culture of jammu and kashmir essay in english

Essay on Jammu and Kashmir- 10 Lines, 100, 500, 1000 Words

Essay on Jammu and Kashmir in English: Embark on a comprehensive journey through the captivating landscape and intricate cultural tapestry of Jammu and Kashmir in this enlightening Essay on Jammu and Kashmir.

Explore the region’s rich history, diverse traditions, and the complex socio-political landscape that defines one of India’s most picturesque yet contested territories. Unveil the beauty of its landscapes, delve into the uniqueness of its arts and crafts, and gain insights into the challenges and aspirations that shape the identity of Jammu and Kashmir.

Short Essay on Jammu and Kashmir in 100 Words

Table of Contents

Essay on Jammu and Kashmir in English in 10 Lines

“Delve into the diverse tapestry of Jammu and Kashmir in this insightful essay in English , exploring its rich history, cultural heritage, and the complexities that define its unique identity.”

Jammu and Kashmir, often referred to as “Paradise on Earth,” is a union territory in northern India.
Renowned for its breathtaking landscapes, it encompasses the snowy peaks of the Himalayas and the scenic Dal Lake.
The region has a diverse cultural heritage, influenced by Hindu, Muslim, and Buddhist traditions.
Jammu, known for its temples, serves as a hub for pilgrimage tourism.
Srinagar, the summer capital, is famous for its houseboats, gardens, and traditional handicrafts.
The state’s history is complex, marked by geopolitical disputes and conflicts.
Article 370, granting autonomy, was revoked in 2019, transforming Jammu and Kashmir into a union territory.
The decision sparked debates over regional autonomy, security concerns, and the future of the region.
Despite challenges, efforts continue to restore peace and promote economic development.
Jammu and Kashmir remain a captivating blend of natural beauty, cultural richness, and ongoing socio-political dynamics.

Essay on Jammu and Kashmir in 100 Words – Short Essay

“Explore the multifaceted identity of Jammu and Kashmir in this concise essay, delving into its captivating landscapes, diverse cultural heritage, and the complexities that shape its unique socio-political landscape.”

Jammu and Kashmir, a union territory in northern India, is renowned for its breathtaking landscapes and diverse cultural heritage. The region, often called “Paradise on Earth,” boasts snow-capped Himalayan peaks and the picturesque Dal Lake.

Jammu, a hub of temples, contrasts with Srinagar, the summer capital known for houseboats and traditional crafts. The area’s history is complex, marked by geopolitical disputes and conflicts.

The revocation of Article 370 in 2019 transformed it into a union territory, sparking debates on autonomy and security. Despite challenges, efforts persist to restore peace and foster economic development in this captivating blend of natural beauty and cultural richness.

Essay on Jammu and Kashmir in 500 Words in English

“Embark on a comprehensive exploration of Jammu and Kashmir’s rich history, diverse culture, scenic beauty, and complex geopolitical landscape in this illuminating 500-word Essay on Jammu and Kashmir.”

Jammu and Kashmir, a union territory located in the northern part of India, is a region of immense geographical diversity and cultural richness. Nestled amidst the towering peaks of the Himalayas, this land is often referred to as “Paradise on Earth” for its breathtaking landscapes. The state, before its reorganization in 2019, comprised three distinct regions: Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh.

Jammu, known for its temples and vibrant festivals, reflects a predominantly Hindu cultural influence. The Vaishno Devi shrine, a sacred Hindu pilgrimage site, attracts millions of devotees annually. The region’s topography transitions from the Shivalik foothills to the plains, offering a varied and picturesque landscape.

Kashmir, with its picturesque valleys, lakes, and gardens, is an epitome of natural beauty. Srinagar, the summer capital, is renowned for its houseboats on Dal Lake and Mughal gardens like Shalimar Bagh and Nishat Bagh. The cultural tapestry of Kashmir is a blend of Hindu and Muslim traditions, evident in its handicrafts, traditional attire, and festivals.

Ladakh, the eastern part of the region, is a high-altitude desert known for its stark beauty and Buddhist monasteries. The monastic festivals, such as Hemis Festival, offer a glimpse into Ladakh’s rich cultural heritage. The region’s strategic importance is highlighted by its proximity to the borders of China and Pakistan.

The history of Jammu and Kashmir is marked by complexity, geopolitical significance, and territorial disputes. During the partition of British India in 1947, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir acceded to India, leading to conflicts with Pakistan. The Line of Control, established after several wars between India and Pakistan, divides the region into areas administered by both nations.

In 2019, the Indian government undertook a historic decision by abrogating Article 370, which granted special autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir. This move transformed the state into two separate union territories: Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh. The decision was met with varied reactions, sparking discussions on regional autonomy, security concerns, and the political future of the region.

Challenges faced by Jammu and Kashmir include security concerns, economic development, and political stability. Insurgency and conflict have impacted the lives of the residents, necessitating efforts for lasting peace and reconciliation. The tourism potential of the region, with its natural beauty and cultural heritage, remains immense. Sustainable tourism initiatives aim to showcase the region’s splendor while preserving its ecological and cultural integrity.

The cultural heritage of Jammu and Kashmir is reflected in its traditional arts and crafts. Pashmina shawls, Kashmiri carpets, and intricate handicrafts are not only economic contributors but also symbols of the region’s artistic prowess. Efforts to promote these crafts globally contribute to the local economy.

Ongoing reconciliation efforts include dialogue, economic development, and outreach programs to address grievances and foster inclusivity among the diverse communities. Despite the challenges, the people of Jammu and Kashmir aspire to see their homeland thrive in peace, prosperity, and cultural harmony, embodying the true essence of the “Paradise on Earth.” The region remains an integral part of India’s narrative, blending a complex history with an enduring spirit for a brighter future.

1000 Words Essay on Jammu and Kashmir

“Embark on an extensive exploration of Jammu and Kashmir’s multifaceted identity, encompassing its rich history, cultural diversity, geographical splendor, and the socio-political dynamics that have shaped this captivating region, in this enlightening 1000-word essay.”

Introduction: A Land of Enchanting Diversity

Jammu and Kashmir, often referred to as the “Crown of India,” is a region of unparalleled beauty and complexity. Nestled in the northernmost part of the country, this union territory is characterized by breathtaking landscapes, rich cultural diversity, and a history marked by geopolitical intricacies.

Geography and Landscape – Nature’s Masterpiece

The geographical diversity of Jammu and Kashmir is a testament to nature’s grandeur. From the snow-capped peaks of the Himalayas to the serene valleys and pristine lakes, the region is a visual spectacle. The iconic Dal Lake in Srinagar, surrounded by houseboats and Mughal gardens, epitomizes the region’s picturesque charm.

Cultural Tapestry – A Melting Pot of Traditions

Jammu and Kashmir’s cultural fabric is woven with threads from Hindu, Muslim, and Buddhist traditions. The coexistence of diverse communities contributes to a rich and harmonious cultural mosaic. The vibrant Hindu influence in Jammu, the Kashmiri Muslim traditions in Srinagar, and the Buddhist heritage in Ladakh collectively create a cultural tapestry unique to the region.

Historical Significance – Complex Narratives

The history of Jammu and Kashmir is a complex narrative shaped by a confluence of events. The princely state’s accession to India post-independence sparked territorial disputes with Pakistan, leading to wars and conflicts. The Line of Control, established after Indo-Pak wars, delineates areas administered by the two nations, adding another layer of complexity to the historical context.

Article 370 and Change in Status – A Historic Transformation

In 2019, a historic decision reverberated through the region when the Indian government abrogated Article 370, thereby revoking Jammu and Kashmir’s special autonomy. The move was accompanied by the bifurcation of the state into two union territories: Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh. This decision stirred debates on regional autonomy, security concerns, and the political trajectory of the region.

Challenges and Aspirations – Navigating Complex Realities

Jammu and Kashmir faces an array of challenges encompassing security concerns, economic development, and political stability. The region has witnessed conflicts and insurgency, impacting the lives of its residents. Ongoing efforts seek to address these challenges, with a focus on restoring peace, promoting tourism, and fostering economic growth.

Cultural Heritage and Handicrafts – Artistry Beyond Boundaries

The region’s cultural heritage finds expression in its traditional arts and crafts. Pashmina shawls, Kashmiri carpets, and intricate handicrafts not only reflect the artistic prowess of the region but also contribute significantly to the local economy. These crafts serve as cultural ambassadors, attracting admirers from around the world.

Tourism Potential – Beyond the Obvious

Jammu and Kashmir’s tourism potential is immense, drawing visitors with its natural beauty, historical sites, and cultural richness. Sustainable tourism initiatives aim to showcase the region’s splendor while preserving its ecological and cultural integrity. Despite the challenges, the allure of the region remains undiminished.

Ongoing Reconciliation Efforts – Nurturing Peaceful Coexistence

Reconciliation efforts play a pivotal role in the region’s journey toward lasting peace. Dialogue, economic development, and outreach programs seek to address grievances and foster a sense of inclusivity and belonging among the diverse communities that call Jammu and Kashmir home.

Conclusion: Jammu and Kashmir – Balancing Beauty and Complexity

In conclusion, Essay on Jammu and Kashmir emerges as a region that seamlessly balances its enchanting natural beauty with the complexities of its historical, cultural, and political landscape. From the towering peaks of the Himalayas to the shores of Dal Lake, every facet of the region tells a story of resilience, diversity, and an enduring spirit that navigates through challenges to carve a path toward a brighter future. The region, with its multifaceted identity, remains an integral part of India’s narrative, inviting exploration, understanding, and an appreciation for the delicate dance between beauty and complexity.

The Essay on Jammu and Kashmir delves into Jammu and Kashmir’s captivating blend of natural splendor, cultural richness, and geopolitical intricacies. From the Himalayan peaks to the serene Dal Lake, the region’s beauty intertwines with a complex history and diverse traditions.

As Jammu and Kashmir navigates challenges and aspirations, it stands as a testament to resilience. The multifaceted tapestry of this union territory invites exploration, fostering an appreciation for its unique identity in the vast landscape of India.

Related Essays

Essay on Modern Indian Woman – 100, 500, 1000 Words, 10 Lines

Essay on Future of English in India – 10 Lines, 500 & 1000 Words

Essay on Bhai Dooj – 10 Lines, 100, 500, 1000 Words

Essay About Ooty – 10 Lines, 500 & 1000 Words

Draupadi Murmu Essay – 10 Lines, 100, 500, 1000 Words

Computer Essay – Short Essay, 10 Lines, 500 & 1000 Words

Culture of Kashmir : Exploring the Vibrant Tradition, Art, Music, Food and Festivals

Culture of Indian States
Indian Culture

Kashmiri people and origin, traditional dresses of jammu & kashmir, dance and music of kashmir, kashmiri cuisine, festivals of kashmir, arts and crafts of kashmir, architecture of kashmir, tourism of kashmir, languages of kashmir, occupations of kashmir, religions in kashmir.

The rich and fascinating culture of Kashmir is famous throughout the globe. The people, arts, crafts, theatre, literature, dances, music and so much more greatly contribute to the height of the Kashmiri Culture. Furthermore, known for its diversity due to the blend of various cultures and religions there. Its rich history is the cherry on top that only adds to the aura of the place.

The inhabitants of Kashmir are commonly referred to as Kashmiris who are ethnically linguistic faction. The indigenous populace of Kashmir usually lives in crowds in the areas of Pakistan, Northern Punjab, and Potohar. The influences of the Sanskrit dialect can be noticed in their local speech as you travel to different parts of Kashmir. The culture also seems to be heavily impacted by Central Asian and Persian beliefs. The various aspects of the culture of Kashmir as discussed below form an important part of the Kashmiri ethos. Kashmiri culture is predominantly practiced by the populace who live in the Kashmir and Dodab valleys. Furthermore, the valley is renowned for its fine arts, consisting of customarily indigenous boats/houseboats, handicrafts, and literature.

A specialty of Kashmir has to be the vibrant costumes of the region. The women of Kashmir look gorgeous dressed in traditional clothing paired off with exquisite jewelry such as necklaces, armlets, earrings as well as nose rings. Furthermore, they also wear loose salwar kameez to escape the summer heat. On the other hand, men wear kurta pajamas, shalwars, and skullcaps. During the winter, the people look elegant in Pheran which is a long overcoat that is beautifully ornamented with patches and embroidery work. The fabric they wear largely depends on the weather and they ordinarily wear loose gowns. Additionally, men and women also wear skullcaps and headgear respectively. Women generally cover both their shoulders and head out of respect for elders. These traditional dresses of Kashmir truly represent the breathtaking culture of the region.

When talking about the dance and harmonies of Kashmir , the words that come to mind are elegant and magnificent. The joyous festivals there are marked by, of course, music and dance which even attracts the tourists to join in on the excitement. Throughout the region of Kashmir, a wide range of dance forms can be witnessed that are executed based upon the occasion that they mark, for instance, a prominent dance form here is the infamous Mask dance that is executed on the occasion of the Hemis Festival , a popular festival of Kashmir. Another allure of these dances is the bright and vibrant attire paired off with truly exquisite jewelry. Some other prominent dances of the place are Chakri, Rouf, Bhand Pather, Hafiza, Kud, and Bacha Nagma. The folk music of Kashmir will force anyone to start tapping their feet, especially to the lively Rabab Music. Apart from that, instrumental music is quite prevalent in Kashmir and therefore common melodies that can be heard are the Sitar, Dumru, and Nagara. Apart from that, the music that accompanies festive occasions such as celebrations, parties, and weddings is mainly Wanwun, Ghazals, Choral as well as Sufi.

Kashmir offers truly delicious cuisine that includes both vegetarian and non-vegetarian delicacies for this is a place that caters to all and these delicious dishes will leave you wanting more. Some infamous non-vegetarian dishes are the Kashmiri Kebab, Pasanda, Syun Alu, Yakhni, and Methi Keema and therefore it’s every meat-lover’s delight. But vegetarians need not worry because there are myriad dishes available for them, such as Rajmah, Shree Pulao, Ladyar Tsaman, and Nadir Yakhaen. These flavorful dishes are prepared by utilizing fresh vegetables and paneer, to make it all the more delicious. Kashmir is an amazing destination for anyone like me who loves desserts. You absolutely must try out delicacies such as sevaiyaan, phirni, barfi, Kashmiri Aloo Dum and many more that will truly make your day. Kashmiris are known for their hospitality and they greet their guests with some refreshing hot tea and Kahwa. Another dish that is a staple to the household of Kashmir is its very own pulao. Additionally, Hak or Karam is a dish that is a favorite in the region and is specially prepared during cold winter evenings to provide warmth.

Suggested Read – Traditional Kashmiri Food – Soulful Delicacies from Mesmerising Mountains

The culturally rich Kashmir is a land of festivals where everyone comes together and celebrates with zeal and enthusiasm. It’s well-known that Jammu and Kashmir possess an exemplary heritage and culture which is beautifully brought out by the festivals of the region. Eid-ul-Fitr, Lohri, Tulip Festival, Holi, Shikara Festival, Hemis festival, Gurez Festival, and Sindu Darshan are few festivals here that are celebrated with the utmost fervor. These festivals customarily mark an auspicious occasion and have their origins in mythology. These festivals are a must to attend because of their joyous nature, everywhere around you, you can observe the native inhabitants dancing, singing, eating delicious cuisine with their family dressed in traditional clothing, and tourists shopping for handicrafts. Furthermore, Bahu Mela, Jhiri Mela, and Craft, and many more are great to encompass the beauty of the local culture.

Kashmir is a prominent center for mesmerizing arts and crafts with its handicrafts industry particularly blossoming. Kashmir is practically synonymous with pashmina shawls that are well-known for their texture and amazing quality. They are particularly renowned for their softness and the warmth they provide. These shawls are furthermore a symbol of royalty. Another prominent craft of Kashmir is the hand-knotted rugs as well as wool rugs that possess floral patterns. Additionally, some lovely handicrafts of Kashmir include paper mache, wicker, carved walnut furniture, and silverware. The government of Kashmir has also invested in the arts and crafts of the place for they serve as a major tourist attraction. If one ever visits Kashmir, one simply must buy the intricate handicrafts as a souvenir.

Suggested Read – Kashmiri Handicrafts – Finest Crafts from the People of Paradise on Earth

The Jhelum River was the only means of transport initially which resulted in the creation of ghats as a transport landing point and a range of residences with wooden balconies and complex gridwork evolved along the canals and riverfronts.

Because the economy of Kashmir is largely dependent on agriculture and the combined activities, the cities, especially Srinagar, never had the wealth to undertake a significant urban reconstruction. Therefore, the image of the towns of Kashmir remains the same as they were 300 years ago, and the wood constructions with roofing are reminiscent of the medieval European towns that live in culture and customs while maintaining the essence of ancient Kashmir for generations.

The traditional buildings are of two sorts, based on the plan- square plan and linear plan with windows on both sides, as the symmetry is the main principle for earthquake-resistance structures and the arrangement of the function within. Each residence has a Zoon Dub or a roof-top balcony to view the moon (zoon). The balconies and wing panels are designed like jhumkas and have magnificent Pinjera Kari works. The roofs of interiors have khatamband woodwork, faux ceilings with intertwined geometric shapes of Persian arts and consist of walnuts or deodars with apparent carpentry.

Traditional dwellings in Kashmir are separated into two categories: Taq building and Dhajji Dewari. Dhajji Dewari is made of wooden frames and trusses filled with flat stones and bricks and is carefully packed into gaps of mud or lime mortar with stone flowers in the remaining gaps. Taq is another method of building which in Srinagar is widespread. A Taq building can stand an earthquake and is high on numerous floors. The walls consist of a combination of scrap metal and brick or sun-dried bricks placed in thick mud mortars at regular intervals with load-bearing piers.

As technology has progressed, Kashmir’s lifestyle has also evolved, architecture has also changed. Their dwellings are currently created using advanced technology and cement substitutes for mud and iron for wood. The traditional construction skills are decreasing and non-indigenous cement constructions are being replaced. The traditional shrines, such as the Naqschband Saheb, Dastgir Sahib, etc., are unique examples of vernacular architecture in Kashmir. Most heritage buildings were turned into government offices and other structures were demolished totally, such as the 150 years old Maharaj Gunj dispensary which was classified as a heritage building by the Department of Archives, Archeology and Museum.

In Jammu and Kashmir, one can never run out of locations to explore. The region is full of scenic views, wonderful flora, magnificent architecture. There are picturesque homestays and eco-friendly resorts to select from. Those with a thrilling mind will find a multiplicity of activities that await them. Finally, the countless religious sanctuaries show tourists the road to calm and tranquillity, if they are spiritually inclined.

The Himalayas are famous for their natural beauty and their gentleness, with their Pir Panjal and Karakoram mountains. The most stunning mountain peaks, glaciers, wonderful monasteries, blue lakes, rivers, woods, green wilderness, and high pine trees are all around Jammu and Kashmir. Amarnath and Vaishno Devi draw a significant number of pilgrims each year since sports like skiing, golfing, trekking, river rafting, paragliding and camping are all about the journey to Jammu and Kashmir. Some of the state’s notable attractions are Dal Lake, Kashmir Valley, Khardung La Pass, Gulmarg, Shalimar Bagh. In their memories, one will always remember the incomparable beauty and attractiveness of the state and the amicability of its people.

Suggested Read – 7 Best Places in Kashmir – Paradise on Earth You Can’t Miss to Visit

Kashmiri, Dogri, Hindi, English, and Urdu are the official languages of Jammu and Kashmir.

Kashmiri, with about 9 million speakers is the most widely spoken language in all of J&K. The Dardic language is also one of 22 scheduled languages according to the Indian Constitution and is the only Dardic language that has the status of an official language. In the valley of Chenab, it is the most common language. Kashmiri also has a major influence of Persian especially in vocabulary while being among the most conservative Indo-Aryan languages.

Gilgiti, Kohistani Shina, Guresi, Drassi and Broksat belong to the dialects of Shina. In much of Gilgit-Baltistan Khowar is spoken.

The most diverse groups of languages are the Pahari languages spoken throughout the entire J&K region. Pahari is a collective name given by outsiders because speakers of these languages are generally located in largely hilly parts of the country. These languages are locally known by a variety of dialects. Bhaderwahi, Padri, Ponchi, Mirpuri, Parmi or Pahari (Karnah) are several different Pahari languages.

Tibetan languages are languages that belong to the Sino-Tibetan family. J&K speaks many Tibetan languages and falls within the Balti-Ladakhi category or the ancient western Tibetan. Ladakhi or Bhoti or Bodhi, Balti, Purgi and Zangskari are among these.

Dogri has about three million speakers. It is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the plains of Jammu or in Duggerdesh, in the J&K region. Jammu city has a Dogra majority, the second biggest city in the whole of J&K. Unfortunately, the language has declined considerably despite its official position.

Two languages of the Iranian language family, Pashto and Wakhi (Gilgit-Baltistan), are spoken in J&K.

In scattered areas, Gojri is spoken across J&K. It’s mainly spoken by Bakerwals and Gujjar. Many Gujjars, however, do not all speak Gojri as local languages but identify and embrace the Gojri culture.

The Kashmir valley and Pakistan governed Kashmir speak and understand Urdu. Urdu was acknowledged in 1889 as J&K’s state and official language. For around three centuries, before Urdu, Persian was Kashmir’s official language. The land, revenue, courts and even FIRs in Urdu are recorded on all official records in Kashmir.

Most of the Jammu and Kashmir people are mostly occupied by agriculture. Jammu and Kashmir also are the country’s largest fruit producers, because its soil is highly fertile and compatible with fruit growing, such as apples, apricots, cherries and nuts, almonds and walnuts. The Kashmir valley is the sole saffron-producing location in the country. Most farmers participate both in sericulture and in supplementary revenues. Many people participate in the tourism sector since there are a lot of stunning tourist locations.

In various sections of Jammu and Kashmir, three main faiths are visibly prevalent. Islam obviously dominates the Kashmir Valley in terms of the entire population and thus the valley is full of Muslim inhabitants. Besides that, Hinduism and Buddhism also form major parts of Kashmir’s religions. Buddhist adherents live in Jammu and Kashmir’s Ladakh district.

The culture of Kashmir deserves true admiration and the traditions of the region as well its various specialties reflect the beautiful culture of Kashmir and we must do our best to preserve it. Don’t forget to comment below about your favorite part of Kashmir!

Image credits: The copyright for the images used in this article belong to their respective owners. Best known credits are given under the image. For changing the image credit or to get the image removed from Caleidoscope, please contact us.

Thank you so much you explained Kashmir culture very well. but I am Kashmirian, but I guess these all cultures just limited to Jammu and Kashmir. We in Pakistani governed Kashmir can’t speak or understand Kashmiri and we don’t have special dress,arcitucture,language or cuisines. It’s really bad for us.

INSPIRING READS

Onam festival – the harbinger of joy, kerala sadya: a must try culinary wonder of malayali culture, sweet dishes of kerala: unique sweet delights from god’s own country, timeless traditional utensils of india that are still in use, kavad art: tales unfolded in traditional art form of rajasthan, a beginners’ guide to diy ganesh chaturthi decoration at home, trending topics.

© Caleidoscope - 2024

How It Works

Tell us details of your holiday plan.
After you submit the form, one of our travel experts will get back to you with customised holiday package based on your requirement, within 24 hours.
Grab the deal and start packing your bags for an indelible holiday with Tour My India.

Call Us for details

+91-9212777225

Request a quote.

culture of jammu and kashmir essay in english

Himachal Pradesh
Uttarakhand
Uttarpradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra
Madhya Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Jammu and Kashmir
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Daman and Diu
Hill Station
Yoga and Ayurveda
Motor Biking
Peak Climbing
Mountain Biking
River Rafting
Horse Safari
Camel Safari
Jeep Safari
Christianity
Jammu & Kashmir
Heritage Tours
Ayurveda Tours
Special Interest
Golden Triangle Tour
Classical India Tour
Golden Triangle with Tiger Tour
Sikkim Darjeeling Tour
Frozen River Trek
Palace on Wheels
Heritage on Wheels
Maharaja Express
Royal Rajasthan on Wheels
Buddhist Circuit Train
Indian Wildlife Tour
Temple Trails Tour India
Buddhist Circuit Tours
Himalayan Wonder
Chadar Trek
Chopta - Chandrashila Trek
Snow Leopard
Dzongri Goecha La Trek
Agra Hotels
Jaipur Hotels
Udaipur Hotels
Manali Hotels
Ladakh Hotels
Ranthambore National Park
Bandhavgarh National Park
Corbett National Park
Kanha National Park
Pench National Park
Tadoba National Park
The Park Calangute
Neelam the Grand
Hotel Calangute Towers
Alor Holiday Resort
Lazy Lagoon Sarovar Portico Suites
Aman-i-Khas, Ranthambore
Hyatt, Bangalore
Hyatt Regency, Delhi
Leela Palace, Udaipur
ITC Grand Chola, Chennai
Weekend Getaways Delhi
Weekend Getaways Mumbai
Weekend Getaways Chennai
Weekend Getaways Bangalore
Weekend Getaways Nagpur
Weekend Getaways Hyderabad
Weekend Getaways Cochin
Weekend Getaways Chandigarh
Weekend Getaways Ahmedabad
Weekend Getaways Pune
Weekend Getaways Jaipur
Destinantion Weddings

Medical Tourism

India tours, international tours, destination wedding.

Plan Your trip

Jammu & Kashmir
Brief Introduction

Jammu and Kashmir Information

Brief Introduction of Jammu & Kashmir

Jammu & Kashmir is a newly created Union Territory in India consisting of two divisions: Jammu Division & Kashmir Division, both of which are administered by the Central Government of India. It is located to the north of Himachal Pradesh & Punjab and to the west of Ladakh. Jammu is known as the City of Temples & offers plentiful sightseeing opportunities with its gardens, palaces, forts & religious attractions, the most famous of which is Mata Vaishno Devi in Katra. Kashmir Valley is famous for its meadows, lakes, high altitude passes, hill stations, Mughal Gardens, Dal Lake, Shikara Ride & ancient religious sites.

Best Selling Tour Packages

4 Nights - 5 Days

Jewells of Kashmir

9 Nights - 10 Days

Kashmir Tour Package

8 Nights - 9 Days

Joyfull Kashmir

5 Nights - 6 Days

Best of Kashmir

6 Nights - 7 Days

Kashmir Honeymoon Tour

7 Nights - 8 Days

Magical Kashmir

Romantic Kashmir Tour

Delight of Kashmir

History of jammu & kashmir.

Among the many interesting facts about Jammu and Kashmir, one is that it was a princely state during the rule of the British East India Company & the British Raj from 1846 to 1947. The princely state was formed after the 1st Anglo Sikh War. During the Partition of India & its political integration, Hari Singh, the Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir, delayed his decision regarding integration with India.

However, on 26th October, 1947, the Maharaja acceded to India in return for military aid during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1947-48 by signing the Instrument of Accession. That was how Jammu and Kashmir came to be a part of India. Article 370, which gave special status to Jammu & Kashmir, a separate constitution, state flag & autonomy over its internal administration, was incorporated into the Constitution.

A new chapter in the history of Jammu & Kashmir was added on 6th August, 2019, when the Government of India removed Article 370 and consequently, the special status of Jammu & Kashmir. It also passed the Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Act, which created 2 Union Territories - Jammu & Kashmir in the west & Ladakh in the East. There are now 3 administrative divisions: Jammu Division, Kashmir Division & Ladakh.

Population of Jammu & Kashmir

According to the latest census conducted in 2011, the population in Jammu is 5.04 lakhs, while the population in Kashmir Valley is 69.1 lakhs.

Climate of Jammu & Kashmir

The climate of Jammu Region is different from Kashmir Valley, even though they receive three seasons: summer, monsoon & winter.

Summer Season: Summer in Jammu starts from March & continues till May, with the temperature ranging between 35°C going as high as 45°C. Summer in Kashmir Valley starts from May and lasts till August, with the temperature ranging between 14°C to 30°C.
Monsoon Season: Monsoon in Jammu starts from June & lasts till September, with the temperature ranging between 32°C to 35°C. The rainfall causes a sharp increase in the humidity levels. In Kashmir Valley, monsoon starts from July & lasts till August, with the temperature ranging from 13°C to 17°C.
Winter Season: Winter in Jammu & Kashmir starts from October & lasts till February. While it gets quite cold in both Jammu Region & Kashmir Valley during winters, it gets much more colder in Kashmir Valley, with the temperature dropping as low as -2°C.

The temperature in Kashmir Valley ranges between -2°C to 10°C. In Jammu, the temperature in winter ranges between 4°C to 12°C, and is known as the “Winter Capital of Jammu & Kashmir”, since it offers an escape from the freezing temperatures of Kashmir Valley.

Religion of Jammu & Kashmir

The major religion of Jammu Region is Hinduism, and it is home to important Hindu pilgrimage sites, including the famous Mata Vaishno Devi Temple in Katra.

In Kashmir Valley, Islam is practised by the majority of people. Amarnath Cave, a major Hindu Pilgrimage Site, is located about 141 kilometers from Srinagar.

District of Jammu & Kashmir

Districts in Jammu Region: There are 10 districts in Jammu Region. These are Kathua, Jammu, Samba, Udhampur, Reasi, Rajouri, Poonch, Doda, Ramban & Kishtwar.
Districts in Kashmir Region: Kashmir Valley Region consists of 10 districts, which are Anantnag, Kulgam, Pulwama, Shopian, Budgam, Srinagar, Ganderbal, Bandipora, Baramulla & Kupwara.

Literacy Rate in Jammu and Kashmir

As per the Census 2011 (the last census conducted in India), Jammu & Kashmir has a literacy rate of 67.16%. Male literacy is 76.75%, while female literacy rate is 56.43%.

Lifestyle of Jammu & Kashmir People

The lifestyle of the Jammu people is not very different from the rest of the people of India. They are deeply religious, and value their culture heritage a lot. Religion plays a central role in their lives, and regularly visit the numerous temples scattered around the city.

Both men & women can be seen in modern as well as traditional attire. The majority of the Jammu people speak Dogri, Gojri, Pahadi, Kashmiri, Hindi, Punjabi & Urdu.

In the Kashmir Valley, people follow a traditional lifestyle, while accommodating the modern influences to a certain extent. Historically, Central Asian & Persian influences on Kashmir have been quite strong.

The traditional dress of the people here is Pheran & Poots, which is worn by both men and women. Along with this, Mughal style turbans, headgear, taranga belt of pashmina & coloured scarf are also worn by the people. The principal languages spoken are Kashmiri & Urdu.

Source of Economy

One of the sources of economy in Jammu are a number of small industries in Jammu that produce a variety of items like electronic goods and carpets. Tourism also contributes in a big way to the economy of Jammu, since it is dotted with cultural, historical & spiritual sites.

Some of the most famous are Bahu Fort, Raghunath Temple, Mubarak Mandi Palace, Bagh-e-Bahu Garden & one of the most visited Hindu pilgrimage places in India, the Mata Vaishno Devi Temple in Katra.

The primary source of revenue for the people of Kashmir Valley is agriculture & related activities along with tourism. Sericulture and cold water fisheries are other industries that provide livelihood to people in Kashmir Valley. High quality bats known as Kashmir Willow is made from the wood found in this region.

A variety of agricultural exports are also made in Kashmir including those of barley, cherries, corn, millet, orange, rice, peaches, pears, saffron & vegetables. Apples grown in Kashmir are exported throughout India and the world.

Tourism also contributes a large part to the economy of Kashmir Valley, and attracts tourists both from India and around the world, not just for its spectacular landscape but its rich culture & heritage.

Music & Dance of Jammu & Kashmir

The music of Jammu & Kashmir has been influenced by a variety of musical influences, including that of Central, Eastern & Southern Asia. Some of the most famous musical forms practiced in Kashmir are Chakri, Henzae, Ladishah, Rouf, Hindustani Classical & Sufiana Kalam.

The rich culture of Jammu & Kashmir also includes several dances that are performed during birthdays, festivals & other special occasions. Some of the traditional dance forms are Dumhal, Kud, Bhand Pather, Rouf, Hafiza & Bacha Nagma.

Cuisine of Jammu & Kashmir

Both the Jammu Region & the Kashmir Valley boast a rich cuisines, with a variety of vegetarian & non vegetarian dishes.

The cuisine of Jammu incorporates the use of several items like pulses, lentils, rice and potatoes. The Dogri dishes are a major part of its cuisine and includes a variety of dishes like Ambal, Kulthi ki Dal, Khatta Meat, Dal Patt, Maa da Madra, and Auraiya.

Pickles are also an important part of the Jammu cuisine, and greatly enjoyed by the people. Kasrod, Jimikand, Girgle, Tyaoo & Seyoo are some of the pickles served along with the main dish. Desserts like chocolate barfi, patista & sund panjeeri are the major sweet dishes in Jammu.

The cuisine of Kashmir Valley reflects Central Asian, Persian & Afghan influences. Spices like cardamom, cinnamon, fennel & cloves are widely used. One of the most famous dishes in Kashmir is Wazwan, a collection of 32 vegetarian & non vegetarian dishes.

The most popular dishes greatly enjoyed by the people are Tabakhmaaz, Shab Deg, Dum Olav/Dum Aloo, Aab Gosh, Lyader Tschaman, Runwagan Tschaman, Riste, Nader ti Gaad, Herath, Novroze, Yakhni, and the widely acclaimed Rogan Josh.

Bread is also greatly relished by the local people, with various kinds of breads like Tsot & Tsochvor, Sheermal, Lavas & Kulcha. Kehwa, a type of tea mixed with Kashmiri green tea leaves, nuts, saffron & whole spices, is served to guests and greatly enjoyed by the people too.

Popular Tourist Attractions

Top 10 Best Snow Destinations to Enjoy in Kashmir

November 3,2023

12 Top Tourist Destinations in Jammu and Kashmir

January 9,2023

Kashmir Witnesses Fresh Snowfall in Several Areas including Sonmarg, Gulmarg and Gurez Valley

August 4,2022

Jammu and Kashmir Receives Major Tourist Footfalls Post Covid, Becomes Top Trending Destination in India in 2022

Popular travel destinations in jammu & kashmir.

Popular Pages On Tour My India

Jammu & kashmir travel information at a glance, about j & k.

Jammu & Kashmir Tourism
Best Time to Visit

Top Things to Do

Best Places to Visit
How to Reach J & K

Kashmir Destinations

Srinagar Tourism
Gulmarg Tourism
Pahalgam Tourism
Sonmarg Tourism
Yusmarg Tourism

Jammu Destinations

Jammu City Travel Guide
Katra Travel Guide
Patnitop Travel Guide
Kishtwar Travel Guide
Sanasar Travel Guide

J & K Tourist Attractions

Srinagar Attractions
Gulmarg Attractions
Pahalgam Attractions
Jammu Attractions
Sonmarg Attractions

Kashmir Tourism Packages

Srinagar Tour Packages
Gulmarg Tour Packages
Sonmarg Tour Packages
Pahalgam Tour Packages
Patnitop Tour Packages

Kashmir Tour by Interest

Kashmir Family Tour
Kashmir Pilgrimage Tour
Kashmir Houseboat Tour
Kashmir Skiing Tour
Kashmir Fishing Tour
Shikara Ride
Skiing in Kashmir
Trekking in Kashmir
Gondala Ride
Pilgrimage Tour
Golfing in Kashmir

Hotels in Jammu & Kashmir

Hotels in Jammu
Hotels in Srinagar
Hotels in Gulmarg
Hotels in Pahalgam
Hotels in Katra
Hotels in Sonmarg

45,000+ students realised their study abroad dream with us. Take the first step today

Meet top uk universities from the comfort of your home, here’s your new year gift, one app for all your, study abroad needs, start your journey, track your progress, grow with the community and so much more.

Verification Code

An OTP has been sent to your registered mobile no. Please verify

Thanks for your comment !

Our team will review it before it's shown to our readers.

School Education /

Essay on Kashmir: History and Beauty in 600+ Words

Updated on
Jan 20, 2024

Essay on Kashmir for Students: Kashmir is a region situated between India and Pakistan in South Asia. It is believed that the name Kashmir originated from the word ‘Ka’ which means water, and ‘shimera’ to desiccate.

The story of Kashmir is complex and has historical, cultural, and political dimensions. Over the years, many rulers and empires, like the Mauryas , Kushans , and Mughals have influenced the paradise of the Earth. The region especially had the special influence of Mauryan ruler Ashoka who contributed to the cultural as well as the architectural heritage of the region.

Cultural Diversity of Kashmir

Kashmir is a region that has a rich history and ancient roots. The place has witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties, such as the Mauryas , Kushnas , and Guptas . On top of that, these dynasties contributed to the cultural and geographic location of Kashmir, which includes the influence of the Silk Road and the blend of Hindu, Buddhist, and later Islamic influences.

Kashmir Issue

The dispute related to the sharing of borders didn’t stop after Independence. Whether it was India, Pakistan, or China, tensions related to the disputes of the region always created a heat of fire between the countries that led to wars. The list of some important wars are as follows:

1. First Indo-Pak War (1947-1948) : Fought for Jammu Kashmir shortly after India’s independence.

2. Sino-Indian War (1962): A conflict between India and China for the territorial region Aksai Chin.

3. The War of (1965): Fought mainly over Kashmir.

4. Kargil War (1999): A conflict between India and Pakistan in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir.

Article 370 Scrapped

Geographically, Kashmir lies in the northwestern region of the Indian continent. Its total area is around 225,000 square kilometers, which is comparatively larger than the member countries of the United States.

Out of the total area, 85,800 square kilometers have been subject to dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947. It is important to note that the areas with conflict consist of major portions called the Northern, Southern, and Southeastern portions. The 30 percent of the northern part comprises Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan and is administered by Pakistan.

India controls the portion which is more than 55 percent of the area of the land. The area consists of Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Kashmir Valley, and Siachen Glacier which is located in the southern and southeastern portions of India. The area is divided by a line of control and has been under conflict since 1972.

Deepika Joshi

Deepika Joshi is an experienced content writer with educational and informative content expertise. She has hands-on experience in Education, Study Abroad and EdTech SaaS. Her strengths lie in conducting thorough research and analysis to provide accurate and up-to-date information to readers. She enjoys staying updated on new skills and knowledge, particularly in the education domain. In her free time, she loves to read articles, and blogs related to her field to expand her expertise further. In her personal life, she loves creative writing and aspires to connect with innovative people who have fresh ideas to offer.

Connect With Us

45,000+ students realised their study abroad dream with us. take the first step today..

Resend OTP in

Need help with?

Study abroad.

UK, Canada, US & More

IELTS, GRE, GMAT & More

Scholarship, Loans & Forex

Country Preference

New Zealand

Which English test are you planning to take?

Which academic test are you planning to take.

Not Sure yet

When are you planning to take the exam?

Already booked my exam slot

Within 2 Months

Want to learn about the test

Which Degree do you wish to pursue?

When do you want to start studying abroad.

January 2025

September 2025

What is your budget to study abroad?

How would you describe this article ?

Please rate this article

We would like to hear more.

Have something on your mind?

Make your study abroad dream a reality in January 2022 with

India's Biggest Virtual University Fair

Essex Direct Admission Day

Why attend .

Don't Miss Out

History & Society
Science & Tech
Biographies
Animals & Nature
Geography & Travel
Arts & Culture
Games & Quizzes
On This Day
One Good Fact
New Articles
Lifestyles & Social Issues
Philosophy & Religion
Politics, Law & Government
World History
Health & Medicine
Browse Biographies
Birds, Reptiles & Other Vertebrates
Bugs, Mollusks & Other Invertebrates
Environment
Fossils & Geologic Time
Entertainment & Pop Culture
Sports & Recreation
Visual Arts
Demystified
Image Galleries
Infographics
Top Questions
Britannica Kids
Saving Earth
Space Next 50
Student Center
Introduction

Land and people

The region to 1947.

Attempts at resolution and legitimization
Insurgency and counterinsurgency
Chinese interests

What are the major ethnic groups in China?
What are the oldest known civilizations of India?
What are the major holidays and festivals of India?

Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.

CNN World - Kashmir Fast Facts
IndiaNetzone - Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
BBC News - Kashmir: Why India and Pakistan fight over it
GlobalSecurity.org - Kashmir, India
Table Of Contents

Recent News

Kashmir , region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China ), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The region, with a total area of some 85,800 square miles (222,200 square km), has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir , Gilgit , and Baltistan , the last two being part of a single administrative unit called Gilgit-Baltistan (formerly Northern Areas). Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh . The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a “line of control” agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.

The Kashmir region is predominantly mountainous, with deep, narrow valleys and high, barren plateaus. The relatively low-lying Jammu and Punch (Poonch) plains in the southwest are separated by the thickly forested Himalayan foothills and the Pir Panjal Range of the Lesser Himalayas from the larger, more fertile, and more heavily populated Vale of Kashmir to the north. The vale, situated at an elevation of about 5,300 feet (1,600 metres), constitutes the basin of the upper Jhelum River and contains the city of Srinagar . Jammu and the vale lie in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, while the Punch lowlands are largely in Azad Kashmir.

Karakoram Range: K2 (Mount Godwin Austen)

Rising northeast of the vale is the western part of the Great Himalayas , the peaks of which reach elevations of 20,000 feet (6,100 metres) or higher. Farther to the northeast is the high, mountainous plateau region of Ladakh , which is cut by the rugged valley of the northwestward-flowing Indus River . Extending roughly northwestward from the Himalayas are the lofty peaks of the Karakoram Range , including K2 (Mount Godwin Austen), which at 28,251 feet (8,611 metres) is the second highest peak in the world, after Mount Everest .

The region is located along the northernmost extremity of the Indian-Australian tectonic plate. The subduction of that plate beneath the Eurasian Plate —the process that for roughly 50 million years has been creating the Himalayas—has produced heavy seismic activity in Kashmir. One especially powerful earthquake in 2005 devastated Muzaffarabad, which is the administrative center of Azad Kashmir, and adjacent areas including parts of India’s Jammu and Kashmir state (now Jammu and Kashmir union territory) and Pakistan’s North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ).

The climate of the region ranges from subtropical in the southwestern lowlands to alpine throughout the high mountain areas. Precipitation is variable; it is heavier in areas that can be reached by the monsoonal winds west and south of the great ranges and sparse to the north and east where continental conditions prevail.

Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India: Raghunath temple complex

The people in the Jammu area are Muslim in the west and Hindu in the east and speak Hindi , Punjabi , and Dogri . The inhabitants of the Vale of Kashmir and the Pakistani areas are mostly Muslim and speak Urdu and Kashmiri . The sparsely inhabited Ladakh region and beyond is home to Tibetan peoples who practice Buddhism and speak Balti and Ladakhi.

According to legend , an ascetic named Kashyapa reclaimed the land now comprising Kashmir from a vast lake. That land came to be known as Kashyapamar and, later, Kashmir. Buddhism was introduced by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century bce , and from the 9th to the 12th century ce the region appears to have achieved considerable prominence as a center of Hindu culture . A succession of Hindu dynasties ruled Kashmir until 1346, when it came under Muslim rule. The Muslim period lasted nearly five centuries, ending when Kashmir was annexed to the Sikh kingdom of the Punjab in 1819 and then to the Dogra kingdom of Jammu in 1846.

Thus, the Kashmir region in its contemporary form dates from 1846, when, by the treaties of Lahore and Amritsar at the conclusion of the First Sikh War , Raja Gulab Singh , the Dogra ruler of Jammu, was created maharaja (ruling prince) of an extensive but somewhat ill-defined Himalayan kingdom “to the eastward of the River Indus and westward of the River Ravi.” The creation of this princely state helped the British safeguard their northern flank in their advance to the Indus and beyond during the latter part of the 19th century. The state thus formed part of a complex political buffer zone interposed by the British between their Indian empire and the empires of Russia and China to the north. For Gulab Singh, confirmation of title to these mountain territories marked the culmination of almost a quarter century of campaigning and diplomatic negotiation among the petty hill kingdoms along the northern borderlands of the Sikh empire of the Punjab.

Some attempts were made in the 19th century to define the boundaries of the territory, but precise definition was in many cases defeated by the nature of the country and by the existence of huge tracts lacking permanent human settlement. In the far north, for example, the maharaja’s authority certainly extended to the Karakoram Range, but beyond that lay a debatable zone on the borders of the Turkistan and Xinjiang regions of Central Asia , and the boundary was never demarcated. There were similar doubts about the alignment of the frontier where this northern zone skirted the region known as Aksai Chin , to the east, and joined the better-known and more precisely delineated boundary with Tibet, which had served for centuries as the eastern border of the Ladakh region. The pattern of boundaries in the northwest became clearer in the last decade of the 19th century, when Britain, in negotiations with Afghanistan and Russia, delimited boundaries in the Pamirs region. At that time Gilgit, always understood to be part of Kashmir, was for strategic reasons constituted as a special agency in 1889 under a British agent.

From the Editor
Our Contributors
For Submissions
Creative Commons

10 Must-Read Essays on Kashmir by Gautam Navlakha — curated by Majid Maqbool

V eteran civil rights activist and journalist Gautam Navlakha, who surrendered before National Intelligence Agency (NIA) in New Delhi on April 14 following a Supreme Court order on the Bhima-Koregaon case , has had a long and deep engagement with Kashmir.

As an activist and journalist, Navlakha has visited and worked in Kashmir for decades. Anyone who knows him in Kashmir knows how he’s always spoken out, and written about, their political and human rights. He’s also produced a body of work documenting the changing political situation and rights violations in Kashmir over the years. He’s also written extensively on the impact of heavy militarization on the economy and on the lives of people in Kashmir. Navlakha has equally been a part of many ground-breaking, fact-finding delegations and reports on Jammu and Kashmir, some of which are not available online.

While his writings on Kashmir largely focus on state violence and militarization in the region, his writings on the Maoist insurgency focus on both the sociology and organization of insurgency itself.

About a decade ago, I remember Navlakha speaking in a civil society seminar in Srinagar. The pain in his voice showed a rare concern and deep empathy for the struggles of people in Kashmir.

He also spoke about how it’s probably the only movement where so many people have suffered so much and over many decades without achieving anything substantial in return.

“I can’t understand why Kashmir doesn’t get anything concrete despite all the sacrifices people have made here over decades,” he said, wanting the people to also think about protecting their lives while also resisting abusive power. “You ask any sacrifice and people have made it here. You deserve a better future now.”

I’m reminded of what Belarusian writer Svetlana Alexievich, who was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Literature, said in her moving Nobel Lecture which also sums up the sense of loss and pain in Kashmir.

“Suffering is our capital, our natural resource,” she said. “Not oil or gas – but suffering. It is the only thing we are able to produce consistently. I’m always looking for the answer: why doesn’t our suffering convert into freedom?”

Here’s a list of 10 essays by Gautam Navlakha on Kashmir, with short excerpts and online links to full essays, which were published in different publications, many of them in the reputed Economic and Political Weekly, dating back to the early 1990s.

10 Must-Read Essays on Kashmir by Gautam Navlakha

“Bharat’s Kashmir War” by Gautam Navlakha (EPW, December 21, 1991)

This paper attempts to clarify the Kashmir imbroglio by investigating its genesis in the context of the Indian state’s responses.

“In most Indian writings, however, the characterisation of the movement in Kashmir as communal and fundamentalist proceeds from the argument that the Kashmiri Pandits are being hounded out of Kashmir and since they do not share the desire for referendum the demand cannot be ‘nationalist’ since nationalism is a secular identity. The contrary is however true. Nationalism is not the opposite of religious identity. The point of commonality is not just the religious zeal.”

Bharat’s Kashmir War In the last two years a lot has been written on Kashmir. But arguments on all sides have been more in the nature of assertions rather than informed reasoning. J…

“Kashmir: At the Edge of the Possible” by Gautam Navlakha (Economic and Political Weekly, September 17, 1994)

“…since the Indian army cannot defeat militancy and because the government is not trying hard enough for a political solution, not even when political openings come its way, and with involvement of international agencies being increasingly perceived as the only way in which the Indian government can be dissuaded from persisting with its militaristic response to what has been and remains a political problem, the prospect of peace without the association of Hurriyet to work out the framework and modality of a referendum remains remote.”

Kashmir At the Edge of the Possible Kashmir: At the Edge of the Possible Gautam Navlakha The emergence of the militant organisation Harkatul Ansar holds the prospect of mindless violence of a kind one sees in Afghanistan, but the blame for this must rest squarely on the government, on its total lack of foresight.

“India Turns Clock Back” Back by Gautam Navlakha (EPW, May 22, 1993)

“It needs reiteration that chauvinism and anti-Muslim prejudice all over India found sustenance in lies about destruction of temples in Kashmir or in ignorance of the facts of Kashmiri Pandit migration from the valley which actually accelerated after Jagmohan took over in January 1990. This should act as a reminder that if the policy of attrition is not controlled back, the consequences point in the direction of a xenophobic build-up which will pave the way eventually for ‘demo-graphic Indianisation’.”

KASHMIR- India Turns Clock Back The decision to impose army rule in Kashmir, in effect if not formally, represents a tragic turn of policy, as much for India as for the people of Kashmir. Step by step the government has been moving in precisely the direction which the BJP and the Hindu chauvinists have been urging it to take.

“Chrar-e-Sharief: Victory for Hardliners on Both Sides” by Gautam Navlakha (EPW, May 20, 1995)

“On May 9, the day before the destruction of Chrar-e-Sharief, the right and left in parliament unitedly condemned the government for ‘kneeling’ before the militants. Not a word was said about the Kashmiri people’s alienation and the violence perpetrated against them. Indeed there was not even the usual vacuous talk of the political process.”

Chrar-e-Sharief-Victory for Hardliners on Both Sides The government’s version of the hunting of Chrar-e-Sharief and the events leading up to it are full of holes, but more important is it that the destruction of the shrine has dealt a blow to the efforts of Kashmiri leaders such as Shabir Shah and Yasin Malik who Have been working courageously to bring the gun under control in Kashmir.

“It’s Never Too Late to Do the Right Thing” by Gautam Navlakha (EPW, July 29, 2000)

“History teaches that people are not mere spectators who cannot influence the course of events. When successive governments failed the citizens by dividing the people, then it would be a mistake to leave every-thing to the discretion of the government. It is for us to fight for a just and honourable peace. Irrespective of what the government or militant leadership do in J&K, actions of solidarity can also stem the tide of communal polarisation. But before everything else we must welcome and lend unqualified support to the Kashmiris because it is the inalienable right of all of us to revolt against oppression to defend our dignity and freedom. It is only then our concerns will acquire meaning, and be taken seriously. To the extent people make their own histories the choice is ours.”

Kashmir : It’s Never Too Late to Do the Right Thing An obsession with territorial integrity has undermined the singular importance of the politics of solidarity, preventing an appreciation of the ground realities in Kashmir. The government’s current offer to hold unconditional talks with the militant leadership, while commendable, cannot succeed unless there is a recognition of the urgent need to begin the long process of gaining the confidence of the Kashmiris.

State of Jammu and Kashmir’s Economy” by Gautam Navlakha (EPW, October 6, 2007)

“The Economic Survey for J&K does show how despite the disruptions and privations caused by war, economic performance has improved. Quite apart from sweeping statements about employment in horticulture and the importance of tourism, it does, however, skirt the fact that without addressing the issue of occupation of land by troops and restrictions placed on the use of water resources, both intricately linked to a political solution, problems will remain in the path of realising the full economic potential of the state.”

State of Jammu and Kashmir’s Economy The 2006-07 Economic Survey for Jammu and Kashmir reveals that despite the privations of conflict, the performance of the economy has improved in recent years. However, unless the two political issues of occupation of land and restrictions on the use of the state’s water resources are removed, the full economic potential of the state will not be realised.

“Doctrine for Sub-conventional Operations: A Critique” (Economic and Political Weekly, April 13, 2007)

In late 2006, the Indian army released its first ever doctrine on sub-conventional operations, i e, internal operations. This article critiques the document. “It is worth nothing what the Army Chief told the students of Sainik School in Thiruvananthapuram on February 17, 2007. According to him, the army’s fight is against the “divisive forces” and “our cause is just” and “we fight to win”. Win in this context means to suppress people.”

Doctrine for Sub-Conventional Operations: A Critique on JSTOR In late 2006, the Indian army released its first ever doctrine on sub-conventional operations, i e, internal operations. This article critiques the document.

“Kashmir: State Cultivation of the Amarnath Yatra” by Gautam Navlakha (Monthly Review, Aug 08, 2008)

“Arguably, when the yatra was halted between 1991 and 1996 due to the threat by a section of the militants it played into the hands of the extreme right wing elements in Indian society who have since then played an integral role in mobilising large numbers of pilgrims. However, it is equally important to note that earlier, schoolchildren and college youth used to act as volunteers and provide assistance to the yatris. Even when this was discontinued after 1996, the main indigenous militant organisation the Hizbul Mujahideen and Muslim Janbaz Force always supported the yatra and consistently demonstrated its opposition towards those who tried to disrupt it. And even today there is no section of people who opposes the yatra. What they resent is the horrendously jingoistic turn that it has taken under the SASB.”

MR Online | Kashmir: State Cultivation of the Amarnath Yatra The origins of the conflagration in June in Kashmir on forest land allocation for construction of facilities for the Amarnath yatra lie in open state promotion of the pilgrimage. The yatra has caused considerable damage to the economy and ecology of the area. The high-handed actions of the Shri Amarnath Shrine Board only aggravated the situation.

“From the Killing Fields of Kashmir to the Finishing Line” by Gautam Navlakha (Sanhati, October 10, 2010)

“Truth and demand for justice are on the side of the Kashmiri people. It would be a sad day were these battles won after so much of sacrifice, is allowed to be squandered for illusory gains at the behest of mealy-mouthed Indian ruling classes. There can be no replacement for right of self-determination. It is in Indian people’s interest, for our own democratic struggle, that we stand by this demand of the Kashmiri people. Defeat of oppressors in Kashmir, unlike the doomsayers, will strengthen our struggle.”

From the Killing Fields of Kashmir to the Finishing Line By Gautam Navlakha Where armed conflicts have gone on for a long period (decades) and where negotiations have been used by the State to win time or tire out opponents, or talks are deadlocked or cannot ensure compliance with whatever solution is reached, then making a reference to the people is the most sensible way […]

“The Kashmir Question: Nation-state, War, and Religion” by Gautam Navlakha (Indian Cultural Forum, Feb 2018)

“India’s working people cannot emancipate selves if they do not come out strongly against the persecution of the Kashmiri people at the hand of the same bourgeoisie nation-state which exploits and oppresses Indian people in general. While the Indian public may not influence external developments vis a vis Pakistan or China, they certainly can affect domestic perceptions and transform the terms of debate. Therefore, it matters how India’s progressives steer their political course and whether they can provide an alternate perspective on Kashmir to counter the myopic official discourse. It needs no reiteration that it is “never too late to do the right thing.”

The Kashmir Question: Nation-State, War and Religion – Gautam Navlakha Gautam Navlakha

Relevant Links

‘My Hope Rests on a Speedy and Fair Trial’: Gautam Navlakha Before His Surrender The Supreme Court recently rejected the bail applications of scholar and activist Gautam Navlakha, who was booked under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, or UAPA for allegedly fomenting violence during during the Bhima Koregaon event. The top court gave him and scholar Anand Teltumbde one week to surrender.

India Covid-19: SC Decision To Send HRDs Gautam Navlakha And Anand Teltumbde To Jail Is Cruel And Disappointing – Amnesty International India Amnesty International India Bangalore / New Delhi: 10 April 2020 12:39 pm Amid the spread of COVID-19, the Supreme Court of India’s order directing the arrest and imprisonment of two human rights defenders, Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha within a week, is disappointing.

Why is India targeting writers during the coronavirus pandemic? | Priyamvada Gopal and Salil Tripathi As a lethal virus scorches its way across continents, the leftwing Indian rights campaigner Gautam Navlakha has been reminding us of the words of Leonard Cohen, urging people to speak up for the right things: “There is a crack/a crack in everything, that’s how light gets in.”

‘New Low in India’s Political History’: PUDR Condemns Anand Teltumbde, Gautam Navlakha’s Arrests New Delhi: Condemning the arrest of social activists and intellectuals Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha on Tuesday, the People’s Union for Democratic Rights (PUDR) said that this “attempt to browbeat rights activists” marked a “deep and scathing new low in the political history of contemporary India”.

India: Activists Detained for Peaceful Dissent (New York) – Indian authorities on April 14, 2020 detained two rights activists who have been critics of government policies, Human Rights Watch said today. The government should immediately drop all charges under a counterterrorism law against Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha for allegedly inciting caste-based violence along with other activists during a demonstration in Maharashtra state in 2017.

Mounting international concern over detention of civil rights activists in India in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic Over 5,000 Individuals and 15 Organizations Sign Global Statement of Support for Dr. Anand Teltumbde and Mr. Gautam Navlakha On 16 March 2020, a Supreme Court bench comprising the judges Arun Mishra and Mukeshkumar Rasikbhai Shah rejected the anticipatory bail pleas of the civil-rights activist Gautam Navlakha and the writer Anand Teltumbde, in relation to the violence at Bhima Koregaon in January 2018.

Stand in Solidarity with Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha Stand in Solidarity with Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha Statement by Activists, Academics and Concerned Citizens In August 2018, the Pune Police implicated Prof. Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha with other human right activists and lawyers in the now-infamous fabricated Elgar Parishad case.

Journalist Gautam Navlakha tells CPJ he fears imprisonment amid COVID-19 pandemic New Delhi, April 9, 2020 — Indian authorities should stop pursuing the arrest of journalist Gautam Navlakha, and should cease holding journalists in jail during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Committee to Protect Journalists said today.

Clampdown On Dissent Continues During The Covid-19 Pandemic In India The clampdown on dissent in India continues. Even during a pandemic, the Government of India is seeing to that targeting those critical of the government are being targeted. When hard-won rights to expression and peaceful protest are weakened, everyone stands to lose.

Human Rights Defender Gautam Navlakha’s Letter Before His Arrest As I prepare to Ieave to surrender before the NIA headquarters in Delhi I am glad that Justice Arun Mishra and Justice Indira Banerjee gave me another week of freedom when they passed the order on April 8, 2020. A week of freedom means a lot in my condition, even in the age of lockdown.

Global Solidarity Staement for Dr. Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha – Jamhoor This is a time sensitive petition for the immediate release of Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha, two of India’s foremost civil rights activists and public intellectuals. Please read and sign this petition here: Global Solidarity Statement for Dr. Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha .

Human rights groups denounce Indian activists’ arrest as crackdown on dissent – La Prensa Latina Media New Delhi, Apr 15 (efe-epa).- Human rights nonprofits on Wednesday came down hard against the Indian government a day after the arrest of scholar Anand Teltumbde and rights activist Gautam Navlakha under an anti-terrorism law for allegedly inciting violence during a protest in 2018, calling it a clampdown on dissent.

96c03acb00 – United States Department of State India is a multiparty, federal, parliamentary democracy with a bicameral legislature. The president, elected by an electoral college composed of the state assemblies and parliament, is the head of state, and the prime minister is the head of government.

Under UAPA, Process Itself Becomes Punishment, Writes Activist Gautam Navlakha Before Surrendering | NewsClick As the country remembers Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar on the occasion of his birth anniversary, civil rights activists Gautam Navlakha and Anand Teltumbde, who were booked under the draconian UAPA in relation to the Bhima Koregaon violence in 2018, are set to surrender to the police.

Indian columnist arrested on trumped-up “Maoism” charge | Reporters without borders Reporters Without Borders (RSF) calls for the immediate and unconditional release of Gautam Navlakha, a well-known columnist and human rights defender who, despite serious humanitarian concerns, has been jailed on a flimsy charge brought by India’s counter-terrorism police, the National Investigation Agency (NIA).

Persecution of rights activists and voices of dissent in India Recently, in a series of synchronized raids carried throughout India, various human rights activists and vocal critics of the ruling government were arrested under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA), an anti-terror law. These arrests have been widely criticized for being politically motivated as they are aimed at curbing the right of free speech and dissent or criticism towards the government.

Dalit leaders condemn Anand Teltumbde’s arrest on 14 April-Ambedkar Jayanti On 16 March 2020, a Supreme Court bench comprising the judges Arun Mishra and Mukeshkumar Rasikbhai Shah rejected the anticipatory bail pleas of the civil-rights activist Gautam Navlakha and the writer Teltumbde, in relation to the violence at Bhima Koregaon in January 2018.

UK Rights Organisations condemn arrest of Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha UK Rights Organisations condemn the imminent arrest of Prof Dr Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha Demand prompt release of all political and democratic rights activists in Indian jails 08 April 2020 The police in the State of Maharashtra, India, acting at the behest of the central BJP Hindutva government, is forcing the arrest of Professor […]

Statement by Hindus for Human Rights and Global Indian Progressive Alliance Protesting the Arrest of Dr. Anand Teltumbde and Gautam Navlakha – Hindus For Human Rights Dr. Anand Teltumbde is a highly respected and revered scholar and human rights defender. Along with his comrade in justice work, Gautam Navlakha, Dr. Teltumbde will be arrested today on demonstrably fabricated charges related to the Bhima Koregaon case.

Dalit Leaders, Political Representatives Condemn Dr Teltumbde’s Imminent Arrest on Ambedkar Jayanti | NewsClick Ahead of the Anand Teltumbde’s surrender on April 14 [also the ocaasion of B R Ambedkar’s birth anniversary] in accordance with the Supreme Court order, Dalit, Adivasi, OBC and minority leaders have demanded that he be allowed “to live and write, to be a free spirit that enlivens our democratic selves”.

MASS condemn arrest of Gautam Navalakha and Anand Teltumbe Guwahati: The Manab Adhikar Sangram Samiti (MASS) is disturbed and dismayed by the Supreme Court of India’s decision to allow for the detention of civil rights activist Gautam Navalakha and Anand Teltumbe after August 14,2020. Both had been implicated in Bhima Korgoan case of 2018, where many Dalit activists were hurt in rioting by mobs supported by powerful local politicians.

‘A tragedy for India’: Author Arundhati Roy on arrests of activists Anand Teltumbde, Gautam Navlakha ‘They have both been accused of outlandish crimes.’

In Solidarity with and Appeal to Acquit Prof. Anand Teltumbde In Solidarity with and Appeal to Acquit Prof. Anand Teltumbde Statement by IIMA faculty, students and alumni Over 280 students, faculty members and alumni of Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA), have signed a statement in solidarity with their illustrious alumnus, Anand Teltumbde who apart from being a corporate leader and teacher has done so much to the society.

About the Contributor

Majid Maqbool

About India Foundation
Board of Trustees
Governing Council
Distinguished Fellows
Deputy Directors
Senior Research Fellows
Research Fellows
Visiting Fellows
Publications
India Foundation Journal
Issue Briefs
Annual Report
Upcoming Events
Event Reports

Press Release
LD linkedin [#161] Created with Sketch.

[email protected]

Jammu and Kashmir: A Glimpse into History

Introduction

The Himalayas have been part of the Indian social and cultural milieu since millennia and as such find constant mention in ancient Indian spiritual texts. In the Mahabharata as well as in the Vishnu, Shiv and Matsya Puranas, there is reference to Bharat as the land lying between the Himalayas to the North and the Ocean in the South. [i] Kashmir ’ s ancient Hindu civilisation predates the Mahabharata, as seen by reference to Raja Gonanda in Nilmata Purana and the epic Rajtarangini. The Markandeya Puraan, describes Bharat in beautiful prose as “the land that is girdled by the sea on three sides and on the North by the Himalayas, which stretch like the string of a bow”. [ii] The Vishnu Puraan, in a beautiful couplet describes India as the land south of the Himalayas and north of the Ocean, the second line of the couplet stating that all who are born therein are Bharatiyas.

‘ Uttaram yat samudrasya, Himadreshchaiv dakshinam,

varsham tad bharatam nama, Bharatee yatra santatihi ’

From the Southern shores of India, we have early Tamil poets making mention of the Northern extent of Bharat as the land which is the abode of Siva and the ‘tapovan’ (Sanskrit for austerity and spiritual practices) of saints and seers. [iii] The Himalayas thus have always been central to the Indian ethos, with ancients texts making constant reference to the Kashmir Mandala in terms of its spatial and temporal locus as part of India’s sacred geography. Little wonder then that Kashmir has oft been described not just as India’s northernmost outpost, but as the very fountainhead of Indian culture.

Over two thousand years ago, the Mauryan empire was spread over Kashmir and extended eastward to encompass what is present day Afghanistan. During the reign of Ashoka, a complete system of administration was established in Kashmir. In the 8th century CE, the great Hindu ruler Lalitaditya (724 CE-760 CE) ruled over a vast expanse, stretching from Assam in the East to the Caspian Sea in the Northwest and down to the Cauvery Basin in the South. Reputed to be the most powerful ruler of the Karkota dynasty of Kashmir, his reign witnessed the flourishing of art, culture, learning and architecture, some of which is visible even today in the ruins of the Martand Sun temple. Raja Avantivarman (855 CE-883 CE), ended the Karkota dynasty and founded the Utpala dynasty. A staunch patron of the arts, he revived Sanskrit learning in Kashmir and built many Hindu temples dedicated to both Vishnu and Shiva as well as Buddhist monasteries. In the beginning of the second millennium, the works of the intellectual giant, Acharya Abhinavgupta (950 CE-1016 CE) witnessed the revival of Kashmiri Shaivism. Born to a Kashmiri Brahmin family, he is the author of the Tantra Lok and other seminal treatises on Kashmir Shaivism.

For India, the Himalayas provided both a formidable natural line of defence, and the core of Indian spiritual thought. Kashmir, nestled in the lap of the Himalayas, became a focal point for the spread of Indian culture to Central, East and Southeast Asia. Straddling the communication network between Central Asia, Afghanistan and China, the region gained strategic significance and in the early years of the 19th century, became the foci of the rivalry played out between Czarist Russia and Imperial Britain, which came to be called the Great Game.

The Beginning of the Sultanate

The first recorded account of the entry of Islam in Kashmir is the invasion of Sultan Mehmood of Ghazni (971 CE-1030 CE) in the 11th century. He was decisively repulsed. But history was to change a few centuries later, when in the first quarter of the 14th century, the Mongols invaded the land. This invasion was the beginning of the tumultuous events that were to overtake the Kashmir Valley over the next 400 years. After ravaging the land for eight months, the Mongols left before the onset of winter. The ruler at that time was King Suhadeva, who attempted appeasement of the invaders by way of expensive gifts, but these were spurned by the Mongol army which continued its spree of killings, loot and plunder. The King died soon after and his place was taken by his Prime Minister, Ram Chander, who in turn appointed Rinchan, a Buddhist prince from Ladakh, as an administrator. Rinchan soon gained the confidence of the Raja and then treacherously killed him, and anointed himself as the ruler in 1320 CE. [iv] At this point of time, the history of Kashmir took a dramatic turn. Rinchan had married Ram Chander’s daughter and desired to convert to Hinduism, but the head priest of the Brahmin Pandit’s Devaswami denied the newly anointed Raja his request. As a result, Rinchan converted to Islam and adopted the title of Sultan Sadruddin Shah. 10,000 of his subjects converted along with him. [v] Rinchan died three years later in 1323 CE. He founded a quarter in Srinagar called Rinchanpua, on his name and built a mosque, Bud Masjid, on the site of a Buddhist temple. With his death, Kashmir returned to Hindu rule, under Rinchan’s widow, Kota Rani, but this interlude was but a short one. She was defeated by Shahmir, an astute diplomat in her kingdom, who ascended the throne in 1339 CE, with the title of Sultan Shamsuddin. While Rinchan was the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir, the consolidation of the Sultanate started with Shamsuddin, till the 200-year rule of the Sultans was ended by Mughal emperor Akbar in 1586 CE.

Mughal, Sikh and Dogra Rule

The Mughal rule in Kashmir lasted for just over 170 years until 1757 CE. It was marked by the building of pleasure gardens and little else, till Aurangzeb (1658 CE-1707 CE), ascended the throne. His rule saw the return of religious bigotry and intolerance to the Kashmir Valley, with forcible conversions and discriminatory taxation. Mughal influence declined after Aurangzeb’s death, and further weakened after Nadir Shah’s invasion of India in 1738 CE. The death knell to Mughal rule came with their defeat to the Afghan’s in 1753 CE, as a result of which Kashmir came under Afghan rule. The Afghan rule ended 66 years later with their defeat by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1819. This also marked the end of Muslim rule in Kashmir, encompassing a period of just over four hundred years. The Afghan rule was noted for its cruelty, barbarity and avarice, and its demise came as a period of welcome relief to the people of the region. [vi]

Sikh rule over Kashmir was also short-lived and ended with British victory over the Sikhs in the battle of Sobraon in February 1846, called the First Anglo-Sikh War. Two treaties were signed at the end of the war. The first of these, the Treaty of Lahore, was signed on 9 March 1846 with the 7-year old Maharaja Duleep Singh and the British Empire. Under the terms of the Treaty, Punjab ceded Kashmir and its dependencies to the British. The second treaty, the Treaty of Amritsar was signed a week later on 16 March 1846 with Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu. Through this Treaty, Kashmir and its dependencies were handed over to Gulab Singh, and thus Kashmir came under Dogra rule. Under the terms of the Treaty, Maharaja Gulab Singh paid a sum of Rs 75 lakh to the British government for the territories ceded to him. This included the whole of the outer hills between the Ravi and the Indus, the Valley of Kashmir, Ladakh, Gilgit, Baltistan and the Indus Valley down to Chilas. [vii]

The region of modern-day Jammu, was traditionally ruled by the Dogra Rajputs. For the most part, they maintained their autonomy despite being nominal feudatories to Delhi. At times, they joined the Mughals in their northern conquests, like those of Balkh in 1646-47 CE. With the demise of the Mughal dynasty, Raja Dhruv Deo and later his son, Raja Ranjit Deo rose to greater political prominence, the latter also proceeding to expand his kingdom to include Kishtwar, Chenani, Bhadarwah, Besolhi, Jasrota and parts of Gujrat in Western Punjab. This was however a transitory phase as the rise of Sikh power in the region saw Jammu losing its sovereignty over all of their former territories save for Jammu, which was now reduced to a petty state. But it also saw the rise of the line of Raja Dhruv Deo, in the form of his great-great-grandsons, Gulab Singh, Dhian Singh and Suchet Singh, who joined Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s court and rose rapidly through the ranks, setting themselves apart and above the Maharaja’s Sikh courtiers.

Gulab Singh had joined Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s army in 1809. His father, Miyan Kishore Singh was given the charge to administer Jammu state by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1817, which had been annexed by him a year earlier. Soon thereafter, Miyan Kishore Singh declared Gulab Singh as his legal heir. As a reward for the outstanding contribution made by Gulab Singh in the defeat of the Pathans in Kashmir in 1819, Maharaja Ranjit Singh crowned Gulab Singh as the Raja of Jammu on 16 June 1822. Even after getting Jammu and its adjoining principalities under his territory, Raja Gulab Singh continued to serve the rulers of Lahore and at the same time, annexed many small principalities to his kingdom. Kishtwar was subdued and its governorship was handed over to Zorawar Singh, a Rajput soldier in the Sikh army. It was Zorawar Singh who annexed Ladakh in 1842 and added it to Dogra rule. [viii]

British interest in the region, during the period of Sikh and Dogra rule had much to do with the great power rivalry that existed at that time between Imperial Britain and Czarist Russia. Britain wanted to keep their resident in Kashmir, to keep a watch over the activities of the Sikh rulers and to see that Russian influence was kept at bay. During Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s rule and for a decade after his death in June 1839, the British were kept out, but after the defeat of the Sikh’s in the Second Anglo-Saxon War of 1849, Punjab was annexed by the British and the Dogra rulers thereafter succumbed to British pressure. In 1877, the British established the Gilgit Agency, to guard against the advance of Russia. The Agency, comprising of the Gilgit Wazarat; the State of Hunza and Nagar; the Punial Jagir; the Governorships of Yasin, Kuh-Ghizr and Ishkoman, and Chilas, was re-established in 1935 under the control of the British Resident in Jammu and Kashmir. It was given on lease for a period of 60 years commencing from 29 March 1935. [ix]

The period of Dogra rule in Kashmir’s history was an epochal event, for it marked the entry of the British into the area. Taken holistically, it was also a period of reasonable prosperity for the state. Gulab singh was succeeded by his son Ranbir Singh, who in turn was succeeded by Pratap Singh . Here the family line ended as Pratap Singh had no male heir. As a result, his nephew Hari Singh, succeeded him to the throne. Hari Singh was destined to be the last ruler of the state, the Dogra rule having lasted for just over one hundred years.

Pre-Independence Developments

Maharaja Hari Singh ascended the throne on 23 September 1925. It was a moment in history when the Indian independence movement was gathering steam and differences between the Hindus and Muslims had started coming to the fore. Within the state of J&K, Muslim fanatics started a movement to stoke communal violence in the state. [x] Sheikh Abdullah emerged as the leader of the J&K Muslim Conference which was formed in 1932. The Party was renamed as the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference on 10 June 1939. When India was partitioned and achieved independence on 15 August 1947, most of the princely states had opted to join either India or Pakistan. The state of Jammu and Kashmir had the choice to remain independent under the Maharaja or to join either India or Pakistan. Britain had also terminated its lease of the Gilgit Agency, which reverted back to the state. At this time, the boundaries of the state encompassed the Gilgit Agency, Gilgit and Baltistan in the North, Ladakh in the East, Kashmir and Muzaffarabad in the centre and Jammu, to include Poonch, Rajouri, Mirpur, Udhampur, Bhadarwah and Kathua in the South.

Post-Independence Developments

At the time of independence, Maharaja Hari Singh found himself in a precarious position. His state forces lacked the capacity to protect any part of his landlocked kingdom, which lay between India and Pakistan. There were three battalions of the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces, with the Kashmir Brigade. 7 J&K Rifles was at Srinagar, 4 J&K Rifles at Domel with a company at Kohala and another company at Keran and 6 J&K Battalion had been sent up to Gilgit. This battalion had moved to Bunji and had a company at Leh and another company at Skardu. South of the Pir Panjal range, 1 J&K Rifles was at Poonch and was being relieved by 8 J&K Rifles, 9 J&K Rifles was at Rawalkot, 2 J&K rifles at Naushera and 3 J&K Rifles at Mirpur. [xi] Some of these were mixed battalions with both Dogra and Muslim troops. Poor communications and the vast spread of the area meant that each battalion was really fighting an independent battle and could not depend on support from any one. Pakistan thus thought that it would be easy to militarily take over the state and force its accession to Pakistan.

The idea of remaining an independent kingdom had appeal for the Maharaja, but he lacked the force to protect his kingdom from external threats. The remaining options were to accede, either to India or to Pakistan. Maharaja Hari Singh’s dilemma was increased by the fact that the Muslims in his state constituted the larger majority, but the Hindu population was substantial too. Stalling for time, the Maharaja entered into a Standstill Agreement with Pakistan on 12 August 1947. India however declined his offer.

To the Pakistani political leadership of that time, led by Mr Jinnah, who had been appointed as the Governor General of Pakistan and his Prime Minister, Mr Liaquat Ali Khan, there was little doubt that Kashmir would be taken over by force, if the Maharaja did not accede to Pakistan. This plan was given the code name “Operation Gulmarg” and planning commenced in August 1947.

Maj Gen Akbar Khan, a serving officer of the Pakistan army, was given the command of Operation Gulmarg, and he revealed all the details of this operation in 1975, in his book, “Raiders in Kashmir”. To achieve their objective, the Pakistan military raised 20 lashkars of about 1000 men each from their Pashtun population in the tribal belt. Pakistani military officers and men were embedded into the lashkars. They were given weapons, equipment and logistic support by the Pakistan army which also provided the force its leadership component down to company level. In his book, Khan confirms that the political leadership of Pakistan was fully in sync with these operations. It was thus a politico-military operation carried out by the state of Pakistan.

The invasion of J&K by Pakistan military, along with the raiders, began on 22 October. The route chosen to reach Srinagar was via Domel, Mahulla and thence to Baramulla. Over 7000 Pashtun armed tribesmen, led by officers from the Pakistan military, began the invasion, crossing over the state boundary. In a shameful incident, on the night of 21/22 October, the Muslim companies of the 4th Jammu and Kashmir Infantry, betrayed their oath to their ruler and the state and in an act of treachery, driven by religious fanaticism, killed their commanding officer, Col Narain Singh. They also killed their Dogra colleagues and then deserted, crossing over to the ranks of the tribals. Muzaffarabad and Domel was ransacked, the people butchered, raped and looted. Two days later, in Pulandri, they announced the formation of a provisional ‘Azad Kashmir’ government, [xii] before continuing their advance to Srinagar.

Under these conditions, the Maharaja requested India’s help, but was told that this could not be given unless he acceded to India. This was agreed to by the Maharaja and the Instrument of Accession was signed on 26 October 1947. The Indian Army was flown in to Srinagar on 27 October and they managed to halt the raiders on the outskirts of the city. Thereafter, the raiders were pushed back till a ceasefire was declared on 31 December 1948. With this, Pakistan remained in possession of about one-third of the state of J&K, to include the areas of Gilgit-Baltistan and Mirpur-Muzaffarabad. This line has seen minor modifications post the 1971 war with Pakistan, where it came to be known as the Line of Control. Post the 1971 Indo-Pak War, Turtuk, lying in the Nubra Valley and on the banks of the Shyok River was liberated by Indian forces and now forms one of the northernmost villages in the Leh District of Ladakh.

The inclusion of Article 370 into the Constitution of India had not been demanded by the people of J&K, nor was it demanded by Maharaja Hari Singh when he acceded to India. The Article giving special status to the state was a temporary measure, and so was included in PART XXI of the Constitution, which pertained to Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions. The insertion of Article 35A in 1954, which was the more insidious development, gave the state of J&K the power to determine who was a state subject and such determination could not be challenged by the Indian State. This Article was inserted without the mandatory approval of the Indian Parliament. Both Article 370 and 35 A can be said to have hindered the emotional integration of J&K with the rest of the Indian Union.

The Radicalisation of J&K

The problem of radicalisation which seeped into the state had its origins in the growth, since the mid-1960s, of the Jamaat-e-Islami. Indoctrinated cadres from the Jamaat were soon absorbed in government institutions, particularly in government schools. It was the Jamaat which radicalised the Muslims in J&K, especially in the Valley. The Government banned the Jamaat-e-Islami and its educational wing Falah-e-Aam Trust in 1992 for indulging in anti-social activities, but inexplicably, absorbed all the teachers in government schools! [xiii] Terrorism and radicalisation thus grew hand in hand in J&K, with Pakistan lending full support to terrorist groups. To view the conflict in Kashmir as a fight for ‘Azadi,’ is hence a misnomer. It was always a fight for Nizam-e-Mustafa—rule by Shariat and not by democratic norms. Also, developments with the state always had a Kashmir-centric agenda, despite the Kashmir division having only 55 percent of the population, [xiv] and just one-sixth of the land area of the state. [xv] The voices from Jammu and Ladakh remained smothered. Even within Kashmir Division, it was but a small coterie of people, comprising a fraction of the population, that held complete sway over the state. These were, what Bashir Assad refers to in his book, “K File” as the Mullah clan—the people who had come to the Valley about 600 years earlier to preach Islam. They are the present day Geelanis, Muftis, Shah, Handanis, Naqshbandis, Andrabis, Bukharis etc, and they achieved a stranglehold over the state, dominating the original inhabitants, as well as the states political and bureaucratic landscape. [xvi] The power of this group has now been eroded.

Conclusion

The abrogation of Special Status to the state of J&K and its bifurcation into the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir (with a legislature) and the Union Territory of Ladakh (without a legislature) brings fresh hope of normalcy settling into the region. The perfidious designs of Pakistan and their supporters within India are finally being addressed, which should bring peace to the region. For the moment, the efforts of the government of India must remain on seeing the total return to normalcy in the two new Union Territories. The events over the last one year have shown great promise towards that end.

(Maj. Gen. Dhruv C. Katoch is Editor, India Foundation Journal and Director, India Foundation)

[i] K.S.Valdiya, Geography, People’s and Geodynamics of India in Puranas and Epics, A Geologists Interpretation, New Delhi, Aryan Books, 2012, p 33

[ii] Binod S Das, “The Himalayan Frontier from the Sanskrit Sources” in N.R.Ray, Editor, Himalayan Frontier in Historical Perspective , Calcutta, Institute of Historical Studies, 1986, p2.

[iii] K.Sadeswin, “The Himalayas in early Tamil Literature” in N.R.Ray, Editor, Himalaya Frontier in Historical Perspective, Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, 1986, p8.

[iv] EA Paemu, A History of Muslim Rule in Kashmir, 1320-1819, Chapter 3, available at https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.118667/2015.118667.A-History-Of-Muslim-Rule-In-Kashmir_djvu.txt

[v] Mohammad Ashraf, Shah-i-Hamadan, the “Apostle of Kashmir”, Kashmir First, available at http://www.kashmirfirst.com/articles/history/070520_shah-i-hamadan.htm , accessed on 2 December 2019.

[vi] Arjan Nath Chaku & Inder K Chaku, The Kashmir Story through the ages, Vitasta Publishing, New Delhi, p 3.

[vii] Suresh Chander, Kashmir a Misnomer – In the light of Amritsar Treaty, Daily Excelsior, 22/12/2019, available at https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/kashmir-a-misnomer-in-the-light-of-amritsar-treaty/ .

[viii] Note 6, p 21-26

[ix] Note 6, p 27-28

[x] Note 6, p 49.

[xi] Rohit Singh, Operations in Jammu and Kashmir, 1947-48, Scholar Warrior, Autumn 2012, available at https://archive.claws.in/images/journals_doc/SW%20i-10.10.2012.150-178.pdf

[xii] Verghese Koithara, Crafting Peace in Kashmir through a Realist Lens, Sage, New Delhi, p 38

[xiii] Bashir Assad, K File: The Conspiracy of Silence, Vitasta, New Delhi, p 36-39.

[xiv] Census of India, 2011.

[xv] This does not include territories illegally occupied by China and Pakistan.

[xvi] Bashir Assad, P 2-18

Published by Dhruv C Katoch

Maj. Gen. Dhruv C. Katoch is Editor, India Foundation Journal and Director, India Foundation View more posts

Latest News

IF-IHC Book Discussion: How China Sees India and the World

Roundtable Discussion Bangladesh in Transition: Insights and Perspectives

Bharat: Awakening and Churn

JAMMU & KASHMIR - CULTURE

Traditions and Culture Of Jammu and Kashmir

Beach Captions And Quotes For Instagram

Bookmark
Contact Us

Deep in the heart of India, where the sky reaches out to touch the snow-capped peaks, the vibrant culture of Jammu & Kashmir comes alive. Tradition intertwines with modernity in a heartfelt symphony of colours, smells, and sounds. If culture were a painting, Jammu and Kashmir would undoubtedly be its most vibrant corner, shimmering with diversity and unity.

A mosaic of breathtaking landscapes and rich cultural heritage, Jammu and Kashmir is more than a simple geographical region. It's a timeless tapestry woven by countless generations. "Culture is the widening of the mind and spirit," Jawaharlal Nehru once said. In the context of Jammu and Kashmir, it certainly feels this way. So, let's unwrap further discussion!

Jammu And Kashmir Culture And Traditions

Every region has a story to tell, and Jammu and Kashmir, with its unique cultural heritage, is a storybook waiting to open its pages to the world!

Festivals of Jammu and Kashmir - Rich Cultural Celebrations and Traditions
Famous Foods of Jammu and Kashmir - Flavourful Culinary Delights and Specialties
Art, Music, and Craft of Jammu and Kashmir - Vibrant Artistic Expressions and Creativity
Best Places to Visit in Jammu and Kashmir - Breathtaking Natural Landscapes and Serenity
Dance Forms of Jammu and Kashmir - Energetic Rhythmic Movements and Grace
Traditional Attire of Jammu and Kashmir - Colourful Ethnic Garments and Elegance

1. Festivals of Jammu and Kashmir - Rich Cultural Celebrations and Traditions

Like a multicoloured kaleidoscope, famous festivals in Jammu and Kashmir vividly depict its diverse and composite culture. Each celebration is a confluence of various customs, traditions, and rituals that mirror the region's rich cultural heritage. The pulsating beats of drums during Lohri, the bonfire's glow marking the end of winter, or the vibrant processions during Eid and Navroz are not merely festivities but encapsulate a spirit of brotherhood and communal harmony. These festivals, where people from different faiths come together in a joyous celebration of life, become the melodic notes in Jammu and Kashmir's cultural symphony. Baisakhi, celebrated with much fanfare, ushers in the harvest season and encapsulates the region's agricultural ethos. It symbolises gratitude, hope, and the eternal cycle of renewal, further strengthening the deep-rooted cultural ties among the people.

2. Famous Foods of Jammu and Kashmir - Flavourful Culinary Delights and Specialties

The traditional cuisine of Jammu and Kashmir is a sensory delight, combining distinct flavours in a harmonious culinary sonnet. The celebrated Wazwan, a feast fit for kings, tells tales of the region's royal past. Its intricate preparation and presentation are as much an art form as a culinary tradition. The robust flavours of Rogan Josh, the tantalisingly aromatic Yakhni, and the hearty comfort of Dum Aloo - each dish contributes to the culinary tableau. The taste of sweet Shufta prepared during festivities lingers like a warm memory. Every ingredient, every spice, and every method of preparation reflects famous food of Jammu and Kashmir , bringing out the essence of this land of sheer beauty and serenity.

3. Art, Music, and Craft of Jammu and Kashmir - Vibrant Artistic Expressions and Creativity

Artistic creativity is the soul of Jammu and Kashmir's cultural ethos, reflecting the people's inherent talent and creativity. The handicrafts of Jammu and Kashmir, including the globally acclaimed Pashmina shawls, carry the whispers of the skilled artisans who pour their heart and soul into creating these masterpieces. The wooden carvings, the Papier-mâché artefacts, and the intricately woven carpets all mirror the region's aesthetic sensibilities. Music and dance of Jammu and Kashmir also hold a significant place in the cultural fabric of Jammu and Kashmir. Traditional music forms like Chakri and Sufiana Kalam echo in the valleys, while folk dances like Rouff and Hafiza dance resonate with the land's energy and vibrancy.

4. Best Places to Visit in Jammu and Kashmir - Breathtaking Natural Landscapes and Serenity

A tour through the tourist attractions in Jammu and Kashmir is akin to a journey through a beautifully illustrated storybook. The shimmering Dal Lake, often called "Srinagar's Jewel," is a sight to behold. The ancient temples of Jammu, each with a story to tell, are epitomes of architectural grandeur. The meandering valleys of Pahalgam, the majestic mountains of Ladakh, and the pristine beauty of Gulmarg's snow-covered landscapes all leave an indelible imprint on the beholder's heart. Each place is a testament to Jammu and Kashmir's profound natural beauty and a window into its rich history and heritage.

5. Dance Forms of Jammu and Kashmir - Energetic Rhythmic Movements and Grace

In Jammu and Kashmir, dance is a symphony of rhythmic movements and grace that tell tales of the region's vibrant culture. Dance forms like Rouff and Hafiza, performed in groups, symbolise unity, harmony, and the region's spirit of festivity. Dance in Jammu and Kashmir is not merely about rhythmic movements; it's a language that communicates stories of the past and aspirations for the future. The dances, often accompanied by soulful music, bring out the cultural richness and diversity of the region, further enhancing its enchanting charm.

6. Traditional Attire of Jammu and Kashmir - Colourful Ethnic Garments and Elegance

The traditional attire of Jammu and Kashmir, with its vivid hues and intricate designs, reflects the region's rich sartorial legacy. The warmth of the Pheran, the elegance of the Pashmina shawl, and the delicate embroidery of the Kurtas all narrate tales of a vibrant cultural heritage. The traditional attire is a canvas portraying the region's aesthetic sensibilities and deep-rooted cultural moorings. Much like the region's people, the attire is a perfect blend of tradition and modernity, simplicity and grandeur.

7. Tribes of Jammu and Kashmir - Diverse Indigenous Community and Heritage

Jammu and Kashmir are home to several tribes with unique customs, traditions, and languages. These tribes, with their distinctive lifestyles and rich cultural practices, contribute significantly to the cultural heritage of Jammu and Kashmir. The Gujjars, Bakerwals, Gaddis, and Botas are some of the tribes that inhabit the region. Their vibrant folk songs, dances, and traditional crafts passed down through generations, offer an insightful glimpse into the region's indigenous heritage. Their unique cultural practices, deeply ingrained in their everyday lives, are integral to the region's diverse cultural tapestry.

The mosaic of diverse cultures and traditions that shape Jammu and Kashmir is a compelling story of unity amidst diversity. From the pulse of its vibrant festivals to the melody of its traditional music, the richness of its cuisine to the elegance of its traditional attire, every aspect weaves an enchanting tale of its cultural heritage. The echo of the local tribes' narratives and the allure of its breathtaking tourist attractions further solidify this region as a captivating panorama of cultural diversity. Jammu and Kashmir isn't merely a destination; it's a cultural journey, a living, breathing tapestry of traditions and togetherness.

As our exploration draws to a close, we invite you to experience this culture first-hand. Immerse yourself in the unity and diversity that is Jammu and Kashmir. So, why wait? Take the first step towards this unforgettable journey with Adotrip , your perfect travel partner.

With us, nothing is far!

Frequently Asked Questions About Culture Of Jammu and Kashmir

Q1. What are the major cultural festivals celebrated in Jammu and Kashmir? A1: Certainly, here are some major cultural festivals celebrated in Jammu and Kashmir:

Eid-ul-Fitr
Eid-ul-Adha
Hemis Festival
Tulip Festival
Saffron Festival

Q2: Can you tell me about Jammu and Kashmir's traditional dance forms and music genres? A2: Here are some traditional dance forms and music genres of Jammu and Kashmir:

Rouff Dance
Hafiza Dance
Chakri Music
Sufiana Kalam

Q3: How do Jammu and Kashmir celebrate their regional and religious festivals? A3: In Jammu and Kashmir, regional and religious festivals are celebrated with:

Communal Feasts
Public Processions
Traditional Dances
Folk Music Performances
Community Bonfires

Q4: Are there any unique art and craft forms that represent Jammu and Kashmir's culture? A4: Unique art and craft forms from Jammu and Kashmir include:

Pashmina Shawls
Wooden Carvings
Papier-mâché Artefacts
Handwoven Carpets

Q5: What are some famous folklore and mythological stories associated with Jammu and Kashmir? A5: Some of the famous folklore and mythological stories from Jammu and Kashmir include:

The Legend of the Dal Lake
The Story of Habba Khatoon
The Epic of Heemal and Nagrai

Q6: How does the cuisine of Jammu and Kashmir reflect its cultural identity? A6: Jammu and Kashmir's cuisine includes dishes like:

Q7: Can you tell me about the traditional attire and jewellery worn in Jammu and Kashmir? A7: Traditional attire and jewellery from Jammu and Kashmir include:

Embroidered Kurtas
Silver Jhumkas
Dejhoor (Traditional Kashmiri Earrings)

Q8: Are there any specific rituals or customs followed in Jammu and Kashmir's cultural practices? A8: Some customs and rituals in Jammu and Kashmir's cultural practices include:

Kashmiri Pandit Marriage Rituals
Namaz Rituals
Lohri Bonfire Tradition

Q9: How do Jammu and Kashmir's natural landscape and religious diversity influence its culture? A9: The natural landscape and religious diversity influence Jammu and Kashmir culture through:

Nature-Inspired Art and Craft
Interfaith Festivals and Celebrations
Multi-Cultural Cuisine

Q10: Can you recommend some cultural events or festivals to experience in Jammu and Kashmir? A10: To experience the rich cultural heritage of Jammu and Kashmir, consider these events:

Hemis Festival in Ladakh
Tulip Festival in Srinagar
Lohri Celebrations in Jammu
Eid Celebrations across Jammu and Kashmir

--- Published By Adotrip

Flight Booking

Related blogs.

Paragliding In Kashmir 2024 | The Adventure Sport

6 Shopping Places In Pahalgam | You Must Visit In 2024

15 Best Tourist Places To Visit In Kuwait | Best Tourist Att...

13 Best Places To Visit Near Dal Lake | Top Tourist Attracti...

Culture Of Kashmir 2024 | History, Cuisine, Festivals And Mo...

Latest blogs.

7 Best Things to do in Orlando 2024

Discover How Travel Agencies Can Transform Your Trip

15 Best Things To Do In Bangalore 2024

List Of Castles in Ireland 2024

Christmas Markets in Prague: A Magical Winter Wonderland

Popular Packages

Kashmir Package

Starting Price from 16500.00

Romantic Goa

Starting price from 12500.00 view details, popular flights.

Amritsar to Ahmedabad Flights

Mangalore to Bhubaneswar Flights

Thiruvananthapuram to Varanasi Flights

Bhubaneswar to Vadodara Flights

Raipur to Thiruvananthapuram Flights

Mumbai to Amritsar Flights

Jammu to Mangalore Flights

Vadodara to Raipur Flights

Goa to Bhubaneswar Flights

Kochi to Kolkata Flights

Apply for visa online

Subscribe Our Newsletter To Get Exclusive Discounts & Offers In Your Inbox

Download Adotrip App Or Simply Subscribe To Get Exclusive Offers On Flights, Hotels, Buses And More

Change Password

May I Help you

Fundamentals NEW

Biographies
Compare Countries
World Atlas

Jammu and Kashmir

It’s here: the NEW Britannica Kids website!

We’ve been busy, working hard to bring you new features and an updated design. We hope you and your family enjoy the NEW Britannica Kids. Take a minute to check out all the enhancements!

The same safe and trusted content for explorers of all ages.
Accessible across all of today's devices: phones, tablets, and desktops.
Improved homework resources designed to support a variety of curriculum subjects and standards.
A new, third level of content, designed specially to meet the advanced needs of the sophisticated scholar.
And so much more!

Want to see it in action?

Start a free trial

To share with more than one person, separate addresses with a comma

Choose a language from the menu above to view a computer-translated version of this page. Please note: Text within images is not translated, some features may not work properly after translation, and the translation may not accurately convey the intended meaning. Britannica does not review the converted text.

After translating an article, all tools except font up/font down will be disabled. To re-enable the tools or to convert back to English, click "view original" on the Google Translate toolbar.

Privacy Notice
Terms of Use

leaders meeting about India and Pakistan independence in 1947

The Kashmir conflict: How did it start?

The dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir was sparked by a fateful decision in 1947, and has resulted in decades of violence, including two wars.

Since 1947, India and Pakistan have been locked in conflict over Kashmir, a majority-Muslim region in the northernmost part of India. The mountainous, 86,000-square-mile territory was once a princely state. Now, it is claimed by both India and Pakistan.

The roots of the conflict lie in the countries’ shared colonial past. From the 17th to the 20th century, Britain ruled most of the Indian subcontinent, first indirectly through the British East India Company, then from 1858 directly through the British crown. Over time, Britain’s power over its colony weakened, and a growing nationalist movement threatened the crown’s slipping rule.

Though it feared civil war between India’s Hindu majority and Muslim minority, Britain faced increasing pressure to grant independence to its colony. After World War II, Parliament decided British rule in India should end by 1948.

Britain had historically had separate electorates for Muslim citizens and reserved some political seats specifically for Muslims; that not only hemmed Muslims into a minority status, but fueled a growing Muslim separatist movement. Mohammad Ali Jinnah , a politician who headed up India’s Muslim League, began demanding a separate nation for India’s Muslim population.

“It is high time that the British Government applied their mind definitely to the division of India and the establishment of Pakistan and Hindustan, which means freedom for both,” Jinnah said in 1945 .

As religious riots broke out across British India, leaving tens of thousands dead , British and Indian leaders began to seriously consider a partition of the subcontinent based on religion. On August 14, 1947, the independent, Muslim-majority nation of Pakistan was formed. The Hindu-majority independent nation of India followed the next day.

Under the hasty terms of partition, more than 550 princely states within colonial India that were not directly governed by Britain could decide to join either new nation or remain independent.

The maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, in June 1946.

At the time, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which had a majority Muslim population, was governed by maharaja Hari Singh, a Hindu. Unlike most of the princely states which aligned themselves with one nation or the other, Singh wanted independence for Kashmir. To avert pressure to join either new nation, the maharaja signed a standstill agreement with Pakistan that allowed citizens of Kashmir to continue trade and travel with the new country. India did not sign a similar standstill agreement with the princely state.

As partition-related violence raged across the two new nations , the government of Pakistan pressured Kashmir to join it. Pro-Pakistani rebels, funded by Pakistan, took over much of western Kashmir, and in September 1947, Pashtun tribesmen streamed over the border from Pakistan into Kashmir. Singh asked for India’s help in staving off the invasion, but India responded that, in order to gain military assistance, Kashmir would have to accede to India, thus becoming part of the new country.

Singh agreed and signed the Instrument of Accession , the document that aligned Kashmir with the Dominion of India, in October 1947. Kashmir was later given special status within the Indian constitution—a status which guaranteed that Kashmir would have independence over everything but communications, foreign affairs, and defense. This special status was revoked by the Indian government in August 2019.

The maharaja's fateful decision to align Kashmir with India ushered in decades of conflict in the contested region, including two wars and a longstanding insurgency.

How the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has been shaped by past empires

How a tiny line on a map led to conflict in the Himalaya

Why the Partition of India and Pakistan still casts a long shadow over the region

Conflict in Kashmir Takes a Grim Toll on Unwitting Victims

How climate change can help heal conflicts—not just fuel them

Environment

Culture & Heritage

Jammu and Kashmir has the distinction of having multifaceted, variegated and unique cultural blend, making it distinct from the rest of the country, not only from the different cultural forms and heritage, but from geographical, demographically, ethical, social entities, forming a distinct spectrum of diversity and diversions into Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh, all professing diverse religion, language and culture, but continuously intermingling, making it vibrant specimens of Indian Unity amidst diversity. Its different cultural forms like art and architecture, fair and festivals, rites and rituals, seer and sagas, language and mountains, embedded in ageless period of history, speak volumes of unity and diversity with unparalleled cultural cohesion and cultural service. Like the UT of Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar too has a distinctive blend of cultural heritage. Holy places in and around the city depict the historical cultural and religious diversity of the city as well as the Kashmir valley.While the Kashmir has been the highest learning centre of Sanskrit and Persian where early Indo-Aryanic civilization has originated and flourshed, it has also been embracing point of advent of Islam bringing its fold finest traditions of Persian civilization, tolerance, brotherhood and sacrifice. Some of the popular performing traditions of Srinagar are as follows :-

Bhand Pather :

It is a traditional folk theatre style combination of play and dance in a satirical style where social traditions , evils are depicted and performed in various social and cultural functions. Bhand Jashan is performed by a group of 10 to 15 artists in their traditional style accompanied by light music for the entertainment of people.

It is most popular form of Kashmiri folk music. It has some resemblance with chakra of mountaineous regions of Uttar Pradesh. Normally Garaha, Sarangi, Rabab were the musical instruments used in the past. But now thw harmonium too has made its way in its presentation.

Sufiana Music :

Sofians musiqui came to Kashmir from Iran in the 15th century. Over the years it has established itself as the classical music form of Kashmir and has incorporated a number of Indian Ragas in its body. Hafiz Nagma in fact, used to be part of sofiana music. The instruments used in this form are Santoor, Sitar, Kashmiri Saz, Wasool or Tabala. In Hafiz Nagma a dancer is a female while her accompanists on various instruments are males. Hafiza moves her feet on musical notes.

Essay on Kashmir in English 100, 200, 300, 500 Words PDF

Essay on kashmir.

Short & Long Essay on Kashmir – The essay on Kashmir has been written in simple English and easy words for children and students. This English essay mentions Kashmir its beautiful land and places, Why is Kashmir beautiful? What are the challenges to the beauty of Kashmir, and why everyone should go and discover it? Students are often asked to write essay on Kashmir in their schools and colleges. If you are also looking for the same, then we have given essays on this topic in 100-word, 200-word, 300-word, and 500-word.

Short & Long Essay on Kashmir

Essay (100 words).

Kashmir is a beautiful state of India and is considered the most important part of India which is called heaven on earth, it is said that there is no place more beautiful than Kashmir, it is also called Switzerland of India.

The capital of Jammu and Kashmir is Srinagar. There are many high Himalayan peaks, glaciers, valleys, rivers, evergreen forests, hills, etc., and many other places. Snowfall occurs throughout the year in Kashmir.

The weather here is always pleasant. Many tourists come every year to see the beauty of this place. During summer one can see very good greenery here. During snowfall, it seems as if a white sheet has been spread over Kashmir. Apple trees can be seen here which are very beautiful to look at.

Essay (200 Words)

Kashmir is known as “Paradise on Earth” which is a top-class tourist destination. Its picturesque view of snow-capped peaks, lush green valleys, and tranquil lakes attracts tourists from all over the world.

Tourism is an important sector for the economy of Kashmir, its unique attractions include Dal Lake which is known for its houseboats, and Amarnath Cave an important pilgrimage site that also attracts a large number of tourists. Furthermore, the Mughal Gardens reflect the brilliance of Persian architecture.

Kashmir creates innumerable employment opportunities for the local people ranging from hotel and restaurant services to handicrafts and transportation which contributes significantly to its GDP.

Despite its natural beauty, the tourist destination of Kashmir has been affected by conflict. Due to security concerns, there has been a decline in the number of tourists which has impacted the local economy. The government is continuously making concerted efforts to revive and promote tourism in Kashmir.

Tourism in Kashmir is a blend of cultural richness, natural beauty, and thrilling adventure. Despite many challenges, its potential is immense. With the right strategies, it can become a symbol of economic growth and cultural exchange while preserving its natural splendor for future generations.

Essay (300 Words)

Introduction

Jammu and Kashmir is the most beautiful and important part of the earth which is located in the northern part of India. Kashmir is also called heaven on earth. It has Pakistan on its western border and China on its northern and eastern borders. About 8 languages are spoken in Kashmir, while the area is about 54571 square miles and its population is about 1,01,43,700. ,

Beauty of Kashmir

The weather of Kashmir is always very pleasant, during snowfall it seems as if a white sheet has been spread over Kashmir. Many tourists keep coming from India and abroad to see the beauty of this place. During summer one can see very good greenery here. Apples are grown here the trees are very beautiful to look at.

Heaven on Earth

Kashmir is called heaven on earth because it has very high hills, dense forests, and lakes flowing between the valleys. Therefore it is considered like the crown of India, there is a sudden change in the weather here which enhances its beauty, due to its beauty people are attracted here and often come to visit.

Kashmir a Tourist Destination

Kashmir is one of the most famous places in India. People often come here throughout the year for their holidays. Whoever visits Kashmir says that the real heaven is in Kashmir. There are many tourist places here for the people – like Sonamarg, Pahalgam, Patna Top, Srinagar, Gulmarg, Sonamarg, etc. There are many lakes here which add to the beauty of Kashmir.

Kashmir which is called heaven on earth is very beautiful. Impressed by its beauty, people from all over the country and abroad come to visit here. If you too are looking for a hill station to spend your holidays, then there cannot be a better option than Kashmir. Despite its conflicts, Kashmir is an ideal tourist destination for the people. You can go here and enjoy everything as per your wish.

Essay (500 Words)

Kashmir is an important part of India which is also considered as heaven on earth. It is known for its spectacular beauty, snow-clad hills, amazing snow-covered mountain ranges, beautiful lakes, lush green farming, evergreen gardens, and a mesmerizing beauty that cannot be described in words. Kashmir has always been a center of attraction for many reasons – be it its enchanting beauty, issues of cross-border terrorism, political issues, or the terror and fear associated with the place, these are the reasons why Kashmir is always in the news.

The Beauty of Kashmir Valley

The Kashmir Valley is surrounded by the Himalayan mountain ranges which remain covered with snow almost throughout the year. It is surrounded by China and Tibet in the east while it is surrounded by Pakistan in the west. Kashmir Valley is one of the largest valleys in the country which extends over an area of 105 square km. There are many rivers here in which Jhelum River is the main river of Kashmir and it flows in different areas of Kashmir by making branches at different places. Other important rivers of the valley include the Indus and Chenab rivers.

Kashmir Weather

Summers in Kashmir are very mild between the months of May and August while the monsoon season occurs from September to November and becomes cold with the onset of winter by the end of November. The actual winter season occurs between December and February when temperatures drop extremely low. Visiting snow-capped mountains during this time leaves one in awe of the power of nature.

Spring season occurs in Kashmir between March and April. Tourists can visit this place to see the valley covered and adorned with the finest colors of nature and lush greenery.

Trees and Animals

Almond trees, walnut trees, poplar or maple trees, cedar, birch trees, and blue cedar are found in abundance in this region. Apart from this, animals like leopards, mountain foxes, jackals, hangul, musk deer, langur, black bears, etc. live in the wildlife. This valley is home to 120 species of birds and some of them are pheasants and bulbuls.

Terrorism in Kashmir

The Kashmir issue is still unresolved and both India and Pakistan have been shedding blood for years over its rights. Kashmir Valley is infamous for political disputes. People living in the valley are still living a life full of struggle. Bloodshed and imposition of curfew are common in the valley and the problems of the people increase due to the deployment of the army throughout the year in sensitive areas.

Some unresolved disputes have given rise to terrorist attacks and cross-border terrorist activities continue to occur between the two countries. The governments of both countries have tried several times to resolve the disputes and free the area from terrorist activities, but have not been successful yet.

Despite the controversies, Kashmir is a very beautiful place which is called heaven on earth. People from all over the country and abroad come to visit here. Although there are many beautiful places in India the best place among them is Kashmir. You can go here and enjoy everything as per your wish. But Kashmir is an area affected by terrorism. So we need to be alert and careful there.

Essay on Freedom Fighters 100, 200, 300, 500 Words PDF

Essay on Eid ul Fitr in 1000 Words PDF

Essay on Success in Life | 100, 200, 250, and 500 Words

Essay on Hindi Language in English 1000 Words | Download PDF

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

We're Hiring!
Help Center

Download Free PDF

TRADITIONAL FOOD AND DRESS OF KASHMIR DURING MEDIEVAL AND MODERN TIMES

The culture of Kashmir refers to the culture and tradition of Kashmir, a region in North India (consisting of Jammu and Kashmir), north east Pakistan (consisting of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan) and a Chinese Occupied territory of Aksai Chin. Along with its scenic beauty, Kashmir is famous for its cultural heritage; its amalgamate Muslim, Hindus, Sikh and Buddhist philosophers and has involved composite culture based on the value of humanism and tolerance which is collectively known as " Kashmiriyat ". This is no feasible to cover the whole Kashmiri Culture and tradition in one article. In this article we will try to highlight the traditional Food and Dress of Kashmir. The dominating religion of Kashmir is " Islam " , so the Kashmiri Muslim community loves to dress up with " Pheran ". Pheran the traditional dress of Kashmir is a long loose shirt which hangs down below the knee along with a white turban tied on a skull-cap, a close fitting trousers and laceless shoes called gurgabi. Kashmiri cuisine hold a unique place among different world cuisine. Kashmiri wedding are regarded incomplete without the Kashmiri traditional food known as Wazwan.

Related papers

Kashmir, also known as the Vale of Kashmir, is located in northeast Pakistan and is one of the most beautiful and breath-taking valleys in the country. The valley, which is situated in the Himalayan mountain range, is known for its diverse culture and history. The Jhelum River, one of Pakistan's five major rivers, originates here. Before the Indian Subcontinent was partitioned, Kashmir was one of the princely states. Various traditional dinners are depicted and their ingredients are detailed in this article. Some of the famous cuisines are Rogan

Kashmir Newsline, 2023

Pherans and kangris have always kept the people of Kashmir warm and even now with frequent power cuts it’s these two traditional items that keep them warm. With or without the kangri, the pheran works as a heating system. Pheran is unique to the culture of Kashmir and it is worn particularly to protect from the chilling winter of Kashmir, especially Chilai Kalan that starts from December 21. December 21 is now being celebrated as Pheran Day in Kashmir valley.

Kashmir was a pivotal point, through which the wealth, knowledge, and products of ancient India passed to the world although Islam and its enduring influence in Kashmir took root only in the 14th century. By the time of the Mughals the influence of Persian and Middle Eastern arts was considerable and is still evident in Kashmir's crafts. Kashmir was most famous for its intricately woven and embroidered shawls, which for centuries were a cornerstone of European fashion until the invention of Jacquard looms enabled the production of less expensive paisley shawls. Thirty thousand rural workers still weave and embroider Kashmiri shawls, which remain a status symbol in India. Another forty thousand weavers produce hand-woven fabrics, and the total output makes Kashmir one of India’s leading producers of handloom textiles. Men wear shawls with patterns expressed in tapestry weave over a twilled ground, mostly made of Pashmina, goat's wool.

Interdisciplinary Journal of Linguistics, 2016

Besides the scenic beauty, Kashmir valley also possesses a rich cultural heritage. The diversity of Kashmir Culture owes to a wide array of influences from different religious currents and civilizations. As such Kashmiri language has a rich share of cultural lexicon covering various dimensions of Kashmiri culture. The present paper is an attempt to look into the culinary terminology of Kashmiri.

History Research Journal, 2019

Kashmir, the official division and one of the Capitals of Jammu and Kashmir is located in the northern part of the Indian sub-continent. The valley is famous all over the world for its scenic beauty, high mountains, pastures, beautiful gardens as has been compared to heaven on Earth. Apart from the natural beauty, the valley is famous for its rich cultural uniqueness, which includes language, food habits, dressing style, folkways, festivals, beliefs, norms, family structure, marriage celebration, music, and dance. The unity and brotherhood of Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist and Hindu philosophies have created an amalgamated and complex culture that is based on unity, honesty, respect, humanism, tolerance, etc., which is known as Kashmiriyat for which the whole state is famous all over the world. Socio-culturally, as well as geographically the valley, is separated from all other cultures or civilizations. Every society is recognized by its uniqueness in cultural and this, in turn, is the identity of the society and can't be compromised for the developmental plans. Cultural situation varies greatly from region to region and in India, it varies every few miles. In the present study, the cultural aspect of Kashmir valley and their alteration with time has been highlighted from various parameters like the interaction of tourists with local inhabitants, modern education, social media, advancement in technology, trade. The study is based on the past literature collected from journals, books, Magazines, observation, and from the experience of experts from the Cultural Academy of Kashmir.

Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 2021

Like its scenic beauty, Kashmir valley is even famous for its cultural heritage. The valley of Kashmir is very rich as far as different aspects of its culture are concerned. Kashmiris though followed different religions; more or less belong to same stock. There are certain differences in the customs of birth, marriage and death in case of Muslims and pandits of the Kashmir. Therefore, many of their traditions, customs and ceremonies and even dresses bear many resemblances. And it is to be noted that the life of the people of Kashmiri was ruled by customs (Rewaj) and tradition. It was very difficult for the people to maintain a subsistence level when he had to spend expensively on occasions of marriage, birth, death and other religious and social ceremonies. Some of the ritualistic practices of the Kashmiri people have been inherited from the Aryans travelled to the state of Kashmir and settled there with the original inhabitants of Kashmir. Historical documents and scriptures reveal that the Kashmiri Pandits (Kashmiri Hindus) had already established their own system of ritualistic practice and customs. The influence of Aryans on the Kashmiri Bata’s led them to incorporate some of the rituals of the race into their already prevalent customs. The rituals are still practiced by the people of the valley today. The present paper attempt to reveal some aspects of the caste, customs and ceremonies related to Birth, Marriage and Death among the Pandits / Hindus of Kashmir. Key Words: Kashmiris, Pandits, Caste, Customs, Ceremonies, Tradition.

Wazwan, an integral part of Kashmiri culture is a very elaborate preparation of 7 to 36 dishes that are mainly made up of mutton or beef, chicken, fruits and vegetables. Preparation of wazwan does not follow any fixed Standard operating procedure nor is it done in an organized quality regulated sector. This leads to multiple scientific flaws in its preparation which need to be taken care of for making the production of same nutritious, safe and hygienic. This product has now started to reach even international markets hence it is very important to maintain its good quality so that it is safe for consumption. This paper reviews the method of production of wazwan, the flaws in its production and the risks related with same.

Kashmir Pashmina is famous throughout the world for its fineness, warmth and elegance. It is derived from mountain goat known as Capra Hiracus. Kashmir Pashmina has been registered under Geographical Indication (GI) Act in the year 2005. GI is an important tool for providing legal protection to traditional knowledge employed in the development of product from a particular geography and thus safeguards the interests of stakeholders. Implementation of GI in Kashmir Pashmina has potential to ensure development of a distinct brand image for this craft. To boost the potential of Kashmir Pashmina industry, effective implementation of GI in Kashmir Pashmina along with its promotion and publicity is very inevitable. This paper provides overview of Kashmir Pashmina, its production process, registration of Kashmir Pashmina under GI Act and enforcement of GI through labelling and certification.

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

The Parchment of Kashmir, Palgrave Macmillan, New York., 2012

Kalyan Bharti, 2021

Journal of Ethnic Foods, 2016

Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism , 2015

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology

International Journal of Hindu Studies, 2018

RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary

Vivekananda International Foundation, 2019

International Journal of Research, 2019

Culture & Heritage

The built heritage of Jammu dates back to the 2nd century AD. Evidences of these are the Buddhist Stupa at Ambaran near Akhnoor, ninth to tenth century AD Temples at Krimchi, Babor and ancient Forts, Palaces and temples built in the middle ages. The important historical and heritage sites of Jammu are:

Amar Mahal Palace

Amar Mahal Palace is the architectural gem located on the National Highway towards Srinagar. Built like a French Chateau on a hill overlooking the river Tawi, is a beautiful palace of red sand stone which stands amidst most picturesque horizons of Jammu. Once the residential palace of Raja Amar Singh, the palace has been converted into a museum and is looked after by Hari-Tara Charitable Trust. The museum has the golden throne on which Maharaja used to sit, which is made up of 120 kg pure gold. The museum has a gallery of paintings and a library in which about 25,000 books on various subjects and disciplines have been presented.

The ancient Bahu Fort in Jammu is believed to be originally built by Raja Bahu Lochan about 3,000 years ago. It was refurbished by the Dogra rulers in the 19th century. The fort is a religious place and within its precincts is a temple dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali, the presiding deity of Jammu. The temple is known locally as the “Bawey Wali Mata temple”. Just beneath the fort is the terraced Bagh-e-Bahu Garden laid in the style of Mughal gardens which affords panoramic view of the Jammu city and underground fish aquarium.

Akhnoor Fort

The Fort was built during the early 19th century and commands a towering view along the right bank of the Chenab. The present fort was probably started in 1762 AD at the behest of Raja Tegh Singh, as an autonomous principle state. A devastating famine is said to have broken in the country during this time. In order to provide work to his famishing people Raj Tegh Singh started the construction of Akhnoor Fort and Palace on banks of the Chenab River. He supplied food to the workers for 2 years and thus saved the principality His son Alam Singh completed the Akhnoor fort in 1802. On the eastern side, there are steps leading down to the River Chenab. Though constructed in the 18th century, most of the steps are in a good state of preservation. The ghat served as the important spot for performance of religious sites by the people of the region. The turrets or Burj are still intact is called the Kishore Singh Burj after Maharaja Gulab Singh’s father who was a close associate of Guru Gobind Singh the 10th Sikh Guru. There are traces of paintings on the walls of the rooms of the fort.

Ambaran ,also locally known as Pambaran, is a village of Akhnoor tehsil in Jammu district and is said to have been founded by Amba Jagdev Pawar . A scion of Pawar dynasty of Dhar Ujjain which seems to have been the original capital of Akhnoor. It was named Ambari after the family diety Amba, one of the names of goddess Durga. The name got changed gradually into Ambaran. Ambaran is the eighth place in the world, where relics of Buddha have been found in a stupa. Historians are of the opinion that the place might have been an important centre of Buddhism between the 1st and 7th century B.C. A cultural sequence of four historical periods has already been unraveled at Ambaran. It is believed to be the only early Buddhist site in Jammu region. Excavations have unearthed terracotta figures, small sculptures, pottery and brunt brick structures dating back to pre Kushan and post Gupta period.

Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir Essay

Tourism today has become one of the largest and fastest growing industries of the world: India is one of the world’s most exciting and attractive tourist resorts. There are several reasons for it. First, she is famous for her scenic beauty. Nature has been kind to her. Secondly, India’s architecture, sculpture and great monuments are the finest creation known to the civilised man.

Kashmir is the paradise of tourists: Its scenic beauty and salubrious climate have given it the aptitude of “ Tourists Paradise. ” With its lakes and mountains, its luxurious chinars and tall slender poplars, delicious fruits ancient monuments, its placid rivers and murmuring streams swarming with Himalayan trout, and a host of innumerable natural attractions Kashmir, as G.T. Vigne prophesied in 1885, has become the sine qua non of the traveller to the East.

The clear cool water, the gentle breezes, the genial sun-shine, the bubbling springs, the freshwater lakes and snow-capped mountains of Kashmir are very charming, indeed. While praising the beauty of Kashmir a poet has aptly remarked:

Tell me what land can boast of such treasures Is aught so fair is aught so sweet? Hail I Paradise of endless pleasure!” Hail! Beautiful and beloved Kashmir.

To a scholar, its rich folklore and ancient manuscripts promise a world of delight. To a gay, young couple it is an ideal holiday. resort where they can enjoy themselves in luxuriously decorated houseboats or sit under chinar trees. eat cherries and talk of love.

To an artist, it is a land of enchanting colourful scenes which never were on sea or land. To a student of geology, there is a vast field of exploration of rocks and minerals while to students of culture it is the meeting ground of various races and civilizations.

One can do boating, skiing, skating, mountaineering, horse riding Etc. One can indulge in fishing, hunting wild animals, catching birds, shooting ducks and other kinds of sports.

There are many beauty spots of Kashmir that attract tourists from far-flung places : Pahalgam and Gulmarg are among the finest of them all. The latter is the valley of roses and the tourism department has built up two golf courses of a high standard for the recreation of game lovers. The place is ideal for skiing and trekking.

The tourist trade is an important factor in the economy of Jammu and Kashmir : As many as four lakh tourists pay a visit to the valley every year. The tourist season commences in April-May and continues up to October. Some Europeans come in winter to enjoy the beauty of snowfall and such winter sports like skating and skiing at Gulmarg which is the queen of hill stations in Asia.

IMAGES

10 Lines on Jammu and Kashmir in English
Write a essay on Kashmir
Ten lines on Kashmir in English Short Essay on
💐 Paragraph on jammu and kashmir. Short Paragraph on Kashmir (400 Words
10 Lines On Traditional Dress of Jammu and Kashmir In English
Essay on Jammu and Kashmir It's Capital

VIDEO

Write a essay on Kashmir
Jammu Kashmir culture|#jammu
#Lecture #2#The History of Jammu and Kashmir upto 7th century AD# History Fox
traditional culture of jammu and kashmir||#facts
part 1 culture of jammu and kashmir and ladakh for all jkssb exams
Essay on Badalta Jammu and Kashmir/essay on Badalta Jammu and Kashmir| Badalta Jammu Kashmir

COMMENTS

Essay on Jammu and Kashmir- 10 Lines, 100, 500, 1000 Words
Essay on Jammu and Kashmir in English in 10 Lines. "Delve into the diverse tapestry of Jammu and Kashmir in this insightful essay in English, exploring its rich history, cultural heritage, and the complexities that define its unique identity.". Jammu and Kashmir, often referred to as "Paradise on Earth," is a union territory in northern ...
Culture of Kashmir : Exploring the Vibrant Tradition, Art, Music, Food
The rich and fascinating culture of Kashmir is famous throughout the globe. The people, arts, crafts, theatre, literature, dances, music and so much more greatly contribute to the height of the Kashmiri Culture. Furthermore, known for its diversity due to the blend of various cultures and religions there. Its rich history is the cherry on top ...
Culture of Kashmir
Culture of Kashmir. The culture of Kashmir encompasses the spoken language, written literature, cuisine, architecture, traditions, and history of the Kashmiri people native to the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The culture of Kashmir was influenced by the Persian as well as Central Asian cultures after the Islamic rule of Kashmir.
Jammu and Kashmir
The sex ratio is relatively poor, about 890 females per 1,000 males at the 2011 census, lower than it was in the 2001 census (900 females per 1,000 males). Jammu and Kashmir - People, Culture, Religion: The cultural, ethnic, and linguistic composition of Jammu and Kashmir varies across the region. About two-thirds of the population adheres to ...
Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir is a union territory of India (until October 31, 2019, a state), located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent centered on the plains around Jammu to the south and the Vale of Kashmir to the north. It is part of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the 1947 partition of the subcontinent.
About Jammu and Kashmir
Religion of Jammu & Kashmir. The major religion of Jammu Region is Hinduism, and it is home to important Hindu pilgrimage sites, including the famous Mata Vaishno Devi Temple in Katra. In Kashmir Valley, Islam is practised by the majority of people. Amarnath Cave, a major Hindu Pilgrimage Site, is located about 141 kilometers from Srinagar.
Essay on Kashmir: History and Beauty in 600+ Words
3.3. (82) Essay on Kashmir for Students: Kashmir is a region situated between India and Pakistan in South Asia. It is believed that the name Kashmir originated from the word 'Ka' which means water, and 'shimera' to desiccate. The story of Kashmir is complex and has historical, cultural, and political dimensions.
Kashmir
The Kashmir region is predominantly mountainous, with deep, narrow valleys and high, barren plateaus. The relatively low-lying Jammu and Punch (Poonch) plains in the southwest are separated by the thickly forested Himalayan foothills and the Pir Panjal Range of the Lesser Himalayas from the larger, more fertile, and more heavily populated Vale of Kashmir to the north.
10 Must-Read Essays on Kashmir by Gautam Navlakha
The yatra has caused considerable damage to the economy and ecology of the area. The high-handed actions of the Shri Amarnath Shrine Board only aggravated the situation. "From the Killing Fields of Kashmir to the Finishing Line" by Gautam Navlakha (Sanhati, October 10, 2010) "Truth and demand for justice are on the side of the Kashmiri ...
Jammu and Kashmir: A Glimpse into History
The first of these, the Treaty of Lahore, was signed on 9 March 1846 with the 7-year old Maharaja Duleep Singh and the British Empire. Under the terms of the Treaty, Punjab ceded Kashmir and its dependencies to the British. The second treaty, the Treaty of Amritsar was signed a week later on 16 March 1846 with Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu.
JAMMU & KASHMIR CULTURE AND TRADITION
But however today the valley of Kashmir is said to be the home of people belonging to various sects and races. The diversity of the state stands steady and highlighted by factors like dance, music, cuisine and festivals. Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh have a multifaceted, multi religious and multi-ethnic culture distinct to the three areas of the state.
Special Issue: Writing about Kashmir
The articles that this special issue comprises foreground the plight of those craving a world in which social justice, political enfranchisement, cultural pride, and self-realization are the order of the day. The authors of these articles acknowledge, either explicitly or implicitly, the yearning of the people of Jammu and Kashmir for a world ...
Traditions and Culture Of Jammu and Kashmir
Music and dance of Jammu and Kashmir also hold a significant place in the cultural fabric of Jammu and Kashmir. Traditional music forms like Chakri and Sufiana Kalam echo in the valleys, while folk dances like Rouff and Hafiza dance resonate with the land's energy and vibrancy. 4. Best Places to Visit in Jammu and Kashmir - Breathtaking Natural ...
Jammu and Kashmir
Gerald Cubitt. Jammu and Kashmir is a union territory of India.Formerly a state of India, it is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of India in 1947. Legislation passed by India's parliament in August 2019 set the stage for downgrading Jammu and Kashmir from statehood to union territory status and ...
The Kashmir conflict: How did it start?
The dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir was sparked by a fateful decision in 1947, and has resulted in decades of violence, including two wars. Since 1947, India and Pakistan have been ...
Cultural Heritage of Jammu and Kashmir
Books. Cultural Heritage of Jammu and Kashmir. K. Warikoo. Pentagon Press, 2009 - Social Science - 338 pages. Situated at the crossroads of South and Central Asia, the State of Jammu and Kashmir has made a lasting contribution to Indian philosophy, arts and aesthetics, and historiography. Numerous sacred shrines of Jammu and Kashmir are revered ...
Culture of Jammu and Kashmir
Culture of Jammu and Kashmir depicts the rich art and architecture and the culture of medieval era, which is now the epitome. The culture of Jammu and Kashmir is distinct and diverse, encompassing the various habits and lifestyles of the people inhabiting the regions of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh. During their long periods of independence ...
Culture & Heritage
Culture & Heritage. Jammu and Kashmir has the distinction of having multifaceted, variegated and unique cultural blend, making it distinct from the rest of the country, not only from the different cultural forms and heritage, but from geographical, demographically, ethical, social entities, forming a distinct spectrum of diversity and ...
Essay on Kashmir in English 100, 200, 300, 500 Words PDF
Essay (300 Words) Introduction. Jammu and Kashmir is the most beautiful and important part of the earth which is located in the northern part of India. Kashmir is also called heaven on earth. It has Pakistan on its western border and China on its northern and eastern borders. About 8 languages are spoken in Kashmir, while the area is about ...
Traditional Food and Dress of Kashmir During Medieval and Modern Times
The culture of Kashmir refers to the culture and tradition of Kashmir, a region in North India (consisting of Jammu and Kashmir), ... P.N.K.Bamzai, a History of Kashmir, New Delhi. M.L.Kapur, a History of medieval Kashmir, Delhi 1971. Akbar nama (English translation), Henary Beverdge vol.3rd. R.C.PERMO, a History of Muslim rule in Kashmir. W.R ...
Culture & Heritage
Culture & Heritage. The built heritage of Jammu dates back to the 2nd century AD. Evidences of these are the Buddhist Stupa at Ambaran near Akhnoor, ninth to tenth century AD Temples at Krimchi, Babor and ancient Forts, Palaces and temples built in the middle ages. The important historical and heritage sites of Jammu are:
Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir Essay
The tourist trade is an important factor in the economy of Jammu and Kashmir: As many as four lakh tourists pay a visit to the valley every year. The tourist season commences in April-May and continues up to October. Some Europeans come in winter to enjoy the beauty of snowfall and such winter sports like skating and skiing at Gulmarg which is ...

Essay on Jammu and Kashmir- 10 Lines, 100, 500, 1000 Words

Essay on Jammu and Kashmir in English in 10 Lines

Essay on Jammu and Kashmir in 100 Words – Short Essay

Essay on Jammu and Kashmir in 500 Words in English

1000 Words Essay on Jammu and Kashmir

Introduction: A Land of Enchanting Diversity

Geography and Landscape – Nature’s Masterpiece

Cultural Tapestry – A Melting Pot of Traditions

Historical Significance – Complex Narratives

Article 370 and Change in Status – A Historic Transformation

Challenges and Aspirations – Navigating Complex Realities

Cultural Heritage and Handicrafts – Artistry Beyond Boundaries

Tourism Potential – Beyond the Obvious

Ongoing Reconciliation Efforts – Nurturing Peaceful Coexistence

Conclusion: Jammu and Kashmir – Balancing Beauty and Complexity

Related Essays

Essay on Modern Indian Woman – 100, 500, 1000 Words, 10 Lines

Essay on Future of English in India – 10 Lines, 500 & 1000 Words

Essay on Bhai Dooj – 10 Lines, 100, 500, 1000 Words

Essay About Ooty – 10 Lines, 500 & 1000 Words

Draupadi Murmu Essay – 10 Lines, 100, 500, 1000 Words

Computer Essay – Short Essay, 10 Lines, 500 & 1000 Words

Culture of Kashmir : Exploring the Vibrant Tradition, Art, Music, Food and Festivals

Table of contents

LEAVE A REPLY Cancel reply

INSPIRING READS

© Caleidoscope - 2024

How It Works

+91-9212777225

Medical Tourism

Plan Your trip

Jammu and Kashmir Information

Brief Introduction of Jammu & Kashmir

Best Selling Tour Packages

Jewells of Kashmir

Kashmir Tour Package

Joyfull Kashmir

Best of Kashmir

Magical Kashmir

Romantic Kashmir Tour

Delight of Kashmir

Population of Jammu & Kashmir

Climate of Jammu & Kashmir

Religion of Jammu & Kashmir

District of Jammu & Kashmir

Literacy Rate in Jammu and Kashmir

Lifestyle of Jammu & Kashmir People

Source of Economy

Music & Dance of Jammu & Kashmir

Cuisine of Jammu & Kashmir

Popular Tourist Attractions

Popular Reads

Top 10 Best Snow Destinations to Enjoy in Kashmir

12 Top Tourist Destinations in Jammu and Kashmir

Kashmir Witnesses Fresh Snowfall in Several Areas including Sonmarg, Gulmarg and Gurez Valley

Jammu and Kashmir Receives Major Tourist Footfalls Post Covid, Becomes Top Trending Destination in India in 2022

Popular Pages On Tour My India

Top Things to Do

Kashmir Destinations

Jammu Destinations

J & K Tourist Attractions

Kashmir Tourism Packages

Kashmir Tour by Interest

Hotels in Jammu & Kashmir

45,000+ students realised their study abroad dream with us. Take the first step today

Essay on Kashmir: History and Beauty in 600+ Words

Deepika Joshi

Connect With Us

Need help with?

Country Preference

Which English test are you planning to take?

When are you planning to take the exam?

Which Degree do you wish to pursue?

What is your budget to study abroad?

Make your study abroad dream a reality in January 2022 with

Essex Direct Admission Day

Land and people

Recent News

10 Must-Read Essays on Kashmir by Gautam Navlakha — curated by Majid Maqbool

10 Must-Read Essays on Kashmir by Gautam Navlakha