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18CPS13/23 C Programming For Problem Solving Question Papers

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Problem Solving Through Programming In C

• Formulate simple algorithms for arithmetic and logical problems
• Translate the algorithms to programs (in C language)
• Test and execute the programs and  correct syntax and logical errors
• Implement conditional branching, iteration and recursion
• Decompose a problem into functions and synthesize a complete program using divide and conquer approach
• Use arrays, pointers and structures to formulate algorithms and programs
• Apply programming to solve matrix addition and multiplication problems and searching and sorting problems 
• Apply programming to solve simple numerical method problems, namely rot finding of function, differentiation of function and simple integration

Note: This exam date is subjected to change based on seat availability. You can check final exam date on your hall ticket.

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Course certificate.

• Assignment score = 25% of average of best 8 assignments out of the total 12 assignments given in the course. 
• ( All assignments in a particular week will be counted towards final scoring - quizzes and programming assignments). 
• Unproctored programming exam score = 25% of the average scores obtained as part of Unproctored programming exam - out of 100
• Proctored Exam score =50% of the proctored certification exam score out of 100

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C Programming and Coding Question Bank with Solution, Second Edition

• Swati Saxena
• BPB Publications

In this Book

• How to Give Output?
• Basic Input and Output
• Using the Ternary Statement
• Decision-Making Practice—If-Else and Switch Case
• Looping/Iteration
• Use of Goto
• Using string.h
• Array– 1D and 2D
• Functions – Call by Value / Call by Reference
• Dynamic Memory Allocation
• File Handling
• Bitwise Operators
• Miscellaneous
• Extra Questions

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Loop programming exercises and solutions in C

In programming, there exists situations when you need to repeat single or a group of statements till some condition is met. Such as – read all files of a directory, send mail to all employees one after another etc. These task in C programming is handled by looping statements .

Looping statement defines a set of repetitive statements. These statements are repeated with same or different parameters for a number of times. Looping statement is also known as iterative or repetitive statement .

C supports three looping statements.

• do…while loop

In this exercise we will practice lots of looping problems to get a strong grip on loop. This is most recommended C programming exercise for beginners.

Always feel free to drop your queries, suggestions, hugs or bugs down below in the comments section . I always look forward to hear from you.

Required knowledge

Basic C programming , Relational operators , Logical operators , If else , For loop

List of loop programming exercises

• Write a C program to print all natural numbers from 1 to n.  – using  while loop
• Write a C program to print all natural numbers in reverse (from n to 1) . – using  while loop
• Write a C program to print all alphabets from a to z.  – using  while loop
• Write a C program to print all even numbers between 1 to 100.  – using  while loop
• Write a C program to print all odd number between 1 to 100.
• Write a C program to find sum of all natural numbers between 1 to n.
• Write a C program to find sum of all even numbers between 1 to n .
• Write a C program to find sum of all odd numbers between 1 to n .
• Write a C program to print multiplication table of any number .
• Write a C program to count number of digits in a number .
• Write a C program to find first and last digit of a number .
• Write a C program to find sum of first and last digit of a number.
• Write a C program to swap first and last digits of a number .
• Write a C program to calculate sum of digits of a number .
• Write a C program to calculate product of digits of a number .
• Write a C program to enter a number and print its reverse .
• Write a C program to check whether a number is palindrome or not.
• Write a C program to find frequency of each digit in a given integer .
• Write a C program to enter a number and print it in words.
• Write a C program to print all ASCII character with their values .
• Write a C program to find power of a number using for loop .
• Write a C program to find all factors of a number .
• Write a C program to calculate factorial of a number .
• Write a C program to find HCF (GCD) of two numbers .
• Write a C program to find LCM of two numbers .
• Write a C program to check whether a number is Prime number or not.
• Write a C program to print all Prime numbers between 1 to n.
• Write a C program to find sum of all prime numbers between 1 to n .
• Write a C program to find all prime factors of a number .
• Write a C program to check whether a number is Armstrong number or not.
• Write a C program to print all Armstrong numbers between 1 to n.
• Write a C program to check whether a number is Perfect number or not .
• Write a C program to print all Perfect numbers between 1 to n .
• Write a C program to check whether a number is Strong number or not .
• Write a C program to print all Strong numbers between 1 to n .
• Write a C program to print Fibonacci series up to n terms .
• Write a C program to find one’s complement of a binary number .
• Write a C program to find two’s complement of a binary number .
• Write a C program to convert Binary to Octal number system .
• Write a C program to convert Binary to Decimal number system .
• Write a C program to convert Binary to Hexadecimal number system .
• Write a C program to convert Octal to Binary number system .
• Write a C program to convert Octal to Decimal number system .
• Write a C program to convert Octal to Hexadecimal number system .
• Write a C program to convert Decimal to Binary number system .
• Write a C program to convert Decimal to Octal number system .
• Write a C program to convert Decimal to Hexadecimal number system .
• Write a C program to convert Hexadecimal to Binary number system .
• Write a C program to convert Hexadecimal to Octal number system .
• Write a C program to convert Hexadecimal to Decimal number system .
• Write a C program to print Pascal triangle upto n rows .
• Star pattern programs – Write a C program to print the given star patterns.
• Number pattern programs – Write a C program to print the given number patterns .

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C++ Exercises – C++ Practice Set with Solutions

Do you want to improve your command on C++ language? Explore our vast library of C++ exercise questions, which are specifically designed for beginners as well as for advanced programmers. We provide a large selection of coding exercises that cover every important topic, including classes, objects, arrays, matrices, and pointers. Master C++ with our practical approach and practice C++ exercises online.

C++ Exercise Problems

There are over 50+ C Exercise questions for you to practice along with the solutions to every question for a better understanding. You can solve these questions online in GeeksforGeeks IDE.

Q1. Write a Program to Print “Hello World” in the Console Screen.

Write a simple program that prints the words “Hello World” on the console.

For Example,

Click here to view the solution.

Q2. write a program to read and print number input from the user..

In this problem, you have to create a simple program that reads a number that is entered by the user and prints it on the console screen.

Q3. Write a Program to Print the ASCII Value of a Character.

In C++, each character has some ASCII value associated with it. In this problem, we have to print the ASCII value of the character in the console.

Q4. Write a Program to Swap Two Numbers.

You have to create a program that swaps the value of two number variables. It means that the value of the first variable will be stored in the second variable and the value of the second variable should be stored in the first variable.

Q5. Write a Program to Find the Size of int, float, double, and char.

In C++, each datatype requires some memory to store data. In this program, you have to print the required memory (i.e. size in bytes) for int, float, double, and char data types on the console.

Q6. Write a Program to Find Compound Interest.

In this problem, you have to write a program that calculates and prints the compound interest for the given Principle, Rate of Interest, and Time.

Q7. Write a Program to Check Even or Odd Integers.

In this problem, we have to simply check whether the given integer is odd or even and print the output on the console.

Q8. Write a Program to Find the Largest Among 3 Numbers.

In this problem, you are given 3 numbers, and you have to find out which one is the largest.

Q9. Write a Program to Check if a Given Year Is a Leap Year.

In this problem, you have to write a program that takes a year as an input, and then checks whether it is a leap year or not.

Q10. Write a Program to Check Whether a Number Is Prime or Not.

The number can be prime or non-prime based on the number of its factors. In this program, we have to check whether the given number is prime or not and print the result on the console screen.

Q11. Write a Program to Check Whether a Number Is a Palindrome or Not.

A palindrome number is a number that is equal to itself even after reversing its digits. In this program, we have to check for palindrome numbers.

Q12. Write a Program to Make a Simple Calculator.

In this problem, you have to make a program that can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on two numbers entered by the user. The type of arithmetic operation can also be selected by the user.

Q13. Write a Program to Reverse a Sentence Using Recursion.

In this program, you have to simply reverse the sentence stored as a string.

Q14. Write a Program for Fibonacci Numbers Using Recursion.

The Fibonacci Series is a mathematical sequence in which the next number is the sum of the last two numbers in the sequence. In this program, you will have to print the Nth number in the sequence using recursion.

Q15. Write a Program to Swap Two Numbers Using a Function.

In this program, you have to swap the values of two variables using another function.

Q16. Write a Program to Check if Two Arrays Are Equal or Not.

An array is said to be equal if the elements at the given index are equal in both arrays. In this program, you have to take two arrays, and then check whether the two arrays are equal.

Q17. Write a Program to Calculate the Average of All the Elements Present in an Array.

In this problem, you have to calculate the average of all the elements present in the array and print it on the console screen.

Q18. Write a Program to Find the Maximum and Minimum in an Array.

In this problem, you have to find both maximum(largest) and minimum(smallest) numbers in a numerical array.

Q19. Write a Program to Search an Element in an Array (Linear Search).

In this program, you have to search for the given element in an array. If the element is found, you will print the index of the element. The array is unsorted.

Q20. Write a Program to Print the Array After It Is Right Rotated K Times.

Array Rotation means shifting the elements n positions to left or right. In this problem, you will have to rotate the array in the right direction k number of times.

Q21. Write a Program to Compute the Sum of Diagonals of a Matrix.

In this problem, you have to calculate the Sum of both the diagonal elements of a matrix. Matrix are generally represented as 2D arrays.

Q22. Write a Program to Rotate the Elements of a Matrix.

We can rotate the matrix in two ways: clockwise and anticlockwise. In this problem, you have to rotate the elements of the matrix in the clockwise direction for K number of times.

Q23. Write a Program to Find the Length of a String.

The length of the string is the number of characters in a string except the NULL character. Write a simple program to find the length of a string and print it on the console.

Q24. Write a Program to Compare Two Strings.

In this problem, you have to write a program to compare two strings to check whether they are the same or not.

For Examples,

Q25. Write a Program to Check if the String Is Palindrome.

Similar to a palindrome number, a palindrome string is a string that is equal to its reverse. You have to write a program to check whether the given string is a palindrome string or not.

Q26. Write a Program to Add 2 Binary Strings.

In some cases, numbers can also be represented as strings. In this problem, you have a string representation of a binary number and you have to convert this binary number string to the numerical integer form.

Q27. Write a Program to Convert String to int.

Like the above problem, you have to create a program to convert the number in the string form to the integer form. But in this program, instead of binary, you have to work with a decimal number system.

Q28. Write a Program to Split a String into a Number of Sub-Strings.

In this problem, you will write a program to split the given string into substrings based on some delimiter. It is also called tokenization.

Q29. Write a Program to Print a Simple Full Pyramid Pattern.

In this problem, you have to print the simple pyramid pattern shown below:

This pattern will vary with the number of rows specified.

Q30. Write a Program That Receives a Number and Prints It Out in Large Size.

In this problem, you will write a program to print the given numbers in large form as shown below:

Q31. Write a Program to Print Pascal’s Triangle.

Pascal Triangle is a pattern in which binomial coefficients are used as the elements. In this problem, you have to write the program to print the Pascal triangle in the console.

Q32. Write a Program for Binary to Decimal Conversion.

In this problem, you will have to write a program that converts the number from the binary system to the decimal number system.

Q33. Write a Program for Decimal to Octal Conversion.

Similar to the above problem, in this problem, a number in the decimal system is to be converted to the octal conversion using a C++ program.

Q34. Write a Program to Sort an Array(Bubble Sort).

Sorting algorithms are used to sort the data collection into some defined order. Write a program that sorts the array in increasing order using the bubble sort sorting algorithm.

Q35. Write a Program to Search an Element in an Array (Binary Search).

Binary Search is a search algorithm similar to linear search. In this problem, you have to search for a given element K in and print its index. If the element is not found, then print “K is not found”. You have to use binary search.

Q36. Write a Program of Merge Sort.

Merge Sort is an efficient sorting algorithm that can be used to sort the collection of values. In this problem, implement merge sort algorithm to sort the array in increasing order.

Q37. Write a Program to Sort a String.

Write a program to sort the array or vector of string in lexicographically ascending order. The sorting of strings is similar the numeric sorting but with some minor differences.

Q38. Write a Program to Store Information of a Student in a Structure.

In this problem, you have to create a program to store the information of the individual student i.e. name, roll number, subjects enrolled, marks in each subject, and CGPA in a structure.

Q39. Write a Program to Add Two Complex Numbers.

In this problem, you have to create a complex number data type and create a method to add the two complex numbers.

Q40. Write a Program to Create an Interface.

Interfaces are not part of C++ but their behavior can be imitated. In this problem, you have to create a class that works in a similar way as the interface works in Java.

Q41. Write a Program to Create a New File.

In this program, you have to create a new file using a C++ program. Also, check if the file is created. If failed, print “File Creation Failure”, otherwise print “File Creation Successful”.

Q42. Write a Program to Append the Content of One Text File to Another.

In the problem, you have to write a program that copies the content of one file to another file using C++ such that it does not replace the existing content in the second file. After copying, print the contents of the second file.

// After execution

Q43. Write a Program to Get the List of Files in a Directory.

In this problem, you will have to print the list of files that are present in some directory using C++ language.

For Example, consider the following directory.

Q44. Write a Program for Handling the Divide by Zero Exception.

Exception handling provides a defined way to deal with errors. In this problem, you will create a C++ program to handle one of the most commonly encountered errors which occurs when some numeric value is divided by zero.

Q45. Write a Program to Copy a Vector Using STL.

There are many ways in C++ to copy the elements of a vector to another vector. In this problem, you have to copy the vector using the std::copy function of the STL.

Q46. Write a Program to Find the Maximum and Minimum Elements in a Set.

In this problem, you have to write a program to find the maximum and minimum elements in an STL Set container and print them in the console.

Q47. Write a Program to Find Permutations of a Given String Using STL.

In this problem, you have to write a program to find and print all the possible permutations of a string using the methods provided in C++ STL.

Q48. Write a Program for Implementing Stack Using Class Templates.

In this problem, you have to create your own stack data structure that will be able to work for different data types. This stack should come with functions to perform the basic operations such as: push(), pop(), top(), and empty().

For Example, the following operations should be valid.

Q49. Write a Program to Create a Custom Vector Class.

In this problem, you have to create your own vector container that will be able to work for different data types. It will work as a dynamic array with some basic functions such push_back(), pop_back() and size().

Q50. Write a Program to Build a Custom Map Using Header File.

In this problem, you will create a header file that defines a container similar to std::map in C++ STL. Then you will use this header file in another C++ program. The container should contain the following functions:

insert() find() update() accessing any key erase() count() size() empty() clear()

Q51. Write a Program for Finding the Middle Element of a Given Linked List.

In this program, you have to first implement a linked list and insert some elements. After that, you will have to find the middle element in the linked list.

Q52. Write a Program to Print the Current Day, Date, and Time.

In this problem, you have to write the program that prints the current day, date, and time on the console in the format that is shown below.

Q53. Write a Program to Print a Calendar for a Given Year.

In this program, the user will enter a year and you will have to print the calendar for the given year in a grid-like format with days and dates.

For Example, the month of February 2016 looks like this:

Q54. Write a Program to Generate Random Double Numbers.

C++ provides different methods to generate some random numbers. In this problem, you have to use one of these methods to generate 10 random numbers of type double.

We hope you found these C++ exercises useful in advancing your knowledge of C++ programming language. Our C++ exercise sheet is designed to help you at every stage of the learning process.

Solving C++ exercises can help you practice different C++ concepts in codes, and understand their workings. Each problem you solve brings you one step closer to your goal of mastering C++.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. what topics should i cover in c++ exercises to prepare for interviews.

Some of the most common topics of C++ programming that are asked in interviews are: Data Structures Algorithms Object-Oriented Programming, Pointers Dynamic Memory Management

Q2. Is it important to practice C++ exercises even if I know other programming languages?

Yes, it is important to practice C++ exercises as it has unique features like memory management and object-oriented concepts that might differ from other languages.

Q3. What is C++ used in today?

C++ is used in many fields and industries like: Gaming  Operating Systems Embedded Systems Automotive Systems Telecommunications Web Browsers

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Problem Solving with Computer

By Bipin Tiwari

Problem Solving is a scientific technique to discover and implement the answer to a problem. The computer is the symbol manipulating device that follows the set of commands known as program.

Program is the set of instructions which is run by the computer to perform specific task. The task of developing program is called programming.

Problem Solving Technique:

Sometimes it is not sufficient just to cope with problems. We have to solve that problems. Most people are involving to solve the problem. These problem are occur while performing small task or making small decision. So, Here are the some basic steps to solve the problems

Step 1: Identify and Define Problem

Explain you problem clearly as possible as you can.

Step 2: Generate Possible Solutions

• List out all the solution that you find. Don’t focus on the quality of the solution
• Generate the maximum number of solution as you can without considering the quality of the solution

Step 3: Evaluate Alternatives

After generating the maximum solution, Remove the undesired solutions.

Step 4: Decide a Solution

After filtering all the solution, you have the best solution only. Then choose on of the best solution and make a decision to make it as a perfect solution.

Step 5: Implement a Solution:

After getting the best solution, Implement that solution to solve a problem.

Step 6: Evaluate the result

After implementing a best solution, Evaluate how much you solution solve the problem. If your solution will not solve the problem then you can again start with Step 2 .

Algorithm is the set of rules that define how particular problem can be solved in finite number of steps. Any good algorithm must have following characteristics

• Input: Specify and require input
• Output:  Solution of any problem
• Definite:  Solution must be clearly defined
• Finite: Steps must be finite
• Correct:  Correct output must be generated

Advantages of Algorithms:

• It is the way to sole a problem step-wise so it is easy to understand.
• It uses definite procedure.
• It is not dependent with any programming language.
• Each step has it own meaning so it is easy to debug

Disadvantage of Algorithms:

• It is time consuming
• Difficult to show branching and looping statement
• Large problems are difficult to implement

The solution of any problem in picture form is called flowchart. It is the one of the most important technique to depict an algorithm.

Advantage of Flowchart:

• Easier to understand
• Helps to understand logic of problem
• Easy to draw flowchart in any software like MS-Word
• Complex problem can be represent using less symbols
• It is the way to documenting any problem
• Helps in debugging process

Disadvantage of Flowchart:

• For any change, Flowchart have to redrawn
• Showing many looping and branching become complex
• Modification of flowchart is time consuming

Symbol Used in Flowchart:

Example: Algorithm and Flowchart to check odd or even

Coding, Compiling and Execution

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Problem Solving using C Previous Question Papers – Calicut University UG degree course second semester BCA Problem Solving using C old year question papers are available to download.

University : Calicut University

Course : BCA (Bachelor of Computer Applications )

Semester : 2 Semester

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How Biden Adopted Trump’s Trade War With China

The president has proposed new barriers to electric vehicles, steel and other goods..

This transcript was created using speech recognition software. While it has been reviewed by human transcribers, it may contain errors. Please review the episode audio before quoting from this transcript and email [email protected] with any questions.

From “The New York Times,” I’m Sabrina Tavernise, and this is “The Daily.”

[MUSIC PLAYING]

Donald Trump upended decades of American policy when he started a trade war with China. Many thought that President Biden would reverse those policies. Instead, he’s stepping them up. Today, my colleague, Jim Tankersley, explains.

It’s Monday, May 13.

Jim, it’s very nice to have you in the studio.

It’s so great to be here, Sabrina. Thank you so much.

So we are going to talk today about something I find very interesting and I know you’ve been following. We’re in the middle of a presidential campaign. You are an economics reporter looking at these two candidates, and you’ve been trying to understand how Trump and Biden are thinking about our number one economic rival, and that is China.

As we know, Trump has been very loud and very clear about his views on China. What about Biden?

Well, no one is going to accuse President Biden of being as loud as former President Trump. But I think he’s actually been fairly clear in a way that might surprise a lot of people about how he sees economic competition with China.

We’re going after China in the wrong way. China is stealing intellectual property. China is conditioning —

And Biden has, kind of surprisingly, sounded a lot, in his own Joe Biden way, like Trump.

They’re not competing. They’re cheating. They’re cheating. And we’ve seen the damage here in America.

He has been very clear that he thinks China is cheating in trade.

The bottom line is I want fair competition with China, not conflict. And we’re in a stronger position to win the economic competition of the 21st century against China or anyone else because we’re investing in America and American workers again. Finally.

And maybe the most surprising thing from a policy perspective is just how much Biden has built on top of the anti-China moves that Trump made and really is the verge of his own sort of trade war with China.

Interesting. So remind us, Jim, what did Trump do when he actually came into office? We, of course, remember Trump really talking about China and banging that drum hard during the campaign, but remind us what he actually did when he came into office.

Yeah, it’s really instructive to start with the campaign, because Trump is talking about China in some very specific ways.

We have a $500 billion deficit, trade deficit, with China. We’re going to turn it around. And we have the cards. Don’t forget —

They’re ripping us off. They’re stealing our jobs.

They’re using our country as a piggy bank to rebuild China, and many other countries are doing the same thing. So we’re losing our good jobs, so many.

The economic context here is the United States has lost a couple of million jobs in what was called the China shock of the early 2000s. And Trump is tapping into that.

But when the Chinese come in, and they want to make great trade deals — and they make the best trade deals, and not anymore. When I’m there, we turn it around, folks. We turn it around. We have —

And what he’s promising as president is that he’s going to bring those jobs back.

I’ll be the greatest jobs president that God ever created. I’ll take them back from China, from Japan.

And not just any jobs, good-paying manufacturing jobs, all of it — clothes, shoes, steel, all of these jobs that have been lost that American workers, particularly in the industrial Midwest, used to do. Trump’s going to bring them back with policy meant to rebalance the trade relationship with China to get a better deal with China.

So he’s saying China is eating our lunch and has been for decades. That’s the reason why factory workers in rural North Carolina don’t have work. It’s those guys. And I’m going to change that.

Right. And he likes to say it’s because our leaders didn’t cut the right deal with them, so I’m going to make a better deal. And to get a better deal, you need leverage. So a year into his presidency, he starts taking steps to amass leverage with China.

And so what does that look like?

Just an hour ago, surrounded by a hand-picked group of steelworkers, President Trump revealed he was not bluffing.

It starts with tariffs. Tariffs are taxes that the government imposes on imports.

Two key global imports into America now face a major new barrier.

Today, I’m defending America’s national security by placing tariffs on foreign imports of steel and aluminum.

And in this case, it’s imports from a lot of different countries, but particularly China.

Let’s take it straight to the White House. The president of the United States announcing new trade tariffs against China. Let’s listen in.

This has been long in the making. You’ve heard —

So Trump starts, in 2018, this series of tariffs that he’s imposing on all sorts of things — washing machines, solar panels, steel, aluminum. I went to Delaware to a lighting store at that time, I remember, where basically everything they sold came from China and was subject to the Trump tariffs, because that’s where lighting was made now.

Interesting.

Hundreds of billions of dollars of Chinese goods now start falling under these Trump tariffs. The Chinese, of course, don’t take this lying down.

China says it is not afraid of a trade war with the US, and it’s fighting back against President Trump with its own tariffs on US goods.

They do their own retaliatory tariffs. Now American exports to China cost more for Chinese consumers. And boom, all of a sudden, we are in the midst of a full-blown trade war between the United States and Beijing.

Right. And that trade war was kind of a shock because for decades, politicians had avoided that kind of policy. It was the consensus of the political class in the United States that there should not be tariffs like that. It should be free trade. And Trump just came in and blew up the consensus.

Yeah. And Sabrina, I may have mentioned this once or 700 times before on this program, but I talk to a lot of economists in my job.

Yeah, it’s weird. I talk to a lot of economists. And in 2018 when this started, there were very, very, very few economists of any political persuasion who thought that imposing all these tariffs were a good idea. Republican economists in particular, this is antithetical to how they think about the world, which is low taxes, free trade. And even Democratic economists who thought they had some problems with the way free trade had been conducted did not think that Trump’s “I’m going to get a better deal” approach was going to work. And so there was a lot of criticism at the time, and a lot of politicians really didn’t like it, a lot of Democrats, many Republicans. And it all added up to just a real, whoa, I don’t think this is going to work.

So that begs the question, did it?

Well, it depends on what you mean by work. Economically, it does not appear to have achieved what Trump wanted. There’s no evidence yet in the best economic research that’s been done on this that enormous amounts of manufacturing jobs came back to the United States because of Trump’s tariffs. There was research, for example, on the tariffs on washing machines. They appear to have helped a couple thousand jobs, manufacturing jobs be created in the United States, but they also raised the price of washing machines for everybody who bought them by enough that each additional job that was created by those tariffs effectively cost consumers, like, $800,000 per job.

There’s like lots of evidence that the sectors Trump was targeting to try to help here, he didn’t. There just wasn’t a lot of employment rebound to the United States. But politically, it really worked. The tariffs were very popular. They had this effect of showing voters in those hollowed-out manufacturing areas that Trump was on their team and that he was fighting for them. Even if they didn’t see the jobs coming back, they felt like he was standing up for them.

So the research suggests this was a savvy political move by Trump. And in the process, it sort of changes the political economic landscape in both parties in the United States.

Right. So Trump made these policies that seemed, for many, many years in the American political system, fringe, isolationist, economically bad, suddenly quite palatable and even desirable to mainstream policymakers.

Yeah. Suddenly getting tough on China is something everyone wants to do across both parties. And so from a political messaging standpoint, being tough on China is now where the mainstream is. But at the same time, there is still big disagreement over whether Trump is getting tough on China in the right way, whether he’s actually being effective at changing the trade relationship with China.

Remember that Trump was imposing these tariffs as a way to get leverage for a better deal with China. Well, he gets a deal of sorts, actually, with the Chinese government, which includes some things about tariffs, and also China agreeing to buy some products from the United States. Trump spins it as this huge win, but nobody else really, including Republicans, acts like Trump has solved the problem that Trump himself has identified. This deal is not enough to make everybody go, well, everything’s great with China now. We can move on to the next thing.

China remains this huge issue. And the question of what is the most effective way to deal with them is still an animating force in politics.

Got it. So politically, huge win, but policy-wise and economically, and fundamentally, the problem of China still very much unresolved.

Absolutely.

So then Biden comes in. What does Biden do? Does he keep the tariffs on?

Biden comes to office, and there remains this real pressure from economists to roll back what they consider to be the ineffective parts of Trump’s trade policy. That includes many of the tariffs. And it’s especially true at a time when almost immediately after Biden takes office, inflation spikes. And so Americans are paying a lot of money for products, and there’s this pressure on Biden, including from inside his administration, to roll back some of the China tariffs to give Americans some relief on prices.

And Biden considers this, but he doesn’t do it. He doesn’t reverse Trump’s tariff policy. In the end, he’s actually building on it.

We’ll be right back.

So Jim, you said that Biden is actually building on Trump’s anti-China policy. What exactly does that look like?

So Biden builds on the Trump China policy in three key ways, but he does it with a really specific goal that I just want you to keep in mind as we talk about all of this, which is that Biden isn’t just trying to beat China on everything. He’s not trying to cut a better deal. Biden is trying to beat China in a specific race to own the clean-energy future.

Clean energy.

Yeah. So keep that in mind, clean energy. And the animating force behind all of the things Biden does with China is that Biden wants to beat China on what he thinks are the jobs of the future, and that’s green technology.

Got it. OK. So what does he do first?

OK. Thing number one — let’s talk about the tariffs. He does not roll them back. And actually, he builds on them. For years, for the most part, he just lets the tariffs be. His administration reviews them. And it’s only now, this week, when his administration is going to actually act on the tariffs. And what they’re going to do is raise some of them. They’re going to raise them on strategic green tech things, like electric vehicles, in order to make them more expensive.

And I think it’s important to know the backdrop here, which is since Biden has taken office, China has started flooding global markets with really low-cost green technologies. Solar panels, electric vehicles are the two really big ones. And Biden’s aides are terrified that those imports are going to wash over the United States and basically wipe out American automakers, solar panel manufacturers, that essentially, if Americans can just buy super-cheap stuff from China, they’re not going to buy it from American factories. Those factories are going to go out of business.

So Biden’s goal of manufacturing jobs in clean energy, China is really threatening that by dumping all these products on the American market.

Exactly. And so what he wants to do is protect those factories with tariffs. And that means increasing the tariffs that Trump put on electric vehicles in hopes that American consumers will find them too expensive to buy.

But doesn’t that go against Biden’s goal of clean energy and things better for the environment? Lots of mass-market electric vehicles into the United States would seem to advance that goal. And here, he’s saying, no, you can’t come in.

Right, because Biden isn’t just trying to reduce emissions at all costs. He wants to reduce emissions while boosting American manufacturing jobs. He doesn’t want China to get a monopoly in these areas. And he’s also, in particular, worried about the politics of lost American manufacturing jobs. So Biden does not want to just let you buy cheaper Chinese technologies, even if that means reducing emissions.

He wants to boost American manufacturing of those things to compete with China, which brings us to our second thing that Biden has done to build on Trump’s China policy, which is that Biden has started to act like the Chinese government in particular areas by showering American manufacturers with subsidies.

I see. So dumping government money into American businesses.

Yes, tax incentives, direct grants. This is a way that China has, in the past decades, built its manufacturing dominance, is with state support for factories. Biden is trying to do that in particular targeted industries, including electric vehicles, solar power, wind power, semiconductors. Biden has passed a bunch of legislation that showers those sectors with incentives and government support in hopes of growing up much faster American industry.

Got it. So basically, Biden is trying to beat China at its own game.

Yeah, he’s essentially using tariffs to build a fortress around American industry so that he can train the troops to fight the clean energy battle with China.

And the troops being American companies.

Yes. It’s like, we’re going to give them protection — protectionist policy — in order to get up to size, get up to strength as an army in this battle for clean energy dominance against the Chinese.

Got it. So he’s trying to build up the fortress. What’s the third thing Biden does? You mentioned three things.

Biden does not want the United States going it alone against China. He’s trying to build an international coalition, wealthy countries and some other emerging countries that are going to take on China and try to stop the Chinese from using their trade playbook to take over all these new emerging industrial markets.

But, Jim, why? What does the US get from bringing our allies into this trade war? Why does the US want that?

Some of this really is about stopping China from gaining access to new markets. It’s like, if you put the low-cost Chinese exports on a boat, and it’s going around the world, looking for a dock to stop and offload the stuff and sell it, Biden wants barriers up at every possible port. And he wants factories in those places that are competing with the Chinese.

And a crucial fact to know here is that the United States and Europe, they are behind China when it comes to clean-energy technology. The Chinese government has invested a lot more than America and Europe in building up its industrial capacity for clean energy. So America and its allies want to deny China dominance of those markets and to build up their own access to them.

And they’re behind, so they’ve got to get going. It’s like they’re in a race, and they’re trailing.

Yeah, it’s an economic race to own these industries, and it’s that global emissions race. They also want to be bringing down fossil-fuel emissions faster than they currently are, and this is their plan.

So I guess, Jim, the question in my mind is, Trump effectively broke the seal, right? He started all of these tariffs. He started this trade war with China. But he did it in this kind of jackhammer, non-targeted way, and it didn’t really work economically. Now Biden is taking it a step further. But the question is, is his effort here going to work?

The answer to whether it’s going to work really depends on what your goals are. And Biden and Trump have very different goals. If Trump wins the White House back, he has made very clear that his goal is to try to rip the United States trade relationship with China even more than he already has. He just wants less trade with China and more stuff of all types made in the United States that used to be made in China. That’s a very difficult goal, but it’s not Biden’s goal.

Biden’s goal is that he wants America to make more stuff in these targeted industries. And there is real skepticism from free-market economists that his industrial policies will work on that, but there’s a lot of enthusiasm for it from a new strain of Democratic economists, in particular, who believe that the only chance Biden has to make that work is by pulling all of these levers, by doing the big subsidies and by putting up the tariffs, that you have to have both the troops training and the wall around them. And if it’s going to work, he has to build on the Trump policies. And so I guess you’re asking, will it work? It may be dependent upon just how far he’s willing to go on the subsidies and the barriers.

There’s a chance of it.

So, Jim, at the highest level, whatever the economic outcome here, it strikes me that these moves by Biden are pretty remarkably different from the policies of the Democratic Party over the decades, really going in the opposite direction. I’m thinking of Bill Clinton and NAFTA in the 1990s. Free trade was the real central mantra of the Democratic Party, really of both parties.

Yeah, and Biden is a real break from Clinton. And Clinton was the one who actually signed the law that really opened up trade with China, and Biden’s a break from that. He’s a break from even President Obama when he was vice president. Biden is doing something different. He’s breaking from that Democratic tradition, and he’s building on what Trump did, but with some throwback elements to it from the Roosevelt administration and the Eisenhower administration. This is this grand American tradition of industrial policy that gave us the space race and the interstate highway system. It’s the idea of using the power of the federal government to build up specific industrial capacities. It was in vogue for a time. It fell out of fashion and was replaced by this idea that the government should get out of the way, and you let the free market drive innovation. And now that industrial policy idea is back in vogue, and Biden is doing it.

So it isn’t just a shift or an evolution. It’s actually a return to big government spending of the ‘30s and the ‘40s and the ‘50s of American industrialism of that era. So what goes around comes around.

Yeah, and it’s a return to that older economic theory with new elements. And it’s in part because of the almost jealousy that American policymakers have of China and the success that it’s had building up its own industrial base. But it also has this political element to it. It’s, in part, animated by the success that Trump had making China an issue with working-class American voters.

You didn’t have to lose your job to China to feel like China was a stand-in for the forces that have taken away good-paying middle-class jobs from American workers who expected those jobs to be there. And so Trump tapped into that. And Biden is trying to tap into that. And the political incentives are pushing every future American president to do more of that. So I think we are going to see even more of this going forward, and that’s why we’re in such an interesting moment right now.

So we’re going to see more fortresses.

More fortresses, more troops, more money.

Jim, thank you.

You’re welcome.

Here’s what else you should know today. Intense fighting between Hamas fighters and Israeli troops raged in parts of Northern Gaza over the weekend, an area where Israel had declared Hamas defeated earlier in the war, only to see the group reconstitute in the power vacuum that was left behind. The persistent lawlessness raised concerns about the future of Gaza among American officials. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said on “Face the Nation” on Sunday that the return of Hamas to the North left him concerned that Israeli victories there would be, quote, “not sustainable,” and said that Israel had not presented the United States with any plan for when the war ends.

And the United Nations aid agency in Gaza said early on Sunday that about 300,000 people had fled from Rafah over the past week, the city in the enclave’s southernmost tip where more than a million displaced Gazans had sought shelter from Israeli bombardments elsewhere. The UN made the announcement hours after the Israeli government issued new evacuation orders in Rafah, deepening fears that the Israeli military was preparing to invade the city despite international warnings.

Today’s episode was produced by Nina Feldman, Carlos Prieto, Sidney Harper, and Luke Vander Ploeg. It was edited by M.J. Davis Lin, Brendan Klinkenberg, and Lisa Chow. Contains original music by Diane Wong, Marion Lozano, and Dan Powell, and was engineered by Alyssa Moxley. Our theme music is by Jim Brunberg and Ben Landsverk of Wonderly.

That’s it for “The Daily.” I’m Sabrina Tavernise. See you tomorrow.

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• May 13, 2024   •   27:46 How Biden Adopted Trump’s Trade War With China
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Hosted by Sabrina Tavernise

Produced by Nina Feldman ,  Carlos Prieto ,  Sydney Harper and Luke Vander Ploeg

Edited by M.J. Davis Lin ,  Brendan Klinkenberg and Lisa Chow

Original music by Diane Wong ,  Marion Lozano and Dan Powell

Engineered by Alyssa Moxley

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Donald Trump upended decades of American policy when he started a trade war with China. Many thought that President Biden would reverse those policies. Instead, he’s stepping them up.

Jim Tankersley, who covers economic policy at the White House, explains.

On today’s episode

Jim Tankersley , who covers economic policy at the White House for The New York Times.

Background reading

Mr. Biden, competing with Mr. Trump to be tough on China , called for steel tariffs last month.

The Biden administration may raise tariffs on electric vehicles from China to 100 percent .

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