gender neutral uniforms essay

Why Adopting Gender‑Neutral Uniforms Helps Students

“While clothing is not a direct counter to society’s stereotypes, it is a small step towards making a statement.”

A lower primary school in Kerala has introduced gender-neutral uniforms for its students — a move that was, reportedly , supported by 90% of the students’ parents. Two other schools in the state too — one in Pathanamthitta, one in Wayanad — have had similar policies in place. So, why is it that schools are beginning to move away from conventional uniforms?

“Such an idea struck when it was noticed that the girl students were participating very less in sports items compared to boys due to the discomfort they face while wearing skirts… We spoke to girl students first and understood their difficulties before introducing the new uniform pattern,” C. Raji and T.R. Suma, the former and present headmistresses of the school respectively, both of whom worked to introduce the policy, told the media .

Moving towards unisex uniforms is also “the result of a growing resistance to gender stereotypes,” according to an article by Sitanshi Talati-Parikh on The Swaddle.

The main argument against gendered uniforms can be summed up thus: “School uniforms are meant to equalize students, so why enforce gendered dress codes?” as Sanjana Sundar wrote in The Bastion . “Although the uniform intends to dissolve social differences in the classroom, dress coding becomes a tool to reinstate and conform to different social differences [based on the gender-binary] instead,” Sundar added.

Moreover, different attires for girls and boys often become a way for schools to harass girls further by monitoring the lengths of their skirts — slut-shaming them and propagating the idea that if they dress inappropriately, they’re inviting stares and lewd comments from men and are “ asking for it. ”

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On the one hand, gender-neutral uniforms can allow students to not feel confined to any particular gender identity. On the other, it also addresses gender stereotypes about women needing to dress in “feminine” ways, and pants being reserved for men. As some parents point out, by challenging stereotypes around how men and women should dress in society, unisex uniforms may also indirectly teach young, school-going students in their formative years that it’s okay to not conform to regressive ideals dictating how men and women must live their lives.

“At an age when children form ideas, clothing sets the stage about what girls and boys can or cannot do… While clothing is not a direct counter to society’s stereotypes, it is a small step towards making a statement,” Esha Pandya Choksi, mother of a two-year-old girl,  told The Swaddle in 2018.

However, as Talati-Parikh argued, “although widespread gender-neutral uniforms are a step in the right direction, ultimately, India needs to move towards the global trend of letting students choose whether they want to wear skirts, dresses, or trousers.”

As an article by The Independent points out that in a bid to make their uniforms gender-neutral, schools often do away with skirts completely, “sending the damaging message to its pupils that the gender to default to is male… This reinforces the idea that traditional masculinity is a crucial part of boys’ identities, and any diversion from it is abnormal and wrong.”

Even for Valayanchirangara Government Lower Primary School, the latest school in India to switch to a unisex dress code, the uniform consists of shirts and three-fourth trousers . This begs the question: what about boys who may feel more comfortable in skirts?

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In 2016, a school in the U.K. decided to allow its student s to choose either a “skirt-version” or a “trouser-version” of the school’s uniform without prescribing who must wear what, or picking the conventional male uniform as a blanket option for everyone. According to authorities at the school, the overhaul in their over-a-century-old dress code was a “react[ion] to a changing society which recognizes that some children have gender dysphoria and do not wish to lose their emotional gender identities at school.”

“It ties in with my strong personal belief that youngsters should be respected for who they are. If some boys and girls are happier identifying with a different gender from that in which they were born, then my job is to make sure that we accommodate that,” Richard Cairns, the headteacher of the school, had told The Guardian .

Having said that, while India may not be ready to accept young boys choosing to wear skirts, making the uniforms gender-neutral is certainly a step in the right direction. But that’s what it is: a step.

It may be a few years — if not decades — before we truly allow everyone to dress according to their gender identity, but until then, we can work on protecting the younger generation from gender-based stereotypes.

Devrupa Rakshit is an Associate Editor at The Swaddle. She is a lawyer by education, a poet by accident, a painter by shaukh, and autistic by birth. You can find her on Instagram @devruparakshit.

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What is a gender-neutral school uniform and who’s wearing them?

What has the reaction been towards gender-neutral school uniforms, what are some of the pros and cons of gender-neutral school uniforms.

For Valayanchirangara Primary School, the newly-established uniform consists of short-sleeved shirts and knee-length shorts, cargo green for girls and teal blue for boys. The choice was made to enable girls to play more freely after the school’s headteacher witnessed the difficulties they faced when in the playground and while playing sports . 

Following this, more schools across Kerala have also adopted gender-neutral uniforms, with several women’s rights groups coming out in support of the unisex uniform initiative. 

Kerala isn’t the only place taking a stand against gender conformity; in 2019 one of the oldest and largest independent providers of school uniforms in the UK, Stevensons, made the decision to stop marketing its clothing for boys or girls and to, instead, promote its wares as gender neutral by, for example, changing the colour of the clothes packaging to a more gender-neutral colour . 

Proving that taking a stand can make a difference after a pupil launched a campaign against their school’s gender-conforming uniforms, Norton Hill School in Somerset has now amended its policy to allow girls and boys to wear blazers, where before only boys were allowed to wear them and girls had to wear jumpers. This has now prompted the school to also look at changing their PE kits to be gender neutral too.  

While reactions to uniform updates have certainly been positive – Kerala’s Valayanchirangara Primary School “were able to implement it easily and without any protests” and its students were more than happy: “I feel very thrilled and comfortable with the uniform.” – not everyone is on board. Certain Muslim organisations in Kerala have accused schools of forcing western dress on their children with some prominent groups warning the state government against enforcing gender-neutral uniforms in other Kerala schools, stating that it would be un-Islamic for girls to wear trousers ( Kerala state is 26% Muslim ). 

Back in the UK, Priory school in Lewes sparked a demonstration in 2019 among parents and students after introducing a gender-neutral uniform policy that instructed all pupils to wear trousers. 

So, while it’s difficult – and always has been – to please everyone, it’s safe to say that gender-neutral school uniforms could be on the horizon for many. But is this best for everyone? Let’s look at the pros and cons…

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How schools can adopt a gender-neutral uniform policy

Historically school uniforms have usually always been split along gender lines: trousers and shorts for boys, skirts and pinafores for girls.

But over the past few years there has been a growing campaign to raise awareness that not only are boys’ uniforms often more “play-friendly” than girls’, but the cost difference between the two uniforms is also significant.

These issues are just some of the concerns raised by the campaign group  Let Clothes be Clothes , run by activist Francesca Mallen, which is calling for an end to stereotyping in children’s clothing and for schools to adopt gender-neutral uniforms that ensure everyone has the same choices - and pays the same amount.

”[Schools should] provide a selection of smart and practical clothing options for all children, and remove terms such as ‘boys’ clothes’ and ‘girls’ clothes’,” she says.

“This enables children to choose the types of clothing they feel most comfortable in, and the most appropriate for how they want to dress.”

School uniform ‘should be gender-neutral’

It’s clear there are issues here that need discussing. For example, Let Clothes Be Clothes recently produced a report on behalf of the Department for Education (DfE) entitled  Dressing Girls to Fail , which underlined just how lopsided prices for uniforms for girls and boys can be. 

As just one example, the report cites a situation where an inner-city secondary school in the West Midlands allowed boys to wear generic white shirts that have an average cost of £3.94 while the girls’ uniform specified a pink blouse, available from the named uniform supplier at around £14 each.

Is having a school uniform a problem?

Such complaints about uniforms are not new and, for some, these sorts of costs strengthen the argument that a uniform itself is outdated and should be done away with - just as it has been in most schools in the USA.

However, Mallen doesn’t agree. “Uniform has lots of benefits, and there are lots of good reasons to have a uniform,” she says.

What matters more, though, is that parents and pupils have a choice and are informed in the creation of uniform policies.  “Uniform choices need to be decided after collaboration with stakeholders, not dictated to parents and children,” says Mallen.

This is why Let Clothes Be Clothes does not advocate doing away with uniform but instead calls for schools to adopt unisex clothing policies so as not to put girls, or their parents, at a disadvantage - even producing a template letter for parents to raise this issue with their school.

What does the guidance say?

Many schools may be amenable to this idea - but may also be unsure of what the law says and what rules they need to adhere to.

This is where clearer guidance may be helpful. For example, in Wales, after the release of a report called Charter for Change , the government moved to update uniform policy to state the following: “Schools’ uniform policies should not dictate different items of clothing on the basis of sex/gender.”

However, for schools in England no similar guidance has been released, despite the issue being discussed in Parliament when Liberal Democrat MP Layla Moran raised a bill  calling for gender-neutral uniforms in schools in 2019.

The lack of guidance around uniform rules in schools seems to be at odds with the laws that do exist for adults in the workplace. The equalities dress code guidance  states:  “It is best to avoid gender-specific prescriptive requirements; for example, the requirement to wear high heels. Any requirement to wear make-up, skirts, have manicured nails, certain hairstyles or specific types of hosiery is likely to be unlawful.”

Mallen questions why this cannot be applied to schools and school uniforms.

“The guidance for Discrimination in the Workplace specifically gives the example of requiring women to wear skirts as ‘unlawful practice’. So why are schools exempt from these rules?” she asks. 

What can schools do?

Nonetheless, even without guidance, the Let Clothes be Clothes report cites examples of schools that have made the move to create a gender-neutral policy for uniform, showing it can be done.

So if you’re a school with a separate boys’ and girls’ uniform, what might a change to a gender-neutral uniform policy look like? Mallen says it isn’t just about getting rid of any “gendered” items and proclaiming “job done” - instead it should be seen in terms of removing barriers and creating an equitable offering.

“Gender-neutral is sometimes misunderstood to mean a ban of skirts or dresses - this isn’t the case at all,” she says. “It’s about not prescribing what girls or boys wear and allowing free choice.”

So if you’re thinking about making the move to a gender-neutral uniform offering, what do you need to think about?

We spoke to two schools with a gender-neutral uniform policy to find out how they made the switch.

1. Price things up

Dan Morrow is CEO and trust leader for Dartmoor Multi-Academy Trust. He says the cost to parents of uniforms was a big motivation for moving to a genderless uniform policy and should be a priority when making decisions about uniforms.

“Our decision to offer a gender-neutral uniform was in order to decrease costs for families,” he explains.

“It makes it easier for them to get replacements and being able to recycle and reuse. We also wanted to reduce ‘badging’ so that uniform choices are as generic as possible so that we are not dependent on bespoke suppliers but allow a range.”

Daniel Woodrow, headteacher of St Gregory CEVC Primary School in Sudbury, Suffolk, agrees that it is really important to consider the total cost for families at different pinch points in the academic year.

“I’m not a fan of supplier-only uniforms,” he says. 

“I do feel sorry for parents having to spend absurd amounts on supplier-only school uniforms at this time of year, especially Year 6 parents getting their children fully kitted out for secondary school.”

2. Include parents in the decision

As a school, you are asking parents to buy and dress their children in your choice of clothing, so it is necessary to bring them in on the discussions about what that uniform looks like.

Morrow says this can’t be a one-off activity - it needs to be an ongoing conversation.

“We use a range of surveys and focus groups as well as triangulating through governance arrangements,” he explains. “There has been both strong support and challenge for our positions, which are leading to better decisions for all.”

Rather than the school telling their parents what is happening, Morrow suggests that it should be the parents telling the school about their experience.

“The key to success is to approach this first as a listening exercise,” says Morrow. “This is why we do have a long consultation process in place for this discussion - we cannot assume our views are right.”

If you’re worried parents will resist breaking with tradition, Woodrow says you might be surprised.

“Primary uniform has been gender-neutral for as long as I can remember, going back to when I was a pupil in the ‘80s,” he adds.

3. Don’t lose sight of the purpose of uniform

There is a risk that in designing a prescriptive uniform policy, the point of uniform can be lost in the detail about the colour of the socks or the shade that shoes need to be .

Morrow says to prevent this from happening it is important not to lose focus on a uniform’s original purpose.

“Uniform is not a driver of control nor conformity; it is primarily there to act as a leveller so that economic advantage does not present and add pressure to those who may be disadvantaged or financially disenfranchised,” he says.

As such, Morrow believes schools need to allow choices to be made by individual families to suit their views and circumstances.

“Your uniform policy must ensure that the wide range of protected characteristics can be met without it being seen as a departure from expectations,” he says.

Some people argue there is no point switching to gender-neutral as the girls will always wear dresses anyway. But Woodrow says this isn’t the case. “At our school, we’ve always had it so girls and boys can pick what they want,” he explains. “Quite a few wear trousers, very few wear shorts. The ones who do wear shorts tend to wear them all year round, regardless of the weather”

Could it be done in international schools?

It’s easy to see from all of the above that the move to making gender-neutral uniforms can be done - with the right planning and preparation.

What about in international schools, though? Can it be done in schools where cultures mix and mingle and local laws, customs and traditions have to be taken into consideration?

Chris Barnes, an experienced school leader who has spent his career in international schools and currently works in Malaysia, says it would be a tough ask because of how strong cultural views are around gender.

“The three main ethnic groups [at our school] all co-exist peacefully but have defined views about the roles of male and female. The society as a whole remains patriarchal and language used to discuss and describe relationships is traditional,” he says

“The notion of gender neutrality in uniform, on top of the cultural shift to greater personal development and independence in learning, would be a distraction and potentially problematic unless the society as a whole moved to something like this. It would be a talking point about the school for all of the wrong reasons.”

A leader in the Middle East also thinks that the idea of gender-neutral uniform would cause consternation and become problematic 

“Schools are heavily restricted by staunchly conservative government regulation or regulatory bodies - it might not be prohibited to offer a gender-neutral uniform, but the parental backlash and subsequent investigations as a result of this backlash would make it impossible to put into place in the first place.”

Perhaps it will be a while yet, then, before international schools attempt to move to a gender-neutral uniform policy. 

But in England it seems the work of campaign groups like Let Clothes be Clothes and the growing number of schools willing to create gender-neutral uniform policies suggest that perhaps the age-old skirts or shorts offering for girls and boys could become a thing of the past - even if it doesn’t happen overnight.

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School trousers or skirts for all: ‘Children should experience equality’

F or headteacher Jamie Barry, introducing a gender-neutral school uniform policy at his Bristol primary school was just basic common sense. “Why would we define our children by the clothes they wear? We still have the same uniform, we simply removed all references to gender in our uniform policy.”

Girls at Parson Street school already had the option to wear whatever the boys could wear, but Barry’s new policy enabled boys to wear skirts and dresses for the first time. The fact that not a single boy has chosen to do so in the year since the policy was introduced doesn’t matter to Barry. “For me, this was about creating a culture of acceptance. Children are not born homophobic or discriminatory, they are exposed to those influences as they grow up. At Parson Street, we believe children should grow up seeing and experiencing equality, before any stigmas are created.”

This month John Lewis announced it was removing “girls” and “boys” labels from its children’s clothing departments in order to get rid of gender stereotyping and offer more choice. It is the first retailer to do this but it is following a trend set by many schools . They say it is partly about liberating girls from flimsy shoes, constricting skirts and gender stereotyping but it is also about making all children feel they don’t have to be pigeonholed.

Cavendish Road primary in west Didsbury introduced its new policy last September. “We felt that in this day and age it was inappropriate to designate certain clothing items to one gender,” says the headteacher, Janet Marland.

“We wanted our boys and girls to know they had the same rights. Plus, we had concerns about what some of our girls were wearing – footwear without proper grips or sturdy soles, and tight-fitting pencil skirts that restricted their movement. This was preventing them from playing safely on climbing frames.”

Her policy now simply lists a range of uniform items that parents can choose from when buying for a child of either sex. The removal of references to boys’ and girls’ clothing was not difficult to do, she says. “There was no adverse reaction from parents or governors at all. I think all schools can and should have gender-neutral uniform policies.”

Nearly half of women (48%) and more than a third of men (36%) would strongly support schools adopting a gender-neutral uniform policy that allows both boys and girls to wear trousers and skirts, according to a YouGov survey of more than 3,400 UK adults this month. School policies that allow students of either sex to wear trousers but allow only girls – and not boys – to wear skirts, were less popular: only 32% of female and 33% of male respondents supported this approach above others.

Uniform policies that deny pupils any choices are the least popular: just one in 20 women and one in 10 men were in favour of policies that force girls to wear skirts and boys to wear trousers. Only 8% of male and 7% of female respondents wanted schools to get rid of skirts so that all children wear trousers.

This is, however, what headteacher Tony Smith has done at Priory school , a comprehensive secondary school in Lewes, East Sussex. “We often started the school day with conversations about the inappropriate way that young ladies were wearing torn tights and skirts rolled up very high, and the inappropriate way that boys were carrying off their uniform, with untidy shirts and blazers not worn correctly.” New students of either sex are now only allowed to wear trousers, a shirt and a school jumper, although both girls and boys can also wear PE “skorts” – skirts with shorts underneath – or PE shorts if there is a heatwave. “It is a uniform that is smart, practical, cost-effective and decent, and it is the same for everybody.”

While some parents have responded by expressing a desire for their daughter to continue to wear a skirt, many agree with his decision, he says. “What we’re saying is: education is a particular event. Dress appropriately and decently, and come to school to learn. There are plenty of opportunities for you to express your individualism outside school.”

Janet Daulby is a consultant at the Driver Youth Trust charity and campaigns on Twitter against gender stereotyping. She is concerned that girls are often scrutinised far more than boys. “Boys have got fewer rules to break than girls because there are no sexual messages about boys’ uniforms. There are never any stipulations about how short a boy’s shorts can be. But if we create rules about skirt lengths, those rules then exist to be broken by girls.”

Schools send a terrible message to boys if they suggest girls should dress modestly to save male staff or students from becoming aroused, she says. “I think that condones a blame culture for girls and what they wear.”

She and Cheryl Rickman, an ambassador for Let Clothes Be Clothes – which worked with John Lewis to remove its gender labels – are not in favour of forcing girls to wear only what boys were already wearing. “We need to stop girls feeling like they’re wearing a boy’s uniform because they wear trousers, which are more practical,” says Rickman. She dislikes the motifs of sequins, hearts and flowers that are frequently found on designated girls’ school clothes and shoes because they perpetuate gender stereotypes, and is concerned that girls’ school trousers are often tighter fitting than boys’. “It’s important to offer children a choice and recognise that each child is an individual. We want genderless clothing, not genderless children.”

For some schools, though, dividing up girls and boys through uniform is part of their tradition, says Neil Roskilly, chief executive of the Independent Schools Association. “Each school will make sure their uniform is in line with their values. Parents who don’t like that uniform can either choose to take their child to another school or ask the school to review its policy – which I think most would be happy to do.”

Pupils can, of course, make sure their voices are heard. Earlier this year, boys at Isca academy in Devon were denied the right to wear shorts during a heatwave and donned skirts in protest. By the end of the week, headteacher Aimee Mitchell announced that all boys would be allowed to wear shorts next summer, while those who wore skirts would not be punished.

Over in Bristol, Barry is reaping the rewards of his gender-neutral uniform policy. The school recently won a Gold Best Practice award from the LGBT education charity Educate & Celebrate .

“Removing the association of ‘boys’ or ‘girls’ with particular clothes in a school uniform policy may not change the way students dress but it could be a huge deal to young people who don’t identify as a boy or a girl,” he says. “It may give them the acceptance that they need. Until we do that, it’s going to be much more difficult for children to say: I am who I am.”

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Freedoms in the khaki: gendering a 'gender- neutral' uniform

2019, Gender and Education

Drawing on data from an ethnography of the school-based Student Police Cadet (SPC) program in Kerala, India, this paper examines the ways in which female high school student-cadets mobilized SPC's uniform in their performance of citizenship education. Unlike their gendered school uniforms, SPC's gender-neutral ‘khaki’ uniform signified a program that treats girls and boys ‘equally.’ Further, SPC uniform's resemblance to the Kerala police uniform enabled female cadets to momentarily disrupt gender regimes and lay claim to specific forms of aspirational, spatial, and sartorial freedoms. These freedoms, however, are premised on the masculine authority of the police uniform and its associated protections. Thus, while the promise of female empowerment is pivotal to SPC curriculum, the conditional nature of freedom in khaki underscores the ambivalent nature of those curricular promises. The paper concludes by examining the implications of freedom bequeathed through masculine forms of protection for girls’ participation in society.

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Intervening in School Uniform Debates: Making Equity Matter in England

• First Online: 19 July 2023

Cite this chapter

• Sara Bragg   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0377-5843 6 &
• Jessica Ringrose   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5647-290X 6  

Part of the book series: The Cultural and Social Foundations of Education ((CSFE))

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In England, the draconian policing of uniform appears to be increasingly endorsed as part of the ‘common sense’ of school leaders, education advisers and policy-makers, and it frequently makes headlines in local and national news media. Less attention is however given to the equity dimensions of uniform policies and practices in relation to diverse students, and how intersecting power relations around class, Britishness, culture, race, context, heterosexuality, cisgender rules and more come into play through the typically ‘sex’-segregated uniform. In this chapter we analyse uniform practices intersectionally and by drawing on a new materialism lens for thinking equity. We explore uniform not as imposed on inevitably already-othered bodies, but as enacting processes of differentialisation and normativisation through a range of spatial and corporeal practices. We discuss a university staff-student ‘community-engaged learning’ project to render uniform more inclusive, which showed how uniforms matter in highly diverse and complex ways. We document how we produced alternative guidance for schools and young people on uniform policies, with equity and diversity in play, and we explore what we know of how the policy has gone out into the world and how it could have, and has, been used by parents, staff and students.

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Bragg, S., Ringrose, J. (2023). Intervening in School Uniform Debates: Making Equity Matter in England. In: Shanks, R., Ovington, J., Cross, B., Carnarvon, A. (eds) School Uniforms. The Cultural and Social Foundations of Education. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32939-5_4

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Use of gender-neutral pronouns is increasingly common. A 2018 survey found that a majority of Americans have heard about gender-neutral pronouns and that nearly one-in-five knows someone who uses them . Merriam-Webster even named they its Word of the Year for 2019 .  Sometimes people use gender-neutral pronouns to affirm the identities of people who identify as nonbinary (i.e., neither man nor woman). In these instances, gender-neutral pronouns can be important for validating peoples identities and experience of existing outside the gender binary.

Some people recommend using gender-neutral pronouns for everyone in certain circumstances, such as when an individual person’s gender identity is not known . There have even been calls to do away with gender-specific pronouns altogether, replacing them with gender-neutral pronouns for everyone . While using gender-neutral pronouns for everyone reduces instances of misgendering, it also reduces opportunities to acknowledge gender identity— preempting a potentially meaningful experience of social affirmation.

Further Reading:

Gender Pronouns – University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee LGBTQ+ Resource Center

Singular “They” – American Psychological Association (APA)

• “ In Search of Gender Neutrality: Is Singular They a Cognitively Efficient Substitute for Generic He? ” by Julie Foertsch and Morton Ann Gernsbacher

“Why We Should All Use They/Them Pronouns” – Scientific American

“Actually, We Should Not All Use They/Them Pronouns” – Scientific American

“We Should All Use They/Them Pronouns… Eventually” – Scientific American

• “What is a Gender-Neutral Bathroom?”  – PinkNews
• “5 Reasons All Bathrooms should be Gender Neutral” – Bustle
• “Gender-Neutral Bathrooms: Pointless, Wasteful, and Sexist” – National Review
• Queering Bathrooms: Gender Sexuality, and the Hygenic Imagination by Shelia Cavanagh
• “ Stalled: Gender-Neutral Public Bathrooms ” by Joel Sanders and Susan Stryker

School Uniforms

These policies can take on one of two forms:

All students regardless of gender identity can wear pants with their school uniform, but only girls are allowed to wear skirts.

All students regardless of gender identity can wear either the pants option or the skirt option depending on their own personal preference.

“More than 100 Schools Introduce Gender-Neutral School Uniforms” – The Daily Mail

“Know Your Rights: School Dress Codes and Uniforms” – ACLU of Northern California

“Residents Criticize School District New Gender-Neutral Dress Code” – Yahoo

Gender-neutral parenting can take one of two forms:

A “non-sexist” approach where parents provide a space for their child free from sex stereotypes. For example, giving a child access to any and all toys instead of giving trucks to a boy and dolls to a girl. This style of parenting has roots in 1970s feminism and is exemplified in the popular children’s entertainment project “ Free to Be You and Me .”

A more radical approach involves concealing a child’s assigned sex at birth from other people. This prevents other people from inadvertently projecting gender stereotypes onto the child.

Some parents practice gender-neutral parenting for philosophical reasons. Others adopt gender-neutral parenting in response to gender nonconforming children who bristle at more gendered parenting styles.

“Gender Neutral Parenting — Has it Gone Too Far?” – The Telegraph

“How to Raise a Gender-Neutral Baby” – Parents.com

“10 Science-Baked Tips for Bringing Up Your Child Gender Neutral” – Forbes

• “ William Wants A Doll. Can He Have One? Feminists, Child Care Advisors, and Gender-Neutral Child Rearing ” by Karin A. Martin

There are some folks who challenge sex segregation in sports, one being South African Olympic athlete Caster Semenya. Semenya has been the subject of controversy due to her being born intersex, and because of her condition, she produces more testosterone than the average woman. This has led many to believe that Semenya has an unfair advantage and should no longer be allowed to compete in women’s sports. Others believe that Semenya demonstrates how sex is an irrelevant category to segregate sports teams and that teams should be segregated based on other factors such as age, weight, or even hormone levels.

“Should All Sports Go Gender Neutral?” – OZY

“Is Gender Segregation in Sports Necessary?” – PBS

“Understanding the Controversy Over Caster Semenya” – The New York Times.

Identification Cards

These new policies can take on one of two forms:

Instead of having only M or F as gender markers, there are now identification cards that have a third gender marker option called X to designate a gender-neutral identity. Some countries have issued passports with the X gender marker. Several U.S. states have offered X as an option for their state-issued driver’s licenses.

Some institutions have adopted to remove the gender marker entirely from their identification cards. For example, Medicare recently removed the sex marker from their identification cards.

“Gender-Neutral Designations” – Pennsylvania Department of Motor Vehicles

“Gender Markers Dropped from 57 Million Medicare Cards” – National Center for Transgender Equality

“States are Starting to Recognize a Third Gender: Non-Binary” – USA Today

Parental Leave

Gender neutral concept

Some folks have begun advocating for gender-neutral parental paid leave policies to be implemented in the workplace. They argue that all parents should have the opportunity to bond with a newborn child, regardless of the parent’s gender identity. However, others worry that these types of policies ignore the disproportionate amount of labor women endure after having a child, both physically and emotionally. Some have tried to maintain parental leave polices as gender neutral, while acknowledging biological differences, by designing policies that give all paid leave time but give additional leave to the parent who gave birth to compensate for the physical and emotional toll childbirth does to one’s body.

“Is Your Parental Leave Policy Really Gender Neutral?”  – Labor Sphere

“Equal but Inequitable: Who Benefits from Gender-Neutral Tenure Clock Stopping Policies?” – IZA

“A Winning Parental Leave Policy Can Be Surprisingly Simple” – Harvard Business Review

• “Is It Time to Stop Stopping the Clock?” – The Chronicle of Higher Education.

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Biden Administration Releases Revised Title IX Rules

The new regulations extended legal protections to L.G.B.T.Q. students and rolled back several policies set under the Trump administration.

By Zach Montague and Erica L. Green

Reporting from Washington

The Biden administration issued new rules on Friday cementing protections for L.G.B.T.Q. students under federal law and reversing a number of Trump-era policies that dictated how schools should respond to cases of alleged sexual misconduct in K-12 schools and college campuses.

The new rules, which take effect on Aug. 1, effectively broadened the scope of Title IX, the 1972 law prohibiting sex discrimination in educational programs that receive federal funding. They extend the law’s reach to prohibit discrimination and harassment based on sexual orientation and gender identity, and widen the range of sexual harassment complaints that schools will be responsible for investigating.

“These regulations make it crystal clear that everyone can access schools that are safe, welcoming and that respect their rights,” Miguel A. Cardona, the education secretary, said in a call with reporters.

The rules deliver on a key campaign promise for Mr. Biden, who declared he would put a “quick end” to the Trump-era Title IX rules and faced mounting pressure from Democrats and civil rights leaders to do so.

The release of the updated rules, after two delays, came as Mr. Biden is in the thick of his re-election bid and is trying to galvanize key electoral constituencies.

Through the new regulations, the administration moved to include students in its interpretation of Bostock v. Clayton County, the landmark 2020 Supreme Court case in which the court ruled that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects gay and transgender workers from workplace discrimination. The Trump administration held that transgender students were not protected under federal laws, including after the Bostock ruling .

In a statement, Betsy DeVos, who served as Mr. Trump’s education secretary, criticized what she called a “radical rewrite” of the law, asserting that it was an “endeavor born entirely of progressive politics, not sound policy.”

Ms. DeVos said the inclusion of transgender students in the law gutted decades of protections and opportunities for women. She added that the Biden administration also “seeks to U-turn to the bad old days where sexual misconduct was sent to campus kangaroo courts, not resolved in a way that actually sought justice.”

While the regulations released on Friday contained considerably stronger protections for L.G.B.T.Q. students, the administration steered clear of the lightning-rod issue of whether transgender students should be able to play on school sports teams corresponding to their gender identity.

The administration stressed that while, writ large, exclusion based on gender identity violated Title IX, the new regulations did not extend to single-sex living facilities or sports teams. The Education Department is pursuing a second rule dealing with sex-related eligibility for male and female sports teams. The rule-making process has drawn more than 150,000 comments.

Under the revisions announced on Friday, instances where transgender students are subjected to a “hostile environment” through bullying or harassment, or face unequal treatment and exclusion in programs or facilities based on their gender identity, could trigger an investigation by the department’s Office for Civil Rights.

Instances where students are repeatedly referred to by a name or pronoun other than one they have chosen could also be considered harassment on a case-by-case basis.

“This is a bold and important statement that transgender and nonbinary students belong, in their schools and in their communities,” said Olivia Hunt, the policy director for the National Center for Transgender Equality.

The regulations appeared certain to draw to legal challenges from conservative groups.

May Mailman, the director of the Independent Women’s Law Center, said in a statement that the group planned to sue the administration. She said it was clear that the statute barring discrimination on the basis of “sex” means “binary and biological.”

“The unlawful omnibus regulation reimagines Title IX to permit the invasion of women’s spaces and the reduction of women’s rights in the name of elevating protections for ‘gender identity,’ which is contrary to the text and purpose of Title IX,” she said.

The existing rules, which took effect under Mr. Trump in 2020, were the first time that sexual assault provisions were codified under Title IX. They bolstered due process rights of accused students, relieved schools of some legal liabilities and laid out rigid parameters for how schools should conduct impartial investigations.

They were a sharp departure from the Obama administration’s interpretation of the law, which came in the form of unenforceable guidance documents directing schools to ramp up investigations into sexual assault complaints under the threat of losing federal funding. Scores of students who had been accused of sexual assault went on to win court cases against their colleges for violating their due process rights under the guidelines.

The Biden administration’s rules struck a balance between the Obama and Trump administration’s goals. Taken together, the regulation largely provides more flexibility for how schools conduct investigations, which advocates and schools have long lobbied for.

Catherine E. Lhamon, the head of the department’s Office for Civil Rights who also held the job under President Barack Obama, called the new rules the “most comprehensive coverage under Title IX since the regulations were first promulgated in 1975.”

They replaced a narrower definition of sex-based harassment adopted under the Trump administration with one that would include a wider range of conduct. And they reversed a requirement that schools investigate only incidents alleged to have occurred on their campuses or in their programs.

Still, some key provisions in the Trump-era rules were preserved, including one allowing informal resolutions and another prohibiting penalties against students until after an investigation.

Among the most anticipated changes was the undoing of a provision that required in-person, or so-called live hearings, in which students accused of sexual misconduct, or their lawyers, could confront and question accusers in a courtroom-like setting.

The new rules allow in-person hearings, but do not mandate them. They also require a process through which a decision maker could assess a party or witness’s credibility, including posing questions from the opposing party.

“The new regulations put an end to unfair and traumatic grievance procedures that favor harassers,” Kel O’Hara, a senior attorney at Equal Rights Advocates. “No longer will student survivors be subjected to processes that prioritize the interests of their perpetrators over their own well being and safety.”

The new rules also allow room for schools to use a “preponderance of evidence” standard, a lower burden of proof than the DeVos-era rules encouraged, through which administrators need only to determine whether it was more likely than not that sexual misconduct had occurred.

The renewed push for that standard drew criticism from legal groups who said the rule stripped away hard-won protections against flawed findings.

“When you are dealing with accusations of really one of the most heinous crimes that a person can commit — sexual assault — it’s not enough to say, ‘50 percent and a feather,’ before you brand someone guilty of this repulsive crime,” said Will Creeley, the legal director of the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression.

The changes concluded a three-year process in which the department received 240,000 public comments. The rules also strengthen protections for pregnant students, requiring accommodations such as a bigger desk or ensuring access to elevators and prohibiting exclusion from activities based on additional needs.

Title IX was designed to end discrimination based on sex in educational programs or activities at all institutions receiving federal financial assistance, beginning with sports programs and other spaces previously dominated by male students.

The effects of the original law have been pronounced. Far beyond the impact on school programs like sports teams, many educators credit Title IX with setting the stage for academic parity today. Female college students routinely outnumber male students on campus and have become more likely than men of the same age to graduate with a four-year degree.

But since its inception, Title IX has also become a powerful vehicle through which past administrations have sought to steer schools to respond to the dynamic and diverse nature of schools and universities.

While civil rights groups were disappointed that some ambiguity remains for the L.G.B.T.Q. students and their families, the new rules were widely praised for taking a stand at a time when education debates are reminiscent to the backlash after the Supreme Court ordered schools to integrate.

More than 20 states have passed laws that broadly prohibit anyone assigned male at birth from playing on girls’ and women’s sports teams or participating in scholastic athletic programs, while 10 states have laws barring transgender people from using bathrooms based on their gender identity.

“Some adults are showing up and saying, ‘I’m going to make school harder for children,” said Liz King, senior program director of the education equity program at the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights. “It’s an incredibly important rule, at an incredibly important moment.”

Schools will have to cram over the summer to implement the rules, which will require a retraining staff and overhauling procedures they implemented only four years ago.

Ted Mitchell, the president of the American Council on Education, which represents more than 1,700 colleges and universities, said in a statement that while the group welcomed the changes in the new rule, the timeline “disregards the difficulties inherent in making these changes on our nation’s campuses in such a short period of time.”

“After years of constant churn in Title IX guidance and regulations,” Mr. Mitchell said, “we hope for the sake of students and institutions that there will be more stability and consistency in the requirements going forward.”

Zach Montague is based in Washington. He covers breaking news and developments around the district. More about Zach Montague

Erica L. Green is a White House correspondent, covering President Biden and his administration. More about Erica L. Green

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Womens Weight Lifting As Sport Discriminated Against On Grounds Of Gender

The research is devoted to the study of peculiarities of perception by adolescents (by both potential weightlifters and / or future parents, who in due time will have to participate in formation of the worldview and sporting interests of their children) of one of the gender denounced kinds of sports – women’s weightlifting. The research methods are as follows: interviewing students in the form of essay and questionnaire survey, qualitative and quantitative content analysis of interview results. 184 Moscow students (67 young men and 117 young women) at the age of 17-19 took part in the interview. On the whole, the attitude of modern adolescents to women’s weightlifting can be characterised as negative. At that, young men demonstrate greater rejection of this kind of sports than young women do. Voicing their discontent with women’s weightlifting, young men operate predominantly with exclusively gender-related epithets, the considerable part of which is of discriminating nature. In case of young women, 62.9 % of negative responses are of gender-related nature, they include: “unsuitable/unacceptable kind of sports for women”, “unwomanly kind of sports”, etc. The rest 37.1 % of negative responses of young women characterize women’s weightlifting as “dangerous and harmful for health”, “complicated”, “connected with heavy physical loads”, “injury-prone”, etc. The obtained findings suggest that the role of gender stereotypes in perception of women’s weightlifting by adolescent is extremely large. It manifests itself particularly in young men. However, young women tend to establish frameworks, limiting their own freedom of choice and actions. Keywords: Women’s weightlifting gender-related stereotypes gender-related discrimination teenagers of 17 to 19

Introduction

The stereotypes have been and will remain an inseparable element of a man’s public life. As Lippmann wrote: “A social stereotype is nothing but a well arranged, schematic “image of the world” in a man’s mind determined by culture” ( Lippmann, 1922 ). The essence of human thinking is built on the principle of saving the efforts, which is why for its proper functioning a man needs simple and comprehensible, and – above all – socially approved standards and patterns ( Ryabova, 2001 ). There is nothing bad in it unless some of them become obsolete or disappear as unneeded, but live on in people’s consciousness which fails to adapt itself to the ever changing surrounding environment. Such discrepancies of the real state of things and an individual’s subjective “image of the world” often lead to undesirable consequences ( Shakhov, Damadaeva, 2011 ).

The stereotypes are exhibited in many spheres of public life. However, the stereotypes that are most widely discussed in recent years are those pertaining to gender, specifically those that are deeply embedded in culture and society with reference to personal qualities and behavioral patterns of men and women ( Burn, 1995 ; Barabanova, 2016 ).

Problem Statement

The gender stereotypes are very persistent within certain social strata, areas of activity and historic eras. Like all stereotypes, they undergo transformations as changes take place in social notions and standards ( Okulova, 2012 ).

This statement truly applies to sports where the gender factor is given much consideration while the stereotypical notions about men and women’s involvement in sports have graphically changed from the 20th through 21st centuries.

R. Harris ( 2004 ) writes that in the past, boys used to be encouraged to indulge in sports more than girls. The parents (usually fathers) urged them to watch the games on TV, play football or basketball. Not only sporting activities, but watching sports on TV has become today part of a man’s lifestyle. The lack of interest in sports casts a doubt on the masculinity and virility of a boy and a youth. The girls, on the other hand, used to be persuaded that sports are an unwomanly pursuit, a boy’s occupation.

In the last decades, however, the situation has changed dramatically as girls and women have come to be allowed to look both sports-like and sex appealing. Few wonder today watching women play football and ice hockey and even come onto the boxing ring and the wrestling tatami mat. The women have mastered weightlifting and win medals in martial arts, bodybuilding, and power lifting. Women are referees in football matches and compete with men in chess and motor racing ( Vorozhbitova, 2007 ). On the other hand, young men try their hand in the traditionally women’s sports like synchronized swimming, rhythmic and aesthetic group gymnastics ( Sudakova, 2009 ).

Despite the objective trends in the development of the world’s sporting movement, the attitude of a significant portion of the modern public to “sports unsuitable on gender-based grounds” is far from tolerant ( Damadayeva, 2010 ; Usoltseva, 2010 ; Skoblikov, Podbolotova, 2015 ). Moreover, today there are cases of psychological pressure on girls and young men pursuing “wrong sports”. V. Leontyev with co-authors in his article “Men in women’s sports” writes: “Several years ago an effort was also made to create a men’s group of synchronized swimming in Russia on the basis of Moscow’ Trud swimming pool. But after a few training sessions the group disintegrated since the boys could not bear the sneers of their comrades” ( Leontiev et al., 2017 ).

The attitude in Russia to situations in which girls pursue the so-called men’s sports, traditionally considered as an exclusively males’ prerogative, such as boxing, wrestling, football, hockey and, especially, weightlifting ( Soboleva et al., 2013 ; Volkova, Stepanova, 2016 ) is not simple. All this notwithstanding, the women’s weightlifting is a sport that has won a wide international acclaim and was included in the Olympic Games program. Seven sets of awards are competed for here, which is an essential number for any country’s rating in the total medal count of the Olympiad.

In the social situation like this, it becomes important to study the specifics of perception of sports, among them the women’s weightlifting, that are condemned on gender-based grounds.

Research Questions

This research seeks to answer the following questions: What is the attitude of modern youth to women’s weightlifting? What are the typical notions of modern youth about this sport? What is the role of gender-related stereotypes in the youth’s perception of women’s weightlifting? Are there gender-related differences in the youth’s perception of women’s weightlifting?

Purpose of the Study

The aim of the research is to study gender-related stereotypes in the teenagers’ perception of women’s weightlifting.

This research regards teenager girls as potential weightlifters since the age at which training starts in this sport corresponds to the teenage period and girls and boys as prospective parents who, in due time, will have to participate in shaping their children’s outlooks and sporting interests.

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Stepanova, O. N., Stepanova, D. P., Pirogova, A. A., & Karpov, V. Y. (2018). Womens Weight Lifting As Sport Discriminated Against On Grounds Of Gender. In I. B. Ardashkin, N. V. Martyushev, S. V. Klyagin, E. V. Barkova, A. R. Massalimova, & V. N. Syrov (Eds.), Research Paradigms Transformation in Social Sciences, vol 35. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 1325-1332). Future Academy. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.02.155

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The Comprehensive Guide to Moscow Nightlife

• Posted on April 14, 2018 July 26, 2018
• by Kings of Russia
• 8 minute read

Moscow’s nightlife scene is thriving, and arguably one of the best the world has to offer – top-notch Russian women, coupled with a never-ending list of venues, Moscow has a little bit of something for everyone’s taste. Moscow nightlife is not for the faint of heart – and if you’re coming, you better be ready to go Friday and Saturday night into the early morning.

This comprehensive guide to Moscow nightlife will run you through the nuts and bolts of all you need to know about Moscow’s nightclubs and give you a solid blueprint to operate with during your time in Moscow.

What you need to know before hitting Moscow nightclubs

Prices in moscow nightlife.

Before you head out and start gaming all the sexy Moscow girls , we have to talk money first. Bring plenty because in Moscow you can never bring a big enough bankroll. Remember, you’re the man so making a fuzz of not paying a drink here or there will not go down well.

Luckily most Moscow clubs don’t do cover fees. Some electro clubs will charge 15-20$, depending on their lineup. There’s the odd club with a minimum spend of 20-30$, which you’ll drop on drinks easily. By and large, you can scope out the venues for free, which is a big plus.

Bottle service is a great deal in Moscow. At top-tier clubs, it starts at 1,000$. That’ll go a long way with premium vodka at 250$, especially if you have three or four guys chipping in. Not to mention that it’s a massive status boost for getting girls, especially at high-end clubs.

Without bottle service, you should estimate a budget of 100-150$ per night. That is if you drink a lot and hit the top clubs with the hottest girls. Scale down for less alcohol and more basic places.

Dress code & Face control

Door policy in Moscow is called “face control” and it’s always the guy behind the two gorillas that gives the green light if you’re in or out.

In Moscow nightlife there’s only one rule when it comes to dress codes:

You can never be underdressed.

People dress A LOT sharper than, say, in the US and that goes for both sexes. For high-end clubs, you definitely want to roll with a sharp blazer and a pocket square, not to mention dress shoes in tip-top condition. Those are the minimum requirements to level the playing field vis a vis with other sharply dressed guys that have a lot more money than you do. Unless you plan to hit explicit electro or underground clubs, which have their own dress code, you are always on the money with that style.

Getting in a Moscow club isn’t as hard as it seems: dress sharp, speak English at the door and look like you’re in the mood to spend all that money that you supposedly have (even if you don’t). That will open almost any door in Moscow’s nightlife for you.

Types of Moscow Nightclubs

In Moscow there are four types of clubs with the accompanying female clientele:

High-end clubs:

These are often crossovers between restaurants and clubs with lots of tables and very little space to dance. Heavy accent on bottle service most of the time but you can work the room from the bar as well. The hottest and most expensive girls in Moscow go there. Bring deep pockets and lots of self-confidence and you have a shot at swooping them.

Regular Mid-level clubs:

They probably resemble more what you’re used to in a nightclub: big dancefloors, stages and more space to roam around. Bottle service will make you stand out more but you can also do well without. You can find all types of girls but most will be in the 6-8 range. Your targets should always be the girls drinking and ideally in pairs. It’s impossible not to swoop if your game is at least half-decent.

Basic clubs/dive bars:

Usually spots with very cheap booze and lax face control. If you’re dressed too sharp and speak no Russian, you might attract the wrong type of attention so be vigilant. If you know the local scene you can swoop 6s and 7s almost at will. Usually students and girls from the suburbs.

Electro/underground clubs:

Home of the hipsters and creatives. Parties there don’t mean meeting girls and getting drunk but doing pills and spacing out to the music. Lots of attractive hipster girls if that is your niche. That is its own scene with a different dress code as well.

What time to go out in Moscow

Moscow nightlife starts late. Don’t show up at bars and preparty spots before 11pm because you’ll feel fairly alone. Peak time is between 1am and 3am. That is also the time of Moscow nightlife’s biggest nuisance: concerts by artists you won’t know and who only distract your girls from drinking and being gamed. From 4am to 6am the regular clubs are emptying out but plenty of people, women included, still hit up one of the many afterparty clubs. Those last till well past 10am.

As far as days go: Fridays and Saturdays are peak days. Thursday is an OK day, all other days are fairly weak and you have to know the right venues.

The Ultimate Moscow Nightclub List

Short disclaimer: I didn’t add basic and electro clubs since you’re coming for the girls, not for the music. This list will give you more options than you’ll be able to handle on a weekend.

Preparty – start here at 11PM

Classic restaurant club with lots of tables and a smallish bar and dancefloor. Come here between 11pm and 12am when the concert is over and they start with the actual party. Even early in the night tons of sexy women here, who lean slightly older (25 and up).

The second floor of the Ugolek restaurant is an extra bar with dim lights and house music tunes. Very small and cozy with a slight hipster vibe but generally draws plenty of attractive women too. A bit slower vibe than Valenok.

Very cool, spread-out venue that has a modern library theme. Not always full with people but when it is, it’s brimming with top-tier women. Slow vibe here and better for grabbing contacts and moving on.

High-end: err on the side of being too early rather than too late because of face control.

Secret Room

Probably the top venue at the moment in Moscow . Very small but wildly popular club, which is crammed with tables but always packed. They do parties on Thursdays and Sundays as well. This club has a hip-hop/high-end theme, meaning most girls are gold diggers, IG models, and tattooed hip hop chicks. Very unfavorable logistics because there is almost no room no move inside the club but the party vibe makes it worth it. Strict face control.

Close to Secret Room and with a much more favorable and spacious three-part layout. This place attracts very hot women but also lots of ball busters and fakes that will leave you blue-balled. Come early because after 4am it starts getting empty fast. Electronic music.

A slightly kitsch restaurant club that plays Russian pop and is full of gold diggers, semi-pros, and men from the Caucasus republics. Thursday is the strongest night but that dynamic might be changing since Secret Room opened its doors. You can swoop here but it will be a struggle.

Mid-level: your sweet spot in terms of ease and attractiveness of girls for an average budget.

Started going downwards in 2018 due to lax face control and this might get even worse with the World Cup. In terms of layout one of the best Moscow nightclubs because it’s very big and bottle service gives you a good edge here. Still attracts lots of cute girls with loose morals but plenty of provincial girls (and guys) as well. Swooping is fairly easy here.

I haven’t been at this place in over a year, ever since it started becoming ground zero for drunken teenagers. Similar clientele to Icon but less chic, younger and drunker. Decent mainstream music that attracts plenty of tourists. Girls are easy here as well.

Sort of a Coyote Ugly (the real one in Moscow sucks) with party music and lots of drunken people licking each others’ faces. Very entertaining with the right amount of alcohol and very easy to pull in there. Don’t think about staying sober in here, you’ll hate it.

Artel Bessonitsa/Shakti Terrace

Electronic music club that is sort of a high-end place with an underground clientele and located between the teenager clubs Icon and Gipsy. Very good music but a bit all over the place with their vibe and their branding. You can swoop almost any type of girl here from high-heeled beauty to coked-up hipsters, provided they’re not too sober.

Afterparty: if by 5AM  you haven’t pulled, it’s time to move here.

Best afterparty spot in terms of trying to get girls. Pretty much no one is sober in there and savage gorilla game goes a long way. Lots of very hot and slutty-looking girls but it can be hard to tell apart who is looking for dick and who is just on drugs but not interested. If by 9-10am you haven’t pulled, it is probably better to surrender.

The hipster alternative for afterparties, where even more drugs are in play. Plenty of attractive girls there but you have to know how to work this type of club. A nicer atmosphere and better music but if you’re desperate to pull, you’ll probably go to Miks.

Weekday jokers: if you’re on the hunt for some sexy Russian girls during the week, here are two tips to make your life easier.

Chesterfield

Ladies night on Wednesdays means this place gets pretty packed with smashed teenagers and 6s and 7s. Don’t pull out the three-piece suit in here because it’s a “simpler” crowd. Definitely your best shot on Wednesdays.

If you haven’t pulled at Chesterfield, you can throw a Hail Mary and hit up Garage’s Black Music Wednesdays. Fills up really late but there are some cute Black Music groupies in here. Very small club. Thursday through Saturday they do afterparties and you have an excellent shot and swooping girls that are probably high.

Shishas Sferum

This is pretty much your only shot on Mondays and Tuesdays because they offer free or almost free drinks for women. A fairly low-class club where you should watch your drinks. As always the case in Moscow, there will be cute girls here on any day of the week but it’s nowhere near as good as on the weekend.

In a nutshell, that is all you need to know about where to meet Moscow girls in nightlife. There are tons of options, and it all depends on what best fits your style, based on the type of girls that you’re looking for.

Related Topics

• moscow girls
• moscow nightlife

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