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It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill ( , 2015).
Information from (2015) emphasises that good referencing is an important academic skill.
You use secondary referencing when you want to refer to a source that is mentioned or quoted in the work you are reading. To do this, you add the phrase âquoted inâ or âcited inâ (depending on whether the author of the secondary source is directly quoting or summarising from the primary source) to your intext citation, along with the details of the source that you are reading.
West (2007, quoted in Birch, 2017, p. 17) state that⊠You would then include full references to Birch and The Open University in your reference list as these are the sources that you have read. There is no change to the structure of the full reference for these sources. |
You should include page numbers in your citation if you are quoting directly from or using ideas from a specific page or set of pages. Add the abbreviation p. (or pp. if more than one page) before the page number(s).
Harris (2015, p. 5) argues that⊠In the drying process "polyphenol oxidizing reactions" form new flavour compounds (Toker 2020, pp. 585â586)... |
Add a lower case letter to the date in the in-text citation and in the matching full reference to distinguish between the sources. : Snow is formed in part because the temperature drops enough that rain freezes (The Open University, 2022a), however the freezing temperature of water is often below 0°C under certain conditions (The Open University, 2022b).
The Open University (2022a) '1.2 What are clouds?'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). The Open University (2022b) '1.3.1 Snow and ice'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). Note: this only applies when you are using multiple different sources with the same author and year â if you are referring to the same source more than once then you do not need to add a letter to the date. The citation will be the same each time and you only need to include the source once in your reference list. |
Example with one author:
Almeroth-Williams, T. (2019) City of Beasts: How Animals Shaped Georgian London . Manchester: Manchester University Press.
RSPCA (2024) Caring for cats and kittens . Available at: https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/cats (Accessed: 1 August 2024).
Example with two or three authors:
Grayling, A. and Ball, B. (2024) ' Philosophy is crucial in the age of AI', The Conversation , 1 August. Available at: https://theconversation.com/philosophy-is-crucial-in-the-age-of-ai-235907 (Accessed: 1 August 2024).
Chu, M., Leonard, P. and Stevenson, F. (2012) ' Growing the Base for Citizen Science: Recruiting and Engaging Participants', in J.L. Dickinson and R. Bonney (eds.) Citizen Science: Public Participation in Environmental Research . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 69-81.
Example with four or more authors:
Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.
Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.
(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).
When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
OR, if there is no named author:
The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
The Open University (2022) â3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth researchâ. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633§ion=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:
The Open University (2022) âVideo 2.7 An example of a Frith-HappĂ© animationâ. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014§ion=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
The Open University (2022) âAudio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)â. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941§ion=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) âA215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).
Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.
For ebooks that do not contain print publication details
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).
Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).
Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.
Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.
Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83â95.
Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.
If accessed online:
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323â326.
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323â326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).
Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'MĂĄlaga â a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187â212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) âÂŁ10,000 carrot to tempt physics expertsâ, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.
Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).
Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).
Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.
Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).
Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.
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Sample assignment
The text to the right shows how citations and the reference list are typically written in the Harvard referencing style.
Note: the text itself is not designed to be a proper example of academic writing and does not use information from the sources cited; it is for illustrative purposes only.
The purpose of this assignment is to show common elements of the Harvard style of referencing in Dundalk Institute of Technology. It is not intended to be an example of good quality academic writing, and indeed may not make sense in general, but it should show you how citations and a reference list are formed in the Harvard style of referencing (Cameron 2021). If you include a “direct quotation from a book you have read” (Giddens and Sutton 2021, p.117) you should include the relevant page number.
You don’t always have to write the author and year in brackets. Cameron (2021) explains that if the author’s name occurs naturally in the text then the year follows it in brackets. If there are two authors you should include both of them in the citation (Levine and Munsch 2021). If there are three or more authors you don’t have to list all of the names in the citation but you should include them all in the reference list (Robbins et al. 2020). The reference list should appear at the end of your assignment and be in alphabetical order based on the first author’s surname (Bruen 2022) rather than the order in which they appear in your assignment ( Papagiannis 2022). If you are using a citation for a second time you do not need to include it twice in the reference list (Cameron 2021).
Referencing an academic journal that you find online requires more information in the reference list but uses the same format for citing as other sources (Tesseur 2022). If referencing a source from a library database you say from which database you found it (Mayombe 2021).
Don’t forget that websites need to be cited too (Dundalk Institute of Technology 2022). We recommend you look at the full version of DkIT’s Harvard referencing guidelines, and contact the Library if you have any questions. Good luck.
Reference list
Bruen, M. (2020). River flows. In: Kelly-Quinn, M. and Reynolds, J., eds. Ireland’s rivers . Dublin: University College Dublin Press, pp.39-59.
Cameron, S. (2021). The business student's handbook: skills for study and employment . 7th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
Dundalk Institute of Technology. (2022). Research support [online]. Available from: https://www.dkit.ie/research/research-support.html [accessed 25 March 2022].
Giddens, A. and Sutton, P.W. (2021). Sociology . 9th ed. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Levine, L.E. and Munsch, J. (2021). Child development: an active learning approach [online]. 4th ed. London: SAGE Publications. Available from: https://books.google.ie/books?id=zlrZzQEACAAJ&dq [accessed 25 March 2022].
Mayombe, C. (2021). Partnership with stakeholders as innovative model of work-integrated learning for unemployed youths. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning [online], 12(2), pp.309-327. Available from: Emerald Insight [accessed 25 March 2022].
Papagiannis, N. (2020). Effective SEO and content marketing: the ultimate guide for maximizing free web traffic [online]. Indianapolis: Wiley. Available from: EBSCOhost eBook Collection [accessed 25 March 2022].
Robbins, S.P., Coulter, M.A. and De Cenzo, D.A. (2020). Fundamentals of management . 11th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
Tesseur, W. (2022). Translation as inclusion? An analysis of international NGOs’ translation policy documents. Language Problems and Language Planning [online], 45(3), pp. 261-283. Available from: https://doras.dcu.ie/26151 [accessed 25 March 2022].
Referencing is..., why reference, harvard referencing style.
'a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignments, in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works, must be referenced' (Curtin University Library, 2020)
It is standard practice at third-level to include references in all of your assignments. Good research and good referencing go hand in hand. Referencing is the process of linking what you have read to what you have written.
What this means is that in order to do good research, you need to reference any words, ideas or images you have used in your assignment that are not your own original thoughts. You will be quoting, paraphrasing and summarising your sources throughout the essay, and compiling a full list of them at the end - more about all of this in the next section...
By learning how to reference properly, you are showing your lecturer that you:
A good reference list is the sign of a quality assignment. It provides evidence to your lecturer that you researched your topic well. Once you know how to reference, you are on your way to becoming a proper researcher!
(Pretorius, 2015)
The Harvard Referencing Style (sometimes called the Author-Date style) is the recommended referencing style at TUS: Midwest. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure what style to use as there may be some variations depending on your subject areas.
There are two elements to any reference using the Harvard Style:
This means when you reference using the Harvard Style, you have to do two things:
(George, 2017)
(Herriot-Watt University, 2015)
The Library, Technological University of the Shannon: Midwest
Two or more works cited at one point in the text
If two or more works by different authors or authoring bodies are cited at one point in the text, use a semi-colon to separate them:
(Larsen 2000; Malinowski 1999)
The authors should be listed in alphabetical order.
Two or three authors or authoring bodies
When citing a work by two or three authors or authoring bodies, cite the names in the order in which they appear on the title page:
(Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995)
(Holt 1997) or Holt (1997) wrote that... | Holt, DH 1997, , Prentice-Hall, Sydney. | |
(McCarthy, William & Pascale 1997) | McCarthey, EJ, William, DP & Pascale, GQ 1997, , Irwin, Sydney. | |
(Bond et al. 1996) | Bond, WR, Smith, JT, Brown, KL & George, M 1996, , McGraw-Hill, Sydney. | |
(A history of Greece 1994) | 1994, Irwin, Sydney. | |
(ed. Jones 1998) | Jones, MD (ed.) 1998, , Academic Press, London. | |
(eds Bullinger & Warnecke 1985) | Bullinger, HJ & Warnecke HJ (eds) 1985, , Springer-Verlag, Berlin. | |
(trans. Smith 2006) | Colorado, JA 2006, trans. K Smith, Oxford University Press, Oxford. | |
(Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2001) | Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2001, , ABARE, Canberra. | |
A number of disturbing facts intrude' (Milkman 1998, p. 25) | Milkman, R 1998, 'The new American workplace:high road or low road?' in , eds P Thompson & C Warhurst, Macmillan Press, London, pp. 22-34. | |
(Drafke, 2009) | Drafke, M 2009, , 10th edn, Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J | |
(Aghion & Durlauf 2005) | Aghion, P & Durlauf, S (eds.) 2005, , Elsevier, Amsterdam. Available from: Elsevier books. [4 November 2004]. | |
'Historical thinking is actually a Western perspective' (White 2002, p. 112) | White, H 2002, 'The westernization of world history' in , ed J Rusen, Berghahn Books, New York pp. 111-119. Available from: ACLS Humanities E-Book. [14 May 2009]. | |
(Bond 1991a) (Bond 1991b) | Bond, G 1991a, , McGraw-Hill, Sydney. Bond, G 1991b, , Irwin, London. | |
(Conley & Galeson 1998) | Conley, TG & Galeson, DW 1998, 'Nativity and wealth in mid-nineteenth century cities', , vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 468-493. | |
(Liveris 2011) | Liveris, A 2011, 'Ethics as a strategy', , vol. 28, no. 2, pp.17-18. Available from: Proquest [23 June 2011]. | |
(Improve indigenous housing 2007)
| Available from: http://www.architecture.com.au/i-cms?page=10220 . [8 February 2009]. | |
(Jones, n.d.) | Jones, MD n.d., . Available from: <http://www.architecture.com.au>. [6 June 2009]. | |
(Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources 2006) | Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources 2006, , Government of Australia, Available from: <http://www.innovation.gov.au>. [28 February 2009]. | |
(Australian Securities Exchange 2009) | Australian Securities Exchange 2009, . Available from: <http://www.asx.com.au/professionals/market_information/index.htm>. [5 July 2009]. | |
(Newton 2007) | Newton, A. 2007, Newcastle toolkit. 16 January 2007. . Available from: <https://elgg.leeds.ac.uk/libajn/weblog/>. [23 February 2007]. | |
(OpenOffice.org 2005) | OpenOffice.org, computer software 2005. Available from: <http://www.openoffice.org>. [11 January 2005]. | |
(The Lunar Interior 2000) | , 2000. Available from: <http://www.planetscapes.com/solar/browse/moon/moonint.jpg>. [28 November 2000]. | |
(Aspect Huntley 2009) | Aspect Huntley DatAnalysis 2009, . Available from: Aspect Huntley DatAnalysis. [20 May 2009]. | |
(Datamonitor 2009) | Datamonitor 2009, . Available from: Business Source Premier. [20 May 2009]. | |
(Datastream 2009) | Datastream, 2009, . Available from: Datastream. [20 May 2009]. | |
(Riley 1992) | Riley, D 1992, 'Industrial relations in Australian education', in Contemporary Australasian industrial relations: , ed. D. Blackmur, AIRAANZ, Sydney, pp. 124-140. | |
(Fan, Gordon & Pathak 2000) | Fan, W, Gordon, MD & Pathak, R 2000, 'Personalization of search engine services for effective retrieval and knowledge management', , pp. 20-34. Available from: ACM Portal: ACM Digital Library. [24 June 2004]. | |
(Brown & Caste 1990) | Brown, S & Caste, V 2004, 'Integrated obstacle detection framework' Paper presented at the , IEEE, Detroit MI. | |
(Ionesco 2001) | Ionesco, J 2001, 'Federal election: new Chip in politics', 23 October, p. 10. | |
(Meryment 2006) | Meryment, E 2006, 'Distaff winemakers raise a glass of their own to their own', , 7 October, p. 5. Available from: Factiva. [2 February 2007]. | |
(Hilts 1999) | Hilts, PJ 1999, 'In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out', 16 February. Available from <http://www.nytimes.com>. [19 February 2000]. | |
( 7 January 2011, p. 12) | Not required. | |
(Effective performance appraisals 1994) | 1994, (video recording), Melbourne, Educational Media Australia. | |
(Crystal 1993) | Crystal, L (executive producer) 1993, (television broadcast) 11 October 1993, New York and Washington DC, Public Broadcasting Service. | |
(Van Nuys 2007) | Van Nuys, D (producer) 2007, 'The anatomy of a lobotomist [Show 84]', (podcast). Available from: <http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/>. [11 April 2007]. | |
(Kloft 2006) | Kloft, M (producer/director) 2006, The Nuremberg trials (motion picture), in M.Sameuls (executive producer), (podcast). Available from: <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rss/podcast_pb.xml>. [4 March 2006]. | |
| (Shocked 1992) | Shocked, M 1992, 'Over the waterfall', on (CD). New York, Polygram Music. |
(Norton 2006) | Norton, R 2006, 'How to train a cat to operate a light switch' (video file). Available from: <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs>. [4 November 2006]. | |
(Cookson 1985) | Cookson, AH 1985, , US Patent 4554399. | |
(Standards Australia 2008) | Standards Australia 2008, AS 4758.1-2008. Available from: Standards Australia Online. [1 December 2008]. | |
(Standards Australia/New Zealand Standard 1994) | Standards Australia 1994, AS/NZS 3951.10:1994, Standards Australia, NSW. | |
(Jennings 1997) | Jennings, P 1997, 'The performance and competitive advantage of small firms: a management perspective', , vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 63-75. Available from: The University of Western Australia Library Course Materials Online. [1 September 2004]. | |
(Foster 2004) | Foster, T 2004, , lecture notes distributed in Financial Accounting 101 at The University of Western Australia, Crawley on 2 November 2005. | |
(Hos 2005) | Hos, JP 2005, Ph.D thesis, University of Western Australia. | |
(May 2007) | May, B 2007, Bristol UK, Canopus Publishing. | |
(Baril 2006) | Baril, M 2006, WU2006.0058. Available from: Australasian Digital Theses Program. [12 August 2008]. | |
pers.comm. | ||
(O'Reilly, cited in Byrne 2008) | In the reference list provide the details of the author who has done the citing. |
Referencing guide: harvard.
The Harvard Style is an Author-Date system of referencing. Different institutions use different versions of the Harvard Style.
You should check the specific style requirements of your unit or course with your school or faculty.
Please refer to general University guidance about acceptable use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools for study via the Student Portal , and confirm with your unit coordinator what is permissible in your specific unit our course.
Examples showing how to cite Ai tools are located on page 8.
What you need to know, harvard style tutorial.
The Harvard referencing system is known as the Author-Date style . It emphasizes the name of the creator of a piece of information and the date of publication, with the list of references in alphabetical order at the end of your paper.
Unlike other citation styles, there is no single, definitive version of Harvard Style. Therefore, you may see a variation in features such as punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, and the use of italics.
Always check with your instructor and follow the rules he or she gives you.
Harvard Style will affect your paper in two places:
Sample References List:
Click on the Links Below to See Additional Examples:
Click on the image below to launch this tutorial that was created by the University of Leeds. The section on Citing in Text is especially useful.
Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 and CC BY-NC 4.0 Licenses .
Table of contents
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The Harvard referencing style is a widely used system for citing and referencing sources in academic writing. It provides a consistent and standardized format for acknowledging the works of others that you have used in your research.
Struggling to remember tricky peculiarities of Harvard style referencing and formatting? Donât worry, you have come across a helpful material. In this article, you will find the basics of Harvard style formatting which would be useful for your academic progress. This easy but detailed Harvard style guide contains all format requirements for a paper and some structural tips. Besides, it covers general rules on how to cite your sources properly in your text. Feel free to use these guidelines for your academic endeavors. Let us go through details of Harvard style referencing and formatting together! Â
Harvard style is an author-date system of referencing. Itâs similar to an APA paper format  in terms of general formatting of pages and text. But this style follows its own rules for bibliography and in-text citations formatting. Harvard style is typically used for essays in such academic disciplines: Â
But this doesnât mean you canât use this paper format in other areas of study. The general rule is to put references to your sources in round brackets. Specify authorâs name and publication year. These references should come after your quotes (direct or indirect) in the end of a respective sentence or paragraph. Full details about all sources you have used should be provided at the end of your work. This section should be named âReference Listâ. Buy coursework or any other type of research paper that will be referenced for you by our experts.Â
Let us explore some general rules for Harvard formatting:
A Harvard style citation  must have a Title page, header (or running head), headings and Reference list. We will take a closer look at formatting each section down below. Â
What are the requirements for a Harvard style cover page? Title page is otherwise known as front page. This is the first page of your paper to be observed by your reader, i.e. your teacher first of all. Therefore, it is highly important to format it properly. Formatting rules for Harvard Title page:Â Â
See the sample of a Harvard title page down below.
An important detail: you are required to use a header in Harvard referencing  format. This section is repeatedly shown on all pages of your paper except the title page. You have to configure it once. Then, headers will get automatically added on each new page. Headers in Harvard referencing format contains such information: Â
It is important to use shortened title because there is not too much space in any header. Also, another requirement is putting exactly 5 spaces between your title and a page number in headers.
Now let us explore some rules of using subheadings in Harvard style, in detail. Typically there are 2 levels of section headings recommended for use in such papers. They have different formatting. This helps to tell one from another, without using different font sizes for them.
The plain text of any paragraph should go on a new line after subheadings in Harvard style, be it Level-1 or Level-2 subheading.
Listing all sources you have used for your research in a proper order is a core element of Harvard style. Reference list should be the last part of your paper but absolutely not the least. Now let us explore some critical rules for a reference list formatting. The Harvard-style reference list section has its own subtitle, namely âReference Listâ. Similarly to a Level-1 subheading, it should be capitalized and centered. The rest of your content in this section goes from a new line after your title. No extra empty lines are to be added. Your references in this list are numbered and sorted alphabetically. No lines are indented. Each item in this list starts from a new line. Below we will describe a format for referencing in detail. Â
Sometimes your professor or instructor might ask you to create a Bibliography section instead of a common Reference list. So what is the Harvard Bibliography format? Harvard style bibliography includes not only those sources you have cited in your text but also. It also includes materials which you have read to get ideas for your research and to better understand the context of a selected problem. So, such section would contain more items than a Reference list. Apart of that, the general Harvard Bibliography format is the same:Â Â
Another crucial element of Harvard style is referring to your sources inside your essay. Thatâs why you should know how to cite in Harvard style. Keep in mind that the main purpose of a proper format is to ensure your paper is plagiarizm-free. Sometimes, you should cite ideas from books, magazines or newspapers. But you can only refer to such ideas, otherwise it will be considered a form of plagiarism. Below we will show you how to cite in Harvard style, providing general information about published sources. So let us proceed and learn more about shortened quotes and full references. Â
Here are the rules of Harvard format in-text citation:
And this is how you should be referencing in Harvard style, providing full descriptions of the sources you have used. Let us start with the general book format:
Here are several Harvarvard referencing rules for other source types:
In this article we have explored the Harvard referencing guide, one of the most popular ones for students in the UK. Feel free to use these tips and proceed to writing a winning essay with flawless formatting! Just keep in mind the following key concepts of the Harvard style:
In conclusion, consider our custom term paper writing solution if you lack the time or got into writer's block.
If you have questions, please visit our FAQ section or contact our expert writers. They will gladly help you create references in line with all requirements. On top of that, our writers are highly experienced in academic writing and can assist you with any type of formatting. Â
1. is harvard reference style used in colleges.
The Harvard style can be used in colleges as well as in other educational institutions and even by professional researchers. While it is relatively popular in many countries for research paper referencing, Harvard style is most widespread in universities of the UK nowadays. Other styles (APA, MLA and Chicago) dominate the US educational institutions.
The Harvard style format is a typical example of an author-date system as it requires using authorâs names and publication dates for in-text referencing. You should create a complete reference list as a separate section in the end of your research paper. The Oxford style on the contrary uses numbered footnotes for citing sources used on your page. In-text citations on this page consist just from numbers of respective notes. Â
Emma Flores knows all about formatting standards. She shares with StudyCrumb readers tips on creating academic papers that will meet high-quality standards.
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Reference : Student(s) Last name, Initial (s). (Year of submission) ‘Title of essay/project/assignment’, Module Code: module title . Institution. Unpublished essay/project/assignment.
Example : Woods, M., Mulcahy, W.D., Halpin, L., and O’Shea, R.W. (2014) ‘A model code of ethics for corporate governance in the Irish non-profit and charity sector’, BMGT3019D: Corporate Responsibilities and Business Ethics . University College Dublin. Unpublished group project.
In-Text-Citation :
Note : use the “et al.” for three or more authors just like for a book/journal etc.
Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean? Check here .
Still unsure why you need to reference all this information? Check here .
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Published on June 24, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on November 7, 2022.
A citation style is a set of guidelines on how to cite sources in your academic writing . You always need a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize a source to avoid plagiarism . How you present these citations depends on the style you follow. Scribbr’s citation generator can help!
Different styles are set by different universities, academic associations, and publishers, often published in an official handbook with in-depth instructions and examples.
There are many different citation styles, but they typically use one of three basic approaches: parenthetical citations , numerical citations, or note citations.
Parenthetical citations
Numerical citations
Note citations
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Types of citation: parenthetical, note, numerical, which citation style should i use, parenthetical citation styles, numerical citation styles, note citation styles, frequently asked questions about citation styles.
The clearest identifying characteristic of any citation style is how the citations in the text are presented. There are three main approaches:
Citation styles also differ in terms of how you format the reference list or bibliography entries themselves (e.g., capitalization, order of information, use of italics). And many style guides also provide guidance on more general issues like text formatting, punctuation, and numbers.
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In most cases, your university, department, or instructor will tell you which citation style you need to follow in your writing. If youâre not sure, itâs best to consult your institutionâs guidelines or ask someone. If youâre submitting to a journal, they will usually require a specific style.
Sometimes, the choice of citation style may be left up to you. In those cases, you can base your decision on which citation styles are commonly used in your field. Try reading other articles from your discipline to see how they cite their sources, or consult the table below.
Discipline | Typical citation style(s) |
---|---|
Economics | |
Engineering & IT | |
Humanities | ; ; |
Law | ; |
Medicine | ; ; |
Political science | |
Psychology | |
Sciences | ; ; ; ; |
Social sciences | ; ; ; |
The American Anthropological Association (AAA) recommends citing your sources using Chicago author-date style . AAA style doesnât have its own separate rules. This style is used in the field of anthropology.
AAA reference entry | Clarke, Kamari M. 2013. âNotes on Cultural Citizenship in the Black Atlantic World.â 28, no. 3 (August): 464â474. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43898483. |
AAA in-text citation | (Clarke 2013) |
APA Style is defined by the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . It was designed for use in psychology, but today itâs widely used across various disciplines, especially in the social sciences.
Wagemann, J. & Weger, U. (2021). Perceiving the other self: An experimental first-person account of nonverbal social interaction. , (4), 441â461. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.134.4.0441 | |
(Wagemann & Weger, 2021) |
The citation style of the American Political Science Association (APSA) is used mainly in the field of political science.
APSA reference entry | Ward, Lee. 2020. âEquity and Political Economy in Thomas Hobbes.â , 64 (4): 823â35. doi: 10.1111/ajps.12507. |
APSA in-text citation | (Ward 2020) |
The citation style of the American Sociological Association (ASA) is used primarily in the discipline of sociology.
ASA reference entry | Kootstra, Anouk. 2016. âDeserving and Undeserving Welfare Claimants in Britain and the Netherlands: Examining the Role of Ethnicity and Migration Status Using a Vignette Experiment.â 32(3): 325â338. doi:10.1093/esr/jcw010. |
ASA in-text citation | (Kootstra 2016) |
Chicago author-date style is one of the two citation styles presented in the Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition). Itâs used mainly in the sciences and social sciences.
Encarnação, JoĂŁo, and Gonçalo Calado. 2018. âEffects of Recreational Diving on Early Colonization Stages of an Artificial Reef in North-East Atlantic.â 22, no. 6 (December): 1209â1216. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45380397. | |
(Encarnação and Calado 2018) |
The citation style of the Council of Science Editors (CSE) is used in various scientific disciplines. It includes multiple options for citing your sources, including the name-year system.
CSE name-year reference entry | Graham JR. 2019. The structure and stratigraphical relations of the Lough Nafooey Group, South Mayo. Irish Journal of Earth Sciences. 37: 1â18. |
CSE name-year citation | (Graham 2019) |
Harvard style is often used in the field of economics. It is also very widely used across disciplines in UK universities. There are various versions of Harvard style defined by different universitiesâitâs not a style with one definitive style guide.
Hoffmann, M. (2016) âHow is information valued? Evidence from framed field experimentsâ, , 126(595), pp. 1884â1911. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12401. | |
(Hoffmann, 2016) |
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MLA style is the official style of the Modern Language Association, defined in the MLA Handbook (9th edition). Itâs widely used across various humanities disciplines. Unlike most parenthetical citation styles, itâs author-page rather than author-date.
Davidson, Clare. âReading in Bed with .â , vol. 55, no. 2, Apr. 2020, pp. 147â170. https://doi.org/10.5325/chaucerrev.55.2.0147. | |
(Davidson 155) |
The American Chemical Society (ACS) provides guidelines for a citation style using numbers in superscript or italics in the text, corresponding to entries in a numbered reference list at the end. It is used in chemistry.
ACS reference entry | 1. Hutchinson, G.; Alamillo-Ferrer, C.; FernĂĄndez-Pascual, M.; BurĂ©s, J. Organocatalytic Enantioselective α-Bromination of Aldehydes with -Bromosuccinimide. , 87,  7968â7974. |
The American Medical Association ( AMA ) provides guidelines for a numerical citation style using superscript numbers in the text, which correspond to entries in a numbered reference list. It is used in the field of medicine.
1. Jabro JD. Predicting saturated hydraulic conductivity from percolation test results in layered silt loam soils. . 2009;72(5):22â27. |
CSE style includes multiple options for citing your sources, including the citation-name and citation-sequence systems. Your references are listed alphabetically in the citation-name system; in the citation-sequence system, they appear in the order in which you cited them.
CSE citation-sequence or citation-name reference entry | 1. Nell CS, Mooney KA. Plant structural complexity mediates trade-off in direct and indirect plant defense by birds. Ecology. 2019;100(10):1â7. |
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) provides guidelines for citing your sources with IEEE in-text citations that consist of numbers enclosed in brackets, corresponding to entries in a numbered reference list. This style is used in various engineering and IT disciplines.
IEEE reference entry | 1. J. Ive, A. Max, and F. Yvon, âReassessing the proper place of man and machine in translation: A pre-translation scenario,â , vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 279â308, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10590-018-9223-9. |
The National Library of Medicine (NLM) citation style is defined in Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (2nd edition).
NLM reference entry | 1. Hage J, Valadez JJ. Institutionalizing and sustaining social change in health systems: the case of Uganda. Health Policy Plan. 2017 Nov;32(9):1248â55. doi:10.1093/heapol/czx066. |
Vancouver style is also used in various medical disciplines. As with Harvard style, a lot of institutions and publications have their own versions of Vancouverâit doesnât have one fixed style guide.
Vancouver reference entry | 1. Bute M. A backstage sociologist: Autoethnography and a populist vision. Am Soc. 2016 Mar 23; 47(4):499â515. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12108-016-9307-z doi:10.1007/s12108-016-9307-z |
The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation is the main style guide for legal citations in the US. Itâs widely used in law, and also when legal materials need to be cited in other disciplines.
Bluebook footnote citation | David E. Pozen, , 165, U. PđŠâââââ. L. RđȘđ»ââââââââââ. 1097, 1115 (2017). |
Chicago notes and bibliography is one of the two citation styles presented in the Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition). Itâs used mainly in the humanities.
Best, Jeremy. âGodly, International, and Independent: German Protestant Missionary Loyalties before World War I.â 47, no. 3 (September 2014): 585â611. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938914001654. | |
1. Jeremy Best, âGodly, International, and Independent: German Protestant Missionary Loyalties before World War I,â 47, no. 3 (September 2014): 599. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938914001654. |
The Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities ( OSCOLA ) is the main legal citation style in the UK (similar to Bluebook for the US).
OSCOLA footnote citation | 1. Chris Thornhill, âThe Mutation of International Law in Contemporary Constitutions: Thinking Sociologically about Political Constitutionalismâ [2016] MLR 207. |
There are many different citation styles used across different academic disciplines, but they fall into three basic approaches to citation:
Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.
Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.
The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.
A scientific citation style is a system of source citation that is used in scientific disciplines. Some commonly used scientific citation styles are:
APA format is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psychology, and business.
Be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you want to be published in to double-check which style you should be using.
MLA Style  is the second most used citation style (after APA ). It is mainly used by students and researchers in humanities fields such as literature, languages, and philosophy.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the âCite this Scribbr articleâ button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Citation Styles Guide | Examples for All Major Styles. Scribbr. Retrieved September 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/citation-styles/
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Appendix guidelines.
Southern Cross University acknowledges and pays respect to the ancestors, Elders and descendants of the Lands upon which we meet and study. We are mindful that within and without the buildings, these Lands always were and always will be Aboriginal Land.
Generate accurate Harvard reference lists quickly and for FREE, with MyBib!
A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style.
It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.
The generated references can be copied into a reference list or bibliography, and then collectively appended to the end of an academic assignment. This is the standard way to give credit to sources used in the main body of an assignment.
Harvard is the main referencing style at colleges and universities in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is also very popular in other English-speaking countries such as South Africa, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. University-level students in these countries are most likely to use a Harvard generator to aid them with their undergraduate assignments (and often post-graduate too).
A Harvard Referencing Generator solves two problems:
A well-formatted and broad bibliography can account for up to 20% of the total grade for an undergraduate-level project, and using a generator tool can contribute significantly towards earning them.
Here's how to use our reference generator:
MyBib supports the following for Harvard style:
âïž Styles | Harvard, Harvard Cite Them Right |
---|---|
đ Sources | Websites, books, journals, newspapers |
đ Autocite | Yes |
đ„ Download to | Microsoft Word, Google Docs |
There isn't "one true way" to do Harvard referencing, and many universities have their own slightly different guidelines for the style. Our generator can adapt to handle the following list of different Harvard styles:
Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.
Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Harvard Referencing / How to reference a website using the Harvard referencing style
This guide covers how to reference a website in Harvard style. When citing information sourced from the web, it is of paramount importance that you make very clear what it is you are referencing. As sources on the internet can vary widely, your reference should aim to provide a trail that can lead the reader directly to the source. An internet source could be almost anything, including but not limited to scholarly journal articles, newspaper articles, blog posts, and personal web pages. Your reference format for internet sources will vary based on the type of source.
Since most websites are updated from time to time, it is possible that anything you quote may be changed or removed. This means that it is important to record within your citation the date that you last accessed the site. Â
Another important fact to be mindful of is that most websites do not have page numbers. If you need to reference a specific location on a website, you can use paragraph numbers in place of page numbers (abbreviated âpara.â in your in-text citation). Â
This section will elaborate on the citation style to be utilized for the following sources, along with examples for each source type. Â
Your references for this type of web page will include the following information: Â
In-text citation
B. Johnson (2016) made his argument quite clear statingâŠ
Reference list
Johnson, B. (2016) The rise of the Ubermensch. Available at: http://www.bjohnsonsworld.co.uk/theriseoftheubermensch (Accessed: 23 October 2017).
In-text citation (two authors)
After years of research, Russell and Verstappen (2013) found thatâŠ
Russell, J. and Verstappen, M. (2013) Rubber compounds and their rate of wear . Available at: http://www.dailysciencefixforyou.com/rubbercompounds (Accessed: 24 November 2019).
Hereâs the information you will need to include for this type of reference:
A patient may suffer mild psychosis (Rural Health Institute, 2018) as a result ofâŠ
Rural Health Institute (2018) The effects of shock therapy. Available at: http://www.rhi.co.uk/shocktherapy (Accessed: 31 October 2019).
Citation structure :
Renderings of the architectâs master plan can be found online ( Gumpertâs Modernism, 2013) âŠ
Reference List
Gumpertâs Modernism (2013) Available at: https://www.stellararchitecture.com/modernism/ (Accessed: 24 July 2020)
Citation structure:
In-text citation  Â
Salt dough cookies (http://www.wholesomerecipes.com/saltdough.html, 2018) are a wonderful way toâŠ.
http://www.wholesomerecipes.com/saltdough.html (2018) (Accessed: 12 September 2020).
Citation information: Â
Cuba struggled through the decade (Banana Republic News, no date) facing a constant onslaught ofâŠ.
Banana Republic News (no date) The trials and tribulations of Cuba. Available at: https://www.bananafyinews.com/cuba.html (Accessed: 15 July 2019).
If you need to cite multiple pages from the same website, and the pages have different authors and/or publication dates associated with them, then you can simply use corresponding individual in-text citations and reference list entries for each page that you cite. In this case, you would also include the unique URL for each page in its corresponding reference list entry. However, if the pages you are citing all have the same author and publication date, you can differentiate between them in both your reference list entries and in-text citations by adding a lowercase letter after the date.
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022a)
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022b)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022a)Â International travel . Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/international-travel/index.html (Accessed: 18 July 2022).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022b) Cruise ship travel during COVID-19 . Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/cruise-travel-during-covid19.html (Accessed: 18 July 2022).
Note that if the web page has no date, insert a hyphen between the words ‘no date’ and the lowercase letter to improve readability, for example: (no date-a) or (no date-b).
When citing any information from blogs or vlogs, you need to keep in mind that you are treading a very thin line between objectivity and subjectivity. Blogs or vlogs are meant to be informal as most people use them to express their perspectives on issues or topics that are close to their heart, or to comment on issues from the public domain. So, be incredibly careful as most blogs are not very well reasoned or objective in their stance.
Note that if you’re trying to cite a vlog that was posted on YouTube, you’ll need to know how to cite a YouTube video in Harvard style .
Engelbert DâSouza (2015) has expounded on the âMandela Effectâ at great lengthâŠ.
DâSouza, E. (2015) âThe Mandela Effectâ, Engelbertâs monthly blog , 6 November. Available at: https://www.engelbertsmonthlyblog/november/mandelaeffect/ (Accessed: 11 September 2016).
Citation information:
In-text citation Â
Hendrix was a master of distortion and feedback (Casanova, 2018) âŠ
Casanova, G. (2018) âJimi Hendrix: wild blue angelâ [Instagram]. 18 September. Available at: https://www.instagram.com (Accessed: 7 October 2019)
The Trump rally drew large crowds in South Carolina ( Trump campaign , 2016).
Trump campaign (2016) [Facebook] 24 October. Available at: https://www.facebook.com (Accessed: 28 February 2019).
Jasper Kuhn (2018) was quite critical about the proceedingsâŠ
Kuhn, J. [@kuhnper] (2018) It was appalling to see the leaders of the state bicker like rabid dogs in the assembly [Twitter] 31 January. Available at: https://twitter.com/kuhnper/status/161664645.654654.655 (Accessed: 17 July 2018).
Published October 29, 2020.
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Referencing and RefWorks
Our templates will help you to reference correctly for your assignments, and there are plenty to choose from! Just remember, you'll have to follow the guidance exactly as shown, including text formatting and punctuation.
What kind of material do you want to reference? Use the filter selectors below to choose the right category.
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The source i am using references someone else. how do i reference that.
This is called secondary referencing .
For example, you are reading an article published in 2014 by Caroline Anderson. In her article, Caroline talks about an interesting theory outlined and discussed in a different journal article, published in 2010 by Michael Scott, and she correctly cites and references Scott 2010.
You want to paraphrase that idea in your essay. Who do you reference, Anderson 2014 or Scott 2010 ?
You should only reference what you have read, and you do not have to track down the original reference. However, if you wish to credit the originator of the idea, see our example here:
Scott (cited in Anderson 2014) suggests that in order to have a better brew, you should put the milk in first, then the teabag, then the boiling water. I strongly disagree with that.
Scott's theory (cited in Anderson 2014 p.25) states that "the correct order for an optimal brew is milk, teabag, boiling water".
ANDERSON, C., 2014. The history of a good cuppa. T Journal , 54(2), pp. 24-28.
The reference list will only include the source you have read.
This happens quite often with websites, if you want to reference different pages from the same organisation which are published in the same year. Take for example these two pages from NHS Choices, published in 2017: Four cups of coffee not bad for health and Can fizzy water make you fat?
You must differentiate between the citations and reference list entries using letters to the right of the publication year.
To achieve this:
Following a systematic review looking at the consumption of coffee in adults, it has been found that "400mg/day of caffeine is not associated with significant concern for cardiovascular mortality" (NHS Choices 2017b) . A different study, looking at water consumption, suggests that there is a difference between how fizzy water and non-fizzy drinks can affect the body (NHS Choices 2017a) .
NHS CHOICES, 2017a . Can fizzy water make you fat? [online]. London: NHS Choices. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/news/2017/05May/Pages/Can-fizzy-water-make-you-fat.aspx [Accessed 23 May 2017].
NHS CHOICES, 2017b . Four cups of coffee 'not bad for health' suggests review . [online]. London: NHS Choices. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/news/2017/04April/Pages/Four-cups-of-coffee-not-bad-for-health-suggests-review.aspx [Accessed 23 May 2017].
Where the same author has produced works in different years these works should be arranged in chronological order in the reference list, for example:
SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT, 2004. Report on... SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT, 2005. Children and... SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT, 2014. Advice on...
If two or more of these are from the same year, follow the guidance from the previous FAQ and add a, b, c, etc. to differentiate between the different entries, for example:
SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT, 2004. Report on... SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT, 2005a. Children and... SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT, 2005b. Juvenile justice... SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT, 2014. Advice on...
You simply put the citations in one set of brackets.
This is the bit where I am paraphrasing a really cool idea which is going to make me sound very smart (Wilson 2012; Allen 2002; Green and White 2002; Brown, Jones and Smith 1998; Anderson et al. 1965) .
No , if the book or journal article also exists on paper, you would reference the source as the paper version , regardless of whether you read it online.
The good news is almost all E-Books, or E-Journals will have been published in paper too. It doesn't matter whether you find the book via our Library catalogue, GoogleBooks or any other service. You should be able to find the necessary information to create a standard reference for the book/journal article.
There are very rare cases in which a book has only been published online. In these cases, reference like a webpage, something like this:
BROWN, C., 2013. My love affair with referencing . [online]. London: Little & Large. Available from: http://www.littlelarge.com/brown [Accessed 17 December 2016].
I can't find the publisher....
In general, the organisation on whose website the web page sits will be the publisher. If this is not clear, look for ‘About Us’ or ‘Contact us’ information, or scroll to the bottom of the page and look for copyright information; you should see an organisation mentioned.
The address of the organisation’s headquarters should be mentioned in ‘About us’, ‘Contact us’ or ‘Our Offices’. You can treat the town or city where the organisation is based as the place of publication.
If you still can't find it, you can omit mentioning the place of publication.
On some pages, a date may be given at the top of the page. If no date is listed there, scroll down to the bottom of the web page and look for a copyright or ‘last updated’ date.
If you still cannot find a date, but the page you are looking at, and the rest of the website, seems to be continually updated and there are no indications that the page is older, you can use the current year as your date.
If you are in any doubt, however, use n.d. (meaning no date) for the year.
We know this isn't what you want to hear, but we're afraid there's no exact answer to this question.
In some cases, your lecturers will tell you specifically how many references they expect from you in a particular assignment. More often though, the number of references will be determined by the nature of the assignment and it will be down to yourself and what you have written and the sources you have consulted. If you are worried you have not used enough sources, and therefore do not have enough references, we would suggest you seek guidance from whoever is marking your assignment.
Of course! We're a friendly bunch who are here to help, support, and give you all the right tools to get those references right!
If you need further support with Harvard referencing please visit our Workshops and Appointments page where you will find:
If you're not sure which template is right for your source or if you're struggling to identify the information you need then you can email the team for support. This is a high demand service and we can't always guarantee a quick response. Please use the information we provide online to help yourself as much as possible first. This includes looking at the templates and ensuring that you have adhered to these when writing your references. We can't offer a proof-reading or correction service for your entire reference list. As referencing is a marked part of most assignments your lecturers are expecting to see your own work.
Appointments, workshops, and email support are available during the Academic Support Team working hours of Monday-Friday 9am-5pm.
Appointment and email response times will depend on team availability and demands on the service. These are high demand services so please make sure you contact us well ahead of your deadline.
If you would like to download a copy of this referencing guide, PDF and Word versions are available below:
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Published on 12 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.
To reference a book in Harvard style , you need an in-text citation and a corresponding entry in your reference list or bibliography .
A basic book reference looks like this:
Reference template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . City: Publisher. |
Reference example | Szalay, D. (2017) . London: Vintage. |
In-text citation example | (Szalay, 2017, p. 24) |
Try our free reference generator to create accurate Harvard references for all your sources:
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Edition or volume of a book, edited or translated book, book chapter, dictionary or encyclopedia, frequently asked questions about harvard referencing.
If the book youâre citing is a second or later edition (i.e. when the edition is stated on the title page or cover), specify this in your reference. Abbreviate ‘edition’ to ‘edn’ or ‘revised edition’ to ‘rev ed’.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Edition edn. City: Publisher. |
Example | Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019) . 11th edn. London: MacMillan. |
When referencing a book published in multiple volumes, include the total number of volumes in your reference.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) (number of volumes vols). City: Publisher. |
Example | Leggiere, M. V. (2015) (2 vols). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. |
If youâre just referencing one volume, omit the total number but include the number and subtitle of the particular volume youâre referencing as part of the title.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . City: Publisher. |
Example | Leggiere, M. V. (2015) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. |
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If a book specifies an editor and/or translator, this information should be included in the reference.
When a book has an editor in addition to the main author, the editorâs name is included later in the reference.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Edited by Editor surname, initial. City: Publisher. |
Example | Alcott, L. M. (2008) . Edited by Alderson, V. Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
When the editor is the main author (i.e. when itâs their name on the cover), their name comes first. Use “ed.” for a single editor and “eds.” if there are multiple editors.
If you use a specific chapter or work from an edited collection, follow the format for referencing a book chapter instead.
Template | Editor surname, initial. (ed./eds.) (Year) . City: Publisher. |
Example | Danielson, D. (ed.) (1989) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. |
When you reference a book that has been translated from another language, include the original language and the translator’s name.
Unlike other names, the translator’s name is not inverted: the initial comes first.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Translated from the Language by Translator initial and last name. City: Publisher. |
Example | NĂĄdas, P. (1998) . Translated from the Hungarian by I. Sanders and I. Goldstein. London: Vintage. |
If a book contains chapters or works by various different authors, such as a collection of essays or an anthology of short stories, reference the specific chapter or work, followed by details of the book.
The chapter title appears in quotation marks, while the book title is italicized. At the end of the reference, specify the page range on which the chapter appears.
If a book is entirely written by one author, always reference the whole book, even if you only discuss one chapter.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) âChapter titleâ, in Editor surname, initial. (ed./eds.) . City: Publisher, pp. page range |
Example | Greenblatt, S. (2010) âThe traces of Shakespeareâs lifeâ, in De Grazia, M. and Wells, S. (eds.) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1â14. |
Dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference works very often donât list specific authors. In these cases, they are cited and referenced using their titles in the author position:
Template | (Year) Edition edn. City: Publisher. |
Example | (2019) 8th edn. Glasgow: Collins. |
In-text citation | ( , 2019, p. 45) |
Where a reference work does have an author, it can be referenced like a normal book. Where different sections of a reference work are attributed to different authors, they can be referenced like chapters in an edited book.
When an ebook is presented like a printed book, with page numbers and publication details included, you can reference it in the same format as you would the print version.
Otherwise, the ebook format differs slightly: I nclude a link to where you found or purchased it online instead of publisher information. This link is generally just to the store or database you used, not the specific book.
In addition, in-text citations will have to use something other than page numbers when necessary, such as a percentage or location number. Use whatever marker is available on your device.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Le Guin, U. K. (2017) . Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Kindle-eBooks-books/b?ie=UTF8&node=341689031 (Accessed: 8 May 2020). |
In-text citation example | (Le Guin, 2017, 85%) |
A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.
The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.
In Harvard style , when you quote directly from a source that includes page numbers, your in-text citation must include a page number. For example: (Smith, 2014, p. 33).
You can also include page numbers to point the reader towards a passage that you paraphrased . If you refer to the general ideas or findings of the source as a whole, you don’t need to include a page number.
In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by â et al. â
In-text citation | Reference list | |
---|---|---|
1 author | (Smith, 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
2 authors | (Smith and Jones, 2014) | Smith, T. and Jones, F. (2014) … |
3 authors | (Smith, Jones and Davies, 2014) | Smith, T., Jones, F. and Davies, S. (2014) … |
4+ authors | (Smith , 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:
Add âaâ to the first one you cite, âbâ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the âCite this Scribbr articleâ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Referencing Books in Harvard Style | Templates & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 9 September 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-book-reference/
Other students also liked, a quick guide to harvard referencing | citation examples, harvard in-text citation | a complete guide & examples, harvard style bibliography | format & examples, scribbr apa citation checker.
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Learn how to cite sources in Harvard style with this quick guide. Find out the rules for in-text citations, reference lists, and different source types with citation examples.
There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database. For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library's ...
Harvard referencing is a system that allows you to include information about the source materials. It is based on the author-date system. It includes references: 1) as in-text citations and 2) in a reference list (which is different from a bibliography). In-text citations: (Author Surname, Year Published). Reference list entry: Author Surname ...
The Harvard citation format uses parenthetical author-date citations embedded within the text. In this style, the citation places the last name of the author and the year of publication within parentheses. Keep in mind, you'll also need a full citation at the end of the paper in the reference list. In-text citations come after a sentence ...
Sample assignment. Sample assignment. The purpose of this assignment is to show common elements of the Harvard style of referencing in Dundalk Institute of Technology. It is not intended to be an example of good quality academic writing, and indeed may not make sense in general, but it should show you how citations and a reference list are ...
Citing a Secondary Source: In this case, state the reference you used first followed by 'cited in' and the original author: Smith 2000 (cited in Mitchell, 2017, p. 189) or (Smith, 2000, cited in Mitchell, 2017, p. 189) 3. How to Cite Different Source Types. Reference list references vary quite a lot between sources.
Formatting a Harvard style bibliography. Sources are alphabetised by author last name. The heading 'Reference list' or 'Bibliography' appears at the top. Each new source appears on a new line, and when an entry for a single source extends onto a second line, a hanging indent is used: Harvard bibliography example.
Basic points of the Harvard style There are two parts to referencing using the Harvard System: 1. Citing in the text of your work- this means acknowledging, within your text, the sources that you have used. 2. The Reference List - this is the list of sources you have used. It is one list in alphabetical order (A-Z order).
The Harvard Referencing Style (sometimes called the Author-Date style) is the recommended referencing style at TUS: Midwest. Check with your lecturer if you are unsure what style to use as there may be some variations depending on your subject areas. There are two elements to any reference using the Harvard Style: A full reference at the end.
Getting Started. There are two components to referencing: in-text citations in your paper and the reference list at the end of your paper. The in-text citation: Harvard is an 'author/date' system, so your in-text citation consists of author (s) and year of publication. In-text citation of a book (the same format applies for a journal article)
Reference example for the above in-text citation: Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) Title of the text in italics. Place of Publication: Publisher. Bloom, H. (2005) Novelists and novels. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. Below are Harvard referencing examples of in-text citations and reference list entries for the different ...
In-text citations. Two or more works cited at one point in the text. If two or more works by different authors or authoring bodies are cited at one point in the text, use a semi-colon to separate them: (Larsen 2000; Malinowski 1999) The authors should be listed in alphabetical order. Two or three authors or authoring bodies.
About UTAS Harvard. The Harvard Style is an Author-Date system of referencing. Different institutions use different versions of the Harvard Style. You should check the specific style requirements of your unit or course with your school or faculty. Updated 19 April, added example for anonymising a source (appendix B).
What You Need To Know. Harvard Style will affect your paper in two places: In-text citations in the body of your paper, and. The reference list at the end of your paper. Rules: All in-text citations should be listed in the reference list at the end of your paper. Reference list entries need to contain all the information that someone reading ...
In Harvard style, citations appear in brackets in the text. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author, the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. Up to three authors are included in Harvard in-text citations. If there are four or more authors, the citation is shortened with et al. Harvard in-text citation examples.
Text: double-spaced and left-aligned. Indent: first line of a paragraph has indent of 0.5 inch. Margins: 1 inch from each side. A Harvard style citation must have a Title page, header (or running head), headings and Reference list. We will take a closer look at formatting each section down below.
Harvard Style Guide: Group or individual assignments. This guide explains how to use the Harvard Style. It includes a short tutorial. Other. Back to Academic Integrity guide.
The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation is the main style guide for legal citations in the US. It's widely used in law, and also when legal materials need to be cited in other disciplines. Bluebook footnote citation. 1 David E. Pozen, Freedom of Information Beyond the Freedom of Information Act, 165, U. PđŠ . L.
An appendix (plural appendices) contain material that belongs with your paper, rather than in it. They go at the very end of your paper, after your reference list. The appendix can include text, tables, figures, or a combination of these. Each appendix starts on a separate page. If you have one appendix in your assessment, label the section ...
A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style. It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.
To reference a website in Harvard style, include the name of the author or organization, the year of publication, the title of the page, the URL, and the date on which you accessed the website. In-text citation example. (Google, 2020) Reference template. Author surname, initial. (Year) Page Title.
Web pages authored by a company or organization. Here's the information you will need to include for this type of reference: Name of the company/organization. Year the site was published or last updated (in round brackets) Title of the web page (in italics) Available at: URL (Accessed: date) In-text citation.
This is because referencing is a marked part of assignments so lecturers are expecting to see your own work. Applying the advice we give for a first check should help you to correct your list and feel more confident about sumitting it. What you can do to help yourself. Attend one of our Harvard Referencing workshops.
To reference a book in Harvard style, you need an in-text citation and a corresponding entry in your reference list or bibliography. A basic book reference looks like this: Author surname, initial. (Year) Book title. City: Publisher. Szalay, D. (2017) All that man is. London: Vintage. (Szalay, 2017, p. 24)