহই এই বংশৰ ৰাজ শাসনৰ ভেটি সুদৃঢ় কৰিছিল। আহােম ৰাজবংশৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ৰজা ৰুদ্ৰসিংহ আছিল এই ফৈদৰেই।

কুশলৰ আদি পুৰুষ লালৈ কোঁৱৰে লাকুৱাৰ কোঁৱৰ গাঁৱত বাস কৰিছিল যদিও তেওঁৰ পুত্র নদৰাম গােলাঘাটৰ চাওদাং গাঁৱলৈ মানৰ আক্ৰমণৰ সময়তে উঠি গৈছিল। নদৰামৰ পুত্র খাটাং কোঁৱৰ। এই খাটাঙৰে জ্যেষ্ঠ পুত্র সােণাৰাম আৰু সােণাৰামৰ মুঠনটাৰ পঞ্চম সন্তান কুশল। ১৯১৮ত প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা সাং কৰি তেওঁ গােলাঘাটৰ বেজবৰুৱা ইংৰাজী বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়ে। কুশল নগৰৰ বুকুলৈ ওলাই আহিল, চিন্তা-চৰ্চাও বহল হ’ল। পৰিয়ালৰ কথা, গাঁৱৰ কথাৰ লগতে পৰাধীনতাৰ শিকলিৰে বান্ধ খােৱা দেশখনৰ কথাও তেওঁ চিন্তা কৰিব ধৰিলে।

১৯১৯ত পঞ্জাৱৰ জালিৱানৱালাবাগত জেনেৰেল ডায়াৰে যি অমানুষিক হত্যাকাণ্ড সংঘটিত কৰে, তেতিয়াৰে পৰা দেশৰ ভয়াবহ পৰিস্থিতিৰ প্রতি অধিক সচেতন হয় কুশল। দুবছৰৰ পাছতে আৰম্ভ হােৱা অসহযােগ আন্দোলনে অসমৰ সর্বত্রতে আকাশ-বতাহ কপাই তােলাৰ সময়তে স্বাধীনতাপ্রিয় কুশল কোঁৱৰে স্কুলীয়া জীৱন ত্যাগ কৰি আন্দোলনত যি পাৰে অৰিহণা যােগাবলৈ বুলি গাঁৱৰ ঘৰলৈ উভতি আহে৷ সৰুৰে পৰা ঢােল আৰু বাঁহী বাদনত পাকৈত সুস্থ-সবল চেহেৰাৰ কুশলে যি সময়ত দেশৰ স্বাধীনতা বিচাৰি স্কুলীয়া পঢ়া-শুনা ত্যাগ কৰিলে, সেই সময়ত তেওঁৰ বয়স আছিল ১৭ বছৰ।

স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনৰ কাৰ্যসূচী আৰু মহাত্মা গান্ধীৰ নীতি প্রচাৰ কৰাত লাগিল কুশল কোঁৱৰ। কিন্তু সেই সময়ত পিতৃ সােণাৰাম কোঁৱৰৰ কাঠৰ ব্যৱসায়ত মাৰঘাত পৰাত আর্থিক অৱস্থাও শােচনীয় হৈ পৰিল। নটা সন্তানেৰে ১১ জনীয়া পৰিয়ালটো পােহপালদিয়াত বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ সংকটে জুমুৰি দি ধৰিলে। উপায় নাপাই সােণাৰাম কোঁৱৰে বালিজান ত্যাগ কৰি ৰেংমাই অঞ্চললৈ উঠি যাবলৈ স্থিৰ কৰে আৰু সেই মতে ৰেংমাই অঞ্চললৈ ১৯২৪ত উঠি গৈ খেতি-বাতি কৰাৰ লগতে এখন দোকান দি পৰিয়ালৰ পােহপাল দিব ধৰে। সেই সময়ত ৰেংমাইত বিভিন্ন ঠাইৰ পৰা মানুহ গৈ বসতি কৰিবলৈ লৈছিল, সেই সকলাে নতুন বাসিন্দাৰ মাজত মিলা-মিচাৰ জৰীডাল নিকপকপীয়া হ’ল। এই ঠাইতে সমাজ সংগঠনৰ কামত ভালদৰে জড়িত কুশল কোঁৱৰে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ সাংস্কৃতিক কার্যসূচী আৰু শিক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতাে নিজৰ অৰিহণা আগবঢ়ায়। আন্দোলনৰ বীজ সিঁচাৰ লগতে শিক্ষিত সমাজ গঢ়ি তােলাৰ মানসেৰে ১৯২৫ত তেওঁ স্থাপন কৰে ৰেংমাই প্রাথমিক বিদ্যালয়। বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্রধান শিক্ষকৰ

দায়িত্বও তেৱেঁই লয়। সেই সময়ত তেওঁলােকৰ আর্থিক অৱস্থা পুনৰ শােচনীয় হৈছিল। অবৈতনিক শিক্ষক কুশলক দেউতাকে এটা ভাল চাকৰিও যােগাৰ কৰি দিছিল, কিন্তু ব্রিটিছৰ অধীনত চাকৰি নকৰাৰ নিজৰ সিদ্ধান্তত তেওঁ অটল থাকিল।

সেই সময়ৰ বিপ্লৱীসকলৰ পৰা ত্যাগ, সাহস আৰু সততাৰ শিক্ষা গ্রহণ কৰা কুশল কোঁৱৰে কিন্তু নিজৰ ঘৰখনৰ বাবেও চিন্তা কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হ’ল। সেইবাবেই উপায়হীন হৈ ১৯২৭ৰ জুন মাহত বাগানৰ কেৰাণীৰ চাকৰিত সােমাবলৈ বাধ্য হয়। বাগিচাত চাকৰি কৰিলেও তেওঁ বালিজানত থকা নিজৰ ঘৰটোতে থাকিবলৈ লয় আৰু চাকৰিৰ সময়খিনিৰ বাদে স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনৰ বিভিন্ন কামত লাগি থাকে।

টকা-পইচা, বিলাস-বৈভৱ, পৰিয়াল-সংসাৰৰ প্রতি সদায়েই পিঠি দিয়া কুশলক লৈ পিতৃ-মাতৃ অহৰহ চিন্তিত হৈছিল বাবেই বহু চেষ্টা কৰি প্ৰভাৱতী দুৱৰা নামৰ এগৰাকী গাভৰুৰ সতে বিয়াত বহিবলৈ কুশলক সৈমান কৰালে। ১৯২৯ ২৪ ফাগুনৰ দিনাখন কুশল-প্রভাৱতীৰ বিবাহ সম্পন্ন হয়। কোঁৱৰে পৰিয়ালৰ পূৰ্বৰ ব্যক্তিসকলে কৰি অহাৰ দৰে ঐতিহ্যমণ্ডিত আউনীআটী সত্ৰত শৰণ লয়। সেই সময়ত সত্ৰৰ সত্ৰাধিকাৰ আছিল সাহিত্যিক পণ্ডিত শ্ৰীশ্ৰীহেমচন্দ্র গােস্বামী।

১৯৩০ৰ নৱেম্বৰৰ শেহৰ সপ্তাহত ভাৰতৰ গভৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল লর্ড আৰউইন যােৰহাটলৈ আহে। আৰউইনৰ বিৰুদ্ধে প্রতিবাদ সাব্যস্ত কৰিবলৈ সেই সময়ত যােৰহাটৰ কৰ্মীসকলে দেৱেশ্বৰ শৰ্মা আৰু শংকৰ বৰুৱাৰ নেতৃত্বত সমদল বাহিৰ কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয় আৰু সেই উদ্দেশ্যে ৫৯ জন কর্মীৰ এটা দল প্রস্তুত কৰা হয়। কুশল আছিল এই দলৰ অন্যতম সদস্য। প্রতিজন সদস্যই হাতত একোখন কলা পতাকা আৰু জাতীয় পতাকা লৈ প্রতিবাদ সাব্যস্ত কৰি মহাত্মা গান্ধীকী জয়’ আৰু ‘অর্ডিনেন্স আৰউইন গ’ বেক’ ধ্বনিৰে যােৰহাট মুখৰিত কৰে।… কুশল কোঁৱৰ আছিল আজন্ম বিদ্রোহী, অৱশ্যেই অহিংস পন্থাৰ। ১৯২১ৰ পৰাই স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনত জড়িত এইগৰাকী ব্যক্তিয়ে ১৯২৬ চনত পাণ্ডু অধিৱেশনত মহাত্মা গান্ধীক দেখিছিল। তাৰ পাছত ১৯৩৪ত মহাত্মা গান্ধী গােলাঘাটলৈ আহােতে মহাত্মাক ওচৰৰ পৰা পাই কোঁৱৰৰ জীৱনৰ ৰূপেই যেন সলনি হৈ পৰিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত পূর্বৰ যি সামান্য ‘ডেকা তেজ’ আছিল সেইখিনিকো নিয়ন্ত্রণ কৰি কুশল হৈ পৰিল সম্পূর্ণ অহিংস, নিৰামিষভােজী আৰু নিয়মিত গীতা অধ্যয়ন কৰোঁতা। তদুপৰি আজীৱন স্বদেশী বস্তু গ্ৰহণ কৰি স্বাৱলম্বী হ’বলৈ তেওঁ দৃঢ়সংকল্প লৈছিল। স্বাধীনতাৰ বিভিন্ন কার্যসূচীত ভাগ লােৱাটো বাদেই ‘কানি বৰবিহ’আৰু অস্পৃশ্যতা বর্জন’আন্দোলনতাে একনিষ্ঠভাৱে নামি পৰে কুশল কোঁৱৰ।

স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনৰ কামত একনিষ্ঠভাৱে লাগি থাকিবলৈকে কুশল কোঁৱৰে ১৯৩৬ৰ ৩১ জুনত বাগিচাৰ চাকৰি ত্যাগ কৰে। মহাত্মা গান্ধীক লগ পােৱাৰ পাছৰে পৰা তেওঁ চাকৰি ত্যাগ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল যদিও মনত বল পােৱা নাছিল। কিন্তু অৱশেষত পত্নী প্রভাৱতীৰ প্ৰেৰণাত তেওঁ চাকৰি জীৱন ত্যাগ কৰি সৎ সাধনাত লাগি যােৱাৰ লগতে স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনত জঁপিয়াই সর্বস্ব ত্যাগ কৰিবলৈ আগুৱাই গ’ল। স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনৰ কাৰ্যসূচী প্ৰসাৰৰ বাবে প্রতি ঠাইতে মৌজা বা আঞ্চলিক ভিত্তিত একোখন ৰায়ত সভা গঠিত হৈছিল। সৰুপথাৰ অঞ্চলৰ ৰায়ত সভাৰ সম্পাদকৰ দায়িত্ব লৈ কোঁৱৰে দিনে-ৰাতিয়ে এই কাম সফল কৰিবলৈ ঘূৰি ফুৰিছিল। সভাৰ সম্পাদক হিচাপে মানুহক ঐক্যবদ্ধ কৰিবলৈ প্রত্যেককে ব্যক্তিগতভাৱে বুজনি দিছিল আৰু সভাবােৰত যথেষ্ট বাগ্মিতাৰে বক্তৃতা দিছিল। লাহে লাহে কোঁৱৰ গােলাঘাটৰ উল্লেখযােগ্য কংগ্ৰেছ কর্মী হিচাপে চিহ্নিত হৈছিল।

ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ বাবে কৰা আন সকলাে আন্দোলনতকৈ ‘৪২ৰ ভাৰত ত্যাগ আন্দোলন আছিল সঁচাই অভূতপূর্ব। ব্রিটিছৰ সাম্রাজ্যবাদী হাততাৰাৰ পৰা মুক্তি পােৱাৰ বাবে সেয়া যেন আছিল এক চূড়ান্ত সংকল্প। সৰুপথাৰত ৰায়ত সভা গঠন কৰি সম্পূর্ণ সফল কৰি কোঁৱৰে সৰুপথাৰ কংগ্ৰেছৰ সম্পাদকৰ দায়িত্বও ল’বলৈ বাধ্য হৈছিল। নিজেই মেছিনত টুপী আৰু খদ্দৰৰ কাপােৰ চিলাই কৰি কংগ্ৰেছ কৰ্মীক বিলাই ফুৰা কোঁৱৰৰ বাবে কংগ্ৰেছৰ কার্যালয়েই গৃহ স্বৰূপ হৈ পৰিছিল। ইতিমধ্যে দুটি সন্তানৰ পিতৃ হােৱা কোঁৱৰৰ ঘৰখনৰ সমস্ত দায়িত্ব লৈছিল পত্নী প্রভাৱতীয়ে।

ইতিমধ্যে কৰিম নহ’লে মৰিম’ ধ্বনিৰে জাগি উঠিল কংগ্ৰেছৰ বহুতাে কর্মী। কুশল কোঁৱৰেও এই আন্দোলনত হাত উজান দিলে। কংগ্ৰেছৰ শীর্ষনেতাসকলক ইংৰাজে জে’লত ভৰাই থ’লে। নেতাসকলক গ্রেপ্তাৰ কৰাৰ পাছত এদল লােকে হিংসাত্মক বিপ্লৱ আৰম্ভ কৰিলে। তেওঁলােকৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল যিকোনাে উপায়েৰে ভাৰতৰ পৰা ইংৰাজক, খেদিব লাগে। তাৰ পাছতেই কংগ্ৰেছক বে-আইনী বুলি ঘােষণা কৰা হ’ল। কংগ্ৰেছৰ মৃত্যু বাহিনী গঠন কৰা হ’লদেশৰ স্বাৰ্থত সর্বস্ব ত্যাগ কৰিবলৈ এই মৃত্যু বাহিনী সাজু হ’ল। জীৱনৰ পণ পুত্র’ত চহী কৰি কৰিম নহ’লে মৰিম বুলি বহু কর্মী ওলাই আহিল। এইদৰেই সম্পূর্ণ অহিংস ৰূপত আত্মপ্রকাশ কৰা স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন উগ্র হ’ল। আৰম্ভ হ’ল ৰে’লপথ বিচ্ছিন্ন কৰা, টেলিগ্রাফ-টেলিফোনৰ খুটা আৰু দলং ভঙা, সৈন্যৰ ছাউনী পােৰা আদি হিংসাত্মক কার্য। অহিংস আন্দোলনত নামি আনকি নিৰামিষ ভােজী হােৱা কুশল কোঁৱৰে অৱশ্যে ধৈর্য ধৰি বহি থাকিল। পলাতক হৈ থকা গােলাঘাট জিলা

কংগ্রেছৰ সম্পাদক নেতা শংকৰ বৰুৱাৰ মূৰৰ মূল্য ১০ হেজাৰ টকা বুলি ইংৰাজ চৰকাৰে ঘােষণা কৰে। ইতিমধ্যে সৰুপথাৰৰ ওচৰৰ চাংপুলত ৰেল দুর্ঘটনা ঘটাবলৈ মৃত্যু বাহিনী সাজু হ’ল।

ৰেল দুর্ঘটনাটো যাতে সুচাৰুৰূপে হয়, তাৰ সকলাে ব্যৱস্থা সম্পূর্ণ হ’ল। সেই সময়ত অহিংস কুশল কোঁৱৰৰ মনত তীব্র সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ল। তেওঁ এই কামৰ বিৰােধিতা কৰিলে। ৰে’ল দুর্ঘটনা কৰিবলৈ সাজু হােৱাসকল অৱশ্যে এই কামৰ পৰা আঁতৰি নাহিল। তেওঁলােকৰ নগৰাকীয়ে দলপতি বৈকুণ্ঠ সিঙ (এওঁ বিহাৰৰ লােক)ৰ নেতৃত্বত সৰুপথাৰৰ ওচৰত সৈন্যবাহিনী অনা এখন ৰেল বগৰালে, যাৰ ফলত ইংৰাজৰ কে’বাশ সৈন্যৰ হানি হ’ল। এইদলত সৰুপথাৰত কংগ্ৰেছৰ সম্পাদক কুশল কোঁৱৰ নাছিল যদিও ইংৰাজৰ পুলিচে তেওঁক গ্রেপ্তাৰ কৰে। দিনটো আছিল ১৯৪২ তিনি নৱেম্বৰ। ইংৰাজৰ মেজিষ্ট্রেটে কুশল কোঁৱৰক ৰে’ল দুর্ঘটনা কৰা দলটোৰ দলপতি বুলি অভিযুক্ত কৰিলে আৰু পাঁচ নৱেম্বৰত কোঁৱৰক যােৰহাটৰ জে’ললৈ পঠিয়াই দিয়া হ’ল। বগা পাৰ্চিয়ান কোট, খুদ্দৰৰ সেউজীয়া পাৰি থকা চাদৰ আৰু মূৰত গান্ধী টুপী পিন্ধা ৩৭ বছৰীয়া কুশল কোঁৱৰৰ ব্যক্তিত্বত তেতিয়া জে’লত বন্দী হৈ থকা সকলাে নেতাই মােহিত হৈছিল। দৰ্শনত অগাধ ব্যুৎপত্তি থকা নিষ্ঠাবান এই সাধকগৰাকীৰ আদৰ্শ আৰু পৰিশ্ৰম-শক্তি দেখি সকলােৱে তবধ মানিছিল।

যােৰহাটৰ জে’লত কোঁৱৰে মুঠ ১১২ দিনৰ কাৰাদণ্ড ভুগিব লগা হৈছিল। প্রথম ১২ দিন বিচাৰাধীন বন্দী হিচাপে আৰু বাকী ১০০ দিন তেওঁ কটাইছিল নিজান কক্ষত। কোঁৱৰৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিচাৰত ইংৰাজৰ ফলীয়া সাক্ষী কেইজনমানে কোঁৱৰক ৰেল দুর্ঘটনাৰ এক নম্বৰ আচামী বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল। ছয় মার্চ (১৯৪৩)ৰ দিনাখন যােৰহাট কাছাৰীত ৰায় দিয়া হ’ল যে কুশল কোঁৱৰৰ ফাঁচি বলবৎ কৰিব লাগে। কোঁৱৰৰ লগতে ৰে’ল দুর্ঘটনাৰ স’তে জড়িত ধর্মকান্ত ডেকা, ঘনশ্যাম শইকীয়া আৰু কনকেশ্বৰ কোঁৱৰৰাে ফাঁচিৰ হুকুম হয়। অৱশ্যে এইসকলৰ ফাঁচিৰ হুকুম ২৬ এপ্রিলত (৪৩) বাতিল কৰে অসমৰ ৰাজ্যপালে। কোঁৱৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ৰাজ্যপালে মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ আদেশ বাতিল নকৰাত যথাসময়ত ভাৰতৰ গভৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল লর্ড লিনলিথগােলৈ ক্ষমাৰ আৱেদন পঠিওৱা হ’ল যদিও ‘৪৩ চনৰ মে’ মাহৰ শেষ সপ্তাহত ভাৰতৰ গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেলজনে সেই আৱেদন নামঞ্জুৰ কৰিলে আৰু ১৫ জুনত কোঁৱৰক ফাঁচি দিয়া হ’ব বুলি ঘােষণা কৰা হ’ল।

কুশল কোঁৱৰ যােৰহাটৰ জে’লত বন্দী হৈ থকাৰ সময়তে অসমৰ শীর্ষ কংগ্ৰেছী নেতাসকল, যেনে—গােপীনাথ বৰদলৈ, ফখৰুদ্দিন আলি আহমেদ, বিমলা প্রসাদ চলিহা, পীতাম্বৰ দেৱ গােস্বামী আদিও যােৰহাটৰ জে’লতে আছিল। তেওঁলােকে কুশল কোঁৱৰৰ নৈষ্ঠিক আচাৰ-আচৰণ, অদ্ভুত সাহস আৰু ব্যক্তিত্ব দেখি তবধ মানিছিল। গােপীনাথ বৰদলৈয়ে এই সম্পর্কত লিখিছে— “আমি কুশল কোঁৱৰৰ ওচৰলৈ গৈছিলাে অন্তিম মুহূর্তত অলপ সান্ত্বনা দিবৰ মনেৰে। কিন্তু আমিহে সান্ত্বনা লৈ উভতিলাে আৰু লগে লগে আমাৰ অন্তৰত যি অনুপ্ৰেৰণা লাভ কৰিলাে, সেই অনুপ্ৰেৰণা আমাৰ জীৱনত আজীৱন থাকিব।… মুখখনলৈ চালাে—এক নিবিড় শান্তি বিৰাজ কৰিছে। মৃত্যুলৈ আৰু কেইঘণ্টামান বাকী, তাৰ আগতে এনে প্রশান্তি কি মনােমােহা! মােৰ অনুভৱ হ’ল মানুহজনৰ অন্তৰত শান্তি, গভীৰ নীৰৱতা আৰু ঈশ্বৰ বিশ্বাস বিৰাজমান। সেই ৰূপ দেখি মই অভিভূত হৈ পৰিলাে..

কুশল কোঁৱৰে কৈছিল—“মােক যি শাস্তি দিছে, সেই শাস্তি মােৰ প্রাপ্য নহয়। যি দোষত মােক মৃত্যুদণ্ড দিছে, সেই দোষ মই কৰা নাই। মই মহাত্মা গান্ধীৰ অনুগামী আৰু তেওঁৰ অহিংস পন্থাত মােৰ দৃঢ়বিশ্বাস আছে। যােৱা ১৭ বছৰ ধৰি মই নিৰামিষ ভােজন কৰি অহিংস জীৱন-যাপন কৰিছোঁ। যােৱা ন বছৰ ধৰি মই নিমখ মুখত দিয়া নাই। মই ৰেল বগৰাই পৱিত্ৰ মানৱ জীৱন ধ্বংস কৰাৰ কথা ভাবিব পাৰােনে?.. কিন্তু ভাগ্যৰ ফেৰ যে মই মৃত্যুদণ্ড ভুগিব লগা হ’ল। তাৰ কাৰণে মই অলপপা দুখিতঃ বা চিন্তিত নহয়। জে’লৰ ভিতৰত থকা ৫০০ মানুহৰ ভিতৰত দেশৰ কাৰণে পৰমেশ্বৰে মােকহে বাছিলে। ঈশ্বৰৰ ইচ্ছা আৰু কৃপা বুলি মই এই দণ্ডাজ্ঞা শিৰত তুলি ল’লোঁ। সকলােৰে মাজৰ পৰা মােক বছা বাবে মই তেওঁৰ ওচৰত কৃতজ্ঞ… মােৰ ল’ৰাতিৰােতাই দুখত কান্দোতেও মই কৈছাে মানুহৰ শক্তিয়ে পৰা হ’লে মােক বচালেহেঁতেন। ইয়াত দুখ আৰু শােকৰ স্থল ক’ত?

জন্মিলে মৰণাে হয়। জন্মােতে মই প্ৰায় ডেৰ ঘণ্টা কাল জীয়াতু ভুগিছিলাে। কিন্তু মৰােতে মাত্র ১৫ মিনিটহে যাতনা ভুগিম। দেহে যাতনা ভুগিব, কিন্তু আত্মক কোনে মাৰে? আত্মা স্বাধীন, স্পৰ্শৰ অতীত। ব্রিটিছ চৰকাৰে বা আপােনালােকেও মােৰ আত্মাক চুব নােৱাৰে। … এইখিনি কথা কৈ জেলৰ কংগ্ৰেছ কৰ্মীৰ মুখলৈ চাই কোঁৱৰ নীৰৱ হ’ল। সেই নির্ভীক আত্মাৰ ওচৰত সকলােৰে মূৰ দোঁ খাই গল।”

১৫ জুনৰ পুৱা কোঁৱৰক ফাঁচি দিয়া হ’ব। তাৰ আগদিনা আবেলি দুই বজাৰ পৰা চাৰি বজাৰ ভিতৰত জে’লত থকা কংগ্ৰেছ কৰ্মীসকলে কোঁৱৰক নিজান চেলৰ সন্মুখত শাৰীপাতি থিয় দি কথা পাতিব পাৰিব বুলি অনুমতি পালে। সকলাে কংগ্রেছ কর্মী যেতিয়া চেলৰ সন্মুখত উপস্থিত হৈছিল তেতিয়া কোঁৱৰে একান্তমনে ভাগৱত গীতা পঢ়ি আছিল। তেওঁ উঠি আহি জালনাৰ ওচৰ পালেহি। চেলৰ ভিতৰৰ পৰাই সকলােৰে লগত একান্ত মনোেযােগেৰে কথা পাতিলে। সেই সময়ছােৱাতে কোঁৱৰে গােপীনাথ বৰদলৈয়ে উদ্ধৃত কৰা ওপৰৰ কথাখিনি কৈছিল।

কোঁৱৰে আৰু কৈছিল— “চিৰস্বাধীন অসমভূমি, ভাৰতভূমি স্বাধীন হ’বলৈ আৰু বেছিদিন নাই।”বৰদলৈয়ে কৈছিল—“কোঁৱৰ দেশৰ কাৰণে বাণী এটি আমাক দিয়ক।” কোঁৱৰে স্বভাৱসুলভ মিঠা হাঁহিৰে কৈছিল— “মােৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ মানুহ এজনে দেশৰ কাৰণে কি বাণী দিম? দেশৰ কাৰণে, দেশৰ কোটি কোটি জনতাৰ মুক্তিৰ কাৰণে মই নিজৰ জীৱন দিয়েই পূজা কৰি গ’লাে। মােৰ আশা এয়ে যে দেশখন স্বাধীন কৰি এনে এখন দেশ গঢ়িব—যত দেশৰ প্ৰতিটো সন্তানৰ বাবে এমুঠি অন্ন, এখন বস্ত্ৰ আৰু এটি বাসগৃহৰ অভাৱ নহ’ব। যত মানুহ, ধর্ম-কর্ম আৰু জাতিবৰ্ণৰ ওপৰত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা নহৈ, সকলাে এখন ভাৰতৰে সন্তান আৰু এজন পৰম পিতাৰ সন্তান হিচাপে প্রতিষ্ঠা হ’ব।” নিজৰ পুত্রদ্বয় আৰুপত্নীৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ কৈছিল—“মই দেশৰ বাবে জীৱন দিম, দেশেই মােৰ বাবে সুকলাে৷ গতিকে মােৰ সতি-সন্ততি, পুত্রপৰিবাৰক দেশে চাব। মই দেশৰ মানুহৰ হাততেই তেওঁলােকক এৰি গ’লাে।”

সেইদিনা চেলৰ বাহিৰৰ পৰাই গড়মূৰীয়া সত্ৰাধিকাৰ পীতাম্বৰ দেৱ গােস্বামীয়ে কোঁৱৰৰ একান্ত অনুৰােধত তেওঁক শৰণ দিলে। নিজান সেই চেলত কোঁৱৰ এশ দিন বন্দী হৈ আছিল। সেই সময়ছােৱাত জেল কর্তৃপক্ষই দিয়া গীতাখনেই মাত্র তেওঁৰ লগৰীয়া আছিল। ৰখীয়া-চন্তৰীয়ে কোঁৱৰক অশেষ শ্রদ্ধা কৰিছিল। ১৫ জুনৰ পুৱা ধাৰাসাৰে বৰষুণ পৰিছিল। পুৱা ৪-৩০ বজাত হেড ৱার্ডাৰে যেতিয়া সশস্ত্র প্রহৰী লৈ কোঁৱৰক চেলৰ পৰা আনিব গৈছিল, তেতিয়া তেওঁ পৰম শান্তিত শুই আছিল। মুখত সেই পৰম প্রশান্তি লৈয়েই ধীৰ স্থিৰভাৱে প্ৰহৰীৰ স’তে আগুৱাই আহিছিল নিশ্চিত মৃত্যুৰ চেললৈ, ফঁচি কাঠলৈ…।

এইদৰে ১৯৪৩ৰ ১৫ জুনত ফাঁচি দিয়া হ’ল এগৰাকী নিৰপৰাধী যুৱকক, যিজনে জীৱনত কথা আৰু কামৰ মাজত অতি নিষ্ঠাৰে গভীৰ সম্পর্ক গঢ়ি তুলিছিল। ফাঁচিৰে দণ্ডিত হােৱাৰ বাবেই নহয়, সত্যনিষ্ঠ আদর্শবাদী আৰু যিটো অনিবার্য তাক হাঁহিমুখে গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ বাবেহে কোঁৱৰ শ্রেষ্ঠ মানৱৰ শাৰীলৈ উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছে।

• Asomar Swadhinata Sangrami by Hemanta Kumar Bharali
• And I collected from Wikipedia

Learning, Awareness and Education is the purpose of this Blog/Website.

If any mistake or error please kindly inform us ,  thanks

2 thoughts on “ Kushal Konwar Biography in Assamese। কুশল কোঁৱৰৰ জীৱনী ”

যদিও আপুনি Reference দিছে অলপ তথ্য ভুল আছে। পাৰিলে শুদ্ধ কৰিব। এই বিষয়ে আপুনি কুশল কোঁৱৰৰ নাতি এজন সৰুপথাৰৰ প্ৰাথমিক শিক্ষা বিষয়াৰ কাৰ্যালয়ত চাকৰি কৰে তেখেতৰ পৰা জানিব। লগতে অধিক তথ্যৰ বাবে ৰেল দূৰ্ঘটনাত জড়িত সুৰেন ফুকন, ভদ্ৰ ফুকন, ডিম্বধৰ ফুকন আৰু ইন্দেশ্বৰ ফুকনৰ পৰিয়ালৰ মাহিমেলীয়াৰ ৰূপজ্যোতি ফুকনক লগ কৰিব পাৰে। ইয়াৰ ওপৰিও শংকৰ বৰুৱাৰ পৰিয়ালৰ অজিত বৰুৱাৰ পৰাও শুদ্ধ তথ্য পাব।

thank you for inform, i updated soon

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Biography of Kushal Konwar

Many young women and men from Assam, like other parts of India, jumped into the nationwide freedom movement against the British. They actively participated in this freedom movement in the interest of the country and created a sense of patriotism. Kushal Konwar is one of the strongest soldiers in the freedom struggle against the British. Kushal Konwar’s uncompromising stance and courage gave a new impetus to the Quit India Movement in Assam. Kushal Konwar is a symbol of patriotism, sacrifice and courage. He is not a person he is an event that reminds us of the smiling self-sacrifice for the country every now and then.

Table of Contents

Kushal Konwar in the Freedom Movement

Kushal Konwar, a brave fighter who sacrificed his self in the interest of the country, was born on March 21,1905 at The Sawdang Chariali(Crossroads) in Ghiladhari Mouzar in Golaghat district. His father’s name was Sonaram Konwar and his mother’s name was Kankeshwari Konwar. Importantly he is the son of Tungkhungiya Fayed who played a significant role during the 60-year-old Ahom reign. 

Kushal Konwar enrolled in Golaghat Government High School after completing his primary education in the Balijan MV School in 1918. Importantly, when he entered his teenage i.e. in about 17 years, the brutal and cruel Jallianwala Bagh Massacre that created a sensation across the country took place in 1919. Assam also had the impact of the non-cooperation movement that started across the country against the J allianwala Bagh Massacre and the Rowlatt Act approved by the British government in 1919. At that time, konwar, like other young fighters, also actively participated in the movement to save the country. 

Also Read : Biography of Jyoti Prasad Agarwala

Kushal Konwar also took responsibility of his family in parallel with active participation in India’s freedom movement launched against the British. At that time, konwar set up a shop in parallel with his focus on farming to provide financial relief to his father Sonaram Konwar, who left Balijan in 1924 and moved to the Rengma region in the face of financial difficulties at that time.

Importantly, Konwar has actively participated in the movement as well as in the field of education and took a special initiative in the Rengmai Village to usher in an intellectual awakening. Established a school in 1925 and he also took over as the headmaster of the school. It may be recalled that after serving as headmaster at Rengma Primary School for two years due to financial difficulties in the family, he started his tea garden career as a garden inspector at Balijan Tea Garden in 1927. However, after serving as garden inspector in Balijan tea garden from 1927 to 1936, he voluntarily quit the job of garden inspector on June 31 to usher in a strong struggle led by Mahatma Gandhi to liberate India from British rule.

Struggling Life

Kushal Konwar was a great follower of Mahatma Gandhi. The role of non-violence worshipper Mahatma Gandhi in his life was immense. Konwar actively participated in India’s freedom movement since 1921 but joined Mahatma Gandhi when he came to Golaghat in 1934. Importantly, Under Gandhi’s influence, the course of Konwar’s life and philosophy of life completely changed. Like Mahatma Gandhi, Konwar became vegetarian, committed to abandoning violence and adopt non-violent policies. Kushal Konwar also studied the Gita daily, and also choosed Gita as his partner. Importantly Konwar who tried to become self-reliant by taking homemade items was the one who discarded salt. Kushal Konwar made these promises till the end of his life.

Kushal Konwar, who actively participated in the freedom movement, played an important role in spreading the programmes of the freedom movement to different parts of Assam. He took special initiatives to set up a Raiyat Sabha on Mauja or Regional Basis in each region. Importantly, Konwar served as the secretary of the meeting of Raiyat Sabha in Sarupathar area. Kushal Konwar also personally took up efforts to unite all people against British rule. He later led the people of Sarupathar area and also served as secretary of Sarupathar Congress. Importantly, he also tried to boycott ‘tobacco’ and ‘Untouchability’ with the ideals of Mahatma Gandhi in parallel with participating and leading various programmes of the freedom struggle. Kushal Konwar himself stitched hats and customer clothes in the machine and distributed them among Congress workers to boycott foreign items and to accept homemade items.

The non-cooperation movement against British rule, which started in organized form in 1921, gradually intensified and was reflected strongly in 1942. Importantly, the main slogan of this movement, led by Mahatma Gandhi, was ‘Do or Die.’ Every people of Assam also participated in the movement in solidarity with this movement for independence of the country. Kushal Konwar also actively participated in the movement to get rid of the British imperialism. Importantly, the movement, which was directly driven by non-violence policy, subsequently turned to violence. The agitators carried out violent acts such as disconnecting the railways, breaking telegraph-telephone poles and bridges, burning of army soldiers’ etc. However, Konwar deep follower of Mahatma Gandhi was completely away from these acts of violence. Kushal Konwar was not in favor of any acts of violence as part of the agitation. Which led to kushal konwar’s conflict with other agitators.

Importantly, despite the opposition of Kushal Konwar many members of the Death Force formed under the Congress leadership, plans to carry out a train accident at Sangpul near Sarupathar. Further, after Kushal Konwar’s request to not to carry out any violence activity a train carrying troops was thrown near the Sarupathar, and as a result hundreds of English soldiers died.

It may be recalled that Konwar was not involved in the incident but the English police arrested him on November 3,1942 and the English magistrate alleged that he was the leader of the train accident team. Konwar was subsequently sent to Jorhat jail on November 5. Kushal Konwar had to spend the first 12 days as a trial prisoner in Jorhat jail and the remaining 100 days in dark room. That is, Konwar was imprisoned for 112 days. On March 6,1943, after a long life in prison, the Jorhat court had pronounced its verdict on Kushal Konwar that Konwar should be sentenced to death by hanging as a punishment. And on June 15,1943, Kushal Konwar was hanged in Jorhat district jail.

Importantly, Kushal Konwar’s role in active participation in the freedom movement, his wife Prabhavati’s role was undeniable. Prabhavati performed every household responsibility with two children in the absence of Konwar who gave every possible moment for the independence of the country.

37 year Kushal Konwar who wore a white Persian Coat, Khadi sheet with a green lace, and a Gandhi’s hat on his head, had a very strong personality. His life-ideals, hard work power were exemplary. Importantly, calm and self-processed Konwar was not perturbed to hear the hanging verdict. He considered it a great privilege of life to be able to sacrifice his life for the sake of the country and for the people of India. 

Importantly, Kushal Konwar spent his time in captivity reading the Gita. He took everything positively instead of disappointing with the hanging verdict given by the court even though he was not involved in the violence. He came forward with a smile to sacrifice himself for the country. Importantly, Kushal Konwar was the last Assamese fighter who laid down his life by hanging in 1943. 

Even he had not involved in any violence activity, he had to sacrifice his life by hanging, Kushal Konwar is not just for being punished with hanging but his honesty, positional attitude, strong personality, and truthful ideals will become a role model for all of us.

1. Where and when was Kushal Konwar born?

Ans: Kushal Konwar was born on March 21, 1905 at Ghiladhari Mouza, Sawdang  Crossroads, Undivided Sivasagar District (now Golaghat district).

2. Who is Kushal Konwar?

Ans: Kushal Konwar was an Indian Assamese freedom fighter from Assam and he happened to be the only martyr in India who was hanged during last phase of the Quit India Movement. He sacrificed his life for country.

3. When and where was Kushal Konwar hanged?

Ans: He was hanged on 15th of June 1943 at 4:30 am, Konwar was hanged in Jorhat Jail.

Hi, I’m Dev Kirtonia, Founder & CEO of Dev Library. A website that provides all SCERT, NCERT 3 to 12, and BA, B.com, B.Sc, and Computer Science with Post Graduate Notes & Suggestions, Novel, eBooks, Biography, Quotes, Study Materials, and more.

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Assam to restore, preserve house of 1942 martyr Kushal Konwar

Paying rich tributes to the martyr, sonowal recalled the sacrifices made by thousands of people who took part in the freedom movement in assam..

The Assam government will restore and preserve the house that belonged to Kushal Konwar, a prominent freedom fighter of the state who was hanged by the British way back in 1942 for his alleged role in derailment of a military train transporting soldiers to the upper Assam region during the World War II.

“Our government will restore and preserve the house of the great martyr Kushal Konwar who had showed exemplary patriotism during the freedom struggle. His was a story much different from most others who had attained martyrdom for the same cause. Kushal Konwar had chosen to go the gallows by taking responsibility of those who had actually derailed the military train,” Assam Chief Minister Sarbananda Sonowal said here on Wednesday.

Paying rich tributes to the martyr, Sonowal recalled the sacrifices made by thousands of people who took part in the freedom movement in Assam, and said the new generation as well as people in the rest of the country need to be told about the stories particularly of those who laid down their lives.

[related-post]

“While Kushal Konwar’s sacrifice and martyrdom was a different kind of story, the new generation as well as people across the country should also be told the stories of other martyrs like Kanaklata, Bhogeswari Phukanani and many others. These will inspire people to work for the country,” Sonowal, who laid a wreath at the Kushal Konwar statue here on the 63rd anniversary of his martyrdom, said.

Kushal Konwar is said to be the only martyr of the Quit India phase of the freedom movement who was hanged (unlike most others who had fallen to bullets of the British police). Then secretary of the local Congress unit, Konwar took the responsibility on his shoulder of an incident in which a group of local youth had removed the sleepers of the railway track near Sarupathar in present-day Golaghat district in Assam, thus causing derailment of a special train moving soldiers to upper Assam during the World War II. While he was held guilty and given a death sentence without any concrete proof of his involvement in the incident, Konwar was hanged in the Jorhat Jail on June 15, 1943.

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Digital District Repository Detail

Kushal konwar.

Jorhat, Assam

January 25, 2022 to January 25, 2025

Kushal Konwar (1904 - 1943) was a Gandhian and probably the only person to be hanged for participating in the Quit India Movement. He was active in Assam. On 10 October 1942, a train got derailed in Golaghat, killing several English and American soldiers. Kushal Konwar was charged with sabotage. On 15 June 1943, he was hanged in Jorhat Jail.

Source: Azadi Ke Deewane Museum, Red Fort, ASI, Ministry of Culture

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Heroes of our time: Meet Indians making a difference

You’ve seen the pictures. you’ve heard the names. read on to see what some of the winners who have largely remained away from the spotlight achieved and how.

In times of bad news — disaster and distress in Chennai, smog in Delhi, the Yamuna covered in toxic foam — the Padma Shri awards handed out this week were a reminder, even in such an age, of the power of one. On the list were people who picked a mighty mission and persevered with it. You’ve seen the pictures. You’ve heard the names. Read on to see what some of the winners who have largely remained away from the spotlight achieved and how

Jaswantiben Popat, Maharashtra - A cracking good success story

You may not know her name, but you will definitely have heard of her brand.

Jaswantiben Popat, 94, is one of the seven co-founders (and the only surviving one) of Lijjat Papad. These women struggled together, 62 years ago, to set up Shri Mahila Udyog Lijjat Papad, which now employs 43,000 women.

On Monday, when the Padma Shri so lifted her spirits, she missed her sisters , her grandson’s wife Nitu Popat told HT. “She always says, they are not employees, all women working at Lijjat Papad are owners.”

Nitu says the seven women started out with ₹ 80 in capital. Once all their housework was done, they would gather on a building terrace in south Mumbai, knead the dough for their papads, and lay it out in discs to dry. Their product was so good, it grew organically into a company larger than they could have imagined, helping thousands more women gain some measure of independence.

“Jaswantiben still visits the Girgaum branch and attends meetings,” says Ramnik Nathwani, the company’s public relations officer.

Crafting healthier rice, wheat - Chintala Venkat Reddy, Telangana

He was going to meet the President and Prime Minister at Rashtrapati Bhavan! That was Chintala Venkat Reddy’s first thought when he heard that he had been awarded a Padma Shri.

Reddy, 71 and based in Hyderabad, is India’s first independent farmer to receive an international patent. In February this year, he patented his innovation for producing foodgrains (particularly the widely consumed rice and wheat) that are enriched naturally with Vitamin D, making them more nutritious. He also secured another international patent for his technique in soil swapping to improve soil fertility.

A farmer who opted out of formal education in Class 11, Reddy has worked his marvels through painstaking experiments conducted, over 10 years, in his own fields at Alwal in Telangana. He used various nutrient-enhancing compositions such as carrot extract, maize flour and sweet potato extract, which increase Vitamin D content in plants when applied during irrigation. In some cases, the seed of the crop must also be soaked in these extracts before sowing.

Already, private seed companies have approached him, he says. But Reddy does not want his work commercialised.

“These awards and appreciations give me immense satisfaction. But the real satisfaction will come when people across the country benefit from my work,” he says. “If the Indian government can take this technology into fields, India can export grain enriched with Vitamin D to the world.”

The seed saver - Rahibai Popere, Maharashtra

When her grandson kept falling ill as a child, Rahibai Popere decided to trace the problem to its roots. “I realised we had to resume organic farming,” she says. “It is at that point that I started conserving indigenous seeds.”

That was 21 years ago. Since then, Popere, 57, a farmer and mother of four, has created a seed bank of 154 varieties of native grains and vegetables in her village of Kombhalne, in Ahmednagar, Maharashtra.

Initially, people made fun of her, she says. “I had to convince people that what I was doing had value. My home was small and I didn’t have proper space for my conserved seeds. There was a time when I used to cry at night, but in the morning I resumed work.”

At social gatherings, she would gift saplings to other women. She reached out through NGOs and self-help groups. Her mission is healthy eating, conservation of indigenous foods, and revival of crop diversity.

“Now my work has reached many and I get invitations to speak or people visit my home,” says Popere, speaking over phone from Delhi where she received the Padma Shri on Monday. Anyone who comes her way leaves with lessons in organic farming, biodiversity and wild food resources.

Her efforts are now supported by the Pune-based BAIF Development Research Foundation, a non-profit that has set up seed banks in Palghar and Nandurbar districts. Thousands have availed of seeds from the collections traceable back to Popere.

Her village, meanwhile, still has no good roads and sporadic water supply. This came up in her brief interaction with Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

“I have invited Modiji to my village,” she says.

A hero who rose from tragedy in Bhopal - Abdul Jabbar, Madhya Pradesh

For Abdul Jabbar, as for so many others, the Bhopal gas tragedy never ended.

Until his death in 2019, aged 62, Jabbar fought to help those who suffered health crises and were denied compensation after breathing in the toxic gases released during an accident at the Union Carbide factory in Bhopal in 1984. He has now received the Padma Shri posthumously; his wife Saira Bano accepted it on his behalf.

Jabbar was 27 and lived 1 km from the site at the time of the disaster. After rushing his mother and brother to safety, he returned to save others.

Jabbar lost his mother and brother that night. He lost 50% vision; he would struggle with heart and lung conditions for life. But he worked in the area for 15 days without a break. His work would continue long after.

Jabbar fought Union Carbide for compensation in street protests and in court. He fought to have the definitions of who was eligible for compensation expanded to include, for instance, widows and daughters of men who died.

He launched an NGO and a vocational training centre where trainers taught women to use computers and stitch clothes. He rushed people to hospital himself, when the effects of the gas tragedy surfaced, sometimes decades later, in horrific ways.

“The people respected Jabbarji because he was a most honest activist,” says activist Rachna Dhingra. “Even the officials respected him. He always turned up if someone was in trouble. He never stopped working for the people.” No tusk too daunting for the elephant doctor - Kushal Konwar Sarma, Assam

As a child, Kushal Konwar Sarma was often scolded for abandoning his homework to spend time with Lakhi, an elephant who lived with the family for part of the year, in Barama village, Assam.

It was his love for Lakhi, though, that led to him becoming a veterinarian, then a veterinary surgeon.

Decades later, elephants are now legitimately his life. He’s known across the state as the elephant doctor, and was recently awarded the Padma Shri for his efforts to save the lives of pachyderms in the wild.

“I was always very comfortable with domestic elephants, but I felt I could get close to wild ones too. In 37 years, I’ve treated other animals, but my priority is always pachyderms,” says Sarma, 60, now also a professor and head of surgery and radiology at the College of Veterinary Science in Guwahati.

Sarma has performed an estimated 2,000 surgeries on elephants so far, and treats about 700 a year. He also works with NGOs to educate people about non-violent ways of dealing with human-elephant conflict, a big problem in Assam.

“I’ve known Sarma for nearly 30 years. Despite his vast experience, he treats every new case with a fresh outlook and is always sincere,” said Bibhab Talukdar, who heads the wildlife NGO Aaranyak.

“His involvement was key in translocating 22 rhinos from Kaziranga National Park and the Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary. The Padma Shri honour to him is very well-deserved.”

Even on his visit to Delhi, he ended up rolling up his sleeves. A pachyderm at the zoo needed its tusks removed. One of Sarma’s former students Abhijit Bhawal, now chief veterinarian there, called and asked if he could help.

“He’s a very busy man but he’s always full of enthusiasm to work with elephants,” says Rathin Barman, joint director of the conservation NGO Wildlife Trust of India.

Finding new life, dancing to a new tune - Manjamma Jogati, Karnataka

When Manjamma Jogati, 64, walked past Prime Minister Narendra Modi and other dignitaries towards Indian president Ramnath Kovind on Monday, it was already one of the most iconic moments for her community. Then, she stood before the President and blessed him by holding the fringe of her sari over his head. A community long shunned and relegated to the margins was at centrestage.

Manjamma Jogati was born biologically male in mineral-rich Ballari, to parents who were so concerned that she “acted like a girl” that they tried a range of offerings and rituals to “cure” her. Distraught, she attempted suicide in her teens. When she survived, she was told to leave the house.

On the streets of Ballari, alone, she saw a young man dance with a deity on his shoulders. That was what she wanted, she realised. To be free, to perform, to be her true self.

She made her way to Kolar in southern Karnataka, where she worked at a small restaurant. She met Kaalavva Jogatti, from whom she learnt the art of Jogati, a ritual folk dance in Karnataka performed by members of the Jogappa transgender community in Karnataka.

The Jogappa is a tradition of gender-fluid holy women who are born biologically male and believed to be possessed by the goddess Yellamma. They are seen by devotees as a special link with the goddess.

Manjamma Jogati now began performing as part of Kaalavva Jogatti’s troupe. Eventually, she took over the troupe when her guru died. In 2019, she became the first transgender person to be appointed president of the Karnataka Janapada Academy, set up to promote folk art in the state.

Manjamma was awarded the Padma Shri for her contribution to the arts. But her success also throws light on a community of people still compelled to beg on streets or forced into sex work because most means of employment remain closed to them.

That struggle continues. “You can give the Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri, but how do we change mindsets,” says transgender activist Akkai Padmashali. The government needs to act to recognise and protect the rights of the transgender community, Padmashali adds.

A school from oranges - Harekala Hajabba, Karnataka

Sometime in the late 1970s, a tourist walked up to Harekala Hajabba and asked the price of his oranges. He sat and gaped, not understanding a word. The foreigner tried again, but of course that didn’t help. A passerby explained what was being asked.

On his way home, Hajabba told himself this shouldn’t happen to his children, or any children. There was no school in Hajabba’s village of Harekala-Newpadpu, and therefore no place to learn English. He decided he would change that. It was an impossible dream, given that he was earning about ₹ 80 a day from the orange stall at the time, but he began to save up.

“My wife would ask me how many years it would take to build a school with little money I was saving. But however long it took, I wanted to build that school,” he says.

It took Hajabba more than two decades. The Harekala-Newpadpu village school opened to students on June 17, 2000. Government funding has provided a boost and a high school section was opened in 2007. From 28 students, it now accommodates a total of 175, all the way to Class 10.

Hajabba, now 66, feels that more than his savings it was his perseverance that realised the dream. “I knew that it would be difficult to do it on my own, so I went to a lot of people asking for help. In most of the cases, they came forward when I told them what I was doing.”

His Padma Shri, he says, he merely received on behalf of his village and all those who made the school possible. “I’m just an orange seller. I can’t say that I built that school because it is not possible to build a school with the savings I had. The school was built because so many people donated,” he says.

The making of a superhero - Narayan Debnath, West Bengal

In a time of strife, he gave the nation a cheery superhero. Legendary comic creator Narayan Debnath, 97, received a Padma Shri this year, for his artistry and for the joy his work has brought to generations of Indians. He created the long-running and much-loved Bengali comic series Handa Bhonda in 1962. It followed the adventures of two mischievous boys and their bad-tempered uncle.

Then, during the 1965 India-Pakistan war, he created Bantul The Great, a man of extraordinary power. Bullets bounced off him; he could not be defeated. The ongoing war featured in the comics too; Bantul chased away Pakistani tanks and brought down fighter jets with a lasso.

Today, Debnath can’t hear very well. “Sometimes he speaks very softly and incoherently. He is bedridden,” says his youngest son Tapas Debnath, 55. His work still speaks. It tells tale of a simpler time when fun was an afternoon annoying the neighours, and when all of India came together in times of trouble.

Debnath created other characters too, a detective, an adventurer; he wrote horror tales too.

Born and raised in Howrah, West Bengal, his family ran a business detailing gold jewellery, but he only ever wanted to draw. His talent was not formally schooled; Debnath signed up for an art degree but did not complete it. The love he had for pencil and ink never waned. He was drawing until as recently as three years ago, his son says.

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