planning essay topic

How to plan an essay: Essay Planning

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• Essay Planning
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How to plan an essay

Essay planning is an important step in academic essay writing.

Proper planning helps you write your essay faster, and focus more on the exact question.  As you draft and write your essay, record any changes on the plan as well as in the essay itself, so they develop side by side.

One way to start planning an essay is with a ‘box plan’.

First, decide how many stages you want in your argument – how many important points do you want to make? Then, divide a box into an introduction + one paragraph for each stage + a conclusion.

Next, figure out how many words per paragraph you'll need.

Usually, the introduction and conclusion are each about 10% of the word count. This leaves about 80% of the word count for the body - for your real argument. Find how many words that is, and divide it by the number of body paragraphs you want. That tells you about how many words each paragraph can have.

Remember, each body paragraph discusses one main point, so make sure each paragraph's long enough to discuss the point properly (flexible, but usually at least 150 words).

For example, say the assignment is

Fill in the table as follows:

Next, record each paragraph's main argument, as either a heading or  topic sentence (a sentence to start that paragraph, to immediately make its point clear).

Finally, use dot points to list useful information or ideas from your research notes for each paragraph. Remember to include references so you can connect each point to your reading.

The other useful document for essay planning is the marking rubric .

This indicates what the lecturer is looking for, and helps you make sure all the necessary elements are there.

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7 Steps for Writing an Essay Plan

Have you ever started writing an essay then realized you have run out of ideas to talk about?

This can make you feel deflated and you start to hate your essay!

The best way to avoid this mid-essay disaster is to plan ahead: you need to write an Essay Plan!

Essay planning is one of the most important skills I teach my students. When I have one-to-one tutorials with my students, I always send them off with an essay plan and clear goals about what to write.

Essay Planning isn’t as dull as you think. In fact, it really does only take a short amount of time and can make you feel oh so relieved that you know what you’re doing!

Here’s my 7-Step method that I encourage you to use for your next essay:

The 7-Step Guide on How to write an Essay Plan

• Figure out your Essay Topic (5 minutes)
• Gather your Sources and take Quick Notes (20 minutes)
• Brainstorm using a Mind-Map (10 minutes)
• Arrange your Topics (2 minutes)
• Write your topic Sentences (5 minutes)
• Write a No-Pressure Draft in 3 Hours (3 hours)
• Edit your Draft Once every Few Days until Submission (30 minutes)

I’ve been using this 7-Step essay planning strategy since I was in my undergraduate degree. Now, I’ve completed a PhD and written over 20 academic journal articles and dozens of blog posts using this method – and it still works!

Let’s go through my 7 steps for how to write an essay plan.

Prefer to Watch than Read? Here’s our video on writing an Essay Plan.

how to write an essay plan

1. figure out your essay topic. here’s how..

Where did your teacher provide you with your assessment details?

Find it. This is where you begin.

Now, far, far, far too many students end up writing essays that aren’t relevant to the essay question given to you by your teacher. So print out your essay question and any other advice or guidelines provided by your teacher.

Here’s some things that your assessment details page might include:

• The essay question;
• The marking criteria;
• Suggested sources to read;
• Some background information on the topic

The essay question is really important. Once you’ve printed it I want you to do one thing:

Highlight the key phrases in the essay question.

Here’s some essay questions and the key phrases you’d want to highlight:

This strategy helps you to hone in on exactly what you want to talk about. These are the key phrases you’re going to use frequently in your writing and use when you look for sources to cite in your essay!

The other top thing to look at is the marking criteria. Some teachers don’t provide this, but if they do then make sure you pay attention to the marking criteria !

Here’s an example of a marking criteria sheet:

Sample Essay Topic: Is Climate Change the Greatest Moral Challenge of our Generation?

Now, if you have a marking criteria you really need to pay attention to this. You have to make sure you’ve ticked off all the key criteria that you will be marked on. For the example above, your essay is going to have to make sure it:

• Takes a position about whether climate change is a serious challenge for human kind;
• Discusses multiple different people’s views on the topic;
• Explores examples and case studies (‘practical situations’);
• Uses referencing to back up your points.

The reason you need to be really careful to pay attention to this marking criteria is because it is your cheat sheet: it tells you what to talk about!

Step 1 only takes you five minutes and helps you to clearly clarify what you’re going to be talking about! Now your mind is tuned in and you can start doing some preliminary research.

2. Gather your Sources and take Quick Notes. Here’s how.

Now that you know what your focus is, you can start finding some information to discuss. You don’t want to just write things from the top of your head. If you want top marks, you want some deep, detailed and specific pieces of information.

Fortunately, your teacher has probably made this easy for you.

The top source for finding information will be the resources your teacher provided. These resources were hand picked by your teacher because they believed these were the best sources available our there on the topic. Here are the most common resources teachers provide:

• Lecture Slides;
• Assigned Readings.

The lecture slides are one of the best resources for you to access. Lecture slides are usually provided online for you. Download them, save them on your computer, and dig them up when it’s time to write the essay plan.

Find the lecture slides most relevant to your topic. To take the example of our climate change essay, maybe climate change is only discussed in three of the weeks in your course. Those are the three weeks’ lecture slides you want to hone-in on.

Flick through those lecture slides and take quick notes on a piece of paper – what are the most important topics and statistics that are relevant to your essay question?

Now, move on to the assigned readings . Your teacher will have selected some readings for you to do for homework through the semester. They may be eBooks, Textbooks or Journal Articles.

These assigned readings were assigned for a reason: because they have very important information to read ! Scan through them and see if there’s any more points you can add to your list of statistics and key ideas to discuss.

Next, try to find a few more sources using Google Scholar. This is a great resource for finding more academic articles that you can read to find even more details and ideas to add to your essay.

Here’s my notes that I researched for the essay question “Is Climate Change the Greatest Moral Challenge of our Generation?” As you can see, it doesn’t have to be beautiful #Studygram notes! It’s just rough notes to get all the important information down:

Once you’ve read the assigned lecture slides and readings, you should have a good preliminary list of ideas, topics, statistics and even quotes that you can use in step 3.

3. Brainstorm using a Mind-Map. Here’s how.

Do your initial notes look a little disorganized?

That’s okay. The point of Step 2 was to gather information. Now it’s time to start sorting these ideas in your mind.

The best way to organize thoughts is to create a Mind-Map. Here’s how Mind-Maps often look:

For your essay plan Mind-Map, write the essay question in the middle of the page and draw a circle around it.

Then, select the biggest and most important key ideas that you think are worth discussing in the essay. To decide on these, you might want to look back at the notes you took in Step 2.

Each key idea will take up around about 200 – 350 words (1 to 2 sentences).

Here’s a rough guide for how many key ideas you’ll want depending on your essay length:

• 1000-word essay: 3 to 4 key ideas
• 1500-word essay: 5 to 7 key ideas
• 2000-word essay: 6 to 8 key ideas
• 3000-word essay: 9 to 12 key ideas

Once you’ve selected your key ideas you can list them in a circle around the essay question, just like this:

Last, we need to add detail and depth to each key idea. So, draw more lines out from each key ideas and list:

• Two sources that you will cite for each key idea;
• A statistic or example that you will provide for each key idea;
• Any additional interesting facts for each key idea

Here’s how it might look once you’re done:

4. Arrange your Topics. Here’s how.

You’re well and truly on your way to getting your essay down on paper now.

There’s one last thing to do before you start getting words down on the manuscript that you will submit. You need to arrange your topics to decide which to write first, second, third, fourth, and last!

Here are some things to keep in mind:

• Start and end with your strongest points;
• Ensure the points logically flow.

To ensure your points logically flow, think about how you’re going to transition from one idea to the next . Does one key point need to be made first so that the other ones make sense?

Do two key points seem to fit next to one another? If so, make sure you list them side-by-side.

Have a play around with the order you want to discuss the ideas until you’re comfortable. Then, list them in order. Here’s my order for my Climate Change essay:

Each of these key ideas is going to turn into a paragraph or two (probably two) in the essay.

5. Write your topic Sentences in just 5 minutes. Here’s how.

All good essays have clear paragraphs that start with a topic sentence . To turn these brainstormed key points into an essay, you need to get that list you wrote in Step 5 and turn each point into a topic sentence for a paragraph.

It’s important that the first sentence of each paragraph clearly states the paragraph’s topic. Your marker is going to want to know exactly what your paragraph is about immediately. You don’t want your marker to wait until the 3 rd , 4 th or 5 th line of a paragraph before they figure out what you’re talking about in the paragraph.

So, you need to state what your key idea is in the first sentence of the paragraph.

Let’s have a go at turning each of our key ideas into a topic sentence:

6. Write a No-Pressure Essay Draft in just 3 Hours. Here’s how.

Okay, now the rubber hits the road. Let’s get writing!

When you write your first draft, don’t put pressure on yourself. Remind yourself that this is the first of several attempts at creating a great essay, so it doesn’t need to be perfect right away. The important thing is that you get words down on paper.

To write the draft, have a go at adding to each of your topic sentences to turn them into full paragraphs. Follow the information you wrote down in your notes and Mind-Map to get some great details down on paper.

Forget about the introduction and conclusion for now. You can write them last.

Let’s have a go at one together. I’m going to choose the paragraph on my key idea “Is climate change caused by humans?”

I’ve already got my first sentence and my brainstormed ideas. Let’s build on them to write a draft paragraph:

• “Most scientists believe climate change is caused by humans. In fact, according to the IPCC, over 98% of climate change scientists accept the scientific data that climate change is caused by humans (IPCC, 2018). This figure is very high, signalling overwhelming expert consensus. This consensus holds that the emission of carbon from burning of fossil fuels in the 20 th Century is trapping heat into the atmosphere. However, a minority of dissenting scientists continue to claim that this carbon build-up is mostly the fault of natural forces such as volcanoes which emit enormous amounts of carbon into the atmosphere (Bier, 2013).”

Your turn – have a go at your own draft paragraphs based on your Mind-Map for your essay topic! If you hit a rut or have some trouble, don’t forget to check out our article on how to write perfect paragraphs .

Once you’ve written all your paragraphs, make sure you write an introduction and conclusion .

Gone over the word count? Check out our article on how to reduce your word count.

7. Edit your Draft Once every Few Days until Submission. Check out this simple approach:

Okay, hopefully after your three hour essay drafting session you’ve got all your words down on paper. Congratulations!

However, we’re not done yet.

The best students finish their drafts early on so they have a good three or four weeks to come back and re-read their draft and edit it every few days.

When coming back to edit your draft , here’s a few things to look out for:

• Make sure all the paragraph and sentence structure makes sense. Feel free to change words around until things sound right. You might find that the first time you edit something it sounds great, but next time you realize it’s not as good as you thought. That’s why we do multiple rounds of edits over the course of a few weeks;
• Check for spelling, grammar and punctuation errors;
• Print out your draft and read it on paper. You notice more mistakes when you read a printed-out version;
• Work on adding any more details and academic sources from online sources like Google Scholar to increase your chance of getting a top grade. Here’s our ultimate guide on finding scholarly sources online – it might be helpful for this step!

Before you go – Here’s the Actionable Essay Plan Tips Summed up for you

Phew! That essay was tough. But with this essay plan, you can get through any essay and do a stellar job! Essay planning is a great way to ensure your essays make sense, have a clear and compelling argument, and don’t go off-topic.

I never write an essay without one.

To sum up, here are the 7 steps to essay planning one more time:

The 7-Step Guide for How to Write an Essay Plan

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 15 Self-Actualization Examples (Maslow's Hierarchy)
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ Forest Schools Philosophy & Curriculum, Explained!
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Nice fun and concise approach to essays, thank you

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Essay writing

• Introduction

Answering the question

Generating ideas, planning your essay, different planning methods.

• Writing your essay
• Developing your essay writing

Useful links for writing essays

• Study Advice Helping students to achieve study success with guides, video tutorials, seminars and one-to-one advice sessions.
• Academic writing LibGuide Expert guidance on punctuation, grammar, writing style and proof-reading.
• Guide to citing references Includes guidance on why, when and how to use references correctly in your academic writing.
• Reading and notemaking LibGuide Expert guidance on managing your reading and making effective notes.
• Academic Phrasebank Use this site for examples of linking phrases and ways to refer to sources.
• Ten stages of assignment success (Prezi) Based upon Burns and Sinfield, Essential Study Skills.
• Critical Thinking A short video on Critical Thinking that the BBC have prepared in partnership with The Open University

The first thing to do when preparing to write an essay is to make a plan. You could just rush in and write everything that comes into your head, but that would make it difficult for your marker to read and would reduce the effectiveness of your ideas. These will make much stronger arguments if you group them together than they would do on their own.

The guidance on this page will show you how to plan and structure your essay to produce a strong and focused response to the question.

A very common complaint from lecturers and examiners is that students write a lot of information but they just don't answer the question. Don't rush straight into researching – give yourself time to think carefully about the question and understand what it is asking.

Underlining key words – This is a good start point for making sure you understand all the terms (some might need defining); identifying the crucial information in the question; and clarifying what the question is asking you to do (compare & contrast, analyse, discuss). But make sure you then consider the question as a whole again, not just as a series of unconnected words.

Re-read the question – Read the question through a few times. Explain it to yourself, so you are sure you know what it is asking you to do.

Try breaking the question down into sub-questions – What is the question asking? Why is this important? How am I going to answer it? What do I need to find out first, second, third in order to answer the question? This is a good way of working out what important points or issues make up the overall question – it can help focus your reading and start giving your essay a structure. However, try not to have too many sub-questions as this can lead to following up minor issues, as opposed to the most important points.

• Answering the question and planning (video) Watch this brief video tutorial for more on the topic.
• Answering the question and planning (transcript) Read the transcript.

The kinds of things to note briefly are:

• What you already know about the topic – from lectures, seminars, general knowledge.
• Things you don't know about the topic, but need to find out in order to answer the question.
• Initial responses or answers to the question – what you think your conclusion might possibly be.

This helps you start formulating your argument and direction for answering the question. It also helps you focus your reading, as you can pinpoint what you need to find out and go straight to the parts of books, chapters, articles that will be most relevant.

After reading - After your reading, it is often good to summarise all your findings on a page. Again, a spider diagram can help with this.

Bringing together the key points from your reading helps clarify what you have found out, and helps you find a pathway through all the ideas and issues you have encountered. If you include brief details of authors and page nos. for key information, it can act as a quick at-a-glance guide for finding the evidence you need to support your points later.

It also helps you see how your initial response to the question might have changed or become more sophisticated in light of the reading you've done. It leads into planning your essay structure.

• It enables you to work out a logical structure and an end point for your argument before you start writing.
• It means you don't have to do this type of complex thinking at the same time as trying to find the right words to express your ideas.
• It helps you to commit yourself to sticking to the point!

You need to work out what to include, and what can be left out. It is impossible to cover everything in an essay, and your markers will be looking for evidence of your ability to choose material and put it in order. Brainstorm all your ideas, then arrange them in three or four groups. Not everything will fit so be prepared to discard some points (you can mention them briefly in your introduction).

Outline what you are going to include in each section:

• Introduction : Address the question, show why it's interesting and how you will answer it.
• Main body : Build your argument. Put your groups of ideas in a sequence to make a persuasive argument. One main point in each paragraph.
• Conclusion : Summarise your arguments and evidence, and show how they answer the original question.

Writing a summary - Some people plan best once they have written something, as this helps clarify their thinking. If you prefer to write first, try summarising the central idea of your essay in a few sentences. This gives you a clear direction for working out how you are going to break it down into points supported by evidence. You can then use one of the methods below to write a more detailed plan.

• Structuring your essay (video) Watch this brief video tutorial for more on the topic.
• Structuring your essay (transcript) Read the transcript

Bullet points / linear plans - This type of plan lists the main points using bullet points or numbers. It can be a brief outline of the main point per paragraph, or a more detailed plan with sub-points and a note of the evidence to support each point (e.g. source and page no.).

No plan is perfect, so be prepared for your ideas to change as you write your essay. However, once you have an initial plan it is much easier to adapt it and see where new things fit if your thinking does change.

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• Writing Tips

How to Write a Perfect Essay Plan

• 4-minute read
• 9th December 2019

Every good essay starts with a good essay plan. And planning your essay is important, as it will help you express each point you need to make clearly and in a logical order. But what goes into a good essay plan? And how can you write one? Join us for a quick look at how this works.

1. Read the Question Closely

The first step in any essay plan is to look at the question you’ve been set. It should provide some clue as to the kind of essay required, such as whether it is an open or closed question . These differ as follows:

• An open question permits various answers. For instance, if you were set an English literature essay, you might be asked What are the main social themes in the writing of Charles Dickens? This would allow you to discuss a range of concepts in response. Writing you essay plan would then involve narrowing down your subject matter so you can focus on one issue.
• A closed question focuses on a specific issue, often asking you to agree or disagree with something. For instance, a closed question could be Is technology a destructive force in the writing of Charles Dickens? In this case, the question dictates the form of the essay, as you would need to look at arguments for and against the claim and, finally, come to a conclusion.

Keep in mind that both question types require an in-depth answer! Some closed questions could technically be answered by writing ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ on a piece of paper, but this won’t get you great marks. Instead, think of the question as a prompt for you to show off what you know on the topic.

And if you’re not sure about anything, such as how a question is worded, you will want to check this with whomever set the assignment.

2. Brainstorm Ideas and Organise Your Research

After studying the essay question, the next step is to brainstorm ideas for answering it. And the starting point for this is to organise your research.

In other words, it’s time to get out those lecture notes! In fact, you should make a mind map of everything you know on the essay topic.

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Look for anything that is relevant to the essay question. You can then narrow down the possible answers to the topics that interest you most. This should also help you identify any gaps in your knowledge, so you can make notes on what else you may need to research for your essay.

3. Draft an Essay Outline

The last step in writing an essay plan is to outline your essay. This means breaking it down section by section, paragraph by paragraph, so you know exactly what you need to write to answer the essay question.

The exact content will depend on the topic and word count . But, as a rule, most essays will have a basic structure along the following lines:

• Introduction – A paragraph or two that sets out your main argument.
• Main Body – This is the main chunk of your essay. To plan this, break down your argument into paragraphs or sections, sticking to one main idea per paragraph. Once you’ve done this, note down how each point supports your argument, plus any quotes or examples you will use.
• Conclusion – A brief summary of your arguments and evidence.
• References – A list of sources you plan to use in your essay.

This will then guide the writing process, making sure you always stay on topic.

Expert Essay Proofreading

Planning your essay is just the first step: you then need to write it! And to make sure it’s the best it can be, you’ll want to have it proofread . Our expert editors can help with that, making sure that your writing is always academic in tone and completely error free. Just let us know how we can help!

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This page is the first of two that describe the processes involved in producing an essay for academic purposes, for school, college or university and covers the planning stages of essay writing, which are important to the overall process.

The second page, Writing an Essay , provides more information on the steps involved in actually writing an essay. We recommend you read both pages to gain a full understanding.

Developing the skill of essay writing takes practice, time and patience , your essay writing skills will improve and develop the more you write.

With the help of your course tutor (teacher or lecturer) and peers (other students) and from constructive feedback from the marker of your work, writing an essay will become easier as you progress through your studies and your confidence increases.

This page details general good practice in essay planning, including what you should do and what you should try to avoid. It is important however, that you understand the specific requirements of your school, college or university.

Writing an essay helps you to consider the issues raised in your course and to relate them to your own experience, way of thinking, and also any wider additional reading and research you may have undertaken in order to tackle the essay topic. 

Writing an essay (or other assignment) is an important part of the learning process.  In the writing of an assignment, learning occurs as you think through and interpret the points raised (together with those of other writers on the subject).

Presenting your experience and showing understanding within your assignment will, from the marker's point of view, demonstrate your knowledge of the subject area.

The Purpose of an Essay

The original meaning of an essay is ' an attempt ', or a try, at something. It is therefore appropriate to consider writing an essay as a learning exercise.

Essays, and other academic writing, focus the mind and encourage you to come to conclusions about what you are studying.

Writing is often the best possible way to assimilate and organise information. Writing helps to highlight any areas that you have not fully understood and enables you to make further clarifications. It develops your powers of criticism, analysis and expression, and gives you a chance to try out your and other writers' ideas on the subject.

The feedback you receive from the marker of your essay should help to advance your study skills, writing, research and  critical thinking skills .

What is the Marker Looking For?

As an essay - in the context of this page - is an assessed piece of work, it can be very useful to consider what the person who will be assessing the work, the marker, will be looking for.

Although different types of essays in different subject areas may vary considerably in their style and content there are some key concepts that will help you understand what is required of you and your essay.

When marking an assignment, a marker will look for some of the following elements, which will demonstrate you are able to:

Find relevant information and use the knowledge to focus on the essay question or subject.

Structure knowledge and information logically, clearly and concisely.

Read purposefully and critically. (See our page: Critical Reading for more)

Relate theory to practical examples.

Analyse processes and problems.

Be persuasive and argue a case.

Find links and combine information from a number of different sources.

Answer the Question

One main factor, always worth bearing in mind, is that a marker will usually only award marks for how well you have answered the essay question.

It is likely that the marker will have a set of criteria or marking guidelines that will dictate how many marks can be awarded for each element of your essay.

Remember it is perfectly possible to write an outstanding essay, but not to have answered the original question.  This will, in all likelihood, mean a low mark.

Planning Your Essay

Planning is the process of sorting out what you want to include in your essay.

A well-planned and organised essay indicates that you have your ideas in order; it makes points clearly and logically.  In this way, a well-planned and structured essay enables the reader, or marker, to follow the points being made easily.

Essay assignments are usually formulated in one of the following ways:

As a question

A statement is given and you are asked to comment on it

An invitation to ‘ outline’ , ‘ discuss’ or ‘ critically assess’ a particular argument or point of view

Remember always write your essay based on the question that is set and not on another aspect of the subject. Although this may sound obvious, many students do not fully answer the essay question and include irrelevant information. The primary aim of an academic essay is to answer the task set, in some detail.

To help you do this, you might find the following list of stages helpful.

Producing an Essay Plan

The essay plan below contains ten steps.

It is often useful to complete the first six steps soon after receiving your essay question. That way information will be fresh and you are more likely to be thinking about your essay plan as you do other things.

Study the essay question intently.

Write the essay question out in full.

Spend some time, at least half an hour, brainstorming the subject area.

Write down your thoughts on the question subject, its scope and various aspects.

List words or phrases that you think need to be included.

Note the main points you should include to answer the question.

If, at this point, you feel unsure of what to include, talk to your tutor or a peer to clarify that you are on the right track.

Once you have finished the first six steps and you feel sure you know how to proceed, continue to expand on your initial thoughts and build a more in-depth essay outline.

Skim through any course material or lecture handouts and start to build up a more detailed outline. Scan through your own lecture notes, and if anything strikes you as relevant to the assignment task, write where to find it on your detailed outline

Write down where you will find the necessary information on each of the points in your detailed outline (lecture notes, course handouts etc.).  Indicate on the outline where you feel that some further research is necessary.

Be careful not to allow your outline to become too complicated; stick to main points and keep it relevant to the question.

If you have been given a reading list or a core text book then check the relevant sections of that.

See our page: Sources of Information for more ideas of where you can find relevant information for your essay.

Academic essays usually have a word limit and writing within the word limit is an important consideration. Many institutions will penalise students for not writing the correct amount of words – for example, the essay question may call for a 2,000 word essay, there may be a 10% grace, so anything between 1,800 and 2,200 is acceptable.

Think about the main elements that need to be covered in the essay. Make sure you allocate the greatest number of words to the 'main body of the essay' and not to a subsidiary point.

Decide how much space you can devote to each section of your outline.  For example, a third of a page for the introduction, half a page for point 1 which has two sub-points, one and a half pages for point 2 which has five sub-points etc.  Although you will not follow such a space scheme rigidly, it does enable you to keep things under control and to know how much detail to put in, keeping the balance of the essay as you originally planned.

Of course, you will make minor adjustments to your essay plan as you actually write. However, do not make major adjustments unless you are absolutely certain about the alternative and how it fits into your original scheme.

Having a strong essay plan makes the actual task of writing an essay much more efficient.

Continue to: Writing an Essay Sources of Information

See also: Essay Writing Tips Note-Taking for Reading Finding Time To Study

Essay Planning: The Key Elements of Effective Essay Writing

Table of contents

• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Importance of Hook
• 1.3 Thesis Statement
• 1.4 Body Paragraphs
• 1.5 Topic Sentence
• 1.6 Your Points and Arguments
• 1.7 Concluding Sentence
• 1.8 Conclusion
• 2.1 Compare and contrast
• 2.2 Chronological
• 2.3 Problems-methods-solutions structure
• 3.1 Understand your Topic
• 3.2 Take Keynotes
• 3.3 Group Similar Ideas
• 3.4 Note Down Sources of Further Information
• 3.5 Outline What You Will Include in Each Section
• 3.6 Write a Draft
• 3.7 Figure out a Word Count
• 4.1 Title/Hypothesis
• 4.2 Subject
• 4.3 Due Date
• 4.4 Keynotes
• 4.5 Ideas to Discuss
• 4.6 Quotations
• 4.7 Sources
• 4.8 Outline/Structure
• 4.9 Additional Information
• 5 An Example of Using a Template
• 6.1 How do you structure a long essay?
• 6.2 How can you ensure that your essay is well organized?
• 6.3 What is the best essay structure?

Before getting to the writing process, you must think about an essay plan structure. The essay plan is drawn up to rebuild the stream of thoughts into coherent, logically combined sentences. Immediately after receiving the topic of the essay, ideas, and images will start appearing in your mind. Sketch out the phrases or words that come to mind on a draft sheet, they can be developed for the whole task. If you want to make an assignment well that will be worth an A-level grade, use these recommendations from our essay writing guide at PapersOwl.com to create the finest essays.

• In this piece, you get to learn Essay planning plus organizing and structuring the content and flow of it.
• You will find out how essay planning helps to clarify the main idea and argument.
• You also understand the structure of an essay plan constituents.
• The introduction, main body, conclusion, and references will also be discussed.

Basic Parts of An Essay

While the most basic form of your essay is the opening, body, and conclusion, breaking it down further helps to make the writing process more straightforward. This allows you to write down the main points that need to be made throughout the writing. Understanding each section of the paper means presenting a well-thought-out and coherent end product. For these reasons, using an essay outline helps the writer and reader. Follow along as we demystify how to structure an essay template and give you tips.

Introduction

A detailed thesis structure plan is crucial in writing an academic essay introduction. It helps to grasp the audience’s attention and guide the author’s writing. In essay planning, a well-written introduction follows the proper form and pays attention to detail. A good introduction paragraph helps focus the essay question and ideas and presents the paper’s topic in a single sentence. This makes it valuable for projects and research papers assigned to students.

Additionally, it will help focus your ideas at the beginning of a big assignment. A basic structure of essay works for various projects, texts, and research papers.

Importance of Hook

A hook is the first line of your paper intended to encourage your audience to read on and get their answer. It is among the key points of the opening ideas and is easy to learn. You can get a great hook by keeping a definite stance in your coherent argument, sensationalism, or stating an intriguing fact from the beginning. It keeps the reader entertained and eager to learn more from the paper you develop.

Thesis Statement

Simply put, the good thesis statement is the core sentence of your essay. It’s one of the essential components of an essay of all kinds. You can find it in a standard essay format of your essay plan at the beginning of the piece. For example, it could be resuming general points of the analysis, answering a “how to” answer the question, or just suggesting powerful ideas or useful tips.

Body Paragraphs

The essay’s thesis is backed up by the work’s body paragraphs. A standard body paragraph starts with a topic sentence, followed by supporting sentences, and ends with a conclusion. It sticks to one topic and connects to the other paragraphs.

Topic Sentence

The viewpoint is an information-packed section that throws a challenge at readers and requires a logical structure. This is where a detailed plan of the topic sentence comes in.

A topic sentence introduces the ideas you brainstorm, provides evidence, and concludes the topic in a condensed paragraph. This statement logically organizes the information, ensuring the reader understands the topic.

Your Points and Arguments

This will vary depending on what type of paper you are writing. If penning an expository job, a persuasive argument, or an argumentative academic essay , you will be doing lots of research and formulating your response to the responses you’re reading from professors and academics. This is the section where you state your position on an issue or its significance in world history and the points to substantiate your main argument to your audience.

Concluding Sentence

A concluding sentence in essay planning is the last sentence of a paragraph that summarizes the main idea and connects it to the rest of the essay. It should also signal the reader that the paragraph is ending and prepare them for the next one. Here are some tips for writing a good concluding sentence:

• Restate the main idea of the paragraph in different words from the topic sentence.
• Use a transition word or phrase to show how the paragraph relates to the previous or next one.
• End with a strong statement that leaves an impression on the reader. You can use an essay question, a quote, a call to action, etc.

The conclusion is the final section of an essay in that the essay’s conclusion helps the reader recall the important points and decide the end point of the essay. Each main point in your essay plan should be reduced to a statement in the last paragraph. This means that a three-point text will produce a template of three sentences for the conclusion. It gives readers a sense of completion by closing the work with a strong challenge and uniform writing conclusion across the entire essay.

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Types of Essay Structure

A structure is important for organizing your essay question and ideas in a proper logical structure. They help you present your topic, provide background information, give your thesis statement, support your claims with evidence and show why your argument matters. Different academic essay structures can suit different types of topics, purposes, and audiences.

For instance, if you employ a student’s essay writer online , they can use a chronological essay plan to show the cause and effect of events over time. At the same time, you use a compare-and-contrast structure to highlight the similarities and differences between two or more subjects. Choosing an appropriate essay structure can help engage your readers and support your argument.

Compare and contrast

In this basic essay structure, you write about several subjects, such as historical events, themes, or novels. As the name suggests, you then spend a passage comparing the subjects of your essay and the following passage contrasting them against each other. For example, the first body passage may discuss a novel’s similarity with another book in how they deal with the theme of marriage.

While the next section will illustrate how they differ in their discussion of country versus city life, the last portion highlights if they’re more comparable than not. It’s a very common format for a college essay or thesis.

Chronological

The chronological format follows a timeline or sequence of events from beginning to end. Perfect for a history and process essay, or a book from the prologue to the epilogue, it’s also a standard essay format for cause-and-effect pieces. It’s an easy method to follow and has a very basic essay structure. First, you outline your topic and points of the timeline you will be touching on in order of appearance.

After, each paragraph will deal with a particular place in the timeline, then move on to the next, according to what happened first. For example, you could analyze an initial historical skirmish. The following paragraph will deal with the ensuing battle, which eventually led to the declaration of all-out war. Write beginning from the first instance to the last in order of what happened first.

Problems-methods-solutions structure

The problems-methods-solutions example is valuable for essays dealing with resolving a particular problem or for a scientific research paper. It divides the body into three relevant headings: a problem, ways to resolve the problem the solution achieved by using these strategies to resolve the problem.

In the opening, you explain the problem you’re attempting to solve in the essay, provide an outline of the experiment or ask a how-to question. The following paragraphs in the paper will discuss methods of solving the problem and any solutions.

As the final section will deal with multiple solutions, you can emphasize the answer you believe is the most useful. An analysis can also be added here with a summary where you compare the various options. Though it might not be the most basic essay construction, it’s a great solution for an argumentative essay where you want to prove your thesis backed by consistent analysis.

Stages of Good Essay Organization

Understand your topic.

The first stage of a good organization is to understand your topic well. This means that you need to do some preliminary research and find the essay question or problem you want to address in your essay. You must also consider the essay plan’s purpose, audience, and tone. What are you trying to achieve with your essay? Who are you writing an essay for? How do you want to sound? What is the marking criteria for the assignment? These factors will influence and decide the type and level of information you must include in your essay.

Take Keynotes

The second stage in essay planning is to take keynotes of the relevant information you find in your research. This is like making a mind map, a mind map of your essay template. It is essential that, while writing your assignments , you familiarize yourself with the topic and take concise notes. You must select and record the essential information, facts, arguments, and evidence related to your topic and research question. You also need to use your own words and avoid plagiarism. Effective note-taking helps you synthesize information, capture key points, and remember important details. Employ a structured approach, such as a closed question, bullet points, or headings, to categorize your notes, making and not going over the word limit.

Group Similar Ideas

The third stage of a good organization is to group similar ideas and label them with keywords or phrases. To deliver a great job plan to your clients who have been paying for papers from you, you must look for patterns and connections among your notes. See how they relate to your topic and essay question. You also need to identify the main argument that you want to make in your essay. Also, group similar ideas together, like you would in a mind map, and label them with keywords or phrases that describe their content. This will help you organize your initial thoughts and build the structure of your essay.

Note Down Sources of Further Information

The fourth stage of a good organization is to note down sources of further information you decide to use in your essay. This means you may need more evidence or examples to support your points or explore some aspects of your topic more deeply. You must also list the sources you plan to consult for the work. To note down sources of further information, you should review your notes and identify any gaps or weaknesses. Ensure you list the sources you plan to use in your essay and their bibliographic details, and evaluate each source based on its credibility.

Outline What You Will Include in Each Section

The fifth stage outlines what you will include in each section when writing your essay. This means you must decide on the order and transitions between sections. Your outline should include the following parts: An introduction that introduces your topic and provides background information. It will also state your thesis statement and outline the main point of your essay A main body that develops your main points and sub-points in paragraphs, using evidence and examples to build a coherent argument. It should also help in drafting an answer to your essay question. A conclusion that will summarise your endpoint, restates your thesis statement, and shows why your main argument matters.

Write a Draft

The sixth stage is to write a draft of the essay based on your outline plan. This means that you must write in complete sentences and paragraphs and follow the conventions of academic writing. You must also use clear, precise language and avoid grammar and spelling errors. Ensure you cite your sources properly using the required citation style. To write the first draft of your essay, follow your outline as a guide and write your essay from start to finish. Clear and precise language should be a given; avoid jargon, slang, or vague words. Carry out grammar and spelling checkers to correct any errors and build your writing.

Figure out a Word Count

The final stage in the essay writing process is to decide how many words are appropriate. You may need to add or delete from the total word count to adjust the length. You also need to check the quality and clarity of your writing and make revisions to the essay plan. To determine a word count plan, you should use a word processor or an online tool to count the number of words in your essay. Get feedback on the quality and clarity of your writing, and make revisions as needed to improve your essay writing.

How to Plan an Essay

Title/Hypothesis

Begin by establishing a clear and captivating title. The title should glimpse your piece’s main focus or argument. Also, if required, formulate an essay question or thesis statement that succinctly paves the way for your main body paragraphs.

Identify the essay topic that your essay will address. Whether it is a literary analysis, a scientific inquiry, or a historical exploration, clearly define the subject to maintain a focused and cohesive approach throughout your essay.

After getting the essay topic, know the due date for your essay. This will help you establish a realistic timeline and allocate sufficient research plan, essay writing, and revising time.

Conduct thorough research on your chosen subject and take concise and relevant notes. Capture key points, essential facts, and significant elements from various sources. organize your notes structured, employing headings or categories to facilitate easy navigation during the writing process.

Ideas to Discuss

Based on your brainstorming sessions, research, and keynotes, identify the main ideas and outline how many words are enough for each. These ideas should align with your thesis statement and should develop a coherent argument.

If appropriate to your essay’s subject and style, cite relevant quotations from reputable sources to support your arguments. Select quotes that directly contribute to your analysis or provide valuable insights. Remember to attribute the quotes to their original authors properly and include accurate citations in your plan.

Note down the sources you have consulted during your research that helped to answer the question of the essay. This includes books, articles, scholarly journals, websites, and other relevant materials you can cite. Ensure you gather all necessary bibliographic information, such as author names, publication titles, publication dates, and page numbers, to create accurate citations and a comprehensive bibliography later.

Outline/Structure

Moreover, create an outline or layout for your essay. Organize and summarise the ideas you brainstorm into sections and subsections in the essay plan (like a mind map), establishing the structure and flow in drafting your essay.

Additional Information

Consider any additional information and elements relevant to your essay before you start writing. This may include specific formatting requirements, referencing styles, marking criteria, or word count provided by your instructor or institution.

An Example of Using a Template

How do you structure a long essay?

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116 Strategic Planning Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Strategic planning is a critical process for any organization looking to achieve its long-term goals and objectives. It involves setting priorities, focusing resources, and ensuring that everyone is working towards a common vision. However, coming up with strategic planning essay topics can be challenging. To help you get started, here are 116 strategic planning essay topic ideas and examples:

• The importance of strategic planning in organizations
• The key components of a strategic plan
• How to develop a strategic plan for a small business
• The role of leadership in strategic planning
• The benefits of strategic planning for nonprofits
• The connection between strategic planning and organizational success
• How to create a strategic plan that is flexible and adaptable
• The challenges of implementing a strategic plan
• The impact of external factors on strategic planning
• The role of data and analytics in strategic planning
• The link between strategic planning and financial performance
• The importance of employee involvement in strategic planning
• The role of communication in strategic planning
• The connection between strategic planning and risk management
• The impact of technology on strategic planning
• The role of strategic planning in crisis management
• The connection between strategic planning and innovation
• The role of strategic planning in sustainability initiatives
• The benefits of strategic planning for government agencies
• The challenges of strategic planning in a globalized world
• The role of strategic planning in mergers and acquisitions
• The importance of strategic planning in the healthcare industry
• The connection between strategic planning and customer satisfaction
• The impact of organizational culture on strategic planning
• The role of strategic planning in talent management
• The benefits of strategic planning for educational institutions
• The challenges of strategic planning in a rapidly changing environment
• The role of strategic planning in the public sector
• The connection between strategic planning and corporate social responsibility
• The importance of strategic planning in the hospitality industry
• The impact of strategic planning on supply chain management
• The role of strategic planning in brand management
• The benefits of strategic planning for startups
• The challenges of strategic planning in a competitive market
• The connection between strategic planning and organizational culture
• The role of strategic planning in strategic alliances
• The importance of strategic planning in the retail industry
• The impact of strategic planning on employee engagement
• The role of strategic planning in performance management
• The benefits of strategic planning for small and medium-sized enterprises
• The challenges of strategic planning in a family-owned business
• The connection between strategic planning and succession planning
• The role of strategic planning in crisis communication
• The importance of strategic planning in the technology sector
• The impact of strategic planning on organizational structure
• The role of strategic planning in cost management
• The benefits of strategic planning for not-for-profit organizations
• The challenges of strategic planning in a regulated industry
• The connection between strategic planning and market research
• The role of strategic planning in project management
• The importance of strategic planning for the automotive industry
• The impact of strategic planning on customer retention
• The role of strategic planning in change management
• The benefits of strategic planning for a global organization
• The challenges of strategic planning in a decentralized organization
• The connection between strategic planning and business ethics
• The role of strategic planning in product development
• The importance of strategic planning in the pharmaceutical industry
• The impact of strategic planning on employee motivation
• The role of strategic planning in digital transformation
• The benefits of strategic planning for the manufacturing sector
• The challenges of strategic planning in a government agency
• The connection between strategic planning and customer loyalty
• The role of strategic planning in marketing strategy
• The importance of strategic planning in the energy sector
• The impact of strategic planning on organizational performance
• The role of strategic planning in diversity and inclusion initiatives
• The benefits of strategic planning for the financial services industry
• The challenges of strategic planning in a non-traditional organization
• The connection between strategic planning and employee training
• The role of strategic planning in organizational development
• The importance of strategic planning in talent acquisition
• The impact of strategic planning on employee retention
• The role of strategic planning in corporate governance
• The benefits of strategic planning for the real estate industry
• The challenges of strategic planning in a startup environment
• The connection between strategic planning and competitive advantage
• The role of strategic planning in supply chain optimization
• The importance of strategic planning in project portfolio management
• The impact of strategic planning on organizational culture change
• The role of strategic planning in performance improvement
• The benefits of strategic planning for the technology sector
• The challenges of strategic planning in a regulated market
• The connection between strategic planning and organizational resilience
• The role of strategic planning in leadership development
• The importance of strategic planning in corporate social responsibility
• The impact of strategic planning on organizational agility
• The role of strategic planning in capacity planning
• The benefits of strategic planning for the healthcare industry
• The challenges of strategic planning in a global organization
• The connection between strategic planning and crisis response
• The role of strategic planning in talent retention
• The importance of strategic planning in strategic partnerships
• The impact of strategic planning on organizational innovation
• The role of strategic planning in value creation
• The benefits of strategic planning for the hospitality industry
• The challenges of strategic planning in a rapidly changing market
• The connection between strategic planning and market segmentation
• The role of strategic planning in customer acquisition
• The importance of strategic planning in supply chain resilience
• The impact of strategic planning on organizational learning
• The role of strategic planning in organizational change management
• The benefits of strategic planning for the retail industry
• The challenges of strategic planning in a family-owned company
• The connection between strategic planning and brand positioning
• The role of strategic planning in employee development
• The importance of strategic planning in customer relationship management
• The impact of strategic planning on organizational sustainability
• The role of strategic planning in competitive intelligence
• The benefits of strategic planning for the public sector
• The challenges of strategic planning in a non-profit organization
• The connection between strategic planning and organizational effectiveness
• The role of strategic planning in organizational alignment
• The importance of strategic planning in organizational restructuring
• The impact of strategic planning on organizational resilience
• The role of strategic planning in organizational performance management

These strategic planning essay topic ideas and examples can serve as a guide for your next writing project. Whether you are exploring the benefits of strategic planning in a specific industry or analyzing the challenges of implementing a strategic plan, there are plenty of topics to choose from. Remember to conduct thorough research and analysis to support your arguments and provide valuable insights to your readers.

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Essay writing: Planning & drafting

• Introductions
• Conclusions
• Analysing questions
• Planning & drafting
• Revising & editing
• Proofreading
• Essay writing videos

Jump to content on this page:

“Why should you make a plan for your essays? Why 'waste time' ...? Because it will pay off in the long run in terms of the relevance, organisation and clarity of your essay.” Don Shiach, How to Write Essays

An academic essay is a very specific form of writing. Its purpose is to answer the question in an organised and comprehensive manner. In order to do this, care should be taken at the planning stage so that you can be confident that you have included the most relevant material and that your reader can follow your line of argument as you make the points that lead to your conclusion.

1. Initial thoughts and reading

2. Rough planning

You should now be able to draft either a simple conclusion or a rough plan of your introduction. This is the point where you need to be deciding the key points for each of your paragraphs.

How many key points (paragraphs)?

The number of key points that you need to make to reach your conclusion will, to some extent, be dictated by the length of your essay. Academic paragraphs are usually between 200 and 300 words long (they vary more than this but it is a useful guide). With that in mind, you should be able to work out roughly how many points you need to make given the length of your essay. If we look at 3 examples:

2,000 word essay (200 for introduction, 200 for conclusion, leaves approx. 1,600 word main body) = 6-8 paragraphs (6-8 points) 3,000 word essay (300 for introduction, 300 for conclusion, leaves approx. 2,400 word main body) = 8-12 paragraphs (8-12 points) 4,500 word essay (450 for introduction, 450 for conclusion, leaves approx. 3,600 word main body) = 12-18 paragraphs (12-18 points)

The paragraphs in the longer essays will probably be grouped into themes to give your argument a bit more organisation.

Plan your key points

Now you know how many points you need, spend time deciding what they are. You can do this as a list of bullet points, a mind map, a diagram; whatever works for you.

3. Gather the information you need for your essay

We have workshops on finding quality information if you need any help and advice with this.  

4. Read and take notes   from the information you have gathered

5. Create a detailed plan of the middle section of your essay

Using the reading you have done, revisit your draft introduction/conclusion to see if you want to amend it due to your reading. Once this is done, create a plan of the middle section of your essay which is much more detailed than your original rough plan and which takes into account any changes you made to the conclusion.

Include in your plan, your main sections and arguments, in the order in which you will present them. It may be a good idea to write out in full the topic sentence of each paragraph - the sentence that makes the point that the paragraph is about. You can see from this if your essay has a natural  flow , with the general narrative (logical story leading to your conclusion) making sense.

6. Write a full draft of your essay

Many students write the middle section of the essay first. If this is your preferred method, use the detailed plan you have just created to help you do so. When you are satisfied with your middle section, tidy up the draft introduction or fill out your conclusion to add more detail.

This forms the basis of your essay. From now on you are revising and editing  it, not  writing  it.

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Choose Your Test

Sat / act prep online guides and tips, 113 perfect persuasive essay topics for any assignment.

General Education

Do you need to write a persuasive essay but aren’t sure what topic to focus on? Were you thrilled when your teacher said you could write about whatever you wanted but are now overwhelmed by the possibilities? We’re here to help!

Read on for a list of 113 top-notch persuasive essay topics, organized into ten categories. To help get you started, we also discuss what a persuasive essay is, how to choose a great topic, and what tips to keep in mind as you write your persuasive essay.

What Is a Persuasive Essay?

In a persuasive essay, you attempt to convince readers to agree with your point of view on an argument. For example, an essay analyzing changes in Italian art during the Renaissance wouldn’t be a persuasive essay, because there’s no argument, but an essay where you argue that Italian art reached its peak during the Renaissance would be a persuasive essay because you’re trying to get your audience to agree with your viewpoint.

Persuasive and argumentative essays both try to convince readers to agree with the author, but the two essay types have key differences. Argumentative essays show a more balanced view of the issue and discuss both sides. Persuasive essays focus more heavily on the side the author agrees with. They also often include more of the author’s opinion than argumentative essays, which tend to use only facts and data to support their argument.

All persuasive essays have the following:

• Introduction: Introduces the topic, explains why it’s important, and ends with the thesis.
• Thesis: A sentence that sums up what the essay be discussing and what your stance on the issue is.
• Reasons you believe your side of the argument: Why do you support the side you do? Typically each main point will have its own body paragraph.
• Evidence supporting your argument: Facts or examples to back up your main points. Even though your opinion is allowed in persuasive essays more than most other essays, having concrete examples will make a stronger argument than relying on your opinion alone.
• Conclusion: Restatement of thesis, summary of main points, and a recap of why the issue is important.

What Makes a Good Persuasive Essay Topic?

Theoretically, you could write a persuasive essay about any subject under the sun, but that doesn’t necessarily mean you should. Certain topics are easier to write a strong persuasive essay on, and below are tips to follow when deciding what you should write about.

It’s a Topic You Care About

Obviously, it’s possible to write an essay about a topic you find completely boring. You’ve probably done it! However, if possible, it’s always better to choose a topic that you care about and are interested in. When this is the case, you’ll find doing the research more enjoyable, writing the essay easier, and your writing will likely be better because you’ll be more passionate about and informed on the topic.

You Have Enough Evidence to Support Your Argument

Just being passionate about a subject isn’t enough to make it a good persuasive essay topic, though. You need to make sure your argument is complex enough to have at least two potential sides to root for, and you need to be able to back up your side with evidence and examples. Even though persuasive essays allow your opinion to feature more than many other essays, you still need concrete evidence to back up your claims, or you’ll end up with a weak essay.

For example, you may passionately believe that mint chocolate chip ice cream is the best ice cream flavor (I agree!), but could you really write an entire essay on this? What would be your reasons for believing mint chocolate chip is the best (besides the fact that it’s delicious)? How would you support your belief? Have enough studies been done on preferred ice cream flavors to support an entire essay? When choosing a persuasive essay idea, you want to find the right balance between something you care about (so you can write well on it) and something the rest of the world cares about (so you can reference evidence to strengthen your position).

It’s a Manageable Topic

Bigger isn’t always better, especially with essay topics. While it may seem like a great idea to choose a huge, complex topic to write about, you’ll likely struggle to sift through all the information and different sides of the issue and winnow them down to one streamlined essay. For example, choosing to write an essay about how WWII impacted American life more than WWI wouldn’t be a great idea because you’d need to analyze all the impacts of both the wars in numerous areas of American life. It’d be a huge undertaking. A better idea would be to choose one impact on American life the wars had (such as changes in female employment) and focus on that. Doing so will make researching and writing your persuasive essay much more feasible.

List of 113 Good Persuasive Essay Topics

Below are over 100 persuasive essay ideas, organized into ten categories. When you find an idea that piques your interest, you’ll choose one side of it to argue for in your essay. For example, if you choose the topic, “should fracking be legal?” you’d decide whether you believe fracking should be legal or illegal, then you’d write an essay arguing all the reasons why your audience should agree with you.

Arts/Culture

• Should students be required to learn an instrument in school?
• Did the end of Game of Thrones fit with the rest of the series?
• Can music be an effective way to treat mental illness?
• With e-readers so popular, have libraries become obsolete?
• Are the Harry Potter books more popular than they deserve to be?
• Should music with offensive language come with a warning label?
• What’s the best way for museums to get more people to visit?
• Should students be able to substitute an art or music class for a PE class in school?
• Are the Kardashians good or bad role models for young people?
• Should people in higher income brackets pay more taxes?
• Should all high school students be required to take a class on financial literacy?
• Is it possible to achieve the American dream, or is it only a myth?
• Is it better to spend a summer as an unpaid intern at a prestigious company or as a paid worker at a local store/restaurant?
• Should the United States impose more or fewer tariffs?
• Should college graduates have their student loans forgiven?
• Should restaurants eliminate tipping and raise staff wages instead?
• Should students learn cursive writing in school?
• Which is more important: PE class or music class?
• Is it better to have year-round school with shorter breaks throughout the year?
• Should class rank be abolished in schools?
• Should students be taught sex education in school?
• Should students be able to attend public universities for free?
• What’s the most effective way to change the behavior of school bullies?
• Are the SAT and ACT accurate ways to measure intelligence?
• Should students be able to learn sign language instead of a foreign language?
• Do the benefits of Greek life at colleges outweigh the negatives?
• Does doing homework actually help students learn more?
• Why do students in many other countries score higher than American students on math exams?
• Should parents/teachers be able to ban certain books from schools?
• What’s the best way to reduce cheating in school?
• Should colleges take a student’s race into account when making admissions decisions?
• Should there be limits to free speech?
• Should students be required to perform community service to graduate high school?
• Should convicted felons who have completed their sentence be allowed to vote?
• Should gun ownership be more tightly regulated?
• Should recycling be made mandatory?
• Should employers be required to offer paid leave to new parents?
• Are there any circumstances where torture should be allowed?
• Should children under the age of 18 be able to get plastic surgery for cosmetic reasons?
• Should white supremacy groups be allowed to hold rallies in public places?
• Does making abortion illegal make women more or less safe?
• Does foreign aid actually help developing countries?
• Are there times a person’s freedom of speech should be curtailed?
• Should people over a certain age not be allowed to adopt children?

Government/Politics

• Should the minimum voting age be raised/lowered/kept the same?
• Should Puerto Rico be granted statehood?
• Should the United States build a border wall with Mexico?
• Who should be the next person printed on American banknotes?
• Should the United States’ military budget be reduced?
• Did China’s one child policy have overall positive or negative impacts on the country?
• Should DREAMers be granted US citizenship?
• Is national security more important than individual privacy?
• What responsibility does the government have to help homeless people?
• Should the electoral college be abolished?
• Should the US increase or decrease the number of refugees it allows in each year?
• Should privately-run prisons be abolished?
• Who was the most/least effective US president?
• Will Brexit end up helping or harming the UK?

• What’s the best way to reduce the spread of Ebola?
• Is the Keto diet a safe and effective way to lose weight?
• Should the FDA regulate vitamins and supplements more strictly?
• Should public schools require all students who attend to be vaccinated?
• Is eating genetically modified food safe?
• What’s the best way to make health insurance more affordable?
• What’s the best way to lower the teen pregnancy rate?
• Should recreational marijuana be legalized nationwide?
• Should birth control pills be available without a prescription?
• Should pregnant women be forbidden from buying cigarettes and alcohol?
• Why has anxiety increased in adolescents?
• Are low-carb or low-fat diets more effective for weight loss?
• What caused the destruction of the USS Maine?
• Was King Arthur a mythical legend or actual Dark Ages king?
• Was the US justified in dropping atomic bombs during WWII?
• What was the primary cause of the Rwandan genocide?
• What happened to the settlers of the Roanoke colony?
• Was disagreement over slavery the primary cause of the US Civil War?
• What has caused the numerous disappearances in the Bermuda triangle?
• Should nuclear power be banned?
• Is scientific testing on animals necessary?
• Do zoos help or harm animals?
• Should scientists be allowed to clone humans?
• Should animals in circuses be banned?
• Should fracking be legal?
• Should people be allowed to keep exotic animals as pets?
• What’s the best way to reduce illegal poaching in Africa?
• What is the best way to reduce the impact of global warming?
• Should euthanasia be legalized?
• Is there legitimate evidence of extraterrestrial life?
• Should people be banned from owning aggressive dog breeds?
• Should the United States devote more money towards space exploration?
• Should the government subsidize renewable forms of energy?
• Is solar energy worth the cost?
• Should stem cells be used in medicine?
• Is it right for the US to leave the Paris Climate Agreement?
• Should athletes who fail a drug test receive a lifetime ban from the sport?
• Should college athletes receive a salary?
• Should the NFL do more to prevent concussions in players?
• Do PE classes help students stay in shape?
• Should horse racing be banned?
• Should cheerleading be considered a sport?
• Should children younger than 18 be allowed to play tackle football?
• Are the costs of hosting an Olympic Games worth it?
• Can online schools be as effective as traditional schools?
• Do violent video games encourage players to be violent in real life?
• Should facial recognition technology be banned?
• Does excessive social media use lead to depression/anxiety?
• Has the rise of translation technology made knowing multiple languages obsolete?
• Was Steve Jobs a visionary or just a great marketer?
• Should social media be banned for children younger than a certain age?
• Which 21st-century invention has had the largest impact on society?
• Are ride-sharing companies like Uber and Lyft good or bad for society?
• Should Facebook have done more to protect the privacy of its users?
• Will technology end up increasing or decreasing inequality worldwide?

Tips for Writing a Strong Persuasive Essay

After you’ve chosen the perfect topic for your persuasive essay, your work isn’t over. Follow the three tips below to create a top-notch essay.

Do Your Research

Your argument will fall apart if you don’t fully understand the issue you’re discussing or you overlook an important piece of it. Readers won’t be convinced by someone who doesn’t know the subject, and you likely won’t persuade any of them to begin supporting your viewpoint. Before you begin writing a single word of your essay, research your topic thoroughly. Study different sources, learn about the different sides of the argument, ask anyone who’s an expert on the topic what their opinion is, etc. You might be tempted to start writing right away, but by doing your research, you’ll make the writing process much easier when the time comes.

Make Your Thesis Perfect

Your thesis is the most important sentence in your persuasive essay. Just by reading that single sentence, your audience should know exactly what topic you’ll be discussing and where you stand on the issue. You want your thesis to be crystal clear and to accurately set up the rest of your essay. Asking classmates or your teacher to look it over before you begin writing the rest of your essay can be a big help if you’re not entirely confident in your thesis.

Consider the Other Side

You’ll spend most of your essay focusing on your side of the argument since that’s what you want readers to come away believing. However, don’t think that means you can ignore other sides of the issue. In your essay, be sure to discuss the other side’s argument, as well as why you believe this view is weak or untrue. Researching all the different viewpoints and including them in your essay will increase the quality of your writing by making your essay more complete and nuanced.

Summary: Persuasive Essay Ideas

Good persuasive essay topics can be difficult to come up with, but in this guide we’ve created a list of 113 excellent essay topics for you to browse. The best persuasive essay ideas will be those that you are interested in, have enough evidence to support your argument, and aren’t too complicated to be summarized in an essay.

After you’ve chosen your essay topic, keep these three tips in mind when you begin writing:

• Do your research
• Make your thesis perfect
• Consider the other side

What's Next?

Need ideas for a research paper topic as well? Our guide to research paper topics has over 100 topics in ten categories so you can be sure to find the perfect topic for you.

Thinking about taking an AP English class? Read our guide on AP English classes to learn whether you should take AP English Language or AP English Literature (or both!)

Deciding between the SAT or ACT? Find out for sure which you will do the best on . Also read a detailed comparison between the two tests .

Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries.

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323 Business Planning Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best business planning topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on business planning, 🎓 simple & easy business planning essay titles, 📌 most interesting business planning topics to write about, 💡 interesting topics to write about business planning, 🔎 good research topics about business planning.

• Business Plan: Coffee Shop Report The main reason for positioning itself in this segment is that the business has the opportunity of incorporating new features to the existing services to cater for the changing demands and needs of our targeted […]
• MAC Cosmetics Business Plan Case Study The business strategies and founding principles of MAC are extremely simple yet very effective in terms of contributing to the success of the company.
• Office Furniture and Stationery Store Business Plan The entrepreneurs selected the name ‘The ABC Office Furniture and Stationery Store’ for this proposed business; however, the entrepreneurs will establish this private company in order to meet local market demand for office furniture and […]
• Chocolate Business Plan To give a practical experience of the concepts and issues involved in the preparation of a business plan In doing an industry analysis of UK’s high-end chocolate industry this business plan uses the Porter’s five […]
• Fast Foods Restaurant Business Plan: Full Services Geared Towards Full Customer Satisfaction The loan will be paid from the cash flow of the business, collateralized by the business assets, and backed by the character, experience, and personal guarantees of the owners.
• Business Plan of Creation of Laptop Store Within the Campus The purpose of this proposal is to analyze the adoption of the laptops, their parts and the overall effect on the economic life of a student on campus.
• Online Grocery Store Business Plan The mission of the business is to provide fast and reliable delivery of groceries and consumer goods to all the esteemed customers at the comfort of their homes.
• Car Dealer Business Plan Proposal The partnership business model is selected for the proposed business because of its potential to generate an increased capital pool among the partners.
• Pet Care: Business Plan for Small Entrepreneurship The commercialization of the technology in question will involve the visualization of the application, its development, the use of social media for promotion, and the delivery of the ordered services.
• Laundry Dream King Services: The Business Plan The primary objective of the Laundry Dream King Services company is to provide superior client service. The vision of Laundry Dream King Services is to expand the laundry industry countrywide, deliver high-quality services to all […]
• XL Ladies Clothing’s Business Plan The target market for the firm will comprise of the women populace particularly the middle aged and young women that constitute around 62% of the market.
• Bakery Start-Up: Personal Business Plan All I need is to dedicate myself to my business. What challenges am I ready to face and what sacrifices to make for my project?
• Entrepreneurship: Making a Business Plan The description of the business processes is merely a part of it. A business plan is a document that performs the operational and managerial functions of the venture.
• Zuhura Wedding Planners Business Plan For many years Kenyan couples intending to have weddings formed committees comprising family and friends from both sides of the couple, and the committee was mandated with the task of raising funds and to run […]
• Business Plan on IT Training Centre This is the central aspect of the business, the initial analysis for the feasibility of establishing a business opportunity in the UAE had provided evidence of the existing market for training of IT courses in […]
• Home Gardening Veggies Business Plan It is to this growing concern that the home gardening veggies business came up with an idea of developing a vegetable and fruits home garden to help the town residents to purchase fresh and healthy […]
• CJ’s Health Foods Business Plan Proposal Our main competition is Whole Foods and will remain to be our competition, so this will be a test of our determination and what we can provide and offer to our customers.
• Home Health Agency: Business Plan The population of senior citizens in the state is growing rapidly, and the majority of them prefer home health services to nursing homes.
• Business Plan Essence and Viability For a business plan to appeal to the reader, the market analysis should focus on the external factors that present the growth opportunities to the business and how the business plans exploit the opportunities so […]
• PMU Salon & Spa (Business Plan) Prior to venturing the market the entrepreneur has appreciated the importance of undertaking a market research in the success of the firm.
• Business Plan for a Coffee Shop Therefore, the facilities will be located close to the university since students are the primary target customers for the business. A schedule will be developed and provided to the workers to follow, which will show […]
• The K&M Pizza Restaurant’s Business Plan The business plan will target the customers in the low economic segment and corporate bodies around the region of Nova Scotia and beyond.
• Full of Life Nonalcoholic Beverages: Business Plan Coming up with a name for a company is one of the most critical components of a successful business plan; the name has to not only attract customers but also be representative of the entire […]
• Helicopter Tours Company’s Business Plan The firm will specialize in offering air travel services to individual and institutional customers. Despite the complexities associated with this business structure, the firm will comply with the stipulations outlined in the aviation industry.
• Nurse Practitioner’s Business Plan This aspect of the legislation might limit the nurse’s capacity to open an independent practice because it creates the need for supervision and prevents nurses from carrying out the full range of duties as care […]
• Car Wash Business Marketing Plan in Saudi Arabia As a result, the number of automobiles on the Saudi Arabian market is approximately 9 million, a factor that facilitates the successful creation and development of car wash business in the region. 6 million cars, […]
• Green Lighting Company Business Plan The product targets retail companies in the US, which are engrossed in using the LED lighting to reduce lighting costs. The main objective of the firm is to fill the gap in the lighting sector […]
• Elevator Limited Company’s Business Plan The main reason for preparing the business plan is to provide a path that will be used in the development of the business.
• Zumba Fitness Strategic Business Plan Because of a communication error between Zumba business owners and Crunch gyms, the Zumba business ended up losing a lot of time and money in legal negotiations concerning the rights of the songs used in […]
• Entrepreneurship: Business Planning and Characteristics The aim of the report is to conduct a critical appraisal of the business planning process an evaluation of entrepreneurial characteristics.
• Coffee Shop in the UAE: Business Plan According to Stokes and Wilson, the mission statement helps in defining the direction of the business and what it seeks to achieve in the market.
• Business Plan for Luggage Wrapper Now many biggest airports in USA and Europe it is using to prevent any damage, pilferage of the luggage carrying by the customers. Luggage wrapper is used to secure the customers luggage and related items […]
• Business Flan of Restaurant This will be a restaurant that serves Middle eastern food and will also have a hookah bar. The restaurant will draw its revenue from the sale of food and drinks as well as hookah.
• Business Plan for Healthy-Mart Organic Supermarket The products available in Healthy-Mart will be body-friendly to the consumers and an alternative to the chemical-grown foods available in the nearby food stores.
• Sunshine Coffee Shop Business Plan Ensure that the shop gets to be regarded as the best provider both in terms of product quality and customer service.
• Herbal Company: Business Plan With the constant growth of the cancer drugs industry, Herbal has massive potential to capture a large market share due to the innovative nature of the new drug.
• Business Plan of the Art Wheelchairs Company The second goal of the company is to ensure that the wheelchair venture is profitable in the short run and in the long run.
• UAE Tours Company’s Business Plan UAE Tours boasts an important competitive advantage over the other tour operators in Abu Dubai in that it will actively develop strategic partnerships with high profile events in the regions and the many of the […]
• Biodiesel Company Business Plan The ownership of the company in this case involves the real investors to the company plus those who are involved in the daily activities of our company.
• Nursery Business Plan The mission of the Little Angels Nursery Daycare Center is to provide full-time services and fun environment to the children of the university staff and students.
• Happy Knowledge Centre for Special Needs: Business Plan Facilities for children in the UAE, including Children’s City and other public facilities, are not fully accessible to children with special needs, others with rare conditions, or others with mental or physical disabilities.
• Developing a Partnership Business Plan The main objective of the business will be to provide consulting services to different clients and companies. The nature of the business will ensure the company provides quality consulting services to every client.
• Business Plan For Second Cup’s Coffee Outlet Startup Among the alternatives given, it is recommended that the two principal co-owners come up with a market entry approach that will bring together three partners the co-owners as the benefactor custodians of the business, Second […]
• Business Plan of ABC Fitness Center In the content of advertise, the ABC center will highlight the positive sites, emphasis on the importance of fitness center in public health, environment of this center, and the advantages of the membership.
• Red Lobster Restaurant: Student Business Plan The reason for the use of the above business name is to reflect the type of services the business is proposed to offer.
• Mobile Phone Retail Company’s Business Plan My goal is to start a company that transforms the lives of the greatest number of people. My followers will follow the code of conduct and uphold the outlined values.
• Loly Bakery Business Plan This direct contact with the customers is aimed by the business to avail the products at the convenience of the customers as well as satiate the objective of offering quality products at the economic level […]
• Entrepreneurship: Generating a Business Plan On this aspect of the competitors, you should be able to answer the following questions: What are the strengths and weaknesses of your competitors and how is your idea different form theirs?
• Business Plan of Alrajhi Bank The company regards the vision statement as integrating core values in the pursuit of business activities and in offering core services in the banking industry while factoring the core values of the bank and the […]
• The Green Card Company’s Business Plan Green Card is the proposed name of the company which will provide a co-branded credit card to the existing and new customers of the credit issuing company.
• Business Plan For an Engineering and Technical Consultancy Service Since the business considers the needs of the customers as the top priority, then the management has to establish a very efficient team of customer service representative who will be sensitive to the target group […]
• Red Rocks Ambulatory Surgery Center’s Business Plan The aim of this business is to provide patients with a broad spectrum of diagnostic and therapeutic surgical services. Our vision is to provide the greatest surgical expertise in a caring and comfortable atmosphere.
• Touch FM Radio Station: Business Operations Plan Human resource manager is senior to the station director and the marketing manager. The main function of the executive producer is to coordinate external initiatives and management of the station.
• Virtual Fitting Room Online Business Plan The marketing objectives that our company aims to attain are as follows: First, in terms of customer growth, we have a target of one customer, i.e.eBay in the first year and then extend it to […]
• Business Plan: Preschool Startup in Dubai The Ministry of Education governs the school education in the country. Hence, the rising demand for private schools presents a unique opportunity in the education industry of the UAE.
• CarServ Mobile Application and Its Business Plan CarServ is one of its kind mobile applications that will bridge gaps that exist between every-drivers and owner of repair and maintenance services.the application is being released to the general public shortly, to build […]
• Mobipharm Moving Pharmacy’s Business Plan The form of ownership of the Mobipharm Moving Pharmacy will be through partnership. The Mobipharm Moving Pharmacy will follow the following principles as guidance for sustainable business; Honesty and integrity in handling the need and […]
• Smartcard: Business Plan and Feasibility Analysis In this bank, when the customers come to the customer service representative or the bank tellers, they take between 1 to 2 minutes to give them their account numbers or to explain the reason why […]
• Zara Restaurant and Lounge: Business Plan Evaluation This paper evaluates Zara’s business plan, including its financial plan, management team, and marketing strategies in order to determine the restaurant’s internal strengths and potential to attract investors.
• Toronto Paradise Feast Restaurant: Business Plan It is important to state that in this business description section, the general purpose and nature of the new business will be discussed in order to give a normal idea about it.
• The Road Side Service Business Plan Project The idea of starting a road side cab services business was driven through our minds due to the fact that it is a highly profitable business based on the fact that many people are becoming […]
• Business Plan: Consultancy Services Objectives To investigate the business challenges that lead to the early failure of start-up businesses To determine the entrepreneurial skills necessary for start-up business to be successful To establish the type of offerings necessary for […]
• Business Plan: Queen Kebab Shop To be market leader, the shop will categorize the food items according to the prices charged. The shop will verify the right product to sell before instigating its sales and distribution to the target market.
• How to Prepare a Business Plan? Business Description This section describes all activities the business firm will be involved in and their significance to its long term prospects in the market.
• AJ Distributors: Business Plan The greater consideration in the food distribution channel is to ensure providence of all necessary aspects to promote safety and ensure the quality of food being distributed.
• Macpac Company: Business Plan The design affects the materials and process used while the message of value conveyed to customers has to be tailored to the value constructed.
• K.I.S.S Car Wash and Laundry Company’s Business Plan This section of the business plan explores the marketing aspects of the K.I.S. The store is the largest and busiest is the region due to its expanded service charter.
• D. Light Company: Business Plan and Strategies The tour to the villages helped test the viability of the project. In addition, the business plan helped to correct the team members whenever they deviated from the objective of the project.D.
• MaryJane’s Toke and Tavern: Business Plan Due to the size of the venture, it is necessary to give thorough attention to each of the three elements in particular in addition to the whole project in general.
• New York Shoe Company: Business Plan In addition, investment freedom scores an index of 70.0. The target group in France values: Modernity and variety in life Humanism and care Key features of the company’s target group Ethics and values guide the […]
• Sweet Milk Company’s Objectives and Business Plan The products of the company are in good position in the upper market of the industry. The vice president of the company co-founded the company with the president.
• ABox4You: Subscription Box Business Plan Subscription boxes are a rising trend in the United States of America and the practice is quickly spreading into Canada. The only difference is that instead of papers and articles, the subscription box supplies clients […]
• Debt Collection Agency in Dubai: Business Plan The report provides a detailed discussion of the aim and structure of the proposed business and its services. This factual information and stats provide a rationale for setting up a debt collection agency in Dubai, […]
• Business Planning Process and Entrepreneurial Characteristics A SWOT analysis will therefore state the demerits and merits of the actual idea that need to be identified during the idea generation process.
• STAR Insole Innovation: Business Plan As the demand for customised insoles continues rising, most of the insoles available meet the general needs of the consumers. That is why we propose the development of Insoles, which warm the feet based on […]
• The Eelites Hotel Business Plan The hotel industry in the UAE is doing much better as the demand for hotel services increases. Eelites Hotel will bring quality and affordable services to the people living in Dubai.
• Car Detailing Business: Strategic Plan Eventually, such strategies and tactics will greatly help in increasing the sales volume of the company and the number of customers that the company would be serving.
• Timberlake Soap Manufacturer Business Plan The characteristics of the company’s product will be uniquely differentiated in design, functionality, and value. This will allow the company to expand and maintain its market share.
• Business Plan: Convenience Store As such, this report Will address the various components of the proposed business venture and show that it is a viable investment given the current consumer environment and how the business conforms to the wants […]
• The Process of Advanced Practice Nurse Business Planning A well-developed and comprehensive business strategy is an essential first step in creating a successful APN practice that increases APNs’ contributions to health care and results in meaningful benefits for patients and families, advanced practice […]
• Succession Plan for a Family Business However, this passing on of the business to other individuals, who are the successors, is a crucial phase in the running of the business.
• S&S Recycling: A Business Plan S&S Recycling is a company that collects recycled material and offers it to the companies that produce their goods from recycled resources.
• Business Plan Competitions After analyzing the effects of business plan competitions on the organizers, community and the participants, it is with no doubt that, the events are very valuable.
• ClothesHome E-Commerce Business Plan Keys to success The company’s keys to successes include: Provision of services that meet consumers’ needs Effective and continuous marketing User friendly and trendy website Enhancement of product quality The goal of ClothesHome Company is […]
• Business Plan: Devoted Elderly Healthcare Services The second service will be to develop a health plan for the elderly residents. DEHS key value proposition is the delivery of superior and humane healthcare services to elderly residents living in Kuwait.
• Advanced Practice Nursing: Professional Business Plan The author of this paper will identify the various elements of a conventional plan, both in the business and in the healthcare field.
• Business Plan For Delicacy Hotel Limited One of the partners will be actively involved in the day-to-day running of the business in the capacity of the General Manager while the other will be a quasi-partner who will only contribute capital to […]
• Eco Works Company’s Business Plan Eco Works will provide eco-friendly products, as it believes that there is a demand for environmentally friendly products in the current market.
• Cost Analysis and Profit Planning in Business From the questionnaire carried out in the streets of London the general price that is acceptable to most users of the shoes varies between 50 to 150.
• Sals Hardwood Flooring Company’s Business Plan Sals Hardwood Flooring company is a competitive representative of the flooring industry. Sals Hardwood Flooring strives for the compromise between exclusive designs and qualities and the best price of the products.
• Travel Agency: Personal Business Plan More than that, I suppose that it would be extremely important for me to continue education in the sphere of business and economics in order to be able to meet competition that is constantly increasing.
• Kimango Farm Enterprises: Business Plan Cultural values in a country guides business operations as well as it is important to be sensitive and understanding of these norms and attitudes.
• Do-Do Online Fresh Food Supply LLC’s Business Plan The “Do-Do Online Fresh Food Supply LLC” would be registered as a limited liability company with two owners who are the student of Long Island University at post-graduation level in the same discipline and they […]
• Carrena Bakers Limited’s Business Plan The main goal of this marketing plan is to attract the youthful clients to the Carrena Bakers Limited through the company website, where customer will get baking services and skills all-under-one-roof just by a click […]
• Ambulatory Surgery Center’s Business Plan The paramount mission of the center for outpatient surgery is the extension of health care opportunities for patients providing surgical treatment quickly, efficiently, and in a comfortable environment.
• Portable Lab Tester: Business Plan The business model concept is based on the emerging need in the broad customer segments to lead a healthy life despite the existing pressures and the ever-increasing pace and need for mobility.
• Strategic Business Plan: Small Size Dog Boarding Business Business Goals/ Objectives The goal is to transform the speed of the entire business structure and the business environment that affects every sphere of the internal communication issues in the business.
• Business Plan of Sports Center Consequently, the mission of Sports Center is to meet the needs and requirements of our target market by providing them with aftermarket products within the skating industry.
• New Venture Business Plan The peculiar feature of the chosen concept is to prove that bakery is not just the sphere for people to work in. The idea to create a bakery shop with a number of services offered […]
• Marketing Business Plan The organization’s strategy will thus be tailored in such a way so as to offer the needed services to the mass market. This will enhance the ability of the organization to extend its operations to […]
• Business Plan – Fitness Center The aim of this business is to curb the burgeoning problem of a sedentary lifestyle in Saudi Arabia. Close to 30% of the population fall within the criteria, the fitness center is interested in.
• Business Plan & Financial Plan for Locker Laundry Some of the roles that I will have in the company include being the sole proprietor, the manager, the sales and marketing officer, and the person responsible for the processing of the laundry that will […]
• Indiana Beach Resort Business Plan Located in the Sumatra Island, the resort will be among the first tourism destination in the island to offer relaxing services to the tourists who visit the area throughout the year.
• Analysis of Google Business Plan Google Inc is one of the most successful global organizations in terms of growth, financial stability, and marketing. According to Pinson, the mission of Google is “To Organize the world’s information and make it universally […]
• Under Armour Business Plan The factor to the company’s success at this new venture is that Under Armour has already established its brand in the market and will be aiming to extend its customer base to football and soccer […]
• Business Plan Analysis The third problem with the section is that it fails to provide for a concluding section showing the impact of the information on the proposed business.
• ExquisiteLeight’s Boutique, Inc.: Business Plan The target audience for ExquisiteLeigh’s Boutique, Inc. includes women, 18-40 years of age, who have mid-range income.
• Little Angels Nursery Daycare Center Business Plan Nonetheless, marketing is very beneficial as it seeks to inform the target audience about the salient features of the nursery daycare programs and the competitive advantages; this will help in erasing all the doubts that […]
• Characteristics of Writing a Business Plan They indicate the wishes and hopes that the entrepreneur hopes to attain through the business along with the competitive advantage. The assessment helps to improve the structure of the business plan and ensures that important […]
• Beverly Hills City Water: Marketing Business Plan JL Water will ensure it meets all the government and state policies for the company which appears as a threat to new business.
• The Role of Financial Planning in Business In other words, the main purpose of financial management is to ensure that the enterprise fulfills its main function of being profitable.
• Blessed Palms Daycare Center’s Business Plan It will be responsible for establishing and enforcing the policies of the day care. These personnel will be responsible for the day to day management and supervision of the day care center.
• The Zappos Company’s Business Plan The addition of new product lines, acquisition of a new customer base, and the company functioning as a part of Amazon, a reliable online shopping service, translates into a reliable prediction.
• An Automation Business Plan in the Food Industry In this context, automation is required for the first person to plan a trip to a restaurant where everything will be ready and waiting for the person.
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Bias Busters: Next in line? A structured approach to succession planning

Despite their best intentions, executives fall prey to cognitive and organizational biases that get in the way of good decision making. In this series, we highlight some of them and offer a few effective ways to address them.

Our topic this time?

Next in line? A structured approach to succession planning

The dilemma.

When the founder CEO at one midsize oil and gas company originally announced his retirement, operations were solid, health and safety metrics were good, and the business was profitable. More recently, there were signs of decline in all those areas, and at least one of the newer members of the board viewed the CEO’s retirement as an opportunity to right the ship . A formal CEO search could bring fresh ideas and leadership into the organization just when it needed them the most, she thought.

But the CEO had already chosen his successor: a senior executive whose career path and leadership style mirrored those of the outgoing CEO. The board didn’t see the point in engaging in a long, drawn-out process when there was a viable, hand-picked internal candidate in the picture. Instead, directors voted unanimously to confirm the retiring CEO’s pick to lead the company.

Nine months later, amid cratering investor confidence, the board reconvened—this time to vote the new CEO out.

The research

One of a board’s most important tasks is to ensure the successful transition of power from one CEO to the next . Yet McKinsey analysis has shown that between 27 and 46 percent of executive transitions are viewed as failures or disappointments after two years. 1 Scott Keller, “ Successfully transitioning to new leadership roles ,” McKinsey, May 23, 2018.

To succeed with succession planning, boards must recognize and address their—and potentially, the outgoing CEO’s—tendencies toward similarity bias . This occurs when individuals are inclined to evaluate more favorably or behave in a more positive manner toward people they perceive as sharing their own identities or other characteristics. Research has shown, for instance, that venture capitalists are more likely to evaluate an investment opportunity favorably if they believe the founding entrepreneur thinks in a way similar to their own. 2 Niek Strohmaier et al., “Similarity bias in credit decisions for entrepreneurs on the brink of bankruptcy,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology , July 2021, Volume 51, Number 7.

One of a board’s most important tasks is to ensure the successful transition of power from one CEO to the next.

The departing oil and gas CEO wanted to replace himself with someone who had similar priorities and philosophies, even if they weren’t what the company needed right then or might need in the future. Meanwhile the board of directors reflexively deferred to the founder CEO’s vision of what was required for success in the CEO role. They were exhibiting the representativeness heuristic rather than seizing an opportunity for organizational renewal . 3 Chengwei Liu, Dawn L. Eubanks, and Nick Chater, “The weakness of strong ties: Sampling bias, social ties, and nepotism in family business succession,” Leadership Quarterly , June 2015, Volume 26, Number 3.

In the end, the oil and gas company managed to stabilize its performance, but only after installing an interim CEO to manage the company through a full CEO search and transition process—an incredibly disruptive and expensive course correction.

Bias Busters

A good old-fashioned task force , established by the board long before any executive departures are announced or even considered, can help depersonalize the succession-planning process. In this way, companies and boards can ensure that they’re getting or building the leadership talent that they need to keep up with their industry.

In the case of the oil and gas company, forward-thinking board directors could have invited the CEO to join with other C-suite, business unit, and HR leaders to form a succession-planning committee. The committee members could have met regularly to review the CEO’s criteria for the ideal successor and mapped them against others’ criteria for identifying and selecting the most appropriate candidates (internal and external). They could have provided regular succession-planning updates to the full board. The CEO would still have had significant input in the process, but there would have been room for others, like the newly joined board member, to consider who might be the best leader for the organization given current and future business needs—and to suggest their own candidates.

The task force could also have suggested possible development opportunities for likely internal candidates—job rotations, stretch assignments, and mentoring, for instance. All of this would have been less costly and less time consuming than simply going with the comfortable candidate.

Rather than fear the inevitable CEO departures and having to start from scratch, companies and boards should be thinking about the next CEO as soon as the current one is hired.

Tim Koller is a partner in McKinsey’s Denver office, and Derek Schatz is a consultant in the Chicago office.

The authors with to thank Eileen Kelly Rinaudo for her contributions to this article and the Bias Busters series.

This article was edited by Roberta Fusaro, an editorial director in the Boston office.

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The Evening

Republican leaders seek to avenge trump.

Also, New York’s governor halted its congestion pricing plan. Here’s the latest at the end of Wednesday.

By Matthew Cullen

Donald Trump’s allies in recent days have called for revenge prosecutions and other retaliatory measures against Democrats in response to the former president’s felony conviction in New York.

Prominent former White House aides like Stephen Bannon and Stephen Miller have demanded locally elected Republicans use their power to target Democrats. Ronny Jackson, a House representative from Texas, said he would encourage Congress to “aggressively go after” President Biden and his family. And Laura Loomer, a far-right activist, said that some Democrats should “get the death penalty.”

They are among a growing chorus of Republicans who say that the criminal cases against Trump are a political weaponization of the justice system. Based on that premise, they argue that Republicans should do the same thing.

Seeking legal retribution is nothing new for Trump, who in 2016 echoed chants of “Lock her up” against Hillary Clinton. But the intensity of anger and open desire to use the criminal justice system against Democrats after last week’s verdict surpasses anything seen before. Many of the calls have come from people who are expected to play larger roles in a potential second term under Trump.

The clamor has left little room for moderate or traditional Republicans, such as Larry Hogan, who is looking to flip a Senate seat in Maryland. After he implored Americans to “respect the verdict,” Trump’s daughter-in-law, who is also the co-chair of the Republican National Committee, said that Hogan “ doesn’t deserve the respect of anyone in the Republican Party .”

For more: Our polling experts tried to figure out if Trump’s guilty verdict changed any voters’ minds. The early answer appears to be an equivocal “yes.”

New York’s governor halted its congestion pricing plan

In a stunning shift, Gov. Kathy Hochul of New York announced today that she was shelving the long-awaited tolling plan known as congestion pricing. Her move came just a few weeks before New York City was set to become the first American city to charge motorists for entering its busy downtown streets.

Hochul, who just two weeks ago defended the plan as critical to making the city “more livable,” cited economic concerns . She said she feared that a toll to drive into Manhattan’s business district would “create another obstacle to our economic recovery.”

The move angered environmentalists, transit advocates and economists, and eliminated a projected $1 billion a year for the city’s buses and subways. Hochul is said to be looking at filling the funding gap with a tax on city businesses.

Here’s how congestion pricing would have worked .

Global heat will continue to break records, U.N. said

Earth is already experiencing some of its highest temperatures in 100,000 years. Yet the United Nations weather agency announced today that there’s nearly a 90 percent chance that the planet will set yet another record for its warmest year by 2028 .

The chances are almost as great that, between now and then, the average global temperature will be 1.5 degrees Celsius, or 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit, higher than it was at the dawn of the industrial age — the level that countries set out to avoid under the Paris Agreement in 2015.

War has pushed Sudan toward the abyss

A war has displaced millions in Sudan, and a looming famine threatens the lives of hundreds of thousands of children. Sparked by a feud between two generals, the conflict has turned Khartoum, Sudan’s capital and one of the largest cities in Africa, into the center of one of the world’s worst humanitarian disasters.

My colleagues spent three weeks traveling across the country, where few foreign reporters have had access. Here’s what they found .

More top news

Georgia: The state’s appeals court stayed most proceedings in Trump’s election interference case, effectively freezing the prosecution .

Middle East: Israel said it had launched a new operation in central Gaza , where health officials reported dozens have been killed.

Health: A new report from the National Academies said that long Covid could encompass “ more than 200 symptoms involving nearly every organ system .”

Space: Two NASA astronauts headed to orbit in the long-delayed, Boeing-built Starliner capsule ; it is expected to dock at the International Space Station tomorrow.

Hunter Biden: Former partners of the president’s son described the toll of his drug use at his trial on gun charges.

China: U.S. and allied officials warned that Beijing had intensified a campaign to entice Western former fighter pilots to train Chinese pilots .

Ukraine: With the country’s power grid hobbled by Russian attacks, authorities ordered nationwide rolling blackouts for this week .

Britain: Collectors are lining up to get the first bank notes with a portrait of King Charles III .

TIME TO UNWIND

The tribeca festival has some gems, if you look closely.

The Tribeca Festival, which opened today, unabashedly favors abundance. It dropped “film” from its name a few years ago, underscoring its embrace of virtual reality, artificial intelligence, video games, podcasts and more. The breadth of it all can unfortunately make it easy to miss the gems, the critic Natalia Winkelman writes.

So Natalia set out to find the films worth watching . Her favorite was Nathan Silver’s “Between the Temples,” a love comedy about a dispirited cantor (Jason Schwartzman) and his adult bat mitzvah student (Carol Kane).

Learn from some of the best gardeners

This summer, the owners of more than 300 private gardens around the country are inviting visitors to explore, chat and be inspired. The program, which has been going on for nearly 30 years, is an easy way to learn from others who love gardening, our columnist Margaret Roach wrote .

Margaret herself has opened her garden to visitors for a day, which she said was eye-opening: She found that you can grow as a gardener by watching and listening as people roam around your yard.

Dinner table topics

Celebrity clothes: Jenna Lyons, the former J. Crew president and “Real Housewives” star, opened up her closet for a stoop sale. Here’s what we found .

A sumptuous voice: Luther Vandross, a pop perfectionist, didn’t want you to hear these albums .

Action-packed career: Aigul Akhmetshina described how she went from village singer to opera star .

Eat up: How healthy are avocados ?

WHAT TO DO TONIGHT

Cook: A Salvadoran quesadilla is a sweet bread that’s savory enough to be a snack.

Watch: Richard Linklater’s rom-com “Hit Man” is one of the best movies coming to Netflix this month .

Read: The novelist Maurice Carlos Ruffin picked out books that best capture the soul of New Orleans .

Listen: These five minutes will make you love South African jazz .

Research: Tools on your phone can help you trace your family roots .

Jam out: Wirecutter found that these are the best outdoor speakers .

Exercise: A few simple workouts can help you strengthen your bones .

Play: Here are today’s Spelling Bee , Wordle and Mini Crossword . Find all of our games here .

ONE LAST THING

Whooo’s got the wedding ring.

With two rings in a little pouch tied around her ankles, Juliet soared down the aisle at a recent wedding in England, briefly stealing the show from the bride and the groom who had paid nearly $1,000 for her services. Juliet is an owl — one of several trained to be a ring bearer .

Wedding owls first became popular in Britain more than 15 years ago. Their handlers trace their rise directly to the popularity of “Harry Potter,” in which owls serve as mail carriers for the wizarding world.

Have an enchanted evening.

Thanks for reading. I’ll be back tomorrow. — Matthew

We welcome your feedback. Write to us at [email protected] .

How D-Day’s roots will play a crucial role in Trump-Biden battle in 2024 election

WASHINGTON — D-Day did more than pave the way for World War II victory in Europe: It solidified the international military alliances that have led the world for more than eight decades and have become politically contentious today.

Modern arguments about globalism between former President Donald Trump and President Joe Biden harken back to at least May of 1943. During a sweltering two weeks in Washington, American and British political and military leaders hammered out an agreement that included a specific timetable for what would become the D-Day invasion of Nazi-occupied France on June 6, 1944.

The Trident conference of 1943 also bequeathed the alliances that have become a target in the 2024 race for the White House, particularly the North American Treaty Organization .

As President Joe Biden and other world leaders head to Normandy to mark the 80th anniversary of D-Day this week , they will also be defending alliances that guided the western world through World War II, the Cold War, the war on terror and, currently, Russia's bloody invasion of Ukraine.

Trump has repeatedly threatened to abandon NATO , saying the U.S. bears too much of the burden. But supporting – and attacking – international agreements can be traced back in part to the Trident Conference of 1943.

Prep for the polls: See who is running for president and compare where they stand on key issues in our Voter Guide

"It was a crucial moment," said Thomas A. Schwartz, a distinguished professor of history at Vanderbilt University. "The importance of the trans-Atlantic relationship remains to this day."

Here's a look at how D-Day came together politically and diplomatically – and how those negotiations still echo.

Roosevelt and Churchill

Trident featured one of the world's greatest geopolitical partnerships: U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill .

Their relationship is revered by history, but their interests at the time didn't always align.

In May of 1943, American officials had grave concerns as Churchill and a large entourage of British military officials arrived in crowded war-time Washington.

There was talk that the British might back away from their previous commitment to support a 1944 invasion of Nazi-held France, across the English Channel into the Normandy region.

Churchill and others, haunted by the blood-soaked trench warfare in Europe that marked the First World War, instead pushed for an invasion of Italy and other parts of southern Europe.

Fearful over whether a cross-channel attack could succeed, Churchill wanted to go after what he called the Nazis' "soft underbelly." At one point, he suggested pushing the operation in France back to even 1946.

As with other summits of this type, these differences were not aired publicly amid all the pomp. Officials worked things out in private, and left disputes for the history books.

FDR and the U.S. push for 1944

FDR and Pentagon officials wanted a cross-channel invasion as soon as possible, if only to take some pressure off another ally: The Soviet Union.

The Soviets were engaged in brutal fighting with the Germans in the east, and leader Joseph Stalin was demanding that western allies generate a second front to spread out the German military.

While emerging as the dominant partner over the British, Roosevelt and the Americans wanted to be careful with Churchill. They still needed Britain's help, particularly as a staging area for the operation over the English Channel.

This basic dispute – attack western Europe or southern Europe – dominated two weeks of hard negotiating, plus some wining and dining as the Americans alternated between intense pressure and gentle persuasion.

In the end, Roosevelt and the U.S. were in an increasingly strong position to force their will, as they were busy supplying more troops, more equipment and more money to the war effort.

The deal in 1943

The two sides wound up with a face-saving deal involving both Italy and the D-Day operation in France.

Delegates at the Trident conference agreed to transfer more military divisions to Britain to begin staging the assault on Normandy. The British also agreed to a target date for D-Day: May 1, 1944; that would eventually slip by a little more than a month.

The U.S., meanwhile, backed an attack on Italy, though that proved to be a harder-than-expected exercise. Allied forces didn't enter Rome until June 4, 1944, news that was quickly eclipsed by the Allied landings in Normandy just two days later.

'A plan now existed'

Then, as now, the public statements on Trident papered over the differences behind closed doors. So did many of the books and articles that followed the war, although later authors and historians reported the tense maneuvering behind the scenes.

The bottom line: The British, finally, fully signed onto D-Day.

"Despite this glossing over, a plan now existed where there had been no plan," wrote Rick Atkinson in "The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943-44."

Atkinson said all the planning disputes about the Normandy invasion "were kicked around and argued about" at the Trident conference. "That's the nature of alliances, especially with the stakes as high as they were."

People still debate the meaning of the agreements reached in Washington, and which negotiator made out the best.

David M. Kennedy, author of "Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945," wrote that the agreement "signaled the beginning of Roosevelt’s ascendance over Churchill in the scales of geopolitical influence and cheered the president’s advisers."

It wasn't a total loss for the British, other historians have said. Some U.S. officials had wanted to divert resources to the war against Japan in the Pacific; Churchill and his negotiators managed to keep the focus on Europe, including a strike at Italy.

Still, the relationship between the United States and NATO, up and down over the years, now faces a new challenge: The 2024 presidential race between Biden and Trump.

NATO and the 2024 election

Biden is only the latest president to travel to Normandy to commemorate D-Day, and to pay tribute to the trans-Atlantic alliance that emerged from the planning of it.

During his upcoming visit to Normandy, Biden will speak about "the importance of defending freedom and democracy," the White House said in its announcement.

Also on the agenda: "The enduring and comprehensive relationship between the United States and France, our oldest ally, founded on shared democratic values, economic ties, and defense and security cooperation."

Even Trump, then president, honored the U.S.-Europe-NATO relationship during the 75th anniversary of D-Day in 2019.

“To all of our friends and partners − our cherished alliance was forged in the heat of battle, tested in the trials of war and proven in the blessings of peace," Trump said. “Our bond is unbreakable.”

Trump has taken a different attitude toward international cooperation at other times in his presidency, and during his 2024 presidential campaign. The Republican candidate has said that too many countries have taken advantage of the United States.

During a February event in Conway, South Carolina , Trump claimed that one foreign leader once asked him whether the U.S. would come to the defense of his country if Russia attacked, even if he felt his country had not paid enough for mutual defense.

“No, I would not protect you,” Trump said he told the leader. “In fact, I would encourage them (the Russians) to do whatever the hell they want. You got to pay. You got to pay your bills.”

NATO members are asked to spend at least 2% of their GDP on defense. Not all members have reached this goal, fueling Trump's criticism of the alliance.

Biden and other world leaders condemned Trump's attacks against NATO saying he is putting Ukraine and other potential Russian targets at further risk.

"He wants to walk away from NATO," Biden said after Trump's South Carolina comments . "He doesn’t understand that the sacred commitment that we’ve given works for us as well.”