macbeth guilt essay conclusion

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How is Guilt Presented in Macbeth?

Hi Mr Salles, I’m a new subscriber but using your articles and YouTube videos I recently scored 26-27/30 on a Macbeth essay, the text I struggle with the most. So I’d just thought I share it for any feedback.

The question was on guilt, the extract was Act 5 Scene 1 - Lady Macbeth sleep walking.

The Essay on How Guilt is Portrayed (27/30)

Throughout the tragedy “Macbeth”, William Shakespeare constantly references guilt, its nature and focus constantly shifting. It enacts the role of a moral compass allowing the audience to establish the difference between good and evil - which the lack of guilt comes to represent. Through his intertwining of the motifs of guilt, Shakespeare crafts a complex character arc for Macbeth as well as Lady Macbeth who partake in regicide- a grave sin.

The extract clearly portrays guilt through Lady Macbeth, who uses the motif of blood to portray her guilt. Through her exclamation of “ all the perfume of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand ” she portrays the weight the metaphorical blood has on her conscience, which entices the idea of guilt. The use of the hyperbole establishes her changed attitudes, as she had previously manipulated Macbeth though phrases such as “ a little water clears us of this deed ”, a euphemism for the regicide that had not affected her then but seems to now. The description of “ perfumes of Arabia ” can also connote wanting to be cleansed of sins, such as through religious sacraments such as anointing, which is done with oil. The perfume she mentions may not presents just the fragrance which will give her temporary salvation from the memory but rather her wanting redemption from God through undergoing a holy sacrament such as the anointing, which will rid her of the guilt she harbours due to the regicide plaguing her mind.

The audience at the time would have been aware of the gravity that disruptions to the Great Chain of Being had, which was a direct opposition of God, meaning Shakespeare’s religious allusion was intentional to show Lady Macbeth’s growth and how guilt has impacted her morality. While previously she called on “ spirits who tend on mortal thoughts, ” she now seeks God, portraying her guilt as a catalyst for her change. The fact she says the statement while sleep walking could also connote that it’s not intentional, while she acted in a way that a likened her to the witches, she is human and therefore a product of God’s creation, so will ultimately seek him out.

However, through her unrest, it’s clear that she has strayed too far from God due to her aid in Duncan’s regicide. Perhaps Shakespeare attempts to reinforce his allegiance to the Great Chain of Being and the divine right of kings, portraying it as God’s will. Following the gun powder plot, Shakespeare’s loyalty was questioned, allowing the assumption that his play was an ode to King James, not only as a form of flattery but also to reinstate to others that he criticised those who strayed from social norms, portraying their suffering through guilt and moral decline.

Earlier in the play, guilt is also portrayed through Macbeth’s initial reaction to committing regicide, when he begins to hallucinate, stating “ is that a dagger I see before me? ” The use of the rhetorical question makes it seem as those his thoughts are exposed, showing vulnerability. Possibly Shakespeare comments on Macbeth feeling lost, due to having committed a grave sin and in turn straying from God, who acted as a moral compass for him previously. The use of this highlights to the audience the impact that God has on morality. And how interacting with the supernatural has caused Macbeth to lose that, in turn following through with this malicious plan, an insidious plot of the Witches who plant the seeds for Macbeth’s ambition.

However, religious allusions are constantly threading into the play, such as when Macbeth states that Duncan is “ silver laced golden blood ”. At face value the use of “silver” and “gold”, which are precious metals, can connote his value to the nation while also portraying him as pure, due to the unreactive nature of the metals. The comparison of them together can highlight the difference in value that Macbeth and Duncan had as rulers, with Duncan portrayed by the more expensive metal “gold”.

Alternatively it can be interpreted as alluding to the betrayal of Jesus, who Judas betrayed for “silver” coins. England being a religious country would have realised the association, leading to Macbeth indirectly admitting the betrayal of not only Duncan, but also God. He betrayed the king who considered him his “kinsman” for power. His realisation portrays his indirect guilt, which seems to disappear as he turns more power hungry, following his id rather than his superego. Once he strays from God, he becomes primal and instinctive, showcasing to the audience that he exhibits animal like behaviour, indicating that he has rejected God, becoming like the animals who do not posses a conscience and act on instinct, portraying his moral decline through the fact he lacks guilt

Furthermore, Macbeth’s initial lack of guilt when killing the “traitor” Macdonwald, portrays that morality, and in turn guilt, is dictated by societal norms. When defending his country, Macbeth sees the killing of Macdonwald as necessary and as an honour. Despite the brutal violence of “ unseamed him from the nave to his chop s”, he’s still honoured as “ Brave Macbeth ”.

This is similar to how Macduff is honoured when killing Macbeth- the lack of guilt from both men representing that guilt is fueled by the superego. This highlights how Scottish warrior culture had a skewed sense of morality, making susceptibility to violence and manipulation, such as by the Witches and Lady Macbeth, more likely due to a lack of stability in beliefs.

The cyclic structure employed by Shakespeare also dictates that this is continuous, highlighting that the lack of guilt these men feel is dictated by society and leads to corruption due to their increased hubris, which in many cases is their hamartia. Perhaps this is Shakespeare’s comment on society, illustrating that the values they hold are transient and do not hold any value. Through this it can be interpreted that Shakespeare implores the audience to use their conscience as a moral guide rather than other influence, which through the use of Scottish warrior culture shows that guilt is subjective.

Perhaps Shakespeare also aims to educate society on the fact that violence breeds more violence. Such as shown through Macbeth committing regicide which lead to him experiencing the same thing, a warning to King James, that his violence towards the traitors of the gunpowder plot will result in increased violence towards him.

Ultimately, guilt is presented as subjective, adapting to suit the morality of the characters as they progress through the play. The tragedy comes to represent the effects of the supernatural, portraying how they impact the guilt that’s felt by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, who throughout the play take many forms. He shows that power is transient and that righteousness ultimately prevails. Various religious references allow the audience to learn a lesson from the mistakes of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.

I’ve had to make a few grammatical changes to the essay which is still, in places, confusing. However, I can see how an examiner could give this 27 marks, like Amelia’s teacher did.

I don’t have time to mark this, but Tilf.io will do it instantly.

The final mark is still under development. I’m much more interested in the feedback on how to improve.

Mr Salles Teaches English is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts which help you get top grades, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.

This is a strong opening paragraph that establishes the theme of guilt in 'Macbeth' and its role as a moral compass. You've effectively introduced the concept of regicide and its significance within the play. At the top of the level, consider exploring the contrast between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth's experiences of guilt in more depth to enhance your analysis.

The extract clearly portrays guilt through Lady Macbeth, who uses the motif of blood to portray her guilt. Through her exclamation of “all the perfume of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand” she portrays the weight the metaphorical blood has on her conscience, which entices the idea of guilt. The use of the hyperbole establishes her changed attitudes, as she had previously manipulated Macbeth though phrases such as “a little water clears us of this deed”, a euphemism for the regicide that had not affected her then but seems to now. The description of “perfumes of Arabia” can also connote wanting to be cleansed of sins, such as through religious sacraments such as anointing, which is done with oil. The perfume she mentions may not presents just the fragrance which will give her temporary salvation from the memory but rather her wanting redemption from God through undergoing a holy sacrament such as the anointing, which will rid her of the guilt she harbours due to the regicide plaguing her mind.

Your analysis of Lady Macbeth's guilt using the motif of blood is insightful, and you've made a good connection to religious symbolism. To improve, try to link back to the question by discussing how Shakespeare explores guilt through these motifs, rather than just describing them.

The audience at the time would have been aware of the gravity that disruptions to the Great Chain of Being had, which was a direct opposition of God, meaning Shakespeare’s religious allusion was intentional to show Lady Macbeth’s growth and how guilt has impacted her morality. While previously she called on “spirits who tend on mortal thoughts,” she now seeks God, portraying her guilt as a catalyst for her change. The fact she says the statement while sleep walking could also connote that it’s not intentional, while she acted in a way that a likened her to the witches, she is human and therefore a product of God’s creation, so will ultimately seek him out.

You've provided a thoughtful consideration of the historical context and its impact on the audience's understanding of guilt. However, aim to integrate this analysis more seamlessly with the exploration of guilt in the play to strengthen the connection to the question. (My note - Tilf.io doesn’t understand the last sentence of this paragraph - neither do I),

This paragraph offers a clear understanding of the thematic implications of guilt and its relation to the divine right of kings. To reach a higher level, consider discussing how Shakespeare's portrayal of guilt serves to explore broader themes within the play, such as ambition and power.

Earlier in the play, guilt is also portrayed through Macbeth’s initial reaction to committing regicide, when he begins to hallucinate, stating “is that a dagger I see before me?” The use of the rhetorical question makes it seem as those his thoughts are exposed, showing vulnerability. Possibly Shakespeare comments on Macbeth feeling lost, due to having committed a grave sin and in turn straying from God, who acted as a moral compass for him previously. The use of this highlights to the audience the impact that God has on morality. And how interacting with the supernatural has caused Macbeth to lose that, in turn following through with this malicious plan, an insidious plot of the Witches who plant the seeds for Macbeth’s ambition.

Your examination of Macbeth's hallucination and its connection to guilt is well done. Try to delve deeper into how this moment reflects the play's overall exploration of guilt and its consequences for Macbeth's character development.

However, religious allusions are constantly threading into the play, such as when Macbeth states that Duncan is “silver laced golden blood”. At face value the use of “silver” and “gold”, which are precious metals, can connote his value to the nation while also portraying him as pure, due to the unreactive nature of the metals. The comparison of them together can highlight the difference in value that Macbeth and Duncan had as rulers, with Duncan portrayed by the more expensive metal “gold”.

The religious allusions in your analysis are effective, but the connection to the theme of guilt could be made clearer. Focus on how these allusions contribute to Shakespeare's exploration of guilt and its impact on Macbeth's psyche.

You've identified Macbeth's changing perception of guilt effectively. Enhance your response by discussing how this evolution in his character reflects the play's broader themes and Shakespeare's exploration of guilt.

Furthermore, Macbeth’s initial lack of guilt when killing the “traitor” Macdonwald, portrays that morality, and in turn guilt, is dictated by societal norms. When defending his country, Macbeth sees the killing of Macdonwald as necessary and as an honour. Despite the brutal violence of “unseamed him from the nave to his chops”, he’s still honoured as “Brave Macbeth”.

This paragraph shows an understanding of how societal norms influence perceptions of guilt. To improve, consider how Shakespeare uses these norms to explore the theme of guilt in a more nuanced way. (My note - if Tilf gives me a bit of advice I don’t understand or is vague, I simply ignore it - this is one such).

Your discussion of the cyclic structure and its relation to guilt is a good point. Further develop this idea by examining how Shakespeare uses this structure to comment on the nature of guilt and its societal implications.

The connection between violence and guilt is an interesting point. Expand on this by discussing how Shakespeare uses the characters' experiences to explore the cyclical nature of violence and guilt.

In your conclusion, you've summarized the subjective nature of guilt in the play. To enhance your conclusion, reflect on how Shakespeare's exploration of guilt contributes to the play's tragic impact and the lessons it imparts to the audience.

Mark: 21 - 24 (this is a beta feature and mark may not be very accurate)

My Note: If 27 is the correct mark from a senior examiner, 24 would still be allowed by another examiner.

Overall feedback: Your essay demonstrates a thoughtful and developed consideration of the theme of guilt in 'Macbeth'. You have used a range of references effectively and shown clear understanding of the text and its context. To further improve, ensure that your analysis consistently links back to the question, exploring how Shakespeare uses guilt to develop characters and themes throughout the play. Additionally, consider the implications of guilt on the play's structure and the audience's perception.

What went well: You have effectively used textual references to support your interpretations and have shown a good understanding of the historical and religious context of the play. Your analysis of the characters' experiences of guilt is detailed and well-explained.

Even better if: To achieve a higher level, ensure that your analysis is consistently focused on the question, exploring the theme of guilt in relation to the play's broader themes and character development. Additionally, consider the structural elements of the play and how they reinforce the exploration of guilt.

My Thoughts

I’ve divided some of Amelia’s longer paragraphs to make more paragraphs.

This means Tilf.io can give more specific feedback. I don’t disagree with any of the feedback it gives. The final Even Better If is especially helpful.

However, it does mean that you have to pick and choose which feedback is most useful to you. Looking at the final EBI is a great way to do this: which small changes will lead to this big change?

If you don’t want so much feedback, just paste in your work using fewer paragraph breaks.

Mr Salles Teaches English is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts which help you tet top grades, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.

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Literary Theory and Criticism

Home › Drama Criticism › Analysis of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth

Analysis of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth

By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on July 25, 2020 • ( 0 )

Macbeth . . . is done upon a stronger and more systematic principle of contrast than any other of Shakespeare’s plays. It moves upon the verge of an abyss, and is a constant struggle between life and death. The action is desperate and the reaction is dreadful. It is a huddling together of fierce extremes, a war of opposite natures which of them shall destroy the other. There is nothing but what has a violent end or violent beginnings. The lights and shades are laid on with a determined hand; the transitions from triumph to despair, from the height of terror to the repose of death, are sudden and startling; every passion brings in its fellow-contrary, and the thoughts pitch and jostle against each other as in the dark. The whole play is an unruly chaos of strange and forbidden things, where the ground rocks under our feet. Shakespear’s genius here took its full swing, and trod upon the farthest bounds of nature and passion.

—William Hazlitt, Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays

Macbeth completes William Shakespeare’s great tragic quartet while expanding, echoing, and altering key elements of Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear into one of the most terrifying stage experiences. Like Hamlet, Macbeth treats the  consequences  of  regicide,  but  from  the  perspective  of  the  usurpers,  not  the  dispossessed.  Like  Othello,  Macbeth   centers  its  intrigue  on  the  intimate  relations  of  husband  and  wife.  Like  Lear,  Macbeth   explores  female  villainy,  creating in Lady Macbeth one of Shakespeare’s most complex, powerful, and frightening woman characters. Different from Hamlet and Othello, in which the tragic action is reserved for their climaxes and an emphasis on cause over effect, Macbeth, like Lear, locates the tragic tipping point at the play’s outset to concentrate on inexorable consequences. Like Othello, Macbeth, Shakespeare’s shortest tragedy, achieves an almost unbearable intensity by eliminating subplots, inessential characters, and tonal shifts to focus almost exclusively on the crime’s devastating impact on husband and wife.

What is singular about Macbeth, compared to the other three great Shakespearean tragedies, is its villain-hero. If Hamlet mainly executes rather than murders,  if  Othello  is  “more  sinned  against  than  sinning,”  and  if  Lear  is  “a  very foolish fond old man” buffeted by surrounding evil, Macbeth knowingly chooses  evil  and  becomes  the  bloodiest  and  most  dehumanized  of  Shakespeare’s tragic protagonists. Macbeth treats coldblooded, premeditated murder from the killer’s perspective, anticipating the psychological dissection and guilt-ridden expressionism that Feodor Dostoevsky will employ in Crime and Punishment . Critic Harold Bloom groups the protagonist as “the culminating figure  in  the  sequence  of  what  might  be  called  Shakespeare’s  Grand  Negations: Richard III, Iago, Edmund, Macbeth.” With Macbeth, however, Shakespeare takes us further inside a villain’s mind and imagination, while daringly engaging  our  sympathy  and  identification  with  a  murderer.  “The  problem  Shakespeare  gave  himself  in  Macbeth  was  a  tremendous  one,”  Critic  Wayne  C. Booth has stated.

Take a good man, a noble man, a man admired by all who know him—and  destroy  him,  not  only  physically  and  emotionally,  as  the  Greeks  destroyed their heroes, but also morally and intellectually. As if this were not difficult enough as a dramatic hurdle, while transforming him into one of the most despicable mortals conceivable, maintain him as a tragic hero—that is, keep him so sympathetic that, when he comes to his death, the audience will pity rather than detest him and will be relieved to see him out of his misery rather than pleased to see him destroyed.

Unlike Richard III, Iago, or Edmund, Macbeth is less a virtuoso of villainy or an amoral nihilist than a man with a conscience who succumbs to evil and obliterates the humanity that he is compelled to suppress. Macbeth is Shakespeare’s  greatest  psychological  portrait  of  self-destruction  and  the  human  capacity for evil seen from inside with an intimacy that horrifies because of our forced identification with Macbeth.

Although  there  is  no  certainty  in  dating  the  composition  or  the  first performance  of  Macbeth,   allusions  in  the  play  to  contemporary  events  fix the  likely  date  of  both  as  1606,  shortly  after  the  completion  and  debut  of  King Lear. Scholars have suggested that Macbeth was acted before James I at Hampton  Court  on  August  7,  1606,  during  the  royal  visit  of  King  Christian IV of Denmark and that it may have been especially written for a royal performance. Its subject, as well as its version of Scottish history, suggest an effort both to flatter and to avoid offending the Scottish king James. Macbeth is a chronicle play in which Shakespeare took his major plot elements from Raphael  Holinshed’s  Chronicles  of  England,  Scotland  and  Ireland  (1587),  but  with  significant  modifications.  The  usurping  Macbeth’s  decade-long  (and  largely  successful)  reign  is  abbreviated  with  an  emphasis  on  the  internal  and external destruction caused by Macbeth’s seizing the throne and trying to hold onto it. For the details of King Duncan’s death, Shakespeare used Holinshed’s  account  of  the  murder  of  an  earlier  king  Duff  by  Donwald,  who cast suspicion on drunken servants and whose ambitious wife played a significant role in the crime. Shakespeare also eliminated Banquo as the historical Macbeth’s co-conspirator in the murder to promote Banquo’s innocence and nobility in originating a kingly line from which James traced his legitimacy. Additional prominence is also given to the Weird Sisters, whom Holinshed only mentions in their initial meeting of Macbeth on the heath. The prophetic warning “beware Macduff” is attributed to “certain wizards in whose words Macbeth put great confidence.” The importance of the witches and  the  occult  in  Macbeth   must  have  been  meant  to  appeal  to  a  king  who  produced a treatise, Daemonologie (1597), on witch-craft.

The uncanny sets the tone of moral ambiguity from the play’s outset as the three witches gather to encounter Macbeth “When the battle’s lost and won” in an inverted world in which “Fair is foul, and foul is fair.” Nothing in the play will be what it seems, and the tragedy results from the confusion and  conflict  between  the  fair—honor,  nobility,  duty—and  the  foul—rank  ambition and bloody murder. Throughout the play nature reflects the disorder and violence of the action. Opening with thunder and lightning, the drama is set in a Scotland contending with the rebellion of the thane (feudal lord) of Cawdor, whom the fearless and courageous Macbeth has vanquished on the battlefield. The play, therefore, initially establishes Macbeth as a dutiful and trusted vassal of the king, Duncan of Scotland, deserving to be rewarded with the rebel’s title for restoring peace and order in the realm. “What he hath lost,” Duncan declares, “noble Macbeth hath won.” News of this honor reaches Macbeth through the witches, who greet him both as the thane of Cawdor and “king hereafter” and his comrade-in-arms Banquo as one who “shalt get kings, though thou be none.” Like the ghost in Hamlet , the  Weird  Sisters  are  left  purposefully  ambiguous  and  problematic.  Are  they  agents  of  fate  that  determine  Macbeth’s  doom,  predicting  and  even  dictating  the  inevitable,  or  do  they  merely  signal  a  latency  in  Macbeth’s  ambitious character?

When he is greeted by the king’s emissaries as thane of Cawdor, Macbeth begins to wonder if the first predictions of the witches came true and what will come of the second of “king hereafter”:

This supernatural soliciting Cannot be ill, cannot be good. If ill, Why hath it given me earnest of success Commencing in a truth? I am Thane of Cawdor. If good, why do I yield to that suggestion Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair And make my seated heart knock at my ribs, Against the use of nature? Present fears Are less than horrible imaginings: My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, Shakes so my single state of man that function Is smother’d in surmise, and nothing is But what is not.

Macbeth  will  be  defined  by  his  “horrible  imaginings,”  by  his  considerable  intellectual and imaginative capacity both to understand what he knows to be true and right and his opposed desires and their frightful consequences. Only Hamlet has as fully a developed interior life and dramatized mental processes as  Macbeth  in  Shakespeare’s  plays.  Macbeth’s  ambition  is  initially  checked  by his conscience and by his fear of the unforeseen consequence of violating moral  laws.  Shakespeare  brilliantly  dramatizes  Macbeth’s  mental  conflict in near stream of consciousness, associational fashion:

If it were done when ’tis done, then ’twere well It were done quickly. If th’assassination Could trammel up the consequence, and catch With his surcease, success: that but this blow Might be the be all and the end all, here, But here, upon this bank and shoal of time, We’d jump the life to come. But in these cases We still have judgement here, that we but teach Bloody instructions which, being taught, return To plague th’inventor. This even-handed justice Commends th’ingredients of our poison’d chalice To our own lips. He’s here in double trust: First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against the deed; then, as his host, Who should against his murderer shut the door, Not bear the knife myself. Besides, this Duncan Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been So clear in his great office, that his virtues Will plead like angels trumpet-tongued against The deep damnation of his taking-off, And pity, like a naked new-born babe, Striding the blast, or heaven’s cherubin, horsed Upon the sightless couriers of the air, Shall blow the horrid deed in every eye That tears shall drown the wind. I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition which o’erleaps itself And falls on the other.

Macbeth’s “spur” comes in the form of Lady Macbeth, who plays on her husband’s selfimage of courage and virility to commit to the murder. She also reveals her own shocking cancellation of gender imperatives in shaming her husband into action, in one of the most shocking passages of the play:

. . . I have given suck, and know How tender ’tis to love the babe that milks me. I would, while it was smiling in my face, Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums And dashed the brains out, had I so sworn As you have done to this.

Horrified  at  his  wife’s  resolve  and  cold-blooded  calculation  in  devising  the  plot,  Macbeth  urges  his  wife  to  “Bring  forth  menchildren  only,  /  For  thy  undaunted mettle should compose / Nothing but males,” but commits “Each corporal agent to this terrible feat.”

With the decision to kill the king taken, the play accelerates unrelentingly through a succession of powerful scenes: Duncan’s and Banquo’s murders, the banquet scene in which Banquo’s ghost appears, Lady Macbeth’s sleepwalking, and Macbeth’s final battle with Macduff, Thane of Fife. Duncan’s offstage murder  contrasts  Macbeth’s  “horrible  imaginings”  concerning  the  implications and Lady Macbeth’s chilling practicality. Macbeth’s question, “Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand?” is answered by his wife: “A little water clears us of this deed; / How easy is it then!” The knocking at the door of the castle, ominously signaling the revelation of the crime, prompts the play’s one comic respite in the Porter’s drunken foolery that he is at the door of “Hell’s Gate” controlling the entrance of the damned. With the fl ight of Duncan’s sons, who fear for their lives, causing them to be suspected as murderers, Macbeth is named king, and the play’s focus shifts to Macbeth’s keeping and consolidating the power he has seized. Having gained what the witches prophesied, Macbeth next tries to prevent their prediction that Banquo’s descendants will reign by setting assassins to kill Banquo and his son, Fleance. The plan goes awry, and Fleance escapes, leaving Macbeth again at the mercy of the witches’ prophecy. His psychic breakdown is dramatized by his seeing Banquo’s ghost occupying Macbeth’s place at the banquet. Pushed to  the  edge  of  mental  collapse,  Macbeth  steels  himself  to  meet  the  witches  again to learn what is in store for him: “Iam in blood,” he declares, “Stepp’d in so far that, should Iwade no more, / Returning were as tedious as go o’er.”

The witches reassure him that “none of woman born / Shall harm Macbeth” and that he will never be vanquished until “Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill / Shall come against him.” Confident that he is invulnerable, Macbeth  responds  to  the  rebellion  mounted  by  Duncan’s  son  Malcolm  and  Macduff, who has joined him in England, by ordering the slaughter of Lady Macduff and her children. Macbeth has progressed from a murderer in fulfillment of the witches predictions to a murderer (of Banquo) in order to subvert their predictions and then to pointless butchery that serves no other purpose than as an exercise in willful destruction. Ironically, Macbeth, whom his wife feared  was  “too  full  o’  the  milk  of  human  kindness  /  To  catch  the  nearest  way” to serve his ambition, displays the same cold calculation that frightened him  about  his  wife,  while  Lady  Macbeth  succumbs  psychically  to  her  own  “horrible  imaginings.”  Lady  Macbeth  relives  the  murder  as  she  sleepwalks,  Shakespeare’s version of the workings of the unconscious. The blood in her tormented  conscience  that  formerly  could  be  removed  with  a  little  water  is  now a permanent noxious stain in which “All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten.” Women’s cries announcing her offstage death are greeted by Macbeth with detached indifference:

I have almost forgot the taste of fears: The time has been, my senses would have cool’d To hear a nightshriek, and my fell of hair Would at a dismal treatise rouse and stir As life were in’t. Ihave supp’d full with horrors; Direness, familiar to my slaughterous thoughts, Cannot once start me.

Macbeth reveals himself here as an emotional and moral void. Confirmation that “The Queen, my lord, is dead” prompts only the bitter comment, “She should have died hereafter.” For Macbeth, life has lost all meaning, refl ected in the bleakest lines Shakespeare ever composed:

Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow Creeps in this petty pace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.

Time and the world that Macbeth had sought to rule are revealed to him as empty and futile, embodied in a metaphor from the theater with life as a histrionic, talentless actor in a tedious, pointless play.

Macbeth’s final testing comes when Malcolm orders his troops to camoufl  age  their  movement  by  carrying  boughs  from  Birnam  Woods  in  their march toward Dunsinane and from Macduff, whom he faces in combat and reveals that he was “from his mother’s womb / Untimely ripp’d,” that is, born by cesarean section and therefore not “of woman born.” This revelation, the final fulfillment of the witches’ prophecies, causes Macbeth to fl ee, but he is prompted  by  Macduff’s  taunt  of  cowardice  and  order  to  surrender  to  meet  Macduff’s challenge, despite knowing the deadly outcome:

Yet I will try the last. Before my body I throw my warlike shield. Lay on, Macduff, And damn’d be him that first cries, “Hold, enough!”

Macbeth  returns  to  the  world  of  combat  where  his  initial  distinctions  were  honorably earned and tragically lost.

The play concludes with order restored to Scotland, as Macduff presents Macbeth’s severed head to Malcolm, who is hailed as king. Malcolm may assert his control and diminish Macbeth and Lady Macbeth as “this dead butcher and his fiendlike queen,” but the audience knows more than that. We know what  Malcolm  does  not,  that  it  will  not  be  his  royal  line  but  Banquo’s  that  will eventually rule Scotland, and inevitably another round of rebellion and murder is to come. We also know in horrifying human terms the making of a butcher and a fiend who refuse to be so easily dismissed as aberrations.

Macbeth Oxford Lecture by Emma Smith

Analysis of William Shakespeare’s Plays

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Macbeth Essays

There are loads of ways you can approach writing an essay, but the two i favour are detailed below., the key thing to remember is that an essay should focus on the three aos:, ao1: plot and character development; ao2: language and technique; ao3: context, strategy 1 : extract / rest of play, the first strategy basically splits the essay into 3 paragraphs., the first paragraph focuses on the extract, the second focuses on the rest of the play, the third focuses on context. essentially, it's one ao per paragraph, for a really neatly organised essay., strategy 2 : a structured essay with an argument, this strategy allows you to get a much higher marks as it's structured to form an argument about the whole text. although you might think that's harder - and it's probably going to score more highly - i'd argue that it's actually easier to master. mainly because you do most of the work before the day of the exam., to see some examples of these, click on the links below:, lady macbeth as a powerful woman, macbeth as a heroic character, the key to this style is remembering this: you're going to get a question about a theme, and the extract will definitely relate to the theme., the strategy here is planning out your essays before the exam, knowing that the extract will fit into them somehow., below are some structured essays i've put together., macbeth and gender.

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• Macbeth Essay: Guilt & Crimes

What is guilt and is it shown in the play Macbeth? Who demonstrates this guilt, and why is it being displayed? Guilt is a feeling that haunts the conscience for a while. Usually, this feeling comes when one has committed an offence, crime, violation, or wrong act. It is the feeling of responsibility for this poor action that has been committed.

In this play, there are many themes, but guilt is one of the most significant ones. It teaches crucial lessons to the readers, with everlasting morals. In Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, the theme of guilt is established through Lady Macbeth, blood imagery and Macbeth’s internal conflict.

Lady Macbeth is a strong-willed character who will do anything to have her way. Her desire for Macbeth to become King is even greater than that of Macbeth. Throughout the play, Macbeth is forced to commit unforgivable sins to achieve the position of King. Lady Macbeth shows her guilt towards the deaths of Duncan, Banquo, Lady Macduff and her family.

Lady Macbeth’s guilty conscience is displayed near the end of the story when she is sleepwalking. She discusses her feelings, but mainly she reiterates her guilt. “The thane of Fife had a wife. Where is she now? What, will these hands ne’er be clean? No more o’that, my lord, no more o’that. You mar all with this starting.”(V. i. 38-40). This demonstrates how Lady Macbeth is feeling guilty about Lady Macduff’s murder and how Macbeth has ruined everything with his nervousness.

Lady Macbeth also shows another form of guilt when she says “Wash your hands put on your nightgown. Look not so pale. I tell you yet again, Banquo’s buried; he cannot come out on’s grave.”(V. i. 54-56). This confirms how Lady Macbeth is constantly thinking about the deaths that she was part of, and how the feeling of guilt is taking over her life. Lady Macbeth shows her guilt throughout this whole scene.

She writes a letter, but the reader does not know what the letter says. It is possible she is writing about her guilty feelings, or writing an apology letter. Although the content of the letter is unknown, Lady Macbeth does end her life as a result of her guilty conscience.

Blood represents guilt as it is a significant image pattern in the play. Blood also represents murder, which results in the guilt of the characters in Macbeth . Duncan and Macbeth are loyal friends to each other, but once Macbeth finds out that he needs to kill his loyal kinsmen his feelings change. He is hesitant to commit this crime, but as a result of Lady Macbeth’s persistence he ends up murdering Duncan.

Macbeth makes the choice to kill Duncan. “Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine making the green one red.” (II. ii. 63-66). This illustrates that Macbeth is feeling guilt towards the death of Duncan. He is asking if the ocean will wash his hands clean, but instead he will stain the water red, from the blood on his hands.

The blood shows an image of guilt, the guilt is on his hands, and how Macbeth wants it to go away. Another form of blood is represented when Lady Macbeth says, “Here’s the smell of the blood, still, all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.”(V. i. 44-45). This shows that Lady Macbeth’s hands still have traces of blood on them and even the best perfumes will not rid her of the smell.

This blood is from the killings she has taken part in, and it shows that the guilt can not be easily rid of, but will stick with her for a long time. Finally, blood is also shown through the murders that were committed. The murders formed a feeling of guilt, which is connected to why blood is an image of guilt through the deaths, but this may only be shown in Macbeth’s point of view.

Guilt is displayed a number of times through the internal conflict of Macbeth. Macbeth has to make many decisions throughout the play that revolve around his guilty conscience. Macbeth’s conflict at the beginning of the play is whether or not he should kill his kinsmen. He shows a guilty feeling before and after the crime is committed.

He is guilty before when he is deciding to kill his best friend, and he is guilty after because he went and killed his best friend, and as a result, he is guilty of committing this crime. Another form of internal conflict is when Macbeth says, “I’ll go no more: I am afraid to think what I have done; Look on’t again I dare not.”(II. ii. 53-55). This shows that after killing Duncan, Macbeth regrets his decision.

He is saying that he can not go back and that he is afraid to think about what he has done. This proves that he feels guilty over what he has done and that he can not go back in time. However, if he could, he would not have killed Duncan. He was faced with a conflict that he had to resolve, but he realized that he did not make the right decision. It also shows that in the play, Macbeth is not able to say “Amen”. Only because he can not agree with what people have to say, because he regrets his actions, and feels guilty for what he has done.

In conclusion, guilt is displayed through various representations in the play . The theme of guilt is expressed by Lady Macbeth, through blood imagery and Macbeth’s internal conflict. Guilt is a major factor in people’s lives and will continue to haunt the characters of Macbeth for a long time. Guilt can be a result of many things, as it is a feeling that remains forever.

Usually, this feeling occurs when an offense, crime, violation or wrong act is committed. It is the feeling of responsibility for this poor action that has been committed. Macbeth commits this poor action just to be happy, but in the end, he was only left with much remorse.

Related Posts

• Essay Analysis Structure
• Corruption in Macbeth
• Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth: Manipulation & Ruthlessness
• Blood in Shakespeare's Macbeth
• Lady Macbeth: Character Analysis

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How to Write a Grade 9 Macbeth Essay ( WJEC Eduqas GCSE English Literature )

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English Senior Content Creator

How to Write a Grade 9 Macbeth Essay

In the WJEC Eduqas English Literature GCSE Shakespeare exam, you will complete two types of essay questions on Macbeth:

One extract-based question worth 15 marks

One longer essay question worth 25 marks

You will need to answer both of these questions and you have 60 minutes in which to do so. The exam board recommends that you spend 20 minutes on the extract question, and 40 minutes on the longer essay. 

The requirements for these two questions are quite specific, so read on for guidance and advice on how to get full marks for both types of literature essay.

How do you start a Macbeth essay?

Extract or essay question first.

Start with the extract-based question, as the exam paper has been designed to ease you into the longer essay by giving you a shorter question first (and you have all the evidence you’ll need to include in the extract). 

Know your exam timings

Once you’ve decided which question to begin with, plan your timings. Twenty minutes should be enough time to answer the first question, so check the exam hall clock and write down what time you will start wrapping up your answer. 

Many students spend too long on the extract question and don’t leave enough time to properly answer the essay question, which is worth 10 more marks. Don’t leave any marks behind in the examination room!

Plan, don’t write

Before you begin writing, make a plan. 

Students often want to begin writing immediately as they believe the more they write in an essay, the more marks they will receive. However, this is not the case. Instead, follow the maxim: “plan more, write less”. The more you know in advance what your argument will be, and what evidence you can use to support that argument, the more marks you will likely be awarded.

What should I include in my plan?

Essay writing is all about planning. A good plan includes the following:

A really good plan contains each of these three elements and it means your argument will be what examiners call “coherent”, which means joined-up. Furthermore, once you’ve got all the pieces of your essay together, it makes it much quicker to write!

Example plan

Below is a model plan for this past paper 25-mark essay question:

Guilt is a key theme in Macbeth. Write about how Shakespeare presents guilt at different points in the play. Refer to characters and events from the play in your answer.

You’ll see that you can write your plan in note form to save time:

How do you write a good introduction for GCSE English Literature?

The key to writing a good introduction to a Macbeth essay is simple: make sure you plan it first. You should know what your argument is before you put pen to exam paper. What is your personal “take” on the question and what evidence proves this? 

Here are some tips to help you to write an effective introduction:

How many paragraphs should a top marks Macbeth essay be?

For the 15-mark extract question, which you should spend only 20 minutes on, try to plan and write two or three paragraphs (at most) aside from your introduction and conclusion. 

For the 25-mark question, you should try to write a longer essay — comprising three or four paragraphs — but it doesn’t need to be any longer than that. The more focused your response, and the more time you spend planning your answer, the better you will do.

Here is a model essay structure for GCSE:

We have created a top grade model answer for the extract question , as well as a Macbeth Grade 9 example answer for the essay question ; both are answers to past WJEC Eduqas English literature papers.

Do I need to include a conclusion in my Macbeth essay?

It is always a good idea to include a conclusion to any GCSE Macbeth essay because it signals to the examiner that you have created a coherent response, and that you have sustained your argument all the way through your writing. However, given that the questions are only worth 15 or 25 marks, you don’t want to spend too long crafting a perfect conclusion. 

Aim instead to create a simple, one- or two-line conclusion that sums up the argument you put forward in your thesis statement.

How many quotes do I need to include in my Macbeth essay?

Students are often taught paragraph frames, or scaffolds, like PEE, by their schools or teachers. Although these can be useful when learning how to write essays, it’s really important to note that examiners at GCSE think these scaffolds limit students’ answers and can result in lower-mark responses.

One of the reasons for this is that a PEE structure suggests you should only include one piece of evidence for each point you make. In fact, the more evidence you have – in the form of textual references or direct quotations – the better your argument will be. 

So try to include multiple quotations or references for each topic sentence point you make. Don’t forget that a textual reference doesn’t have to be a direct quotation: you can paraphrase a quotation, or include stage directions, plot points, or comments about characterisation or (for the 25-mark essay question) changes and contrasts across the text. These all count as “evidence” and will make your argument stronger.

You must not include quotations from elsewhere in the play when answering the 15-mark extract question, as you will be given no credit for this. Instead, examiners want to see candidates using quotations from the beginning, middle and end of the extract.

For the longer 25-mark essay, examiners suggest students learn a range of shorter quotations (rather than fewer really long ones). They also want to see students take a “whole-text” approach, so try to learn quotations from all points of the play.

See our Macbeth Quotations and Analysis page for some of the best quotes to learn, arranged by character (Macbeth; Lady Macbeth; the three witches).

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Author: Nick Redgrove

Nick is a graduate of the University of Cambridge and King’s College London. He started his career in journalism and publishing, working as an editor on a political magazine and a number of books, before training as an English teacher. After nearly 10 years working in London schools, where he held leadership positions in English departments and within a Sixth Form, he moved on to become an examiner and education consultant. With more than a decade of experience as a tutor, Nick specialises in English, but has also taught Politics, Classical Civilisation and Religious Studies.

Home / Essay Samples / Literature / Macbeth Guilt / How Shakespeare Presents Guilt In The Play Macbeth

How Shakespeare Presents Guilt In The Play Macbeth

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• Topic: Macbeth , Macbeth Guilt , William Shakespeare

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