history websites primary

World History Matters is a portal to world history websites developed by the Center for History and New Media

World History Commons

This is an open education resource with peer-reviewed content for world and global history teachers, scholars, and students. It combines content from most of the websites listed in World History Matters.

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Amboyna Conspiracy Trial

Examine a famous 17th-century conspiracy trial involving Japanese mercenaries, Dutch officials and English merchants. Designed for teachers and students interested in European empire, the place of Japan in global history, and the politics of torture and waterboarding.

Children and Youth in History

Explore the history of children and youth through primary sources, website reviews, teaching modules, and case studies.

Gulag: Many Days, Many Lives

An online exhibit that immerses viewers in the varied experiences of gulag prisoners.

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution

This site offers a lively introduction to the French Revolution with an extraordinary archive of documentary evidence.

Maritime Asia

This site explores the fierce rivalry between the Dutch East India Company and the Zheng maritime network as they fought for control over key trades and sea routes.

Imaging the French Revolution

In essays, seven scholars analyze forty-two images of crowds and crowd violence in the French Revolution.

Making the History of 1989

Explore the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe through essays, primary sources, and case studies.

Women in World History

An online curriculum resource center designed to help high school and college teachers and students analyze online primary sources.

World History Sources

A resource center designed to help high school and college world history teachers and students locate, analyze, and learn from online primary sources and further their understanding of the complex nature of world history issues.

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History Primary Resources

Our primary resources for History are great for helping your pupils take a trip through time. Discover dinosaur fossils, analyse ancient civilisations or explore Ancient Egyptian artifacts with our curriculum-aligned resources.

Our History resources have been carefully divided into relevant sections that work to the KS1 and KS2 National Curriculum and Scottish Curriculum for Excellence guidelines, making them easy to use in lesson plans.

Spanning significant historical events, as well as people and places of local and global significance, National Geographic Kids have it covered. We have resources to help your pupils take a leap into the lives of the Romans, Ancient Greeks and Anglo-Saxons, not to mention key world history resources for pupils to examine and evaluate.

POPULAR HISTORY RESOURCES

Tutankhamun’s treasures resource kit, ada lovelace primary resource, martin luther king jr. primary resource, nelson mandela primary resource, rosa parks primary resource, queen victoria primary resource, the 20th century primary resource, alexander the great primary resource, the georgians primary resource, international women’s day primary resource, all history resources.

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Shakespeare: English primary resource

Ancient egyptians primary resource, greek mythology primary resource, meet the vikings primary resource, romans primary resource, ancient greeks primary resource, the lost city of atlantis primary resource, first world war primary resource, anne frank primary resource, mayan civilisation primary resource, second world war primary resource, the titanic primary resource, anglo saxons primary resource, neil armstrong primary resource, leonardo da vinci primary resource, ancient egypt: pyramids primary resource, guy fawkes primary resource, imperial china primary resource, viking primary resource: old norse gods, roald dahl: english primary resource, lost city of pompeii primary resource, machu picchu primary resource, pablo picasso: art primary resource.

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Browse Primary Sources

Locate primary sources, including images, objects, media, and texts. Annotations by scholars contextualize sources.

Published in 1946 for an audience of affluent, book-buying families in Seoul, Grapes and Beads realistically describes the daily lives of children in the poorer countryside with affection and respect.

A Mother's Power

Cat (Korean Children's Story)

The Squirt Gun

Lord Ismay Notice Regarding Indian Partition

The Partition of India was one of the most difficult, tension-filled political events of the twentieth century, causing millions of people to migrate within the Indian subcontinent and be killed due to resulting violence.

Census Protest for Women's Suffrage

This 1911 census form showcases one method of peaceful civil disobedience done by supporters of women’s suffrage in Britain during the early 20th century.

Ge'ez Script

Ge’ez script is a script used in modern-day Eritrea and Ethiopia that dates back to the 1st century CE.

Ethiopian Healing Scrolls

Ethiopian healing scrolls are believed to eliminate sickness by ridding spirits and demons from an ill person. Originating sometime between the 1st and 8th century CE in the Axum empire, the scrolls are still used to this day, and still written in the Ge’ez script of the Axum empire.

Al-Umari’s Account of Mansa Musa’s Visit to Cairo

Mansa Musa was the leader of the Mali empire in the fourteenth century and reportedly the wealthiest person – allegedly ever. The empire covered modern-day Mali and parts of Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania, and the Gambia, and Mansa Musa expanded the territorial claim to include Gao and Timbuktu.

Poverty Point in Louisiana, United States

Poverty Point is a prehistoric earthenwork site featuring mounds, ridges, and a ceremonial plaza located in northeastern Louisiana, United States. The mounds and ridges on the site were constructed between the period of 1700 and 1100 BCE during the Late Archaic period and is the largest and most complex archaeological site from that time period.

Ha’amonga ‘a Maui in Tonga

Ha’amonga ‘a Maui is a stone trilithon located on the island of Tongatapu in Tonga. A stone trilithon is a stone monument with two large vertical stones acting as a post for the third stone set horizontally across the top.

Altar from the Classic Maya Period

This limestone altar was created by the Maya culture sometime between 300 and 900 CE and found in Belize in Central America. The altar is round and was carved with twenty glyph blocks on top, which are now faded and display cracks but also attempts at repairs. The altar is around 5 inches tall, 20 inches wide, and 20 inches deep (13.6 cm, 51.5 cm, 52.50 cm).

The Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site

The Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site is an archaeological site of a pre-Columbian Native American city located in southwestern Illinois, near St. Louis, Missouri. The original name is unknown, and the site is named for the Cahokia tribe, a historic people that were living in the region in the 17th century when Europeans first arrived.

Inca Miniature Tunic

This cotton and camelid hair tunic dates from the 14th-16th century CE in Peru, and was simply constructed from a rectangle of fabric, with a slit for the neck and open sides for the arms. The is a red square/rectangular geometric design on the chest and red embroidery along the hem, similar to other Inca designs.

Tu'i Tonga Empire Map

The Tu’i Tonga Empire was an Oceanic maritime chiefdom centered on the island of Tongatapu, the main island of Tonga, and flourished between 1200-1500 CE. The empire arose when Samoa’s Tui Manu’a empire declined around 950s CE, when, according to oral tradition, ‘Aho’eitu, the son of a god and human woman, was the first leader of the empire and began expanding.

Te Paranihi, or Maori War Canoe

Te Paranihi is a 17-meter (55 feet) war canoe, or waka taua, from the Maori culture indigenous to New Zealand. Waka means ‘canoe’ and taua means ‘army’ or ‘war party,’ and these vessels were designed specifically for combat, unlike smaller, less ornamented canoes simply called waka used primarily for fishing.

Pacific Culture Areas Map

This map illustrates the three dominant cultures in Oceania, Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia, and which islands occupy each region. This map successfully highlights the number of island nations/cultures and the overall size of Oceania. This easy-to-read map would be useful for students to study an oft-forgotten region.

Polynesian Oral Traditions

This collection compiled by Rawiri Taonui, a professor of Indigenous Studies, includes creation myths and stories about gods, the origin of humanity, and cultural heroes for several Polynesian cultures, such as Hawaii, Samoa, Tonga, Tahiti, and numerous others.

• Harvard Library
• Research Guides

Library Research Guide for the Warren Center

• Finding Primary Sources Online
• Using HOLLIS and WorldCat
• Secondary Sources
• Outline of Primary Sources
• African American Sources
• Citing Sources & Organizing Research

Finding Primary Sources Online: Contents

This page lists resources for digitized historical primary sources. Resources containing books, archives/manuscripts and mixed collections are included. Databases for particular primary source types, newspapers, periodicals, personal writings, images, films, etc., are listed on their own pages in this guide. A list of primary sources types with links is given at Outline of Primary Sources for History . We have a list of digital collections, both Harvard subscription databases and free Web collections at Online Primary Source Collections for History . It is still in an early stage of development.

General resources are listed first, then the same categories of resources, where needed, are listed by region or language.

• General Full Text Searchable Digital Libraries  offer full text searches of books and periodicals.  Sometimes include archival/manuscript material, films, etc.
• Finding Primary Sources on the Open Web .  There is no one method for finding all digitized material.  Several methods are listed here - mainly item and collection-level searches
• Lists and Guides for Digital Collections .  Browsing compiled lists of digital libraries and collections will yield material not findable elsewhere
• Finding the Right Subscription Database . Subcollections, individual items (books, manuscripts, images), and full text in the hundreds of subscription (commercial) databases are generally not findable on open web searches, so it is difficult to know which databases may be useful. Methods of solving this problem are given here.

Museum Objects

Local online sources, digitized harvard collections, digital libraries/collections by region or language.

General Digital Libraries

Google Book Search, HathiTrust Digital Library and Internet Archives offer books and periodicals digitized from numerous libraries.  Only out-of-copyright, generally post-1923 books are fully viewable.  Each of these three digital libraries allows searching full text over their entire collections.

Google Book Search offers full text of:

• Largely, pre-1924 books and periodicals scanned from libraries,
• Post-1924 books and periodicals digitized in libraries. Full text searchable and snippet views displayed
• "Previews" of books submitted by publishers. Some pages are hidden.  Some, but not all, of the hidden pages are searchable.

HathiTrust Digital Library . Each full text item is linked to a standard library catalog record, thus providing good metadata and subject terms.  Thus a full text search of the whole database can be limited by title or Subject term.  The catalog can be searched separately.  Many post-1923 out-of-copyright books, especially government documents, are full text viewable. You can search within copyright books to see what page your search term is on.

Internet Archive  .

• Full text for a variety of digitized print materials and archived web pages (Wayback Machine), as well as manuscripts (a few), digitized microfilm, films, audio files, TV News, and more.
• Unlike Google and Hathitrust, IA usually offers multiple download options including e-readers.
• Includes the  Medical Heritage Library which is also separately searchable  and the  Biodiversity Heritage Library which is separately searchable

In Advanced search you can search say Description: "South Asia", and at the top left of the results page choose Media type: Collection.  When on a Collection page, you can search within by metadata or full text

The Internet Archive is so large and various that it can be difficult to navigate.  These partial lists of contents are useful:

• Lists of Internet Archive's collections
• Lists of Internet Archive's collections: External Collections
• Additional Collections
• Audio Archive
• Moving Image Archive

The Online Books Page arranges electronic texts by Library of Congress call numbers and is searchable (but not full text searchable).  Includes books not in Google Books, HathiTrust, or Internet Archive. Has many other useful features.

Internet History Sourcebooks Project

World Digital Library  offers primary source materials.

The Making of the Modern World offers full text searching of works on economics and business published from 1450-1914 from the Kress Collection of Business and Economics at the Baker Library, Harvard Business School and the Goldsmiths' Library of Economic Literature at the University of London Library. Includes material on commerce, finance, social conditions, politics, public health, trade and transport. A great deal of more recently acquired material in the Kress Collection is not included in The Making of the Modern World .

Finding Primary Sources on the Open Web

There is no one way to find digitized primary sources on the Internet. The following offers methods for finding online historical resources which are more focused than a simple Google search. Most find items within digital collections. A few search the full text.

In most one cannot effectively limit to archival/manuscript sources.  Specific searches usually work better than broad topical searches.  Searches for proper names often yield good results.

The Digital Public Library of America

The Digital Public Library of America offers textual, visual, and sound resources contributed by numerous libraries, archives, and museums.  Searches catalog records, not full text, and links to the items on the contributors' websites.  Contains many individual items, such as letters and photographs, from digital collections.

Advanced Google Searches

General Google searches may yield very many results, and it may take much sifting through the results in order to find relevant items. Using  Google Advanced Search  with specific search terms can help yield more focused results.​ Detailed instructions for searching Google Advanced Search .

Bielefeld Academic Search Engine

Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE) searches metadata and some full text, from over 2000 sources of academic open access documents.  About 60% of the documents indexed are available full text.  The metadata searched is provided by the source and tagging is often inexact.  This is a vast collection of documents and has much not available elsewhere. Use Browsing to narrow your search to subject area (e.g., Literature) or Document type (e.g., Manuscript, broadly construed).  Open Browsing and choose-Dewey Decimal (for Subject), choose major subject to see next finer level, twice.  After choosing View Records add a search term to the Subject Term or Document Type:

EROMM: European Register of Microform and Digital Masters searches its own database of records of printed and handwritten material in digital form or on microfilm from institutions worldwide and offers web search for such material.

WorldCat (the OCLC Union Catalog)

Numerous digitized collections of primary sources have records in  WorldCat .  These collections of primary sources are often swamped by ebooks on the same subject. There is no one perfect method for finding them, but the following may be tried for any topic.  Always find the proper  Subject terms for your topic  and search using those as well as any keywords.  Use Advanced search.  Detailed instructions for searching WorldCat .

OAISTER  is a subset of WorldCat for open access online academic material. It can be useful in separating digitized primary sources from the numerous ebooks in WolrldCat.  It includes digitized books and journal articles, open access publications, manuscript/archival material, photographic images, audio and visual files, data sets, and theses. It includes such a vast range of resources that digitized archival and other primary sources are lost in the abundant results if a broad topical term is used.  So it is best to use a narrow term or proper name. Thus "Act-Up" yields archival letters. It is possible to limit a search to Archival Material, but I have not found this to be useful.

Lists and Guides for Digital Collections

Other Libraries' Research Guides are often contains Lists of Digital Collections

In Google Advanced Search

• all these words: library [your topic keywords]
• any of these words: guides research resources
• site or domain: .edu  [or ac.uk or country domain, etc.]

Digital collections: Rechtshistorie  offers valuable lists of  national digital libraries  and of  digitized archival material by country .

Digital Library Directory is a searchable collection of links to digital collections.

ECHO: Cultural Heritage Online

World History: Primary Source Collections Online

WWW Virtual Library

Internet Sites with Primary Sources for History

Endangered Archives Programme (British Library)

History (University of Washington)  The Primary Sources pages of the History guides list numerous primary source collections

Bodleian History Faculty Library Bookmarks

Guide to Online Primary Sources (UC San Diego)

Voice of the Shuttle: History . This is the history page of a huge collection of links to humanities (broadly conceived) resources,

Finding the Right Subscription Database

To find databases available via Harvard Library by subject, go to HOLLIS Databases , scroll down to Best Databases for… and open History, or other topic.  Refine your results set on the right.  For example, for historical resources relating to women, go to Subject Category, open Show More, open Women, Gender and Sexuality Studies.  Also look for research guides on your subject among the Harvard Library research guides (Open Guides by Subject).

Because there are so many subscription databases, and because each database often includes numerous subcollections, it is difficult to know which databases may contain the sources you want.  For example, Vietnam War and American Foreign Policy, 1960-1975 (ProQuest History Vault) includes U.S. State Department Office of the Executive Secretariat Crisis Files. Part 1, the Berlin Crisis, 1957-1963.  Detailed instructions for finding these subcollections .

The Ultimate Guide to Virtual Museum Resources, E-Learning, and Online Collections (Museum Computer Network)

68 Cultural, Historical and Scientific Collections you can Explore Online (Smithsonian)

Digital Artifacts and Images for Ethnography and Archaeology (University of Michigan)

HOLLIS Search for objects in Houghton (incomplete)

Many sources digitized by local public libraries, historical societies and other institutions may be found via the Digital Public Library of America , the state/regional portals , and worldwide, via the tools listed below .  But some will not be findable. For local sources one may visit the websites of nearby institutions.

Library Directories

• LibWeb State Libraries
• LibWeb Public Libraries

Library Resources outside the U.S. (Brown University) offers overviews of library resources worldwide

Archival Directories

Historical Society Directories

• Preservation Directory.com
• Society Hill Directories lists historical societies for the US, Canada, and Australia.  Very comprehensive but not recently updated.  Google society names for their web pages.

Digital Collections at Harvard . Digitized versions of Harvard University Library collections.

Harvard Law School Library Digital Collections

International

Asia, South

• France/French
• Netherlands

Russia/Eastern Europe

Switzerland

United Kingdom/English Language

• Indian Ocean Islands

Latin America/Caribbean

• Middle East/North Africa

United States

Endangered Archives Programme  offers digitized material (manuscripts, rare printed books, documents, newspapers, periodicals, photographs and sound recordings) (largely pre -mid-20th century) at risk of loss or decay in countries worldwide.

Digital Library for International Research (DLIR) offers printed and manuscript material from numerous countries worldwide. Search/browse level: Collection, Item

Aluka Digital Library  images and full text concerning:  World Heritage Sites: Africa  and  Struggles for Freedom in Southern Africa .

African Online Digital Library  is an open access digital library of African cultural heritage material

African Activist Archive  (1950s-1990s) includes: pamphlets, newsletters, leaflets, buttons, posters, photographs, and audio/video recordings relating to social justice activism in supporting Africans.  Offers an international directory of non-digitized collections in repositories worldwide.

Lists of Digital Collections

Africana Library Catalogs & Archives   (Columbia)

African Studies Internet Resources  (Columbia) 

Primary Source Collections Online: Africa

History: Africa: Primary Sources (Univ. of Wisc.)

Lahore University of Management Sciences Digital Library

National Digital Library of India

Cornell South East Asia Collections

University of Tubingen Hermann Gundert Portal  (Indian Language Printed Material and Manuscript Collections)

Kerala Sahitya Akademi Portal (Malayalam Language)

University of Wisconsin Bhopal Disaster Archive

National Archives of India Digital Collections

Gokhale Library (Maharashtra, India) Printed Reports

Asiatic Society of Mumbai Digital Collections

National Archives of Singapore Digital Collections

Shiju Alex Kerala History Archive  (mainly consisting of printed texts in Malayalam but also including several English language Missionary papers)

West Bengal Public Library Network

South Asia Open Archive  extensive archive of South Asian materials including several collections in the English language

Canadian National Digital Heritage Index

General digital libraries

Early European Books  offers full text of books published on the Continent, beginnings to 1701. Not full text searchable.  Overview of contents .

Virtual Library Eastern Europe  (ViFaOst)

Digital Scriptorium is an image database of medieval and renaissance manuscripts from many American institutions

TEMPO: Early Modern Pamphlets Online (1486-1853) currently includes about 47,000 pamphlets largely in Dutch, German and Latin.

Tools for Finding Digitized Material

Europeana: Cultural collections of Europe  is the largest European search engine for digitized books, images, manuscripts, etc. Searches catalogs records of material contributed by numerous repositories.  Not full text searchable; links to full text.  Similar to the Digital Library of America.  Search tips .

Lists of Digital Libraries and Collections

European History Primary Sources  is an index of scholarly websites providing access to primary sources. Offers collection level search.

EuroDocs: Online Sources for European History: Selected Transcriptions, Facsimiles and Translations . List of digitized documents by country

History: Europe: Primary Sources (Berkeley)

MICHAEL: Multilingual Inventory of Cultural Heritage in Europe  searches digital collections at the collection rather than the item level from European museums, archives and libraries.  Contains material not in Base, Europeana or EROMM

Open Access in Central and Eastern Europe  contains scientific and secondary source open access as well as historical primary sources.

Russia, Eastern Europe, and Eurasia: A Research Guide: Digital Libraries and Web Resources  (Princeton)

Selected Internet Resources for History  (Western Europe)

WessWeb  (Western European Studies Section, Association of College and Research Libraries)

Judaica Europeana: a network of museums, libraries and archives

Kulturpool  – a portal for cultural institutions in Austria with a search interface for their digital collections

France/Francophone

ARTFL Project (American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language)

Classiques Garnier Numérique  offers the Bibliographie de la littérature française, together with collections of French language primary texts and reference works, including French and francophone literature (Europe, Africa, Indian Ocean, Americas, Asia) and dictionaries and grammars from the 9th to the 20th century.

Gallica  includes the full-text for more than 100,000 volumes and 300,000 images covering the Middle Ages to the beginning of the twentieth century, with an emphasis on nineteenth-century material. Included are dictionaries and encyclopedias, journals, manuscripts, recordings and images.

French and Francophone Digital Humanities Projects

History: Europe: France (Berkeley)

Réseau francophone numérique contains digitized historical material from French-speaking countries worldwide.

Patrimoine numérique. Catalogue des collections  numérisées

Bibliothèque Francophone Numérique .  Scroll down for Découvrez les Collections par Zones Géographiques.

Digital Humanities Database . A searchable database of French and Francophone Studies digital projects. Collection/project level search.

Digital Libraries

Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek  offers textual and visual resources contributed by numerous libraries, archives, and museums.  Searches catalog records, not full text, and links to the items on the contributors' websites.  Contains many individual items, such as letters and photographs, from digital collections.

Deutsches Textarchiv  (1650-1900) includes texts from numerous subject areas.  Description .

Gottinger Digitalisierungs-Zentrum  hosts a large collection of mainly, but not exclusively, German books in several subject areas.

Zentrales Verzeichnis Digitalisierter Drucke  (ZVDD) is the German national portal for digitized scholarly imprints. Searches easily limited by century of publication.

Kulturerbe Digital   offers links to search engines for German digitized material, together with a searchable and browsable list of digitization projects.

Clio-online: Fachportal für die Geschichtswissenschaften  (Largely German)

Inventory of Digital Projects in German Studies or From German-Speaking Countries

Digitale Sammlungen: Liste digitaler Sammlungen mit deutschsprachigen gemeinfreien Büchern

Anemi - Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies

Digital Repository of Ireland

Internet Culturale: cataloghi e collezioni digitali delle biblioteche Italiane/Biblioteca Digitale Italiana

The Netherlands

History: Europe: Netherlands & Low Countries (Berkeley)

Dutch National Library offers digitized works

Early Dutch Books Online (1781-1800) contains 10,000 books from the Dutch-speaking region.

Historici.nl (-2000) contains full text of numerous secondary and primary books and periodicals in Dutch history

National Digital Library (Russia)

Russia, Eastern Europe, and Eurasia: A Research Guide: Digital Libraries and Web Resources (Princeton)

History: Europe: Russia (Berkeley)

History: Europe: Other Eastern Europe (Berkeley)

Digital National Library of Serbia

Digital Library of Slovenia

Biblioteca Digital Hispánica

Biblioteca Virtual del Patrimonio Bibliográfico  offers digitized manuscripts and early printed books from Spanish libraries and archives.

Hispana: directorio y recolector de recursos digitales  is a central index of over 4 million digital objects from 195 repositories and 326 different projects throughout Spain.

E-Codices, Virtual Manuscript Library of Switzerland

e-rara.ch, the platform for digitized rare books from Swiss libraries: https://www.e-rara.ch

Searching Early English Books Online (EEBO), Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO) and Early American Imprints. Since spelling in early books is variable and the long s (which looks like an f) is often used, it is important to try variant spellings and the wild card feature. ECCO offers fuzzy searching in Advanced Search

Both Early English Books Online (EEBO) and Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO) contain full text of most books published 1475-1800 in Great Britain and North America and books published in English anywhere.

Early English Books Online  (EEBO) offers full text for works, including much ephemera and many periodicals, dated 1475-1700. Uses Library of Congress Subject Headings.

EEBO uses page images and OCR text. Although searchable by words and phrases, there are character recognition errors and full Boolean searching is not possible.  Early English Books Online Text Creation  Partnership  has input over 25,000 works and offers corrected text and full Boolean and other search capabilities for this subset of EEBO. Periodicals included in EEBO include corantos, newsbooks and periodicals included in the  Thomason Tracts .  Periodicals Search guide . Search Guide: Early English Books Online  (EEBO)

Eighteenth Century Collections Online  (ECCO) offers full text for English language works dated 1700-1800. Uses Library of Congress Subject Headings. Searchable by words and phrases based on the OCR text. Many 18th century American imprints are not included in ECCO because they are available in Early American Imprints (EAI) (next).

Both EEBO and ECCO are based on the  English Short Title Catalog  (ESTC) which has over 470,000 catalog (no full text) entries listing books, periodicals, newspapers and some ephemera printed before 1801. Works published in Britain, Ireland, British colonies, and the US are included, together with items printed elsewhere which contain significant text in English, Welsh, Irish or Gaelic. Books falsely claiming London publication are included. Items omitted from ECCO because they are available in EAI are represented in the ESTC. Reprints (reissues of original works) are not usually included in ECCO; they are fully represented in the ESTC.

NINES (Networked Infrastructure for Nineteenth-Century Electronic Scholarship)  (1770-1920) searches (full text search available) selected digital scholarship and primary source databases related to the British and American long 19th century. Where fee-based material is found, you will have to go through Harvard Library E-Resources; no automatic link to Harvard resources is available.

British History Online  (11th-19th cent.) offers printed primary and secondary sources for the history of the British Isles. These resources cover ecclesiastical and religious history, intellectual and cultural history, local history, urban development, economic history, parliamentary history, and administrative and legal matters.

• Archives Hub : British digital collections
• Online Resources  (Institute of Historical Research)
• Research guides: Online collections  (UK National Archives)

Culture Grid is a UK national aggregator for museum collections information.  Culture Grid contributes records to Europeana .

Connected Histories: British History Sources, 1500-1900  provides federated searching for several databases of British primary historical sources, including the primary source content of  British History Online  for 1500-1900.

Manuscripts Online  (1000 to 1500) searches a variety of online resources on manuscript and early printed culture in Britain. Includes literary manuscripts, historical documents and early printed books on websites of libraries, archives, universities and publishers. Some of the resources searched are only accessible via subscription. These resources allow free snippet results but do not provide full access. Project blog .

Connected Histories and Manuscripts Online are not integrated into the Try Harvard Library system. When you find something in a licensed/subscription database only a snippet view will display, and you will need to go to the same resource in the Harvard system (if we have it) and redo the search.

Connected Histories and Manuscripts Online (above) include both free and subscription databases.

British Library Images Online

Images of Empire  (British Empire & Commonwealth Museum)

John Johnson Collection: an archive of printed ephemera (18th-20th centuries). Collection, housed in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, documents everyday life in Britain.

Science & Society Picture Library offers over 50,000 images from the Science Museum (London), the National Museum of Photography, Film & Television and the National Railway Museum.

Visual Arts Data Service  (VADS) offers images of art, design, and posters.

Indian Ocean

Bibliothéque numérique contains a collection of digitized Mauritian rare books, journals, annual reports and government documents.

Catálogo Colectivo de Impresos Latinoamericanos (1539-1850) offers a union catalog of Spanish/Portuguese letterpress material printed in Latin America, Caribbean, United States and Philippines.

Digital Library of the Caribbean Digitized archival materials originating in the Caribbean and also Latin American beyond the Caribbean.  Collections, subjects covered, and types of materials included .

Biblioteca Digital del Patrimonio Iberoamericano Contains manuscripts, sound recordings, newspapers, maps, drawings, and other primary source materials from the national libraries of Latin American countries,

Gale World Scholar Latin America & the Caribbean Archive includes primary source documents, academic journals and news feeds, reference sources, maps, statistics, audio and video

Latin American & Caribbean Digital Primary Sources (Seminar on the Acquisition of Latin American Library Materials) A listing of freely available digitized collections of various types of primary source materials from many Latin American countries.

History: Latin America: Primary Sources  (University of Washington guide)

Latin American Network Information Center (LANIC) Guide to Latin American material on the Web, with links to primary sources.

Middle East

Qatar Digital Library

Shamela Free Digital Collection of Arabic Books

Waqfeya Arabic books with a focus on Islamic Religious Sciences

Duke University Libraries, Ottoman-Turkish Literature

IRCICA FARABİ digital library (Turkey)

American University in Cairo Digital Collections

University of Hamburg, Islamic Printed Page project

Hebrew Books

Manuscripts | Digital Resources and Projects in Islamic Studies

Online Archives, Digitized Collections and Resources for Middle East, North African, and Islamic(ate) Studies (Hazine)

Orient-Institut Istanbul: Databases, portals, and virtual libraries

Access to Middle East and Islamic Resources  (AMIR). Blog with links to numerous online resources on Teaching and Learning in this region

Middle East & Islamic Studies Collection Digital Collections

The Digital Public Library of America  offers textual, visual, and sound resources contributed by numerous libraries, archives, and museums.  Searches catalog records, not full text, and links to the items on the contributors' websites.  Contains many individual items, such as letters and photographs, from digital collections.

American Broadsides and Ephemera, Series 1, 1760-1900

Early American Imprints, Series 1 (1639-1800)  and  Early American Imprints, Series 2 (1801-1819)  are based on the microform collection of books, pamphlets and broadsides issued in America recorded in Charles Evans' American Bibliography and Roger P. Bristol's Supplement to Charles Evans' American Bibliography, and in American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist for 1801-1819 by Ralph Shaw and Richard Shoemaker.

Sabin Americana Digital Archive  (1500-1926) searchable full text of European writings on America.  Description .  On Joseph Sabin .

NINES (Networked Infrastructure for Nineteenth-Century Electronic Scholarship)  (1770-1920) searches (full text search available) selected digital scholarship and primary source databases related to the British and American long 19th century. Where fee-based material is found, you will have to go through Harvard Library E-Resources; no automatic link to Harvard resources is available.

American Pamphlets, Series 1, 1820-1922  offers pamphlets held at the New York Historical Society.

Nineteenth Century in Print: The Making of America in Books and Periodicals: Periodicals

American Memory  (Library of Congress)

National Archives (US) Catalog  - Can be limited to archival materials online

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Digital Libraries by State

These websites list hundreds of local, state, and regional resources. Each is different and some are better designed than others.  Very useful when your topic has a regional focus.

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• 250+ Killer Digital Libraries and Archives
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AMDOCS: Documents for the Study of American History: Online documents arranged by year

Discovering American Women's History Online . Offers collection level search.

U.S. History: Primary Source Collections Online

Primary Sources for United States History

Images of America: a history of American life in images and texts  is the online version of thousands of books in the Arcadia US local history series. The histories Includes photographs from archives, historical societies and private collections. Images and text are fully searchable. Searchable by location, person, event, date, ethic group and organization. Search HOLLIS+ HOLLIS tab Advanced search as Series (exact phrase) Images of America for the print books.

American Landscape and Architectural Design, 1850-1920 contains about 2,800 lantern slide views of American buildings and landscapes.

Detroit Publishing Company, 1880-1920  (Library of Congress) photograph collection includes over 25,000 items, mostly of the eastern U.S., with subject index and keyword searchable.

History of the American West (1860-1920) offers over 30,000 photographs from the Denver Public Library.

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Online Catalog

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Description.

Check out these sites for excellent primary source material.

Online Primary Source Collections

It can be time-consuming to find and prepare primary sources for your lessons. On each of the below sites, you will find primary sources that address multiple topics in U.S. History. Many of the sites provide excerpts of lengthy sources and helpful annotations. Start at one of these sites to find primary sources to use in your next lesson!

100 Milestone Documents , from Our Documents at the National Archives: This collection of 100 milestone documents has been compiled by the National Archives and chronicles the history of the U.S. from 1776 to 1965. Sources include public laws, Supreme Court decisions, inaugural speeches, treaties, constitutional amendments, and other documents that have influenced the course of U.S. history. Both original and transcribed copies are available.

The Avalon Project , from the Yale Law School: This collection, which can be viewed chronologically from the fifteenth century to the twenty-first, includes documents selected for their importance in American legal history. Sources can also be searched by themed “Document Collections” .

Docs Teach , from the National Archives: This collection of over 3,000 primary documents is organized by historical era, from the nation’s founding to the present. Documents, including maps, charts, graphs, audio, and video, have been selected by National Archives Staff, and are photographic reproductions of historical sources.

Many Pasts , from the History Matters project of CUNY Graduate Center and George Mason University: This feature of George Mason University’s History Matters project features prepared and selected primary documents in text, image, and audio about the experiences of ordinary Americans throughout U.S. history. The “full search” feature on the site allows users to choose resources by historical period, topic, type of resource, etc.

Smithsonian Source , from the Smithsonian Institute: This collection of primary sources can be searched by keyword, type, or topic, and includes documents on Westward Expansion, Transportation, Civil Rights, Invention, Colonial America, and Native American history. Each set includes selected and excerpted documents.

You can also visit this entry for places to find online sets of primary sources.

History Research : Primary Source Websites

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• American Memory American Memory provides free and open access through the Internet to written and spoken words, sound recordings, still and moving images, prints, maps, and sheet music that document the American experience. It is a digital record of American history and creativity.
• Archive.org Online library includes digital forms of books, websites, music, games, and more. Also includes digital collections from many American and Canadian libraries and special collections
• Avalon Project Digital documents relevant to the fields of law, history, economics, politics, diplomacy and government from ancient times to the 21st century.
• Digital Public Library of America Portal to resources from U.S. libraries, archives, and museums. Browse by place, time, subject, or contributing partner.
• Documenting the American South Documenting the American South (DocSouth) is a digital publishing initiative that provides Internet access to texts, images, and audio files related to southern history, literature, and culture. Currently DocSouth includes sixteen thematic collections of books, diaries, posters, artifacts, letters, oral history interviews, and songs.
• EuroDocs: Online Sources for European History One of the best places to start for all time periods of European history. Extensive collection of primary sources and links to other sites. Browse by broad era (prehistory/ancient, medieval/renaissance, modern) or by country.
• Europeana Provides access to digital collections from archives, museums, and special collections across Europe. Also includes a rotating gallery and digital exhibitions.
• Hanover Historical Texts Collection Presents texts from ancient to modern times. Material touches on the Crusaders, Italian Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment, French Revolution, and many other topics.
• Internet Archive The Internet Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-profit that was founded to build an Internet library. Its purposes include offering permanent access for researchers, historians, scholars, people with disabilities, and the general public to historical collections that exist in digital format.
• Internet History Sourcebooks Project The Internet History Sourcebooks are collections of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts. Topics include Ancient, Medieval and Modern histories. Also presents material grouped by subject: Africa, East Asia, Global, Indian, Islamic, Jewish, Lesbian/Gay, Science and Women's history.
• Lowcountry Digital Library The Lowcountry Digital Library (LCDL) produces digital collections and projects that support research about the Lowcountry region of South Carolina and historically interconnected sites in the Atlantic World. LCDL is committed to a multifaceted approach that incorporates historical and anthropological scholarship, oral history, integrative archival practices, digital librarianship, and spatial, temporal, and environmental information. Together with its institutional partners, LCDL helps students, scholars, and a wide range of public audiences develop a better understanding of the history and culture of the South Carolina Lowcountry relative to the nation and the world.
• Online Library of Liberty Full texts of almost 1500 classic works on art, economics, history, law, literature, music, philosophy, political theory, religion, science, sociology, war and peace.
• Project Gutenberg Project Gutenberg offers over 50,000 free ebooks.
• Smithsonian Open Access Smithsonian Open Access provides images of nearly three million objects in their collections, all of which are free to use. This includes images and data from across the Smithsonian’s 19 museums, nine research centers, libraries, archives, and the National Zoo.
• Umbra Search Umbra Search brings together hundreds of thousands digitized materials from over 1,000 libraries and archives across the country documenting African American history. Umbra Search celebrates the vital efforts of the individuals and institutions that have helped to preserve and make accessible online hundreds of thousands of pieces of African American history and culture, and we pay homage to the Umbra Society of the early 1960s, a renegade group of Black writers and poets who helped create the Black Arts Movement.
• Women in World History
• World Digital Library Large, well-organized collection of print and visual primary sources from ancient to current times. Material may be browsed by place, time, topic, type of resource, or contributing institution.
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Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using

This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. Note: as of 2024, this guide is currently under review and revision.

Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian.

Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical events occurred or even well after events, as in memoirs and oral histories. Primary sources may include but are not limited to: letters, manuscripts, diaries, journals, newspapers, maps, speeches, interviews, documents produced by government agencies, photographs, audio or video recordings, born-digital items (e.g. emails), research data, and objects or artifacts (such as works of art or ancient roads, buildings, tools, and weapons). These sources serve as the raw materials historians use to interpret and analyze the past.

Additional Explanations and Examples of Primary Sources

Library of Congress: Teachers Resources

History Matters: Making Sense of Evidence

The National Archives: DocsTeach

The National Archives Teacher’s Resources: Special Topics and Tools

Primary Sources at Yale

To see if these books are in a library near you, click on the title to access WorldCat.

Benjamin, Jules R. A Student’s Guide to History. 12th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2013.

Brundage, Anthony. Going to the Sources: A Guide to Historical Research and Writing . 5th ed. Malden, MA and Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014.

Cullen, Jim. Essaying the Past: How to Read, Write, and Think about History . 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.

Kitchens, Joel D. Librarians, Historians, and New Opportunities for Discourse: A Guide for Clio’s Helpers . Santa Barbara, Calif: Libraries Unlimited, 2012.

Presnell, Jenny L. The Information-Literate Historian: A Guide to Research for History Students . 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Rampolla, Mary Lynn. A Pocket Guide to Writing in History . 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2015.

Salevouris, Michael J, and Conal Furay. The Methods and Skills of History: A Practical Guide . 4th ed. Chichester, UK: WIley-Blackwell, 2015.

Turabian, Kate L., Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers . 8th ed. Chicago guides to writing, editing, and publishing. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2013.

Williams, Robert Chadwell. The Historian’s Toolbox: A Student’s Guide to the Theory and Craft of History . 3rd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2015.

Image Credits and Sources

Curtis, Edward S. Gathering Seeds--Coast Pomo , 1924. Edward S. Curtis Collection. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540. Accessed September 20, 2015. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/ecur/item/2002695450/ .

Britton & Rey. Chinese Belle and Child, Chinatown, San Francisco . Postcard, n.d. Online Archive of California/California Historical Society. Accessed September 20, 2015. http://www.oac.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb829005x0/?docId=hb829005x0&brand=oac4&layout=printable-details .

Dunlap, Kate. “Overland Trails - Biographies.” Trails of Hope: Overland Diaries and Letters, 1846-1869. BYU Harold B. Lee Library Digital Collections. Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602. Accessed September 20, 2015. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/Biographies/id/10/rec/1 .

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Archives Library Information Center (ALIC)

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The Yamasee War was fought by a coalition of Native American Indian tribes, led by the Yamasee, and the South Carolina Militia. South Carolina won the war, gained control of land, and formed an alliance with the Iroquois Confederacy.

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The famous Witchcraft Crisis took place in Salem Village in 1692–1693.

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Puritan Separatists — the Pilgrims — left Europe and sailed to America for Religious Freedom.

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Learn about the intense battle from the French and Indian war that included the Bloody Morning Scout, the Bloody Pond, and the death of King Hendrick.

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APUSH study guide for the Boston Massacre, the first bloodshed of the American Revolution.

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Stuart (Mr T) is an experienced teacher and history specialist. He is an honorary fellow of the Historical Association, regularly featured writer in a number of publications and delivers training on various aspects of primary history teaching.

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Trump Fiercely Booed At Libertarian Convention: Here’s What He Said That Drew Backlash

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Former President Donald Trump was booed and heckled Saturday night as he tried to sway the Libertarian vote in his direction at the party’s national convention, but his efforts—which included promises to nominate a Libertarian to his cabinet and commute the sentence of Ross Ulbricht, who founded an online marketplace to buy and sell illegal drugs—were largely met with loud jeering and shouted insults from the crowd.

Former U.S. President and Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump addresses the Libertarian ... [+] Party National Convention on May 25, 2024.

Some of the loudest boos came when Trump recommended the Libertarian party choose him as its nominee, saying “we should win together,” but jeers repeatedly popped up throughout the speech, including after Trump suggested he may be a libertarian “without even trying to be one.”

After being continuously booed and heckled—audience members called him a "liar," "panderer" and "wannabe dictator"—Trump turned on the audience and mocked the Libertarian Party's poor voting record, telling them if they didn't vote for him, they could "keep getting your 3% every four years.”

The Republican presidential candidate called President Joe Biden the “worst president in the history of the United States”—which was met with response cries of “that’s you”—and Trump begged the Libertarians to “combine with” the Republicans, saying the two parties “should not be fighting each other.”

During at least one point in the speech, a silhouette of a rubber chicken was visible in front of the former president in video of the address—the rubber chickens were circulated among supporters of Robert F. Kennedy Jr. as a form of protest urging the major candidates to debate him, and Secret Service agents were reportedly confiscating the rubber chickens before Trump spoke.

The would-be president made several promises to the party he said he’d follow through on if Libertarian voters helped elect him, including nominating party members to senior positions, commuting the sentence of Silk Road marketplace founder Ulbricht, cutting taxes, defending gun rights and opposing climate change policies under the Green New Deal.

Other conventional speakers who supported Trump, including Sen. Mike Lee (R-Utah) and former Republican presidential primary candidate Vivek Ramaswamy , were also met with boos.

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Trump was cheered at points, including when he condemned the U.S. taking part in “senseless wars.” Opposition to most American foreign military action has historically been a major pillar of the Libertarian Party’s viewpoint.

Crucial Quote

"If I wasn’t a libertarian before, I sure as hell am a libertarian now," Trump said at the convention, referring to the criminal indictments against him.

34 minutes. That's how long Trump spoke at the Libertarian convention, one of his shortest-ever campaign speeches.

Kennedy spoke at the convention Friday and his running mate, Nicole Shanahan, is expected to speak Sunday. Kennedy in his speech accused Trump of presiding "over the greatest restriction on individual liberties this country has ever known" in his response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and spoke for the freedom of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, who he said "should be celebrated as a hero."

Key Background

Libertarians base their core beliefs in the rights of the individual, limited government, free markets and, overall, a balanced society that functions with limited oversight and a collective interest in the common good. Many Libertarians believe the Trump administration wielded too much government power, particularly early in the COVID-19 pandemic, when the government recommended certain businesses shut their doors to the public while urging Americans to stay home, socially distance and wear face masks. The Libertarian Party earned 3.3% of the vote in the 2016 presidential election, when former New Mexico Gov. Gary Johnson was its nominee, and 1.2% in 2020 , when its nominee was activist Jo Jorgensen. The Libertarian vote has always been small but Republicans have a vested interest in winning it—if Libertarians in Arizona had voted for Trump over Jorgensen , for instance, he would have won the state in 2020. Arizona is another crucial battleground state in the 2024 election, as are Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Nevada and Wisconsin. Polls that show a number of voters are displeased with the Trump-Biden matchup have raised concerns in the former presidents’ camps that disgruntled voters will choose to vote for third-party candidates instead, NPR reported .

What To Watch For

Who wins the Libertarian presidential nomination. Registered delegates at the 2024 Libertarian National Convention, which ends Sunday, will choose a party nominee. The most popular candidates for the nomination are Charles Ballay of Louisiana, Chase Oliver of Georgia and Jacob Hornberger of Virginia.

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Whales Have an Alphabet

Until the 1960s, it was uncertain whether whales made any sounds at all..

Hosted by Michael Barbaro

Featuring Carl Zimmer

Produced by Alex Stern ,  Stella Tan ,  Sydney Harper and Nina Feldman

Edited by MJ Davis Lin

Original music by Elisheba Ittoop ,  Dan Powell ,  Marion Lozano ,  Sophia Lanman and Pat McCusker

Engineered by Alyssa Moxley

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Ever since the discovery of whale songs almost 60 years ago, scientists have been trying to decipher the lyrics.

But sperm whales don’t produce the eerie melodies sung by humpback whales, sounds that became a sensation in the 1960s. Instead, sperm whales rattle off clicks that sound like a cross between Morse code and a creaking door. Carl Zimmer, a science reporter, explains why it’s possible that the whales are communicating in a complex language.

On today’s episode

Carl Zimmer , a science reporter for The New York Times who also writes the Origins column .

Background reading

Scientists find an “alphabet” in whale songs.

These whales still use their vocal cords. But how?

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We aim to make transcripts available the next workday after an episode’s publication. You can find them at the top of the page.

The Daily is made by Rachel Quester, Lynsea Garrison, Clare Toeniskoetter, Paige Cowett, Michael Simon Johnson, Brad Fisher, Chris Wood, Jessica Cheung, Stella Tan, Alexandra Leigh Young, Lisa Chow, Eric Krupke, Marc Georges, Luke Vander Ploeg, M.J. Davis Lin, Dan Powell, Sydney Harper, Mike Benoist, Liz O. Baylen, Asthaa Chaturvedi, Rachelle Bonja, Diana Nguyen, Marion Lozano, Corey Schreppel, Rob Szypko, Elisheba Ittoop, Mooj Zadie, Patricia Willens, Rowan Niemisto, Jody Becker, Rikki Novetsky, John Ketchum, Nina Feldman, Will Reid, Carlos Prieto, Ben Calhoun, Susan Lee, Lexie Diao, Mary Wilson, Alex Stern, Dan Farrell, Sophia Lanman, Shannon Lin, Diane Wong, Devon Taylor, Alyssa Moxley, Summer Thomad, Olivia Natt, Daniel Ramirez and Brendan Klinkenberg.

Our theme music is by Jim Brunberg and Ben Landsverk of Wonderly. Special thanks to Sam Dolnick, Paula Szuchman, Lisa Tobin, Larissa Anderson, Julia Simon, Sofia Milan, Mahima Chablani, Elizabeth Davis-Moorer, Jeffrey Miranda, Renan Borelli, Maddy Masiello, Isabella Anderson and Nina Lassam.

Carl Zimmer covers news about science for The Times and writes the Origins column . More about Carl Zimmer

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