Style and Grammar Guidelines
APA Style provides a foundation for effective scholarly communication because it helps writers present their ideas in a clear, concise, and inclusive manner. When style works best, ideas flow logically, sources are credited appropriately, and papers are organized predictably. People are described using language that affirms their worth and dignity. Authors plan for ethical compliance and report critical details of their research protocol to allow readers to evaluate findings and other researchers to potentially replicate the studies. Tables and figures present information in an engaging, readable manner.
The style and grammar guidelines pages present information about APA Style as described in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition and the Concise Guide to APA Style, Seventh Edition . Any updates to APA Style are noted on the applicable topic pages. If you are still using the sixth edition, helpful resources are available in the sixth edition archive .
Looking for more style?
- Accessibility of APA Style
- Line Spacing
- Order of Pages
- Page Header
- Paragraph Alignment and Indentation
- Sample Papers
- Title Page Setup
- Appropriate Level of Citation
- Basic Principles of Citation
- Classroom or Intranet Sources
- Paraphrasing
- Personal Communications
- Quotations From Research Participants
- Secondary Sources
- Abbreviations
- Capitalization
- Italics and Quotation Marks
- Punctuation
- Spelling and Hyphenation
- General Principles for Reducing Bias
- Historical Context
- Intersectionality
- Participation in Research
- Racial and Ethnic Identity
- Sexual Orientation
- Socioeconomic Status
- Accessible Use of Color in Figures
- Figure Setup
- Sample Figures
- Sample Tables
- Table Setup
- Archival Documents and Collections
- Basic Principles of Reference List Entries
- Database Information in References
- DOIs and URLs
- Elements of Reference List Entries
- Missing Reference Information
- Reference Examples
- References in a Meta-Analysis
- Reference Lists Versus Bibliographies
- Works Included in a Reference List
- Active and Passive Voice
- Anthropomorphism
- First-Person Pronouns
- Logical Comparisons
- Plural Nouns
- Possessive Adjectives
- Possessive Nouns
- Singular “They”
- Adapting a Dissertation or Thesis Into a Journal Article
- Correction Notices
- Cover Letters
- Journal Article Reporting Standards (JARS)
- Open Science
- Response to Reviewers
How do I cite an image found through an online search engine like Google Images ?
Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook . For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .
To cite an image found through Google using the image-search function, you must identify the website—that is, the container—where the image was posted. For example, let’s say you found this image of The Muleteer by searching “Pompeii” and then “Bodies.”
Viewing the image thumbnail in the search-results list is not sufficient. You must click through to view the image on the site where it was posted: Decoded Past .
Since the artwork is contained in a blog post on a website, the works-cited-list entry would be composed of two containers:
Sheldon, Natasha. Photo of The Muleteer . “Human Remains in Pompeii: The Body Casts,” by Sheldon, 23 Mar. 2014. Decoded Past , decodedpast.com/human-remains-pompeii-body-casts/7532.
A second option would be to refer to the title of the image and its author in the body of your paper and then key your in-text citation to an entry for the blog post in the works-cited-list entry:
Sheldon, Natasha. “Human Remains in Pompeii: The Body Casts.” Decoded Past , 23 Mar. 2014, decodedpast.com/human-remains-pompeii-body-casts/7532.
- DOI: 10.5860/choice.51-5950
- Corpus ID: 266276858
America in the Cold War: A Reference Guide
- William T. Walker
- Published 22 January 2014
- History, Political Science
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A Historical Bibliography of Nuclear in America: A ABC Clio Research Guide Hardcover
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Loading to The Democratic And Republican Parties In America A Historical Bibliography Abc Clio Research Guides....
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American Revolution: A Resource Guide
Digital collections.
- Introduction
- Today in History
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- Print Resources
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The digital collections of the Library of Congress contain a wide variety of primary source materials associated with the American Revolution era (1763-1783), including manuscripts, broadsides, government documents, books, images, and maps. Provided below is a link to the home page for each relevant digital collection along with selected highlights.
- Manuscripts
- Books and Printed Ephemera
- Government Documents
Alexander Hamilton Papers
A selection of highlights includes:
- Alexander Hamilton Papers: Miscellany, 1711-1820; Military papers; By period; American Revolution, 1775-1783; New York Artillery Company pay book, includes notes by Hamilton on a variety of subjects, 1776, Aug.-1777, May.
- Letter, Alexander Hamilton to Marquis de Lafayette, October 15, 1781 . Hamilton's letter reports on the joint French and American attack on British forces at Yorktown, Virginia, including a list of the killed and wounded. [ Founders Online Transcription]
Benjamin Franklin Papers
- Petition of the Continental Congress to the King, Philadelphia, Pa., 1774, Oct. 26.
- Treaty of Paris. Records of the United States legation, Paris, France; Peace commissioners; 1780-1783.
George Washington Papers
- Continental Congress to George Washington, June 19, 1775, Commission as Commander in Chief.
- George Washington, July 10, 1776, General Orders. Washington's orders announcing the Declaration of Independence to the Continental Army in New York.
- United States and Great Britain, November 30, 1782, Provisional Articles to Treaty.
James Madison Papers
- Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, June 7, 1776. Jefferson's Notes Debates in the Continental Congress.
- Original Notes on Debates in the Congress of Confederation 1782-1783; 1787.
Thomas Jefferson Papers
- Thomas Jefferson to Virginia Delegates to the Continental Congress, August 1774, "A Summary View of the Rights of British America".
- Continental Congress, June 7, 1776, Notes on Debates and Proceedings on Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation
- Thomas Jefferson, June 1776, Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence
American Notes: Travels in America, 1750 to 1920
- Men and times of the revolution; or, Memoirs of Elkanah Watson, including journals of travels in Europe and America, from 1777 to 1842, with his correspondence with public men and reminiscences and incidents of the revolution.
- Travels in North-America : in the years 1780-81-82
- Travels through the interior parts of America, by Thomas Anburey, Lieutenant in the Army of General Burgoyne.
Capital and the Bay: Narratives of Washington and the Chesapeake Bay Region, 1600 to 1925
- Narrative of Events Which Occured in Baltimore Town During the Revolutionary War.
- Memoir of Lieut. Col. Tench Tilghman, secretary and aid to Washington : together with an appendix, containing revolutionary journals and letters, hitherto unpublished.
- Travels in Virginia in revolutionary times.
Law Library
Printed Ephemera
- No stamped paper to be had. [Philadelphia : Printed by Hall & Franklin, 1765].
- An account of a late military massacre at Boston, or the consequences of quartering troops in a populous town, March 12, 1770. New York, John Holt, 1770. An account of the Boston Massacre.
- The following is the Act of Parliament, assented to by His Majesty, on the 30th of March, 1774. A copy of the Boston Port Act as passed by the British Parliament in March 1774, which closed Boston Harbor.
Rare Book Selections
- A summary view of the rights of British America : set forth in some resolutions intended for the inspection of the present delegates of the people of Virginia, now in convention.
- Regulations for the order and discipline of the troops of the United States. Part I. Compiled by Baron de Steuben, inspector general of the Continental Army, and assisted by François-Louis Teissèydre. Illustrations drawn by Pierre L'Enfant.
Selected Digitized Books
- Battle maps and charts of the American Revolution.
- Diary of Captain Jabez Fitch Facsimile of the original manuscript entitled "A narative of the treatment with which the American prisoners were used who were taken by the British & Hessian troops on Long island York island &c 1776. With some occasional observations thereon".
- Letters of Brunswick and Hessian officers during the American revolution.
- The narrative of Lieut. Gen. Sir William Howe: in a committee of the House of Commons, on the 29th of April, 1779, relative to his conduct, ... in North America: to which are added, some observations upon a pamphlet, entitled, Letters to a nobleman
A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation
- George Washington's speech accepting the position of commander-in-chief of the Continental Army on June 15, 1775.
- The Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.
- Treaty of Alliance with France dated February 6, 1778
- Treaty of Paris The Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the United States, recognized American independence and established borders for the new nation.
Documents from the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, 1774 to 1789
- The Tory Act; Published by Order of the Continental Congress, January 2, 1776.
- In Congress, July 4, 1776. The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America.
- By the United States in Congress assembled, a proclamation : Whereas definitive articles of peace and friendship, between the United States of America and His Britannic Majesty, were concluded and signed at Paris, on the 3rd day of September, 1783 ...
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- Last Updated: Jul 31, 2024 8:52 AM
- URL: https://guides.loc.gov/american-revolution
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The first recorded use of the word multilingual in the English language occurred in the 1830s. The word is a combination of multi-("many") and -lingual ("pertaining to languages"). [9] The phenomenon of multilingualism is as old as the very existence of different languages.
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Civil Rights in America: A Resource Guide The civil rights movement was a coordinated crusade led by African Americans to fight for racial justice. This guide provides access to Library of Congress digitized primary sources, links to related websites, and a print bibliography.
×. The Library of Congress welcomes researchers to its reading rooms and research centers. Appointments are optional, but encouraged to serve you best, ensure collection material is accessible during your visit and optimize your time at the Library. The Thomas Jefferson Building has reopened to visitors via timed, ticketed entry—learn how to obtain a timed-entry pass.
To cite an image found through Google using the image-search function, you must identify the website—that is, the container—where the image was posted. For example, let's say you found this image of The Muleteer by searching "Pompeii" and then "Bodies.". Viewing the image thumbnail in the search-results list is not sufficient. You must click through to view the image on the site ...
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The American Revolution (1763-83) was a rebellion by the colonies to win independence from Great Britain that led to the creation of the United States of America. This guide provides access to digital materials and a print bibliography.
Sandra Cisneros (born December 20, 1954) is an American writer. She is best known for her first novel, The House on Mango Street (1983), and her subsequent short story collection, Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories (1991). Her work experiments with literary forms that investigate emerging subject positions, which Cisneros, herself, attributes to growing up in a context of cultural ...
Including extensive, balanced information, keen insights, and helpful research tools, this book provides a valuable resource for students or general readers interested in American policy, diplomacy, and conduct during the Cold War. * Provides a solid introduction to the Cold War era that incorporates information from the latest scholarship * Documents the myriad impacts, both obvious and ...
Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.Today, it is a global language with about 500 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain, and about 600 million when including second language speakers. [4] [5] Spanish is the official language of 20 ...
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Part of the American Women series, these essays provide a more in-depth exploration of particular events of significance in women's history, including the 1913 woman suffrage parade, the campaign for the equal rights amendment, and more. Part of the American Women series, this essay, by Susan Ware, traces the evolution and current status of the field of women's history, highlighting major ...
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Part of the Science & Business Reading Room at the Library of Congress, the Science Section is the starting point for conducting research at the Library of Congress in the subject areas of science, medicine and engineering. Here, reference specialists in specific subject areas of science and engineering assist patrons in formulating search strategies and gaining access to the information and ...
Emma Lucy Braun (April 19, 1889 - March 5, 1971) was a prominent botanist, ecologist, and expert on the forests of the eastern United States who was a professor of the University of Cincinnati.She was the first woman to be elected President of the Ecological Society of America, in 1950.She was an environmentalist before the term was popularized, and a pioneering woman in her field, winning ...
Parties In America A Historical Bibliography Abc Clio Research Guides . In a downloadable PDF format ( *), this collection inspires and motivates. Download now to witness the indomitable spirit of those who dared to be brave. the berenstain bears and the wishing star
Most of the items presented here are documented in Maps and Charts of North America and the West Indies, 1750-1789: A Guide to the Collections in the Library of Congress compiled by John R. Sellers and Patricia Molen van Ee in 1981. The bibliography contains approximately 2,000 maps and charts.
Spanish names are the traditional way of identifying, and the official way of registering, a person in Spain.They are composed of a given name (simple or composite [a]) and two surnames (the first surname of each parent). Traditionally, the first surname is the father's first surname, and the second is the mother's first surname.
The 1980s marked a period of increasing demand in America, personified by thousands of Grey-market imported cars, such as this Mercedes-Benz 500 SE shown here W123 , executive class car (1975-1986) MB100 , light commercial van (1981-1995)