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Reference List: Common Reference List Examples

Article (with doi).

Alvarez, E., & Tippins, S. (2019). Socialization agents that Puerto Rican college students use to make financial decisions. Journal of Social Change , 11 (1), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.5590/JOSC.2019.11.1.07

Laplante, J. P., & Nolin, C. (2014). Consultas and socially responsible investing in Guatemala: A case study examining Maya perspectives on the Indigenous right to free, prior, and informed consent. Society & Natural Resources , 27 , 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2013.861554

Use the DOI number for the source whenever one is available. DOI stands for "digital object identifier," a number specific to the article that can help others locate the source. In APA 7, format the DOI as a web address. Active hyperlinks for DOIs and URLs should be used for documents meant for screen reading. Present these hyperlinks in blue and underlined text (the default formatting in Microsoft Word), although plain black text is also acceptable. Be consistent in your formatting choice for DOIs and URLs throughout your reference list. Also see our Quick Answer FAQ, "Can I use the DOI format provided by library databases?"

Jerrentrup, A., Mueller, T., Glowalla, U., Herder, M., Henrichs, N., Neubauer, A., & Schaefer, J. R. (2018). Teaching medicine with the help of “Dr. House.” PLoS ONE , 13 (3), Article e0193972. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193972

For journal articles that are assigned article numbers rather than page ranges, include the article number in place of the page range.

For more on citing electronic resources, see  Electronic Sources References .

Article (Without DOI)

Found in a common academic research database or in print.

Casler , T. (2020). Improving the graduate nursing experience through support on a social media platform. MEDSURG Nursing , 29 (2), 83–87.

If an article does not have a DOI and you retrieved it from a common academic research database through the university library, there is no need to include any additional electronic retrieval information. The reference list entry looks like the entry for a print copy of the article. (This format differs from APA 6 guidelines that recommended including the URL of a journal's homepage when the DOI was not available.) Note that APA 7 has additional guidance on reference list entries for articles found only in specific databases or archives such as Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, UpToDate, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, and university archives. See APA 7, Section 9.30 for more information.

Found on an Open Access Website

Eaton, T. V., & Akers, M. D. (2007). Whistleblowing and good governance. CPA Journal , 77 (6), 66–71. http://archives.cpajournal.com/2007/607/essentials/p58.htm

Provide the direct web address/URL to a journal article found on the open web, often on an open access journal's website. In APA 7, active hyperlinks for DOIs and URLs should be used for documents meant for screen reading. Present these hyperlinks in blue and underlined text (the default formatting in Microsoft Word), although plain black text is also acceptable. Be consistent in your formatting choice for DOIs and URLs throughout your reference list.

Weinstein, J. A. (2010). Social change (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.

If the book has an edition number, include it in parentheses after the title of the book. If the book does not list any edition information, do not include an edition number. The edition number is not italicized.

American Nurses Association. (2015). Nursing: Scope and standards of practice (3rd ed.).

If the author and publisher are the same, only include the author in its regular place and omit the publisher.

Lencioni, P. (2012). The advantage: Why organizational health trumps everything else in business . Jossey-Bass. https://amzn.to/343XPSJ

As a change from APA 6 to APA 7, it is no longer necessary to include the ebook format in the title. However, if you listened to an audiobook and the content differs from the text version (e.g., abridged content) or your discussion highlights elements of the audiobook (e.g., narrator's performance), then note that it is an audiobook in the title element in brackets. For ebooks and online audiobooks, also include the DOI number (if available) or nondatabase URL but leave out the electronic retrieval element if the ebook was found in a common academic research database, as with journal articles. APA 7 allows for the shortening of long DOIs and URLs, as shown in this example. See APA 7, Section 9.36 for more information.

Chapter in an Edited Book

Poe, M. (2017). Reframing race in teaching writing across the curriculum. In F. Condon & V. A. Young (Eds.), Performing antiracist pedagogy in rhetoric, writing, and communication (pp. 87–105). University Press of Colorado.

Include the page numbers of the chapter in parentheses after the book title.

Christensen, L. (2001). For my people: Celebrating community through poetry. In B. Bigelow, B. Harvey, S. Karp, & L. Miller (Eds.), Rethinking our classrooms: Teaching for equity and justice (Vol. 2, pp. 16–17). Rethinking Schools.

Also include the volume number or edition number in the parenthetical information after the book title when relevant.

Freud, S. (1961). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3-66). Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923)

When a text has been republished as part of an anthology collection, after the author’s name include the date of the version that was read. At the end of the entry, place the date of the original publication inside parenthesis along with the note “original work published.” For in-text citations of republished work, use both dates in the parenthetical citation, original date first with a slash separating the years, as in this example: Freud (1923/1961). For more information on reprinted or republished works, see APA 7, Sections 9.40-9.41.

Classroom Resources

Citing classroom resources.

If you need to cite content found in your online classroom, use the author (if there is one listed), the year of publication (if available), the title of the document, and the main URL of Walden classrooms. For example, you are citing study notes titled "Health Effects of Exposure to Forest Fires," but you do not know the author's name, your reference entry will look like this:

Health effects of exposure to forest fires [Lecture notes]. (2005). Walden University Canvas. https://waldenu.instructure.com

If you do know the author of the document, your reference will look like this:

Smith, A. (2005). Health effects of exposure to forest fires [PowerPoint slides]. Walden University Canvas. https://waldenu.instructure.com

A few notes on citing course materials:

[Lecture notes]
[Course handout]
[Study notes]
It can be difficult to determine authorship of classroom documents. If an author is listed on the document, use that. If the resource is clearly a product of Walden (such as the course-based videos), use Walden University as the author. If you are unsure or if no author is indicated, place the title in the author spot, as above.
If you cannot determine a date of publication, you can use n.d. (for "no date") in place of the year.

Note: The web location for Walden course materials is not directly retrievable without a password, and therefore, following APA guidelines, use the main URL for the class sites: https://class.waldenu.edu.

Citing Tempo Classroom Resources

Clear author:

Smith, A. (2005). Health effects of exposure to forest fires [PowerPoint slides]. Walden University Brightspace. https://mytempo.waldenu.edu

Unclear author:

Health effects of exposure to forest fires [Lecture notes]. (2005). Walden University Brightspace. https://mytempo.waldenu.edu

Conference Sessions and Presentations

Feinman, Y. (2018, July 27). Alternative to proctoring in introductory statistics community college courses [Poster presentation]. Walden University Research Symposium, Minneapolis, MN, United States. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/symposium2018/23/

Torgerson, K., Parrill, J., & Haas, A. (2019, April 5-9). Tutoring strategies for online students [Conference session]. The Higher Learning Commission Annual Conference, Chicago, IL, United States. http://onlinewritingcenters.org/scholarship/torgerson-parrill-haas-2019/

Dictionary Entry

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Leadership. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary . Retrieved May 28, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/leadership

When constructing a reference for an entry in a dictionary or other reference work that has no byline (i.e., no named individual authors), use the name of the group—the institution, company, or organization—as author (e.g., Merriam Webster, American Psychological Association, etc.). The name of the entry goes in the title position, followed by "In" and the italicized name of the reference work (e.g., Merriam-Webster.com dictionary , APA dictionary of psychology ). In this instance, APA 7 recommends including a retrieval date as well for this online source since the contents of the page change over time. End the reference entry with the specific URL for the defined word.

Discussion Board Post

Osborne, C. S. (2010, June 29). Re: Environmental responsibility [Discussion post]. Walden University Canvas. https://waldenu.instructure.com

Dissertations or Theses

Retrieved From a Database

Nalumango, K. (2019). Perceptions about the asylum-seeking process in the United States after 9/11 (Publication No. 13879844) [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.

Retrieved From an Institutional or Personal Website

Evener. J. (2018). Organizational learning in libraries at for-profit colleges and universities [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. ScholarWorks. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6606&context=dissertations

Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis

Kirwan, J. G. (2005). An experimental study of the effects of small-group, face-to-face facilitated dialogues on the development of self-actualization levels: A movement towards fully functional persons [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center.

For further examples and information, see APA 7, Section 10.6.

Legal Material

For legal references, APA follows the recommendations of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation , so if you have any questions beyond the examples provided in APA, seek out that resource as well.

Court Decisions

Reference format:

Name v. Name, Volume Reporter Page (Court Date). URL

Sample reference entry:

Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483

Sample citation:

In Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court ruled racial segregation in schools unconstitutional.

Note: Italicize the case name when it appears in the text of your paper.

Name of Act, Title Source § Section Number (Year). URL

Sample reference entry for a federal statute:

Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq. (2004). https://www.congress.gov/108/plaws/publ446/PLAW-108publ446.pdf

Sample reference entry for a state statute:

Minnesota Nurse Practice Act, Minn. Stat. §§ 148.171 et seq. (2019). https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/148.171

Sample citation: Minnesota nurses must maintain current registration in order to practice (Minnesota Nurse Practice Act, 2010).

Note: The § symbol stands for "section." Use §§ for sections (plural). To find this symbol in Microsoft Word, go to "Insert" and click on Symbol." Look in the Latin 1-Supplement subset. Note: U.S.C. stands for "United States Code." Note: The Latin abbreviation " et seq. " means "and what follows" and is used when the act includes the cited section and ones that follow. Note: List the chapter first followed by the section or range of sections.

Unenacted Bills and Resolutions

(Those that did not pass and become law)

Title [if there is one], bill or resolution number, xxx Cong. (year). URL

Sample reference entry for Senate bill:

Anti-Phishing Act, S. 472, 109th Cong. (2005). https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-bill/472

Sample reference entry for House of Representatives resolution:

Anti-Phishing Act, H.R. 1099, 109th Cong. (2005). https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-bill/1099

The Anti-Phishing Act (2005) proposed up to 5 years prison time for people running Internet scams.

These are the three legal areas you may be most apt to cite in your scholarly work. For more examples and explanation, see APA 7, Chapter 11.

Magazine Article

Clay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight back about the misuse of research. Monitor on Psychology , 39 (6). https://www.apa.org/monitor/2008/06/ideology

Note that for citations, include only the year: Clay (2008). For magazine articles retrieved from a common academic research database, leave out the URL. For magazine articles from an online news website that is not an online version of a print magazine, follow the format for a webpage reference list entry.

Newspaper Article (Retrieved Online)

Baker, A. (2014, May 7). Connecticut students show gains in national tests. New York Times . http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/nyregion/national-assessment-of-educational-progress-results-in-Connecticut-and-New-Jersey.html

Include the full date in the format Year, Month Day. Do not include a retrieval date for periodical sources found on websites. Note that for citations, include only the year: Baker (2014). For newspaper articles retrieved from a common academic research database, leave out the URL. For newspaper articles from an online news website that is not an online version of a print newspaper, follow the format for a webpage reference list entry.

OASIS Resources

Oasis webpage.

OASIS. (n.d.). Common reference list examples . Walden University. https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/apa/references/examples

For all OASIS content, list OASIS as the author. Because OASIS webpages do not include publication dates, use “n.d.” for the year.

Interactive Guide

OASIS. (n.d.). Embrace iterative research and writing [Interactive guide]. Walden University. https://academics.waldenu.edu/oasis/iterative-research-writing-web

For OASIS multimedia resources, such as interactive guides, include a description of the resource in brackets after the title.

Online Video/Webcast

Walden University. (2013). An overview of learning [Video]. Walden University Canvas. https://waldenu.instructure.com

Use this format for online videos such as Walden videos in classrooms. Most of our classroom videos are produced by Walden University, which will be listed as the author in your reference and citation. Note: Some examples of audiovisual materials in the APA manual show the word “Producer” in parentheses after the producer/author area. In consultation with the editors of the APA manual, we have determined that parenthetical is not necessary for the videos in our courses. The manual itself is unclear on the matter, however, so either approach should be accepted. Note that the speaker in the video does not appear in the reference list entry, but you may want to mention that person in your text. For instance, if you are viewing a video where Tobias Ball is the speaker, you might write the following: Tobias Ball stated that APA guidelines ensure a consistent presentation of information in student papers (Walden University, 2013). For more information on citing the speaker in a video, see our page on Common Citation Errors .

Taylor, R. [taylorphd07]. (2014, February 27). Scales of measurement [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDsMUlexaMY

OASIS. (2020, April 15). One-way ANCOVA: Introduction [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/_XnNDQ5CNW8

For videos from streaming sites, use the person or organization who uploaded the video in the author space to ensure retrievability, whether or not that person is the speaker in the video. A username can be provided in square brackets. As a change from APA 6 to APA 7, include the publisher after the title, and do not use "Retrieved from" before the URL. See APA 7, Section 10.12 for more information and examples.

See also reference list entry formats for TED Talks .

Technical and Research Reports

Edwards, C. (2015). Lighting levels for isolated intersections: Leading to safety improvements (Report No. MnDOT 2015-05). Center for Transportation Studies. http://www.cts.umn.edu/Publications/ResearchReports/reportdetail.html?id=2402

Technical and research reports by governmental agencies and other research institutions usually follow a different publication process than scholarly, peer-reviewed journals. However, they present original research and are often useful for research papers. Sometimes, researchers refer to these types of reports as gray literature , and white papers are a type of this literature. See APA 7, Section 10.4 for more information.

Reference list entires for TED Talks follow the usual guidelines for multimedia content found online. There are two common places to find TED talks online, with slightly different reference list entry formats for each.

TED Talk on the TED website

If you find the TED Talk on the TED website, follow the format for an online video on an organizational website:

Owusu-Kesse, K. (2020, June). 5 needs that any COVID-19 response should meet [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/kwame_owusu_kesse_5_needs_that_any_covid_19_response_should_meet

The speaker is the author in the reference list entry if the video is posted on the TED website. For citations, use the speaker's surname.

TED Talk on YouTube

If you find the TED Talk on YouTube or another streaming video website, follow the usual format for streaming video sites:

TED. (2021, February 5). The shadow pandemic of domestic violence during COVID-19 | Kemi DaSilvalbru [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PGdID_ICFII

TED is the author in the reference list entry if the video is posted on YouTube since it is the channel on which the video is posted. For citations, use TED as the author.

Walden University Course Catalog

To include the Walden course catalog in your reference list, use this format:

Walden University. (2020). 2019-2020 Walden University catalog . https://catalog.waldenu.edu/index.php

If you cite from a specific portion of the catalog in your paper, indicate the appropriate section and paragraph number in your text:

...which reflects the commitment to social change expressed in Walden University's mission statement (Walden University, 2020, Vision, Mission, and Goals section, para. 2).

And in the reference list:

Walden University. (2020). Vision, mission, and goals. In 2019-2020 Walden University catalog. https://catalog.waldenu.edu/content.php?catoid=172&navoid=59420&hl=vision&returnto=search

Vartan, S. (2018, January 30). Why vacations matter for your health . CNN. https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/why-vacations-matter/index.html

For webpages on the open web, include the author, date, webpage title, organization/site name, and URL. (There is a slight variation for online versions of print newspapers or magazines. For those sources, follow the models in the previous sections of this page.)

American Federation of Teachers. (n.d.). Community schools . http://www.aft.org/issues/schoolreform/commschools/index.cfm

If there is no specified author, then use the organization’s name as the author. In such a case, there is no need to repeat the organization's name after the title.

In APA 7, active hyperlinks for DOIs and URLs should be used for documents meant for screen reading. Present these hyperlinks in blue and underlined text (the default formatting in Microsoft Word), although plain black text is also acceptable. Be consistent in your formatting choice for DOIs and URLs throughout your reference list.

Related Resources

Knowledge Check: Common Reference List Examples

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References, citations and avoiding plagiarism

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Further help

Referencing in your assignments

In academic work of any kind, effective referencing of your sources will ensure that you:

show that you are writing from a position of understanding of your topic.
demonstrate that you have read widely and deeply.
enable the reader to locate the source of each quote, idea or work/evidence (that was not your own).
avoid plagiarism and uphold academic honesty.

In order to cite sources correctly in your assignments, you need to understand the essentials of how to reference and follow guidelines for the referencing style you are required to use.

Referencing styles

Citing your sources can help you avoid plagiarism. You may need to submit your assignments through Turnitin, plagiarism detection software. Find out more about Turnitin and how you can use it to check your work before submitting it:

What is plagiarism?

Why do I need to reference? Find out more

Teaching in Higher Education cover image

Referencing and empowerment

Karen Gravett & Ian M. Kinchin (2020) Referencing and empowerment: exploring barriers to agency in the higher education student experience, Teaching in Higher Education, 25:1, 84-97

American journal of roentgenology cover image

Plagiarism: what is it, whom does it offend, and how does one deal with it?

J D Armstrong, 2nd (1993) Plagiarism: what is it, whom does it offend, and how does one deal with it?, American Journal of Roentgenology, 161:3, 479-484

Teaching Referencing as an Introduction to Epistemological Empowerment

Monica Hendricks & Lynn Quinn (2000) Teaching Referencing as an Introduction to Epistemological Empowerment, Teaching in Higher Education, 5:4, 447-457

Academic honesty and conduct

UCL guide to Academic Integrity What is Academic Integrity, why is it important, and what happens if you breach it?
Understanding Academic Integrity course UCL's online and self-paced course to help you understand academic integrity, designed to help students to develop good academic practice for completing assessments.
Engaging with AI in your education and assessment UCL student guidance on how you might engage with Artificial Intelligence (AI) in your assessments, effectively and ethically.
Referencing and avoiding plagiarism tutorial

Referencing and avoiding plagiarism tutorial

Referencing style guides

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Last Updated: Apr 18, 2024 5:20 PM
URL: https://library-guides.ucl.ac.uk/referencing-plagiarism

How to set out references

Our guide to helping you compile bibliographies based on the Harvard system.

CIPD students can use this guide to help with the compilation of bibliographies. It sets out how to reference books, reports, journal articles and other material using the Harvard system. 

Print or electronic?

Documents are published in ‘hard’ copy (printed), some are published in both ‘hard’ copy and electronically, while some are only published electronically on the web.

Unlike printed material, there is no standard for web publishing so it can be difficult tracking down the main elements of a proper bibliographic reference.

SAINSBURY CENTRE FOR MENTAL HEALTH. (2007) Mental health at work: developing the business case [online]. Policy Paper, No 8. London: Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health. Available at: https://www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk/sites/default/files/2018-09/mental_health_at_work.pdf [Accessed 23 July 2012].

TAYLOR, M., JENKINS, S. and SACKER, A. (2011) Financial capability, income and psychological wellbeing [online]. ISER Working Paper Series: 2011–18. Colchester: Institute for Social & Economic Research. Available at: www.iser.essex.ac.uk/publications/working-papers/iser/2011-18.pdf [Accessed 23 July 2012].

There are other kinds of monographs such as factsheets, guides etc that you may wish to cite. These are two examples from the CIPD website.

CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PERSONNEL AND DEVELOPMENT. (2011) Coaching and mentoring [online]. Factsheet. London: CIPD. Available at: www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/coaching-mentoring.aspx [Accessed 23 July 2012].

CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PERSONNEL AND DEVELOPMENT. (2006) Workplace financial education: a win-win proposition [online]. Guide. London: CIPD. Available at: www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/

In the Harvard system the year of publication appears after the name of the author. The citation order for a Harvard reference for a journal article is:

Author(s) Year of publication Title and sub-title Title of journal Volume and issue number or month Pages numbers of the article

Tips

Always cite the author(s) in the form in which it appears in the article.

Where there is more than one author, cite them in the order in which they appear.

Where there are more than three authors, include only the first three.

Always give the full title, including any sub-title information which should appear after a colon.

Always use lower case for the title and the subtitle. Only use a capital letter for the first word of the title and for any proper nouns.

Always use italics for the title of the journal.

Always give the full reference to the item including volume, part number and/or month and year.

And don’t forget the pages!

The list below provides examples of references for journal articles with authors.

CHIARONI, D., CHIESA, V. and FRATTINI, F. (2011) The open innovation journey: how firms dynamically implement the emerging innovation management paradigm. Technovation. Vol 31, No 1, January. pp34-43.

LUBKE, G. H. and MUTHEN, B. (2005) Investigating population heterogeneity with factor mixture models. Psychological Methods. Vol 10, No 1. pp21-39. Available at: http://www.statmodel.com/download/psymeth.pdf [Accessed 26 February 2013].

SAMMER, J. (2012) Financial education – stress = improved productivity. HR Magazine. Vol 57, No 6, June. pp71–76.

SHANTZ, A., ALFES, K. and TRUSS, C. (2012, forthcoming) Alienation from work: Marxist ideologies and 21st century practice. International Journal of Human Resource Management.

Articles with no obvious personal authors are quite common. The following is an example of a citation.

In safe hands: coping with aggression in the NHS. (2001) IRS Employment Review . No 738, 15 October. pp40-42.

Sometimes you may wish to cite a journal without specifying a particular article. If so you will need to include the International Standard Serial Number or ISSN. ISSNs have been used since the 1970s and are a universally accepted way of identifying serials. Do bear in mind that a printed journal will have a different ISSN from the online version of the same journal.

Employee Benefits. ISSN 1366-8722 (print format).

Competency and Emotional Intelligence Quarterly. ISSN 1469-333X (print format).

Competency and Emotional Intelligence Quarterly. ISSN 1469-3321 (electronic format).

Articles with authors

PEACOCK, L. (2013) Premier Inn to create 500 apprenticeships. Telegraph . 14 March.

PERLROTH, N. (2013) Researchers find 25 countries using surveillance software. New York Times . 13 March.

Articles with no authors

Civil servants may transfer to private sector. (2012) Irish Times. 26 July.

Howlin faces public pay battle as unions reveal guarantees. (2012) Irish Independent. 1 June.

UK austerity in a world awash with money. (2013) Guardian . 14 March.

Sometimes papers which have featured at conferences can be difficult to trace especially if the only record you have is an online one. The examples below have identifiable authors, titles, series statements, places of publication and publishers but this might not always be the case.

BOYATZIS, R., JACK, A. and CESARO. R. (2010) Coaching with compassion: an FMRI study of coaching to the positive and negative emotional attractor. Academy of Management 2010 Best Paper Proceedings . Briarcliff Manor, NY: Academy of Management.

SHIPPER, F. and WEER, C. (2011) A longitudinal investigation of the impact of positive and negative coaching on team effectiveness. Presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting 2011, San Antonio,Texas . Briarcliff Manor, NY: Academy of Management.

The following are examples of citations for UK Acts of Parliament, Statutory Instruments, Government Command Papers and Hansard. Most of these documents are available online.

Localism Act 2011 . (2011) [online ] London: The Stationery Office. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/20/pdfs/ukpga_20110020_en.pdf [Accessed 3 October 2012].

Equal Pay Act 1970 (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2005. (2005) SI 2005/145 [online]. London: The Stationery Office. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisr/2005/145/pdfs/nisr_20050145_en.pdf [Accessed 13 March 2013].

The Fixed Term Employees (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2002. (2002) SI 2002/ 034 [online]. London: The Stationery Office. Available at : http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2002/2034/pdfs/uksi_20022034_en.pdf [Accessed 13 March 2013].

Command papers are Green Papers, White Papers and other Government publications. They are always referenced with an abbreviation of Command plus the serial number. The abbreviation of Command has existed in various forms depending on the time periods. Most of these documents are available online.

Command papers from 1900-1918 are cited Cd

Command papers from 1919-1956 are cited Cmd

Command papers from 1956-1986 are cited Cmnd

Command papers from 1987 onwards are cited Cm

HOME DEPARTMENT. (2012) Statement of changes in immigration rules [online]. Cm 8337. London: The Stationery Office. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/statement-of-changes-to-the-immigration-rules-cm8337-april-2012 [Accessed 11 March 2013].

HOME DEPARTMENT. (2011) Independent review of police officer and staff remuneration and conditions: part 1 report [the Winsor report] [online]. Cm 8024. London: The Stationery Office. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/independent-review-of-police-officer-and-staff-remuneration-and-conditions-final-report [Accessed 3 October 2012].

House of Lords debates on bills, delegated legislation, statements, questions, introductions, general debates and grand committees are available online from November 1995 by date. Commons debates, statements and written answers are available online by date from November 1988.

There are various ways of citing Hansard but the preferred way is first the relevant House, the date, the volume and the column reference. It is also helpful to add “WA” to indicate a written answer, “WS” to indicate a written statement and “GC” for a grand committee. The Lords cite the column references differently from the Commons. You can add in a link to the actual page if you think that it would be helpful. The date that you accessed the document is probably unnecessary as the information is unlikely to be removed from the website.

HL Hansard Deb. 14 January 2014. Vol 742, C513-514.

HL Hansard Deb. 14 January 2014. Vol 742, CGC124-126.

HL Hansard Deb. 25 February 2013. Vol 743, CWS75.

HL Hansard Deb. 25 February 2013. Vol 743, CWA75.

HC Hansard Deb. 23 January 2013. Vol 557, C11WS.

HC Hansard Deb. 23 January 2013 Vol 557, C373WA.

HC Hansard Deb. 15 January 2013 Vol 556, C717.

Other official publications

HOME OFFICE. (2012) Immigration (employment-related settlement, overseas domestic workers: Tier 5 of the points-based system and visitors) – WMS. This written ministerial statement was laid in the House of Commons on 29 February 2012 by Theresa May, and in the House of Lords by Lord Henley [online]. London: Home Office. Available at : https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/immigration-employment-related-settlement-overseas-domestic-workers-tier-5-of-the-points-based-system-and-visitors-wms [Accessed 11 March 2013].

HOME OFFICE. (2013) Statement of intent: codes of practice for skilled workers [online]. London: Home Office. Available at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/immigration/soi-cop-skilled-workers?view=Binary [Accessed 11 March 2013].

MIGRATION ADVISORY COMMITTEE. (2012) Analysis of the impacts of migration [online]. London: Migration Advisory Committee. Available at: http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/aboutus/workingwithus/mac/27-analysis-migration/01-analysis-report/analysis-of-the-impacts?view=Binary [Accessed 11 March 2013].

OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS. (2010) Standard occupational classification 2010 [online]. (SOC 2010). Newport: ONS. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/classificationsandstandards/standardoccupationalclassificationsoc/soc2010 [Accessed 11 March 2013].

UK BORDER AGENCY. (2013) Immigration rules [online]. [London]: UK Border Agency. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/immigration-rules-archive-1-july-to-31-july-2013 [Accessed 11 March 2013].

HM GOVERNMENT. (2012) Open public services [online]. London: HM Government. Available at: http://files.openpublicservices.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/HMG_OpenPublicServices_web.pdf [Accessed 3 October 2012].

MACLEOD, D. and CLARKE, N. (2009) Engaging for success: enhancing performance through employee engagement [the Macleod report] [online]. London: Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.

Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20121205082246/http://www.bis.gov.uk/files/file52215.pdf [Accessed 3 October 2012].

The following are examples of European Union publications.

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. (2009) Proposal for a Council directive implementing the revised framework agreement on parental leave concluded by BUSINESSEUROPE, UEAPME, CEEP and ETUC and repealing directive 96/34/EC [online ]. COM(2009) 410 final. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities. Available at: http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0410:FIN:EN:PDF [Accessed 11 March 2013] .

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. (2008) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament pursuant to the second subparagraph of Article 251(2) of the EC Treaty concerning the common position of the Council on the adoption of a European Parliament and Council directive on temporary agency work: political agreement on a common position (QMV) [online]. COM(2008) 569 final. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0569:FIN:EN:PDF [Accessed 11 March 2013].

CAMERON, D. (2011) “ The real issue is this: migrants are filling gaps in the labour market left wide open by a welfare system that for years has paid British people not to work. That's where the blame lies – at the door of our woeful welfare system, and the last government who comprehensively failed to reform it” [online]. In: Speech by David Cameron on immigration in Romsey, Hampshire, 14 April 2011. London: Conservative Party. Available at: http://www.conservatives.com/News/Speeches/2011/04/David_Cameron_Good_immigration_not_mass_immigration.aspx [Accessed 11 March 2013].

MILIBAND. E. (2012) “Where there are sectors in which the migrant share of the workforce has dramatically increased, it can be a sign that we haven’t done enough to equip young people with the skills they need to compete” [online]. In: Speech by Ed Miliband given with the Institute for Public Policy Research, 22 June 2012. London: Labour Party. Available at: http://www.labour.org.uk/to-deal-with-peoples-concerns-on-immigration-we-must-change-how- [Accessed 11 March 2013].

Increasingly we need to provide references to multimedia. The following are some examples. Try to get the editor or author or compiler name, title of the resource, name of hosting site (if appropriate), publisher, place of publication (if appropriate), date created and access date.

CANFIELD, J. (1991) Self-esteem and peak performance [audio cassette]. Milton Keynes: Careertrack Tapes.

CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PERSONNEL AND DEVELOPMENT. (2006) Leadership: episode 2 [podcast]. London: CIPD. http://www.cipd.co.uk/podcasts [Accessed 8 May 2007].

GILLEN, T. (2009) Persuade, influence and negotiate [DVD]. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.

Newsnight [television programme]. (2013) BBC 2, 14 March. 10.30pm.

VARDAMAN, J. (2010) Human resource management: lecture 1, part 3 [video] . YouTube. 10 March. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yByQgZK09Dc [Accessed 15 March 2013].

The references should always appear at the end of the text.

References should be listed in alphabetical order of the author’s name and then by year and by letter.

Where an entry lacks an author, the entry should be listed by title and interfiled with the authors as shown below.

Quoting references in the text

In the Harvard system, the year of publication is given after the name of the author.

In a recent report (Taylor 2002) it was suggested that…

If there are two authors

In a recent report (Taylor and Brown 2002) it was suggested that…

If there are more than two authors

In a recent report (Taylor et al 2002) it was suggested that

If you wish to cite individual pages, quote or paraphrase the content of a document, the page number(s) should be included after the date and separated by a comma

In a recent report (Taylor and Brown 2002, p236)

In a recent report (Taylor and Brown 2002, pp236-238)

Where you need to cite more than one work published in the same year by the same author, you can indicate this as follows:

I n a recent report (Taylor 2002a)

In a recent report (Taylor 2002b) etc

AVIVA. (2012) Working lives: a research report into employer and employee attitudes to saving in the workplace [online]. Edition 1. London: Aviva. Available at: www.aviva.com/data/report-library/WORKING_LIVES.pdf [Accessed 23 July 2012].

CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PERSONNEL AND DEVELOPMENT. (2012) Learning methods [online]. Factsheet. London: CIPD. Available at: www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/learning-methods.aspx [Accessed 23 July 2012].

CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PERSONNEL AND DEVELOPMENT. (2012) Reward management survey 2012 [online]. Survey report. London: CIPD. Available at: www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/survey-reports/reward-management-2012.aspx [Accessed 23 July 2012].

EMPLOYEE BENEFITS. (2012) Employee Benefits/Alexander Forbes benefits research 2012 [online]. London: Employee Benefits. Available at: www.employeebenefits.co.uk/download/6411/BB_0512_RESEARCH.pdf [Accessed 23 July 2012].

FINANCIAL SERVICES AUTHORITY. (2005) Promoting pensions to employees: a guide for employers [online]. London: FSA. Available at: www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/other/guide4employers.pdf [Accessed 23 July 2012].

FINANCIAL SERVICES AUTHORITY. (2012) Changes to the way you get financial advice [online]. London: FSA. Available at: www.fsa.gov.uk/static/pubs/consumer_info/rdr-consumer-guide.pdf [Accessed 23 July 2012].

In safe hands: coping with aggression in the NHS. (2001) IRS Employment Review . No 738, 15 October. pp40-42.

LIFE ACADEMY. (2012) Your retirement 2012/2013. Planning for retirement: a practical guide. Guildford: Life Academy .

METLIFE. (2012) 10th Annual study of employee benefits trends: seeing opportunity in shifting tides [online]. New York: MetLife. Available at: www.metlife.com/assets/institutional/services/insights-and-tools/ebts/ml-10-Annual-EBTS.pdf [Accessed 23 July 2012].

NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT SAVINGS TRUST. (2012) NEST’s golden rules of communication [online]. Guide. London: NEST. Available at: www.nestpensions.org.uk/schemeweb/NestWeb/includes/public/docs/golden-rules-of-communication,PDF.pdf [Accessed 23 July 2012].

SENGE, P. (1990) The leader’s new work: building learning organizations. Sloan Management Review. Vol 32, No 1. pp7-23.

SENGE, P. (1992) The fifth discipline: the art and practice of the learning organization. London: Century Business.

SENGE, P., ROBERTS, C. and ROSS, R.B. (1994) The fifth discipline fieldbook: strategies and tools for building a learning organization. London: Nicholas Brealey.

how to write book reference in assignment example

An academic essay is a formal piece of writing which presents an argument to the reader. Learn how to write persuasive and robust academic essays.

A critical review is a detailed analysis and assessment of a piece of writing. Understand how to write a critical review that is valid, sound and unbiased.

Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.

119 Creating a References Section for APA

Learning objective.

Apply American Psychological Association (APA) style and formatting guidelines for a references section.

This section provides detailed information about how to create the references section of your paper. You will review basic formatting guidelines and learn how to format bibliographical entries for various types of sources. Like the previous chapter, this is meant to be used as a reference tool while you write.

Formatting the References Section: The Basics

At this stage in the writing process, you may already have begun setting up your references section. This section may consist of a single page for a brief research paper or may extend for many pages in professional journal articles. As you create this section of your paper, follow the guidelines provided here.

Formatting the References Section

To set up your references section, use the insert page break feature of your word-processing program to begin a new page. Note that the header and margins will be the same as in the body of your paper, and pagination continues from the body of your paper. (In other words, if you set up the body of your paper correctly, the correct header and page number should appear automatically in your references section.) See additional guidelines below.

Formatting Reference Entries

Reference entries should include the following information:

The name of the author(s)
The year of publication and, where applicable, the exact date of publication
The full title of the source
For books, the city of publication
For articles or essays, the name of the periodical or book in which the article or essay appears
For magazine and journal articles, the volume number, issue number, and pages where the article appears
For sources on the web, the URL where the source is located

See the following examples for how to format a book or journal article with a single author.

Sample Book Entry

Sample Journal Article Entry

The following box provides general guidelines for formatting the reference page. For the remainder of this chapter, you will learn about how to format bibliographical entries for different source types, including multiauthor and electronic sources.

Formatting the References Section: APA General Guidelines

1. Include the heading References , centered at the top of the page. The heading should not be boldfaced, italicized, or underlined. 2. Use double-spaced type throughout the references section, as in the body of your paper. 3. Use hanging indentation for each entry. The first line should be flush with the left margin, while any lines that follow should be indented five spaces. Note that hanging indentation is the opposite of normal indenting rules for paragraphs. 4. List entries in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. For a work with multiple authors, use the last name of the first author listed. 5. List authors’ names using this format: Smith, J. C. 6. For a work with no individual author(s), use the name of the organization that published the work or, if this is unavailable, the title of the work in place of the author’s name.

7. For works with multiple authors, follow these guidelines:

For works with up to seven authors, list the last name and initials for each author.
For works with more than seven authors, list the first six names, followed by ellipses, and then the name of the last author listed.
Use an ampersand before the name of the last author listed.

8. Use title case for journal titles. Capitalize all important words in the title.

9. Use sentence case for all other titles—books, articles, web pages, and other source titles. Capitalize the first word of the title. Do not capitalize any other words in the title except for the following:

Proper nouns
First word of a subtitle
First word after a colon or dash

10. Use italics for book and journal titles. Do not use italics, underlining, or quotation marks for titles of shorter works, such as articles.

Set up the first page of your references section and begin adding entries, following the APA formatting guidelines provided in this section.

If there are any simple entries that you can format completely using the general guidelines, do so at this time.
For entries you are unsure of how to format, type in as much information as you can, and highlight the entries so you can return to them later.

Formatting Reference Entries for Different Source Types

As is the case for in-text citations, formatting reference entries becomes more complicated when you are citing a source with multiple authors, citing various types of online media, or citing sources for which you must provide additional information beyond the basics listed in the general guidelines. The following guidelines show how to format reference entries for these different situations.

Print Sources: Books

For book-length sources and shorter works that appear in a book, follow the guidelines that best describes your source.

A Book by Two or More Authors

List the authors’ names in the order they appear on the book’s title page. Use an ampersand before the last author’s name.

Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

An Edited Book with No Author

List the editor or editors’ names in place of the author’s name, followed by Ed. or Eds. in parentheses.

Myers, C., & Reamer, D. (Eds.). (2009). 2009 nutrition index. San Francisco, CA: HealthSource, Inc.

An Edited Book with an Author

List the author’s name first, followed by the title and the editor or editors. Note that when the editor is listed after the title, you list the initials before the last name.

Dickinson, E. (1959). Selected poems & letters of Emily Dickinson. R. N. Linscott (Ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

The previous example shows the format used for an edited book with one author—for instance, a collection of a famous person’s letters that has been edited. This type of source is different from an anthology, which is a collection of articles or essays by different authors. For citing works in anthologies, see the guidelines later in this section.

A Translated Book

Include the translator’s name after the title, and at the end of the citation, list the date the original work was published. Note that for the translator’s name, you list the initials before the last name.

Freud, S. (1965). New introductory lectures on psycho-analysis (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton. (Original work published 1933).

A Book Published in Multiple Editions

If you are using any edition other than the first edition, include the edition number in parentheses after the title.

Berk, L. (2001). Development through the lifespan (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

A Chapter in an Edited Book

List the name of the author(s) who wrote the chapter, followed by the chapter title. Then list the names of the book editor(s) and the title of the book, followed by the page numbers for the chapter and the usual information about the book’s publisher.

When creating a references section include the abbreviation

A Work That Appears in an Anthology

Follow the same process you would use to cite a book chapter, substituting the article or essay title for the chapter title.

An Article in a Reference Book

List the author’s name if available; if no author is listed, provide the title of the entry where the author’s name would normally be listed. If the book lists the name of the editor(s), include it in your citation. Indicate the volume number (if applicable) and page numbers in parentheses after the article title.

Capitalize proper nouns that appear in a book title while creating a references section

Two or More Books by the Same Author

List the entries in order of their publication year, beginning with the work published first.

Swedan, N. (2001). Women’s sports medicine and rehabilitation. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers.

Swedan, N. (2003). The active woman’s health and fitness handbook. New York, NY: Perigee.

If two books have multiple authors, and the first author is the same but the others are different, alphabetize by the second author’s last name (or the third or fourth, if necessary).

Carroll, D., & Aaronson, F. (2008). Managing type II diabetes. Chicago, IL: Southwick Press.

Carroll, D., & Zuckerman, N. (2008). Gestational diabetes. Chicago, IL: Southwick Press.

Books by Different Authors with the Same Last Name

Alphabetize entries by the authors’ first initial.

When creating a freferences section, capitalize the first word of a subtitle

A Book Authored by an Organization

Treat the organization name as you would an author’s name. For the purposes of alphabetizing, ignore words like The in the organization’s name. (That is, a book published by the American Heart Association would be listed with other entries whose authors’ names begin with A .)

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV (4th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

A Book-Length Report

Format technical and research reports as you would format other book-length sources. If the organization that issued the report assigned it a number, include the number in parentheses after the title. (See also the guidelines provided for citing works produced by government agencies.)

Jameson, R., & Dewey, J. (2009). Preliminary findings from an evaluation of the president’s physical fitness program in Pleasantville school district. Pleasantville, WA: Pleasantville Board of Education.

A Book Authored by a Government Agency

Treat these as you would a book published by a nongovernment organization, but be aware that these works may have an identification number listed. If so, include it in parentheses after the publication year.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2002). The decennial censuses from 1790 to 2000 (Publication No. POL/02-MA). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Offices.

Revisit the references section you began to compile in Note 13.73 “Exercise 1” . Use the guidelines provided to format any entries for book-length print sources that you were unable to finish earlier.

Review how Jorge formatted these book-length print sources:

Atkins, R. C. (2002). Dr. Atkins’ diet revolution . New York, NY: M. Evans and Company.

Agatson, A. (2003). The South Beach diet. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Griffin.

Print Sources: Periodicals

An article in a scholarly journal.

Include the following information:

Author or authors’ names
Publication year
Article title (in sentence case, without quotation marks or italics)
Journal title (in title case and in italics)
Volume number (in italics)
Issue number (in parentheses)
Page number(s) where the article appears

DeMarco, R. F. (2010). Palliative care and African American women living with HIV. Journal of Nursing Education, 49 (5), 1–4.

An Article in a Journal Paginated by Volume

In these types of journals, page numbers for one volume continue across all the issues in that volume. For instance, the winter issue may begin with page 1, and in the spring issue that follows, the page numbers pick up where the previous issue left off. (If you have ever wondered why a print journal did not begin on page 1, or wondered why the page numbers of a journal extend into four digits, this is why.) Omit the issue number from your reference entry.

Wagner, J. (2009). Rethinking school lunches: A review of recent literature. American School Nurses’ Journal , 47, 1123–1127.

An Abstract of a Scholarly Article

At times you may need to cite an abstract—the summary that appears at the beginning—of a published article. If you are citing the abstract only, and it was published separately from the article, provide the following information:

Publication information for the article
Information about where the abstract was published (for instance, another journal or a collection of abstracts)

When creating a references section, use this format for abstracts published in a collection of abstracts

A Journal Article with Two to Seven Authors

List all the authors’ names in the order they appear in the article. Use an ampersand before the last name listed.

Barker, E. T., & Bornstein, M. H. (2010). Global self-esteem, appearance satisfaction, and self-reported dieting in early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 30 (2), 205–224.

Tremblay, M. S., Shields, M., Laviolette, M., Craig, C. L., Janssen, I., & Gorber, S. C. (2010). Fitness of Canadian children and youth: Results from the 2007–2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey. Health Reports, 21 (1), 7–20.

A Journal Article with More Than Seven Authors

List the first six authors’ names, followed by a comma, an ellipsis, and the name of the last author listed. The article in the following example has sixteen listed authors; the reference entry lists the first six authors and the sixteenth, omitting the seventh through the fifteenth.

When creating a references section, because some names are omitted, use a comma and an ellipsis, rather than an ampersand, before the final name listed

Writing at Work

The idea of an eight-page article with sixteen authors may seem strange to you—especially if you are in the midst of writing a ten-page research paper on your own. More often than not, articles in scholarly journals list multiple authors. Sometimes, the authors actually did collaborate on writing and editing the published article. In other instances, some of the authors listed may have contributed to the research in some way while being only minimally involved in the process of writing the article. Whenever you collaborate with colleagues to produce a written product, follow your profession’s conventions for giving everyone proper credit for their contribution.

A Magazine Article

After the publication year, list the issue date. Otherwise, treat these as you would journal articles. List the volume and issue number if both are available.

When creating a references section, oist the month after the year. For weekly magazines, list the full date, e.g.

A Newspaper Article

Treat these as you would magazine and journal articles, with one important difference: precede the page number(s) with the abbreviation p. (for a single-page article) or pp. (for a multipage article). For articles whose pagination is not continuous, list all the pages included in the article. For example, an article that begins on page A1 and continues on pages A4 would have the page reference A1, A4. An article that begins on page A1 and continues on pages A4 and A5 would have the page reference A1, A4–A5.

When creating a references section, include the section in your page reference.

A Letter to the Editor

After the title, indicate in brackets that the work is a letter to the editor.

Jones, J. (2009, January 31). Food police in our schools [Letter to the editor]. Rockwood Gazette, p. A8.

After the title, indicate in brackets that the work is a review and state the name of the work being reviewed. (Note that even if the title of the review is the same as the title of the book being reviewed, as in the following example, you should treat it as an article title. Do not italicize it.)

When creating a references section, italicize the title of the reviewed book only where it appears in brackets

Revisit the references section you began to compile in Note 13.73 “Exercise 1” . Use the guidelines provided above to format any entries for periodicals and other shorter print sources that you were unable to finish earlier.

Electronic Sources

Citing articles from online periodicals: urls and digital object identifiers (dois).

Whenever you cite online sources, it is important to provide the most up-to-date information available to help readers locate the source. In some cases, this means providing an article’s URL , or web address. (The letters URL stand for uniform resource locator.) Always provide the most complete URL possible. Provide a link to the specific article used, rather than a link to the publication’s homepage.

As you know, web addresses are not always stable. If a website is updated or reorganized, the article you accessed in April may move to a different location in May. The URL you provided may become a dead link. For this reason, many online periodicals, especially scholarly publications, now rely on DOIs rather than URLs to keep track of articles.

A DOI is a Digital Object Identifier—an identification code provided for some online documents, typically articles in scholarly journals. Like a URL, its purpose is to help readers locate an article. However, a DOI is more stable than a URL, so it makes sense to include it in your reference entry when possible. Follow these guidelines:

If you are citing an online article with a DOI, list the DOI at the end of the reference entry.
If the article appears in print as well as online, you do not need to provide the URL. However, include the words Electronic version after the title in brackets.
In other respects, treat the article as you would a print article. Include the volume number and issue number if available. (Note, however, that these may not be available for some online periodicals).

An Article from an Online Periodical with a DOI

List the DOI if one is provided. There is no need to include the URL if you have listed the DOI.

Bell, J. R. (2006). Low-carb beats low-fat diet for early losses but not long term. OBGYN News, 41 (12), 32. doi:10.1016/S0029-7437(06)71905-X

An Article from an Online Periodical with No DOI

List the URL. Include the volume and issue number for the periodical if this information is available. (For some online periodicals, it may not be.)

When creating a references section, use the words

Note that if the article appears in a print version of the publication, you do not need to list the URL, but do indicate that you accessed the electronic version.

Robbins, K. (2010, March/April). Nature’s bounty: A heady feast [Electronic version]. Psychology Today, 43 (2), 58.

Provide the URL of the article.

McNeil, D. G. (2010, May 3). Maternal health: A new study challenges benefits of vitamin A for women and babies. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/04/health/04glob.html?ref=health

An Article Accessed through a Database

Cite these articles as you would normally cite a print article. Provide database information only if the article is difficult to locate.

APA style does not require writers to provide the item number or accession number for articles retrieved from databases. You may choose to do so if the article is difficult to locate or the database is an obscure one. Check with your professor to see if this is something he or she would like you to include.

An Abstract of an Article

Format these as you would an article citation, but add the word Abstract in brackets after the title.

Bradley, U., Spence, M., Courtney, C. H., McKinley, M. C., Ennis, C. N., McCance, D. R.…Hunter, S. J. (2009). Low-fat versus low-carbohydrate weight reduction diets: Effects on weight loss, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk: A randomized control trial [Abstract]. Diabetes , 58 (12), 2741–2748. http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/early/2009/08/23/db00098.abstract

A Nonperiodical Web Document

The ways you cite different nonperiodical web documents may vary slightly from source to source, depending on the information that is available. In your citation, include as much of the following information as you can:

Name of the author(s), whether an individual or organization
Date of publication (Use n.d. if no date is available.)
Title of the document
Address where you retrieved the document

If the document consists of more than one web page within the site, link to the homepage or the entry page for the document.

American Heart Association. (2010). Heart attack, stroke, and cardiac arrest warning signs. Retrieved from http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3053

An Entry from an Online Encyclopedia or Dictionary

Because these sources often do not include authors’ names, you may list the title of the entry at the beginning of the citation. Provide the URL for the specific entry.

Addiction. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary . Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/addiction

If you cite raw data compiled by an organization, such as statistical data, provide the URL where you retrieved the information. Provide the name of the organization that sponsors the site.

US Food and Drug Administration. (2009). Nationwide evaluation of X-ray trends: NEXT surveys performed [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationSafety/NationwideEvaluationofX- RayTrendsNEXT/ucm116508.htm

Graphic Data

When citing graphic data—such as maps, pie charts, bar graphs, and so on—include the name of the organization that compiled the information, along with the publication date. Briefly describe the contents in brackets. Provide the URL where you retrieved the information. (If the graphic is associated with a specific project or document, list it after your bracketed description of the contents.)

US Food and Drug Administration. (2009). [Pie charts showing the percentage breakdown of the FDA’s budget for fiscal year 2005]. 2005 FDA budget summary . Retrieved from mhttp://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/ReportsManualsForms/Reports/BudgetReports/2005FDABudgetSummary/ucm117231.htm

An Online Interview (Audio File or Transcript)

List the interviewer, interviewee, and date. After the title, include bracketed text describing the interview as an “Interview transcript” or “Interview audio file,” depending on the format of the interview you accessed. List the name of the website and the URL where you retrieved the information. Use the following format.

Davies, D. (Interviewer), & Pollan, M. (Interviewee). (2008). Michael Pollan offers president food for thought [Interview transcript]. Retrieved from National Public Radio website: http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=100755362

An Electronic Book

Electronic books may include books available as text files online or audiobooks. If an electronic book is easily available in print, cite it as you would a print source. If it is unavailable in print (or extremely difficult to find), use the format in the example. (Use the words Available from in your citation if the book must be purchased or is not available directly.)

Chisholm, L. (n.d.). Celtic tales. Retrieved from http://www.childrenslibrary.org/icdl/BookReader?bookid= chicelt_00150014&twoPage=false&route=text&size=0&fullscreen=false&pnum1=1&lang= English&ilang=English

A Chapter from an Online Book or a Chapter or Section of a Web Document

These are treated similarly to their print counterparts with the addition of retrieval information. Include the chapter or section number in parentheses after the book title.

Hart, A. M. (1895). Restoratives—Coffee, cocoa, chocolate. In Diet in sickness and in health (VI). Retrieved from http://www.archive.org/details/dietinsicknessin00hartrich

A Dissertation or Thesis from a Database

Provide the author, date of publication, title, and retrieval information. If the work is numbered within the database, include the number in parentheses at the end of the citation.

When creating a references section, italicize the titles of theses and dissertations.

Computer Software

For commonly used office software and programming languages, it is not necessary to provide a citation. Cite software only when you are using a specialized program, such as the nutrition tracking software in the following example. If you download software from a website, provide the version and the year if available.

Internet Brands, Inc. (2009). FitDay PC (Version 2) [Software]. Available from http://www.fitday.com/Pc/PcHome.html?gcid=14

A Post on a Blog or Video Blog

Citation guidelines for these sources are similar to those used for discussion forum postings. Briefly describe the type of source in brackets after the title.

When creating a references section, do not italicize the titles of blog or video blog postings

Because the content may not be carefully reviewed for accuracy, discussion forums and blogs should not be relied upon as a major source of information. However, it may be appropriate to cite these sources for some types of research. You may also participate in discussion forums or comment on blogs that address topics of personal or professional interest. Always keep in mind that when you post, you are making your thoughts public—and in many cases, available through search engines. Make sure any posts that can easily be associated with your name are appropriately professional, because a potential employer could view them.

A Television or Radio Broadcast

Include the name of the producer or executive producer; the date, title, and type of broadcast; and the associated company and location.

West, Ty. (Executive producer). (2009, September 24). PBS special report: Health care reform [Television broadcast]. New York, NY, and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

A Television or Radio Series or Episode

Include the producer and the type of series if you are citing an entire television or radio series.

Couture, D., Nabors, S., Pinkard, S., Robertson, N., & Smith, J. (Producers). (1979). The Diane Rehm show [Radio series]. Washington, DC: National Public Radio.

To cite a specific episode of a radio or television series, list the name of the writer or writers (if available), the date the episode aired, its title, and the type of series, along with general information about the series.

Bernanke, J., & Wade, C. (2010, January 10). Hummingbirds: Magic in the air [Television series episode]. In F. Kaufman (Executive producer), Nature. New York, NY: WNET.

A Motion Picture

Name the director or producer (or both), year of release, title, country of origin, and studio.

Spurlock, M. (Director/producer), Morley, J. (Executive producer), & Winters. H. M. (Executive producer). (2004). Super size me. United States: Kathbur Pictures in association with Studio on Hudson.

A Recording

Name the primary contributors and list their role. Include the recording medium in brackets after the title. Then list the location and the label.

Smith, L. W. (Speaker). (1999). Meditation and relaxation [CD]. New York, NY: Earth, Wind, & Sky Productions.

Székely, I. (Pianist), Budapest Symphony Orchestra (Performers), & Németh, G. (Conductor). (1988). Chopin piano concertos no. 1 and 2 [CD]. Hong Kong: Naxos.

Provide as much information as possible about the writer, director, and producer; the date the podcast aired; its title; any organization or series with which it is associated; and where you retrieved the podcast.

Kelsey, A. R. (Writer), Garcia, J. (Director), & Kim, S. C. (Producer). (2010, May 7). Lies food labels tell us. Savvy consumer podcasts [Audio podcast] . Retrieved from http://www.savvyconsumer.org/podcasts/050710

Revisit the references section you began to compile in Note 13.73 “Exercise 1” .

Use the APA guidelines provided in this section to format any entries for electronic sources that you were unable to finish earlier.
If your sources include a form of media not covered in the APA guidelines here, consult with a writing tutor or review a print or online reference book. You may wish to visit the website of the American Psychological Association at http://www.apa.org or the Purdue University Online Writing lab at http://owl.english.purdue.edu , which regularly updates its online style guidelines.
Give your paper a final edit to check the references section.

Key Takeaways

In APA papers, entries in the references section include as much of the following information as possible:

Print sources. Author(s), date of publication, title, publisher, page numbers (for shorter works), editors (if applicable), and periodical title (if applicable).
Online sources (text-based). Author(s), date of publication, title, publisher or sponsoring organization, and DOI or URL (if applicable).
Electronic sources (non-text-based). Provide details about the creator(s) of the work, title, associated company or series, and date the work was produced or broadcast. The specific details provided will vary depending on the medium and the information that is available.
Electronic sources (text-based). If an electronic source is also widely available in print form, it is sometimes unnecessary to provide details about how to access the electronic version. Check the guidelines for the specific source type.

Write What Matters Copyright © 2020 by Liza Long; Amy Minervini; and Joel Gladd is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Books, ebooks, etc.
Harvard Referencing

Books on Referencing and plagiarism

Referencing guide : Using the Harvard Referencing system, Revised edition, by Stokes, Nancy Call Number: 808.02 STO ISBN: 0646427008 Publication Date: 2011, Rev.Ed.

Copies of these books are available to borrow from the City, Elgar, and Lakeside Libraries.

Why reference?

Failing to reference the resources you have used to complete an assignment can get you into trouble with your teacher, your teaching centre and the law. Claiming the work of others as your own (by quoting from books, websites or other sources without acknowledging them through a reference list) is a breach of copyright law called plagiarism.

Referencing correctly is a way of showing your teacher what is your work and what is supporting material drawn from another source.

Referencing usually involves two elements: something in the main text indicating where a quote or idea has come from, and a list of all resources used at the end of the assignment.

Assignments will often require you to use a combination of books, videos, DVDs, websites, magazines or periodicals, articles from databases, newspapers and other resources. Every item used, regardless of format, must be acknowledged.

How to do the list

List items alphabetically, with a space between each item.

In general, the type of information, and the order that it is presented in is as follows: author - date- title of work - publishing details. However, the exact format depends on the type of resource. The boxes below explain the format for some of the most common resource types.

websites for Referencing

Harvard Referencing libguide Box Hill Institute
Easy cite referencing tool - RMIT
Citing and referencing - Monash University

Harvard Referencing examples

How to refer to something while you’re writing

Work the author’s surname or organisation’s name , the year of publication and the page number into the paragraph you are writing. The purpose is to give basic details so your reader can get more information from the list at the end.

Example 1: It has been proven that mice have four legs (Jones, 1999, p12)

Example 2: Jones (1999, p12) has proven that mice have four legs.

Example 3: In his 1999 text, Jones states that mice have four legs (p12.)

Note that page numbers are only necessary for in text citations when direct quotes or precise information are used.

Single Author

Surname, Initials. Year, Title in italics , Edition (if not the first), Publisher’s name, Place of publication.

Surname, Initials, Surname, Initials & Surname, Initials. Year, Title in italics , Edition (if not the first), Publisher’s name, Place of publication.

Hanson, D., Dowling, P.J., Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. & Hoskisson, R.E. 2008, Strategic management: competitiveness and globalisation , 3rd edn , Thomson Learning Australia, South Melbourne, Vic.

Edited book

Surname, Initials. (ed.) Year, Title in italics , Edition (if not the first), Publisher’s name, Place of publication.

Tuck, A. (ed.) 1993, Oxford dictionary of business English: for learners of English , Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Chapter of an edited book

Surname, Initials. (of the author of the chapter) Year, ‘Chapter title’, in Book title, Edition (if not the first), Editor, Publisher, Place of publication, pp.

Kiffin-Petersen, S. 2006, 'Individual differences in personality, values and attitudes', in P. Murray, D. Poole, & G. Jones (eds.) Contemporary issues in management and organisational behaviour, Thomson Learning, South Melbourne, Vic.

Article from a database

Surname, Initials. Year, ‘Article title in inverted commas’, Journal title in italics , volume or issue of publication as listed on the Journal or database record, page number, Retrieved: Date you accessed it, From: name of database you used to find the article.

Cooper, M.P. 2008, 'Wellness can be a powerful business management strategy, but it takes intelligent planning and execution', Employee Benefit Plan Review , vol. 63, no. 5, p. 10, Retrieved: May 20, 2009, from ProQuest: ABI/INFORM Select, Article 1602448761.

Video or DVD

Title in italics , Year [videorecording or DVD], Publisher’s name, Place of publication.

Financial reporting for business, 2008 [DVD], Video Education Australasia, Vic.

Author/organisation’s name, Year, Page title in italics , Retrieved: date accessed it, from: specific website address (best to copy and paste to ensure accuracy.)

McKee, S. 2009, What happens when growth stalls , Retrieved: May 20, 2009 from < http://www.bettermanagement .com/library/library.aspx?l=15043 >

If there’s no date?

Put [n.d.] where you would usually put the year. (This applies to all forms of resource where a date cannot be found.)

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / APA Reference Page

How to Format an APA Reference Page

In APA, the “Works Cited” page is referred to as a “Reference List” or “Reference Page.” “Bibliography” also may be used interchangeably, even though there are some differences between the two.

If you are at the point in your article or research paper where you are looking up APA bibliography format, then congratulations! That means you’re almost done.

In this guide, you will learn how to successfully finish a paper by creating a properly formatted APA bibliography. More specifically, you will learn how to create a reference page . The guidelines presented here come from the 7 th edition of the APA’s Publication Manual .

A note on APA reference page style: In this guide, “bibliography” and “references” may be used interchangeably, even though there are some differences between the two. The most important thing is to use the label “References” when writing your paper since APA style recommends including a reference page.

Here’s a run-through of everything this page includes:

Difference between an APA bibliography and a reference page

What about annotated bibliographies, understanding apa reference page format, apa reference page formatting: alphabetizing by surname, q: what should not be on an apa reference page.

The difference between a bibliography and a reference page is a matter of scope. A bibliography usually includes all materials and sources that were used to write the paper. A reference page, on the other hand, only includes entries for works that were specifically cited in the text of the paper.

There are some cases in which a professor or journal might request an annotated bibliography . An annotated bibliography is basically a reference page that includes your comments and insights on each source.

An annotated bibliography can be a document all on its own, or part of a bigger document. That means creating an annotated bibliography by itself could be an assignment, or you may have to include one as part of your research paper, journal submission, or other project.

If you do need to add an APA annotated bibliography , it goes after the reference page on its own page, inside the appendices.

A properly formatted APA reference page begins on a new page, after the end of the text. It comes before any figures, tables, maps, or appendices. It’s double-spaced and features what’s called a hanging indent , where the first line of each reference is not indented, and the second line of each reference is indented 0.5 inches. The reference page is also labeled with a bold, center-justified, and capitalized “References.”

To summarize, the reference page should be:

Placed on its own page, after the text but before any tables, figures, or appendices.
In the same font as the rest of the paper.
Double-spaced the whole way through (including individual references).
Formatted with hanging indents (each line after the first line of every entry indented 0.5 inches).
Labeled with a bold, center-justified, and capitalized “References.”

Note: You can use the paragraph function of your word processing program to apply the hanging indent.

Q: What font am I supposed to use for the reference page or bibliography?

The APA reference page/bibliography should be in the same font as the rest of your paper. However, APA Style does not actually call for one specific font. According to Section 2.19 of the Publication Manual , the main requirement is to choose a font that is readable and accessible to all users. Some of the recommended font options for APA style include:

Sans serif fonts: Calibri (11pt), Arial (11pt), or Lucida (10pt).
Serif fonts: Times New Roman (12pt), Georgia (11pt), or Normal/Computer Modern (10pt).

Q: What are the margins supposed to be for the reference page or bibliography?

Aside from the 0.5 inch hanging indent on the second line of each reference entry, you do not need to modify the margins of the reference page or bibliography. These should be the same as the rest of your paper, which according to APA is 1-inch margins on all sides of the page. This is the default margin setting for most computer word processors, so you probably won’t have to change anything.

Q: What information goes into an APA style reference page or bibliography?

An APA style reference page should include full citations for all the sources that were cited in your paper. This includes sources that were summarized, paraphrased, and directly quoted. Essentially, if you included an in-text citation in your paper, that source should also appear in your reference list. The reference list is organized in alphabetical order by author.

The formatting for reference list citations varies depending on the kind of source and the available information. But for most sources, your reference list entry will include the following:

The last name(s) and initials of the author(s).
The date the source was published (shown in parentheses).
The title of the source in sentence case. The title should be in italics if the source stands on its own (like a book, webpage, or movie).
The name of the periodical, database, or website if the source is an article from a magazine, journal, newspaper, etc. Names of periodicals are usually italicized; names of databases and websites usually are not.
The publisher of the source and/or the URL where the source can be found.

Here are a few templates and examples for how common sources should be formatted in an APA style reference list. If your source is not found here, there is also a guide highlighting different APA citation examples .

Citing a Book

Author’s last name, Author’s first initial. Author’s middle initial. (Year of publication). Title of work . Publisher.

James, Henry. (2009). The ambassadors . Serenity Publishers.

Citing a Journal

Author’s last name, Author’s first initial. Author’s middle initial. (Year, Month Date published). Article title. Journal Name , Volume(Issue), page number(s). https://doi.org/ or URL (if available)

Jacoby, W. G. (1994). Public attitudes toward government spending. American Journal of Political Science , 38(2), 336-361. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111407

Citing a Website

Author’s last name, Author’s first initial. Author’s middle initial. (Year, Month Date published). Article title or page title . Site Name. URL

Limer, E. (2013, October 1). Heck yes! The first free wireless plan is finally here . Gizmodo. https://gizmodo.com/heck-yes-the-first-free-wireless-plan-is-finally-here

Next, let’s take a look at a real example of a properly formatted APA reference page to see how these pieces come together.

APA reference page example

Creating an APA reference page is actually a lot easier than creating a bibliography with other style guides. In fact, as long as you are aware of the formatting rules, the reference page practically writes itself as you go.

Below is an example reference page that follows the guidelines detailed above. EasyBib also has a guide featuring a complete APA style sample paper , including the reference page.

All APA citations included in the reference page should be ordered alphabetically, using the first word of the reference entry. In most cases, this is the author’s surname (or the surname of the author listed first, when dealing with citations for sources with multiple authors ). However, there are times when a reference entry might begin with a different element.

Creating an alphabetized reference page or bibliography might seem like a simple task. But when you start dealing with multiple authors and similar last names, it can actually get a little tricky. Fortunately, there are a few basic rules that can keep you on track.

The “nothing precedes something” rule

When the surnames of two or more authors begin with the same letters, the “nothing precedes something” rule is how to figure it out. Here is an example of how it works.

Imagine your reference page includes the authors Berg, M.S. and Bergman, H.D. The first four letters of each author are the same. The fifth letters are M and H respectively. Since H comes before M in the alphabet, you might assume that Bergman, H.D. should be listed first.

APA Style requires that “nothing precede something,” which means that Berg will appear before Bergman. Similarly, a James would automatically appear before a Jameson, and a Michaels before a Michaelson.

Disregard spaces and punctuation marks

If a surname has a hyphen, apostrophe, or other punctuation mark, it can be ignored for alphabetization purposes. Similarly, anything that appears inside of parentheses or brackets should be disregarded.

Ordering multiple works by the same author

It is not uncommon for a research paper to reference multiple books by the same author. If you have more than one reference entry by the same person, then the entries should be listed chronologically by year of publication.

If a reference entry has no year of publication available, then it should precede any entries that do have a date. Here’s an example of a properly alphabetized order for multiple entries from the same author:

Guzman, M.B. (n.d.).

Guzman, M.B. (2016).

Guzman, M.B. (2017).

Guzman, M.B. (2019).

Guzman, M.B. (in press).

“In press” papers do not yet have a year of publication associated with them. All “in press” sources are listed last, like the one shown above.

Ordering works with the same author and same date

If the same author has multiple entries with the same year of publication, you need to differentiate them with lowercase letters. Otherwise, the in-text citations in your paper will correspond to more than one reference page entry.

Same author and same year of publication

Here’s a look at how to use lowercase letters to differentiate between entries with the same author and same year of publication:

Guzman, M.B. (2020a).

Guzman, M.B. (2020b).

Guzman, M.B. (2020c).

These lowercase letters are assigned to make the in-text citations more specific. However, it does not change the fact that their year of publication is the same. If no month or day is available for any of the sources, then they should be ordered alphabetically using the title of the work.

When alphabetizing by title, ignore the words “A,” “An,”,and “The” if they’re the first word of the title.

Same author and same year of publication, with more specific dates

If more specific dates are provided, such as a month or day, then it becomes possible to order these entries chronologically.

Guzman, M.B. (2020b, April 2).

Guzman, M.B. (2020c, October 15).

Ordering authors with the same surname but different initials

Authors who share the same surname but have different first or middle names can be alphabetized by their first initial or second initial.

Guzman, R.L. (2015).

Ordering works with no listed author, or an anonymous author

If you have reference entries with no listed author, the first thing to double-check is whether or not there was a group author instead. Group authors can be businesses, task forces, nonprofit organizations, government agencies, etc.

If there is no individual author listed, then have another look at the source. If it is published on a government agency website, for instance, there is a good chance that the agency was the author of the work, and should be listed as such in the reference entry. You can read more about how to handle group authors in Section 9.11 of the Publication Manual .

What if the work is actually authored by “Anonymous”?

If the work you’re referencing actually has the word “Anonymous” listed as the author, then you can list it as the author and alphabetize it as if it were a real name. But this is only if the work is actually signed “Anonymous.”

What if there is no listed author and it’s definitely not a group author?

If you have confirmed that there is no individual or group author for the work, then you can use the work’s title as the author element in the reference entry. In any case where you’re using the work’s title to alphabetize, you should skip the words “A,” “An,” and “The.”

An APA reference page should not contain any of the following:

The content of your paper (the reference page should start on its own page after the end of your paper).
Entries for works for further reading or background information or entries for an epigraph from a famous person (the reference page should only include works that are referenced or quoted in your paper as part of your argument).
Entries for personal communications such as emails, phone calls, text messages, etc. (since the reader would not be able to access them).
Entries for whole websites, periodicals, etc. (If needed, the names of these can be mentioned within the body of your paper instead.)
Entries for quotations from research participants (since they are part of your original research, they do not need to be included).

Published October 28, 2020.

APA Formatting Guide

APA Formatting

Annotated Bibliography
Block Quotes
et al Usage
In-text Citations
Multiple Authors
Paraphrasing
Page Numbers
Parenthetical Citations
Reference Page
Sample Paper
APA 7 Updates
View APA Guide

Citation Examples

Book Chapter
Journal Article
Magazine Article
Newspaper Article
Website (no author)
View all APA Examples

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The following rules will help you identify when to use DOIs and when to use URLs in references:

Use a DOI wherever available, be it a print version or online version.
For a print publication that does not have a DOI, do not add a DOI or URL (even if a URL is available).
For an online publication, if both a DOI and URL are given, include only the DOI.
For online publications that only have a URL (and no DOI), follow the below recommendations:
Add a URL in the reference list entry for publications from websites (other than databases). Double check that the URL will work for readers.
For publications from most academic research databases, which are easily accessible, do not include a URL or database information in the reference. In this case, the reference will be the same as the print version.
For publications from databases that publish limited/proprietary work that would only be available in that database, include the database name and the URL. If the URL would require a login, include the URL for the database home page or login page instead of the URL for the work.
If a URL will not work for the reader or is no longer accessible, follow the guidance for citing works with no source.

To format your APA references list, follow these recommendations:

Begin the references on a new page. This page should be placed at the end of the paper.
All sides of the paper should have a 1-inch margin.
Set the heading as “References” in bold text and center it.
Arrange the reference entries alphabetically according to the first item within the entries (usually the author surname or title).
Add a hanging indent of 0.5 inches (i.e., indent any line after the first line of a reference list entry).

See above for a visual example of a reference page and additional examples.

Special Cases

Multiple entries with the same author(s) are arranged by publication year. Entries with no dates first, then in chronological order. If the year published is also the same, a letter is added to the year and the entries are arranged alphabetically (after arrangement by year).

Robin, M. T. (n.d.)
Robin, M. T. (1987)
Robin, M. T. (1989a)
Robin, M. T. (1989b)

Single-author source and multi-author source that share one author. One-author entries are listed first even if the multi-author entries were published earlier.

Dave, S. P., Jr. (2006)
Dave, S. P., Jr., & Glyn, T. L. (2005)

For references with multiple authors that have the same first author but different subsequent authors, alphabetize the entries by the last name of the second author (or third if the first two authors are the same).

APA Citation Examples

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Aberystwyth University
Referencing & Plagiarism Awareness
8. Referencing Examples

Referencing & Plagiarism Awareness: 8. Referencing Examples

1. Introduction
2. What is referencing and citation?
3. How to insert citations into your assignment.
4. What is plagiarism?
5. Referencing Artificial Intelligence Outputs
6. Consequences of plagiarism
7. Plagiarism in the news
9. Reference management tools
10. Submitting your work using Turnitin
11. How to interpret your Turnitin similarity report
12. Further help

Referencing Style Examples

Aberystwyth University does not promote the use of a universal referencing style as some styles are better suited to a particular subject discipline than others. Individual Departments will therefore have a preferred referencing style.

Select the relevant examples below for your Departmental referencing style.

Check your module handbook for further advice on referencing.
Decide whether to create your references manually or to use a reference management tool .
If you need any help or guidance contact your librarian at: [email protected]

Further Tips:

Look at the marking scheme for your assignment - how many marks can you gain for your reference list and what are the criteria you need to meet?
Ensure you have allowed enough time in your assignment planning for the reading and the referencing.
Read widely: start with the Aspire reading list in your Blackboard module and develop your subject searching skills during your course.
Organise and save your references while you are researching for your essay.

Art - MLA 8th edition (Modern Language Association)

Introduction
Chapter from book
Art work in exhibition/collection

A detailed description of how to use MLA 8th edition has been produced by the School of Art which should be referred to by students in that department. This guide provides examples of commonly cited sources.

The MLA quiz at the end of this LibGuide is based on the School of Art's stylesheet.

In text citations should include the author's name and page reference. Do not include date or 'pp.'

Examples of In-text citations:

On the subject of identity, Andrews remarks : ‘ Landscape in art tells us, or asks us to think about, where we belong ’ ( 8 ).
Th e ‘ Gothic ... is a genr e that glorifies transgression ’ ( Cohen 883) .

Creating the Works Cited list: When referencing a book follow this order:

Authors; surname followed by first name/initials
Title, in italics
Year of publication

Example: Book, one author:

Works cited list:

Cruise, Colin. Pre-‐Raphaelite Drawing . Thames and Hudson, 2011.

Heuser, Harry. Immaterial Culture: Literature, Drama and the American Radio Play, 1929 -‐ 1954 . Peter Lang, 2013

Meyrick, Robert. John Elwyn . Ashgate, 2000

Book, more than one author:

Martineau, Jane, et al. Shakespeare in Art . Merrell, 2003.

Meyrick, Robert, and Harry Heuser. The Prints of Stanley Anderson RA . Royal Academy of Arts, 2015

In text citations follow same pattern as physical book should include the author's name and page reference. Do not include date or 'pp.'

Creating the Works Cited list: When referencing an e book follow this order:

DOI (if available), otherwise URL or permalink
Date Accessed.

Example: eBook, one author:

Harvey, John. Image of the Invisible : the Visualization of Religion in the Welsh Nonconformist Tradition. University of Wales Press, 1999. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=27384&site=ehost-live. Accessed 30 April 2020.

When referencing a chapter or section from an edited book, follow this order:

Author of the chapter/section.
'Title of the chapter/section' (in single quotation marks)
Title of the book (in italics)
Editor of book (in format 'edited by...').
Date of publication
Page reference

Example: Chapter from a book

In text-citation:

(Harvey 55)

(Heuser 29)

Harvey, John. “The Ghost in the Machine: Spirit and Technology.” Ashgate Research Companion to Paranormal Cultures, edited by Olu Jenzen and Sally R. Munt, Routledge, 2013, pp. 51-64.

Heuser, Harry. “‘Please don’t whip me this time’: The Passions of George Powell of NantEos.” Queer Wales, edited by Huw Osborne, U of Wales P, 2016, pp. 45-64.

Note: Provide the entire page range for the essay/article. In your essay, state only the page(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase was derived. While the author of the essay is mentioned first, the editors of the book in which the essay appears are named after the title of the book.

When referencing a journal article, the entry in the works cited should include:

"Title of Article."
TItle of journal ( in italics )

Example: journal article (print)

Heuser, Harry. “Bigotry and Virtue: George Powell and the Question of Legacy.” New Welsh Reader, no. 110, Winter 2015, pp. 18-29.

If you used an online database instead of a physical library such as Hugh Owen to retrieve the source, identify the database, URL/DOI/permalink and state the access date (see example below). The access date must be the day on which you retrieved the article.

Example: journal article (electronically accessed)

Ward, Maryanne C. “A Painting of the Unspeakable: Henry Fuseli’s The Nightmare and the Creation of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein.” Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association, vol. 33, no. 1, 2000, pp. 20-31. JSTOR , www.jstor.org/ stable/1315115. Accessed 30 Sept. 2016.

References to art works in your works cited list should include:

Artist's name
Title of artwork ( In italics )
location of artwork (in collection or exhibition. If in a temporary exhibition, note exhibition title in italics and exhibition dates. See examples below).

Croft, Paul. Minokami Idol . Lithograph on hot pressed rag paper, 1993, School of Art Gallery and Museum, Aberystwyth University.

Taeuber-Arp, Sophie. Tête Dada . Painted wood with glass beads on wire, 1920, Museum of Modern Art, New York.

Whall, Miranda. Untitled. (Birds on my Head #2) . German etch on watercolour paper, 2011, Shifting Subjects: Contemporary Women Telling the Self through the Visual Arts , Abbey Walk Gallery, Grimsby, 2 Sept.-31 Oct. 2015.

Note: The medium may be omitted in the Works Cited entry if it is mentioned in the essay or stated in a caption for a reproduction of the object in question. When a work of art/object of visual culture is discussed in an essay, the medium should be identified.

When referencing a web page, produced by an organisation or individual follow this order:

Example: Web page (no named author)

Title of web page "in speech marks"
Website/publication
Access date

In text citation:

("Landscape Painting in Chinese Art.")

“Landscape Painting in Chinese Art.” Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/clpg/hd_clpg.htm. Accessed 20 Sept. 2016.

Business - Harvard Style

Book (print)
Chapter from edited book
Article (Print)
Article (Online)
Thesis or Dissertation
Conference papers
Maps: Print, Digimap and Google Earth
Refinitiv Workspace
Newspaper article (Print)
Newspaper article (Online)
Students' own work
Images (Print)
Images (Online)
Social media posts
Et al. (three or more authors)

The quiz at the end of this guide is based on the examples given here but there are different versions of Harvard so always use your department’s guidance.

Business students can find their Departmental referencing guide on Blackboard.

Use each tab to discover examples of how to correctly acknowledge different sources in your assignments.

When referencing a printed book, follow this order:

Author/editor. (Surname, followed by initials)
(Year of publication). (in brackets)
Title . (in italics)
Edition. (don't include if it's the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (if available)

Example: Book (one author)

In -text citation

(Affelt, 2019)

Affelt (2019) suggests that ...

If a direct quote:

If a direct quotation (include the page number):

'It is unlikely that those sharing fake news content are carefully considering their audience' (Affellt, 2019, p. 35).

Reference list

Affelt, A. (2019). All that's not fit to print. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.

Example: Book (two authors)

If the work has two authors, include all names in your citation..

In-text citation

(Pears and Shields, 2013)

According to Pears and Shields (2013)...

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide . London: Palgrave.

When writing your assignments, it is important to adhere to the guidelines outlined in your department's handbooks on referencing.

Example: Book (three or more authors)

If a book has three or more authors, only the first author's name should be listed in-text followed by ' et al. ', meaning 'and others'. However, all authors should be listed in the reference list in the order they are credited in the original work.

You must place a full stop at the end of al. and italicise: et al.

(Dym et al. 2009)

This was discussed by Dym et al . (2009)…

Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009). Engineering design: a project-based introduction . 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Example: Book (no author)

You may come across a book with no recognisable author. When the name of an author or authoring body is not shown, cite the reference by its title and the year. Use the first few words if the title is too long.

To be made up of:

Title ( in italics).
Year of publication (in round brackets).
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition).
Place of publication: publisher.
Series and volume number (where relevant) .

I n-text citation:

(Medicine in old age, 1985)

It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved ( Medicine in old age, 1985)…

Reference list:

Medicine in old age (1985) 2 nd ed. London: British Medical Association.

If the ebook has page numbers and publication details, then use the book format to reference.

Follow this order;

Author/editor. (Surname, followed by initials)
(Year of publication) (in brackets)
Title (in italics)
Series and volume number (if available).

See the Harvard style 'Book (print)' examples on the previous tab.

If you refer to a chapter of a book by a contributor in an edited book, you cite just the contributor, not t he editor.

Author of the chapter/section. (Surname, followed by initials)
Edited by (first name, last name)

in-text citation

(Briassoulis, 2004)

Research by Briassoulis (2004) highlighted the fact...

Briassoulis, H., (2004). 'Crete: endowed by nature, privileged by geography, threatened by tourism?' in Coastal mass tourism: diversification and sustainable development in Southern Europe . Edited by Bill Bramwell, pp. 48-62. Clevedon: Channel View.

If there is more than one contributing author who wrote the chapter, you must list all authors in the reference list at the end of your work e.g. Jones, A., Jones, B. and Jones, C., (2010) etc...

When referencing an article found in a print journal, follow this order:

Author. (Surname, followed by initials) Tip: If multiple authors - follow the guidance on the Book (print) tab.
(Year of publication). (in round brackets).
'Title of article', (in single quotation marks).
Title of journal, (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for).
Just volume number (no issue num ber): Innovation, 19, pp. 18-27.
Volume number and issue number: International Information and Library Review, 32 (1), pp. 39-62.
Page reference.

Example: Print journal article

(Marcella, 2001)

Marcella (2001) investigated....

'A significant proportion of respondents stated that they had used electronic networks in accessing European information in the past' (Marcella, 2001, p.509).

Marcella, R. (2001). ’The need for European Union information amongst women in the United Kingdom: results of a survey', Journal of Documentation , 57 (4) pp. 492-518.

When referencing an article, follow this order:

Author. (Surname, followed by initials)
'Title of the article', (in single quotation marks)
Title of the journal (in italics - ensure the first letter of each word is a capital except for the linking words)
Issue information - volume (issue number) (all in round brackets - except the volume)
Digital Object Identifier (doi) if available.

Example: Online journal article

(Zimerman, 2012)

Zimerman discusses in detail the review of the literature on digital natives (2012) ...

Zimerman, M. (2012). 'Digital natives, searching behavior and the library', New Library World , 113(3/4), pp. 174-201. doi: 10.1108/03074801211218552.

Example: Web page (individual author/organisation)

Author ( Surname, followed by initials) OR organisation
(Year that the site was published/last updated). (in brackets)
Title of the webpage (in italics)

Available at: URL

(Accessed: date).

In text citation

(Environment Agency, 2019)

The Environment Agency (2019) identifies the ...

Environment Agency (2019). Swim healthy. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/swim-healthy-leaflet/swim-healthy (Accessed: 16 January 2020).

Example: Web page (no author)

Replace what would be the author with the title.

Title of web page (in italics)
Year of publication (in brackets)

A rewilding project ( Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project, 2019) has been met...

Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project (2019). Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).

Example: Web page (no date)

If you cannot identify the publication date of a web page, cite it using n.d. (no date).

(Allen n.d.)

Allen, J. n.d. No Shopping for A Month: What I Learned From My Month in Exile. Available at: https://www.stayathomemum.com.au/my-money/money-saving-tips/no-shopping-for-a-month-what-i-learned-from-my-month-in-exile/ (Accessed: 24 March 2020).

When referencing a blog, use this order:

Author. (Surname, followed by initials.)
Year that the site was published/last updated. (in round brackets)
'Title of message', (in single quotation marks).
Title of website, (in italics).
Day/month of posted message
Available at: URL.
(Accessed: date). (in brackets)

Example: Blog

In-text citation:

(Marikar, 2018)

Marikar (2018) suggested...

Marikar, S. (2018). ‘The First Family of Memes', The New Yorker, 1 October. [Blog]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/the-first-family-of-memes (Accessed: 22 January 2019).

To reference a thesis or dissertaion, follow this order:

Author. (Surname, then intitials)
Year of submission. (in round brackets).
Title of thesis (in italics).
Degree statement.
Degree-awarding body.

If viewed online, add:

(Brennan, 1993)

Research by Brennan (1993) suggests that…

Brennan, S.M. (1993) Aspects of Equine Pituitary Abnormality . MSc. Aberystwyth University.

When referencing conference papers, follow this order:

Author. (Surname, and then initials)
(year of publication). (in brackets)
‘Title of paper’,
Title of Conference. (in italics)
date of conference.
Place of publication:
P age numbers.

In-text citation: (Jones, 1994)

Jones (1994) says ...

Jones, J. (1994). ‘Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap’, Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers. San Francisco, 1–5 May. Brookﬁeld, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers, 2865–7.

Online conference papers

Author. (Surname, then initials)
(year of publication) (in brackets)
‘Title of paper’ (single quotation marks)
Available at URL
(Accessed date).

(Jones, 1999)

Jones (1999) says ...

Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference . University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. [Online] Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 15 April 2018).

When referencing standards, use this order:

Organisation.
Title of the standard, (in italics)
Publisher.

Example: Standards

In-text citation: (BSI 8001, 2017)

BSI 8001 (2017) says ...

R eference list: British Standards Institution (2017). BS 8001: Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations: Guide , London: British Standards Institution.

Note: if you find the standards online, add the following after the title:

(Accessed date) .

For example:

British Standards Institution (2005) BS EN ISO 17707: Footwear. Test Methods for Outsoles. Flex Resistance, British Standards, [Online]. Available at https://bsol-bsigroup-com. libezproxy.open.ac.uk/en/Bsol-ItemDetail-Page/?pid=000000000030105824 (Accessed 10 May 2017).

There are many different versions of maps. Look through the following examples and follow the order provided.

Printed map

Ordnance Survey map

Ordnance Survey
(Year). (in brackets)
Title of map, (in italics)
Edition (if not first).
Map/sheet number,
Map series if appropriate.

Example:

(Ordnance Survey, 2016)

Ordnance Survey (2016). Aberystwyth and Machynlleth. Ed C. 135, 1:50 000. Landranger series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.

Online maps

Map publisher
Title/description of map. (in italics)
Source (Map Product).
Created online: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap
(Created on date).

(Ordnance Survey, 2011)

Ordnance Survey, (2011) . Aberystwyth University: Gogerddan Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed 31 August 2011).

Google Earth Maps

Google Earth version (if applicable),
(Year data released). (in brackets)
Image details - location, co-ordinates, elevation. (in italics)
Data set (if applicable).
Available: URL
(Accessed date).

In-text citation (Google Earth, 2008)

Google Earth 6.0. (200 8). Hylands House and estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M . 3D map, Buildings data layer [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/earth/index/html (Accessed 23 September 2019).

Refinitiv Workspace is a financial database.

Follow this order:

Publishing organisation
Year of publication/last updated (in round brackets) this is often the current year
Title of extract (in single quotation marks) or use the heading at the top of the screen that indicates what the data is or alternatively write your search of how you obtained the data eg. 'Search results for...'
Available at: URL ( if available)
(Accessed: date)

Refinitiv (2023) noted an increase in 50% in the market for the coffee industry....

Reference List

Refinitiv (2023) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed: 2 November 2022).

IBISWorld (2018) noted problems in the market for the coffee industry....

IBISWorld (2018) 'Sporting Goods Manufacturing in the UK'. Available at: https://clients1.ibisworld.co.uk/reports/uk/industry/default.aspx?entid=2120 (Accessed 2 November 2019).

When referencing an article from a print newspaper, follow this order:

Author. (Surname, followed by initials)
(Year published). (in brackets)
'Article title'. (in single quotation marks).
Newspaper , (in italics)

Example: print newspaper article

(Browne, 2010)

Browne (2010) mentions...

Browne, R. (2010). ' This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald , 21 March, p. 45.

When referencing an article from an online newspaper, follow this order:

Year of publication. (in brackets)
'Title of article'. (in single quotation marks)
Newspaper title. (in italics)
Date published. (day and month)
Available at:URL

Example: online newspaper article

(Ough, 2015)

Ough (2015) questions...

Ough, T. (2014). 'It's so easy to focus on what you can't do after a stroke, rather than what you can'. The Times . 31 December. Available at: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/GYEXJD027471504/TTDA?u=uniaber&sid=TTDA&xid=f84faf80 (Accessed 23 March 2019).

When referencing your own work, use this order:

Name. (Surname, followed by initials.)
Year of submission. (in round brackets)
'Title of work', (in single quotation marks).
Module code: module title (in italics).
Institution
Unpublished essay/assignment

Example: Student's own work

(Smith, 2019)

The assignment written looked at water quality (Smith, 2018) with the environmental impact...

Smith, S. (2019). ‘Water quality in Welsh rivers', MM56340: Business Impacts. Town University. Unpublished essay.

A document found on the web can be a government report or policy documents. When referencing an online document, follow this order:

Author (Surname, then initials).
(Year of publication if given). (in brackets)
Title of document (in italics)
Place of publication,

Example: online document

(Munafò, 2019)

Munafò (2019) states …

Reference list: Munafò, M. (2019). Scientific Ecosystems and Research Reproducibility. [Online] Royal London, Society of Biology. Available at: https://www.rsb.org.uk/policy/groups-and-committees/asg/asg-membership/animal-science-meetings/animal-science-meeting-2019-report (Accessed: 23 March 2019).

When referencing an image found in a book, follow this order:

Title. (in italics)
Edition (don't include if it's the first edition)
Place of publication: Publisher

If the image is taken from another work (e.g. book) it should be treated and cited as part of that book (print). Reference an image in a book using the book format, adding the page number to the citation.

Example: Print image

(Campbell et al, 2015)

C ampbell et al. (2015) have clearly illustrated how a plant cell functions.

Note: If you were to include this in your essay, the caption and citation below the image would look similar to this:

Figure 7. The functions and flow of genetic information within a plant cell (Campbell et al., 2015, pp. 282-283).

Campbell, N.A., Reece, Jane B., Urry, Lisa A., Cain, Michael L., Wasserman, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V., Jackson, Robert B. (2014). Biology : a global approach . Tenth edition. Boston: Pearson.

When referencing an online image, follow this order:

Person responsible for the image. (Surname, followed by initials) OR Corporate Author.

Year published. (in brackets)

Title/description . (in italics)

[format] (image/photograph etc.)

( Accessed Day Month Year). (in brackets)

Example: Online image

(Rana, 2013)

The image by Rana (2013) depicts...

Rana, S. (2013). Library Levitation. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/saharranaphotography/13178176575/ [Accessed 23 March 2020].

Author of post
Year posted (in round brackets)
Title or description of post (in single quotation marks)
[Name of platform]
Day/month posted
Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

Example: Twitter

(Aberystwyth University, 2023)

Aberystwyth University (2023) are ...

Aberystwyth University (2023) 'Scientists are in Switzerland investigating the increase in rock cover.' [Twitter] 6 July. Available at: https://twitter.com/AberUni/status/1676496158691082248 (Accessed: 6 July 2023).

How to cite an AI:

A prompt is the imput given to the AI in the form of text, for example it is what the user types in their 'chat box' to provide imputs to ChatGPT. If the input provided by the user is not text, it should be listed and explained in the tool use statement.

(Author, date of access) eg: (ChatGPT, 2023)

End Reference List:

Author (AI programme inc. version)
Date (in brackets)
AI provider company (in italics)
Web address
Date of last access.

ChatGPT v3 (2023) Open AI . Available online at https://chat.openai.com/. Accessed 24/08/23.

Prompts used within AI to generate responses should not be detailed in the end reference list but should be entered in the tool-use statement, which MUST then be an appendix to ALL assignments.

A few points to remember when using et al .:

Regardless of source type and format (book, e-book, article, conference papers, online newspaper article etc.), use ‘ et al .’ if the work has three authors or more.
E t al. is the Latin term for 'and others'.
Et al. should be italicised when used in a written text.
Given that ‘e t al .’ is a shortening it is important to remember the full stop at the end of ‘ al .’ to indicate that.
(First author surname et al ., + year of publication: + p. with the page number where the quote can be found)
(Huws et al ., 2013, p.14)
Don't use et al . in the reference list - all the authors' names must be included in your reference list, in the same order that they are listed in the original source.

Torrington et al . (2014) demonstrated...

(Torrington et al . 2014)

" Aside from storage, the rumen is also a fermentation vat." (Huws et al ., 2013, p.14).

Reference Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor, S. and Atkinson, C. (2014). Human resource management . 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson.

Computer Science - Any referencing style can be used - consistency is the key

Computer Science

Full information on referencing in the Department of Computer Science can be found here .

Criminology - Harvard Style

Journal articles.

Chapter in an edited book
Legislation

Webpage with author

Webpage with no author

Conference paper

Research report

Organisational report/briefings
Newspaper articles
Publications of international organisations
Online video

Students of Criminology should refer to and save the Aberystwyth University Harvard Referencing for Criminology Guide which can be found on Blackboard.

Author (surname followed by initials)
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Series and volume number (where relevant)

Example In-text citation (Brooks, 2012)

Reference list entry Brooks, T. (2012) Punishment . London: Routledge.

Journal article:

Title of article (in single quotation marks/inverted commas)
Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for)
Issue information - volume (unbracketed) and, where applicable, issue number (in round brackets)
Page reference (if available)

For online only journals, then:

Available at: URL (if required) (Accessed online at: date) OR doi (if available)

(Antonaccio and Tittle, 2007)

Reference list entry: Antonaccio, O. and Tittle, C. R. (2007)'A Cross-National Test of Bonger’s Theory of Criminality and Economic Conditions', Criminology , Vol. 45(4): 925-958.

(NB: the ‘and’ between the names could be replaced by ‘&’; the colon (:) after the issue number could be replaced by ‘pp.’. This holds for all reference presentations, but be consistent).

Note that the citation is the chapter author not the book editors.

Chapter author (surname followed by initials)
Title of chapter (in inverted commas)
‘in’
Author/editor of whole book
Title of book (in italics)

Example In-text citation (Johnstone and Ness, 2007)

Reference list entry Johnstone, G. and Van Ness, D. (2007) ‘The meaning of restorative justice. In G. Johnstone and D. Van Ness (eds) Handbook of Restorative Justice . Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp.1- 23.

Title of Act including year and chapter number (in italics)
Country/jurisdiction (only if referencing more than one country's legislation)
Available online at URL
[Accessed on date]

Example In-text citation ( Crime and Disorder Act 1998 ) Reference list entry Crime and Disorder Act 1998 , c. 5. Available online at www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/37/section/5 [Accessed on 22 July, 2019].

Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)

Example citation:

(Bateman and Hazel, 2014)

Example reference list entry:

Bateman T. and Hazel N. (2014) Youth Justice Timeline. Available online at www.beyondyouthcustody.net/wp-content/uploads/youth-justice-timeline.pdf [Accessed on 22 July, 2019].

Title of the web page (in italics)

( Protecting children from trafficking and modern slavery , 2019)

Example reference list entry

Protecting children from trafficking and modern slavery (2019) Available online at https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/child-abuse-and-neglect/child-trafficking-and-modern-slavery/ (Accessed on 22 July, 2019).

Author of paper (surname followed by initials)
Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
Location and date of conference
Place of publication: publisher (or URL as per online sources)
Page references for the paper (if available)

Example citation

(McCold, 2000)

McCold, P. (2000) ‘Overview of Mediation, Conferencing and Circles’. Paper Tenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and the Treatment of Offenders , Vienna, April 10-17. Available online at https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/432663/files/A_CONF.187_15-EN.pdf (last accessed 22 July, 2019).

Author of report (surname followed by initials)
Year of publication (round brackets)
Title of report (italics)
Either: place of publication: publisher (hard copy) or URL as per online sources (online)

(Liddle, et al. 2016)

Liddle, M., Boswell, G., Wright, S. and Francis, V. with Perry, R. (2016) T rauma and Young Offenders: A Review of the Research and Practice Literature. Available online at www.beyondyouthcustody.net/wp-content/uploads/Trauma-and-young-offenders-a-review-of-the-research-and-practice-literature.pdf [Accessed 23 July, 2019].

Named author:

Title of report (in italics)
Organisation name

(Hollis, 2017)

Reference list entry:

Hollis V. (2017) The profile of the children and young people accessing an NSPCC service for harmful sexual behaviour. NSPCC. Available online at https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/media/1088/the-profile-of-the-children-and-young-people-accessing-an-nspcc-service-for-harmful-sexual-behaviour-summary-report-regular-text-version.pdf [Accessed 23 July, 2019].

No named author:

(Prison Reform Trust, 2018)

Prison Reform Trust (2018) Prison: the facts. Bromley Briefings Summer 2018 . Available online at www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/Portals/0/Documents/Bromley%20Briefings/Summer%202018%20factfile.pdf [Accessed 23 July, 2019].

Newspaper article (with identified author/byline)

Author/byline
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of newspaper (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for)
Edition if required (in round brackets)
Day and month
Available online at URL (if required) [Accessed on date] OR doi (if available)

(Spillet, 2019)

Reference list entry

Spillett R. (2019) ‘Lawless Britain: Shocking figures reveal there are now two killings a DAY on UK streets as number of homicides soars to highest level for TEN YEARS... and fewer criminals are being caught!’ Daily Mail , 25 April. Available online at www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6958493/Number-killings-Britains-streets-hits-10-year-high-amid-knife-epidemic.html (Accessed on 22 July, 2019).

Newspaper article (no identified author/byline)

Page reference or web reference if online

( The Guardian , 2019) (page number after year, if available)

The Guardian (2019) ‘The Guardian view on policing youth violence: knives are a public health issue’, 15 July. Available online at www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jul/15/the-guardian-view-on-policing-youth-violence-knives-are-a-public-health-issue (Accessed on 22 July, 2019).

Name of organisation or institution
Place of publication: publisher (or if accessed online - Available online at URL [Accessed on date]

(United Nations, 1985)

United Nations (1985) Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules) . Available online at www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/beijingrules.pdf [Accessed on 22 July, 2019].

Name of person posting video
Year video posted (in round brackets)
Title of film or programme (in italics)

(Cambridge University, 2015)

Cambridge University (2015) Jogging with Jody – the experts view. Available online at www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_RiP_KI77Q [Accessed on 23 July, 2019].

Education - Harvard Style

Education department students can find their departmental referencing guide on Blackboard.

Browne, R. (2010). ' This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald , 21 March, 45.

Title of web page (in italics).

A rewilding project (2019) has been met...

Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).

(Huws et al ., 2013: p.14)

" Aside from storage, the rumen is also a fermentation vat." (Huws et al ., 2013: p.14).

Just volume number (no issue num ber): Animal Science, 33, 44-50.
Volume number and issue number: The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice , 24 (2), 365-373.

(Reimers and Eftestol, 2012)

Reimers and Eftestol (2012) investigated....

Reimers, E., and Eftestol, S. (2012). 'Response behaviors of Svalbard reindeer towards humans and humans disguised as polar bears on Edgeoya'. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research , 44, 483-489.

Zimerman, M. (2012). 'Digital natives, searching behavior and the library', New Library World , 113(3/4), 174-201. doi: 10.1108/03074801211218552.

See the Harvard style 'Book' examples on the previous tab.

Please note that the following example is drawn from the referencing guidelines for the Department of International Politics. Whilst this example will be helpful to you in completing the quiz, it must be remembered that other departments using the Harvard referencing style may use ' et.al .' differently. When writing your assignments, it is important to adhere to the guidelines outlined in your department's handbooks on referencing.

English & Creative Writing - MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association)

Citing: mentioning a source
Referencing: quoting from a source
Long quotations
Verse quotations
The bibliography & resource type examples

The English & Creative Writing department's Stylesheet for Essays, Dissertations and other Coursework can be found in Blackboard. This is a summary of the advice and examples provided there. H ave the stylesheet to hand while you work and r efer to it for more detail . Your work should be double-spaced and you are advised to be guided by the punctuation in the example references. The stylesheet is based on the MHRA Style Guide (3rd edition).

Citing means mentioning the titles of books and other items in your work

When you mention the title of a self-contained publication (For example, a book, a journal, or a newspaper), you italicise the title.
When you mention the title of something which is only part of a self-contained publication (For example, a chapter, a single poem, or an article) you enclose the title in single inverted comms

C. J. Atkin, in a recent article called ‘Busy Old Fools’ in Essays in Criticism , discusses Donne’s ‘The Sun Rising’, relating it to several aspects of Shakespeare’s Hamlet . Her conclusions are different from those she reached a few years ago in her book Renaissance Resonances , in which Chapter Seven, ‘Donne Speaks to Shakespeare’, deals more briefly with the same topic.

In the example

‘Busy Old Fools’ is a single article in a journal
Essays in Criticism is a journal
‘The Sun Rising’ is the title of a single poem
Hamlet is a complete play
Renaissance Resonances is a book
‘Donne Speaks to Shakespeare’ is a chapter in a book

A full reference to each citation must be included in the bibliography.

Short quotations can be anything up to 40 words and are enclosed single inverted commas.

The first quotation from a source

The first quotation from a source is referenced with a footnote. How do I insert a footnote into an MS Word document?

If there are subsequent quotations from the same source in the work, the first reference is followed by a sentence explaining how subsequent references will be referred to.

It has been argued that 'history first ended at the beginning of the nineteenth century.'¹ ________

¹Jerome Christensen, ‘The Romantic Movement at the End of History’, Critical Enquiry , 20 (1994), 452-76 (p. 456). Subsequent references to this source are given in the text as ‘Christensen’ followed by the page number.

The author’s name is given as ‘first name surname’
A specific page or page range is provided, lower case ‘p.’ for ‘page’ and ‘pp.’ for ‘pages’, to provide the location of the quotation
You can replace the author’s name in the ‘Subsequent references…’ sentence with a short title of the source if you are quoting several sources by the same author in your work.

Subsequent quotations from the same source

A subsequent quotation from the same source is referenced by a brief reference in brackets within the work as shown in the example.

For the Romantics, an acute ‘sense of cultural belatedness’ (Christensen, p. 467) co-existed with their equally strong sense of being cultural pioneers.

Long quotations are

more than 40 words
introduced by a colon in your work
separated by a blank line (double-spaced) before and after
indented throughout from the left-hand margin but not centred
referenced in the same way as short quotations; the brief reference in bracket in the example below indicates this is not the first quotation from Boland in this work

Boland has argued that the trope of ‘woman-as-nation’ often led to stylized and idealised depictions of Irish womanhood:

The women in Irish male poems tended to be emblematic and passive, granted a purely ornamental status. Once the feminine image in their poems became fused with a national concept then both were simplified and reduced. It was the absence of women in the poetic tradition which allowed women in the poems to be simplified. (Boland, p.47)

Later in the same essay, Boland gives a number of examples of this process by which ‘woman’ has often been ‘simplified’ in Irish poetry.

Verse is treated in a similar way to other quotations however there are some differences.

The reference needs to be to the line(s) (where available), rather than the page(s). Verse quotations get: ‘l.’ for ‘line’ and ‘ll.’ for ‘lines’.

Short verse quotation

A short verse quotation is two lines of verse from a poem or play

Indicate a line break with a forward slash /

Example (not the first reference Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales as indicated by the brief reference in brackets)

‘Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote / The droghte of Marche hath perced to the rote’ (Chaucer, ll. 1-2).

Long verse quotation

Follow the lineation of the original. This means that you neither add the ‘/’ to indicate line breaks, nor do you run lines together into a block of prose.

The bibliography is a list of ALL of the sources cited or referenced in your essay, but does not include those you have only consulted.

Details matter. Even seemingly minor ones such as punctuation.
Your bibliography should start on a new page at the end of your essay.
There is no full stop at the end of each entry.
The bibliography lists sources in alphabetical order by author’s surname.
Be consistent throughout.

Example: A critical edition of a primary work

Wordsworth, William and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lyrical Ballads , 2nd edn, ed. by R. L. Brett and A. R. Jones (London: Routledge, 1991)

Example: a single-authored (or co-authored) book

Turner, Marion, Chaucerian Conflict: Languages of Antagonism in Late Fourteenth-Century London (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007)

Example: An essay or chapter in an edited collection / book

Ferguson, Frances, ‘Malthus, Godwin, Wordsworth, and the Spirit of Solitude’, in Literature and the Body: Essays on Populations and Persons , ed. by Elaine Scarry (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), pp. 106-24

Example: an article in a journal

Christensen, Jerome, ‘The Romantic Movement at the End of History’, Critical Enquiry , 20 (1994), 452-76

Example: An article in a scholarly journal published exclusively online

Franey, Laura, 'Terror and Liberation on the Railway in Women's Short Stories of 1894', NineteenthCentury Gender Studies , 14.1 (2018), <https://www.ncgsjournal.com/issue141/franey.htm> [accessed 10 September 2018]

Example: An article accessed on a website

Flood, Alison, ‘ Cloud Atlas “astonishingly different” in US and UK editions, study finds’, The Guardian (2016), <http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/10/cloud-atlas-astonishinglydifferent-in-us-and-uk-editions-study-finds> [accessed 23 August 2018]

Example: a film / movie

Metropolis , dir. By Fritz Lang (UFA, 1927)

Geography & Earth Science - Harvard Style

Healthcare education - apa 7th edition (american psychological association).

Healthcare Education APA 7th edition Referencing Guide
In-text citations
How to format your APA 7th ed. reference list (70 second video)

Quotations (definition examples)

Chapter from an edited book
Documents and Policy
Legal Sources

The NMC Code

Secondary referencing (Gibbs example)
Newspaper article
Generative AI
Social Media

Clinical Practice References

More examples

Frequently asked referencing questions
Healthcare Education Student Academic Supervision Policy

Things to remember - the basics

One of the major features of academic writing is acknowledging the books, journal articles and other information sources that you have used, by citing them one-by-one in your assignment and listing them all at the end in a reference list. Often there are many marks for doing this correctly so it is a skill worth learning as soon as you can.

If you don't acknowledge your sources you might pass off someone else's ideas, quotations etc. as your own. This is plagiarism which is not permitted by the University and can have serious consequences for you.

Contact Simone [email protected] / [email protected] your Subject Librarian if you need any further advice or help.

Book a Healthcare Education APA 7th edition refresher appointment here . If I am unavailable, please click here to make an appointment with another member of the library team

Healthcare Education LibGuide

Referencing & Plagiarism Awareness LibGuide

This page provides examples of commonly cited sources. Please refer to the APA 7th edittion Healthcare Education departmental guide here:

APA 7th Edition apastyle.apa.org/

This style uses an author-date format for the in-text citations and then the full source details are listed A-Z in the reference list.

As part of the narrative e.g. Adams (2019) argues that...
Directly following a phrase e.g. The current guide provides an overview of APA (Adams, 2019).

If you are citing a direct quote , make sure to use "quotation marks" and to include the page number after the year: (Adams, 2019, p. 61).

If you are citing a book or article which has several authors, follow these rules:

2 authors : always cite them both (Polit & Beck, 2017)

3-20 authors : Cite the first authors’ last name followed by et al (Perry et al., 2020)

Note the difference between narrative and parenthetical citations. According to Chambers and Ryder (2018) compassion is…. …compassion is a key aspect of nursing care (Chambers & Ryder, 2018).

Abbreviations example:

First citation: Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC, 2018)...or...(Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC), 2018).

Subsequent citations: NMC (2018)...or...(NMC, 2018).

See the following tabs for advice on creating the reference list.

The APA advise to use direct quotations sparingly. If you are citing a direct quote, make sure to use "quotation marks" and to include the page number after the year: (Adams, 2019, p. 61).

One example of when to use a quotation, rather than paraphrasing, is when you are reproducing an exact definition.

“Admission is the formal acceptance of a patient into a service” (National Health Service, 2019, p.8).

National Health Service. (2019). Admission, transfer, and discharge policy for inpatient services . https://www.dtgp.cpft.nhs.uk/FileHandler.ashx?id=794

When the author and publisher are the same, omit the name of the publisher to avoid repetition.

“The act or process of allowing someone to enter a hospital as a patient, because they need medical care” (Cambridge University Press, n.d.).

Cambridge University Press. (n.d.). Hospital Admission. In Cambridge dictionary . Retrieved February 22, 2024 from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hospital-admission

When an online reference work is continuously updated and not archived use "n.d." and include a retrieval date. Most references do not include retrieval dates.

APA: Quotations

APA: Dictionary Entry References

Creating the reference list: When referencing a book follow this order:

Authors, surnames followed by initials
Year of publication, in brackets
Edition of book (if not first edition)

Examples: Book

Barber, P., & Robertson, D. (2020). Essentials of pharmacology for nurses (4th ed.). Open University Press.

Jasper, M. (2013). Beginning reflective practice (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning.

When referencing an e-book follow this order:

Authors or editors (Eds.), surnames followed by initials.
Year of publication, in brackets.
Title of book, in italics.
Edition (if not the first edition)
URL or DOI link

*If the ebook is from an academic research database and has no DOI or stable URL, end the book reference after the publisher name. Do not include the name of the database in the reference. The reference in this case is the same as for a print book.

Examples: e-book

Loschiavo, J. (2015). Fast Facts for the School Nurse: School Nursing in a Nutshell (2 nd ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826128775

Cottrell, S. (2019). The study skills handbook (5th ed.). Red Globe Press.

When referencing a chapter from an edited book follow this order:

Chapter authors, surname first, followed by initials.
Chapter title
In + authors of the whole book (Initials followed by surname), + Eds.
Title of the book
Pages of chapter

Examples: chapter from a book

Grayer, J., Baxter, J., Blackburn, L., Cooper, J., Curtis, E., Dvorjez, L., Finn, L., Gaynor, D., Henderson, B., Jagger, C., Keating, L., Leigh-Doyle, J., Lister, S., Mathiah, R., & Mohanmmed, A. (2021). Communication, psychological wellbeing and safeguarding. In S. E. Lister, J. Hofland & H. Grafton (Eds.), The Royal Marsden manual of clinical nursing procedures (10th ed., pp. 133-204). Wiley-Blackwell.

Smyth, M. J., & Filipkowski, B.K. (2010). Coping with stress. In D. French, K. Vadhara, A.A. Kaptein, & J. Weinman (Eds.), Health Psychology (pp. 271-283). Blackwell Publishing.

*When including this as an in-text citation , you would just cite the chapter authors and not the editors. For example: Smyth and Filipkowski (2010) state that… or…(Smyth & Filipkowski, 2010).

When referencing an article follow this order:

Authors, surnames followed by initials.
Title of the article.
Journal title, in italics.
Volume of the journal.
Issue of the journal, in brackets.
Page range of the article.
DOI of the article, if available.

Examples: Journal article

Edwards, A. A., Steacy, L. M., Siegelman, N., Rigobon, V. M., Kearns, D. M., Rueckl, J. G., & Compton, D. L. (2022). Unpacking the unique relationship between set for variability and word reading development: Examining word- and child-level predictors of performance. Journal of Educational Psychology , 114 (6), 1242–1256. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000696

Jones, A., Rahman, R.J., & O, J.A. (2019). Crisis in the Countryside - Barriers to Nurse Recruitment and Retention in Rural Areas of High-Income Countries: A Qualitative Meta-Analysis. Journal of rural studies, 72, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.10.007

When referencing a webpage follow this order:

Author surname, followed by initials OR name of organisation. Title of webpage if there's no author.
Year of publication (in brackets).

Example: webpage

World Health Organisation. (2019). WHO updates global guidance on medicines and diagnostic tests to address health challenges, prioritise highly effective therapeutics, and improve affordable access . https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/09-07-2019-who-updates-global-guidance-on-medicines-and-diagnostic-tests-to-address-health-challenges-prioritize-highly-effective-therapeutics-and-improve-affordable-access

A document on the web can include government reports or policy documents.

Authors, including initials.
Title, in italics.

Nursing & Midwifery Council. (2018). The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/nmc-publications/nmc-code.pdf

Powys Teaching Health Board. (2017). The Health and Care Strategy for Powys: A vision to 2027 and beyond. https://pthb.nhs.wales/about-us/key-documents/strategies-and-plans/health-and-care-strategy-for-powys-2017-2027-summary/

Welsh Government. (2018). A Healthier Wales: our Plan for Health and Social Care. https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2021-09/a-healthier-wales-our-plan-for-health-and-social-care.pdf

Welsh Government. (2022). Quality statement for palliative and end of life care for Wales . https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/pdf-versions/2022/10/5/1665148261/quality-statement-palliative-and-end-life-care-wales.pdf

Acts/Measures/Statutes

(Mental Health (Wales) Measure, 2010) or Mental Health (Wales) Measure, (2010)

Mental Health (Wales) Measure 2010 . https://www.legislation.gov.uk/mwa/2010/7/contents

(Children Act, 1989) or Children Act (1989)

Children Act 1989, c. 41. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1989/41

Supreme court case

( Montgomery v. Lanarkshire Health Board, 2015) or Montgomery v. Lanarkshire Health Board ( 2015)

Montgomery v. Lanarkshire Health Board, UKSC 11 (2015). https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2013-0136-judgment.pdf

Remember to write out the Nursing & Midwifery Council in full the first time it appears in your assignment.

First citation: Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC, 2018) or (Nursing & Midwifery Council [NMC], 2018).

Subsequent citations:

NMC (2018) or (NMC, 2018).

It would appear once in your reference list:

When it is useful to include the section of the code that you are referring to, the Ethics Code References, from the APA website suggests that you should format your in-text citations as follows:

Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC, 2018, Section 7.3) or (Nursing & Midwifery Council [NMC], 2018, Section 7.3).

Secondary referencing

Within APA referencing you are always encouraged to go to the original source. However, sometimes this is not always possible perhaps because of a lack of access to the original source or simply because the original source is unavailable. In these instances, you would cite and reference these works slightly differently as presented below.

In-text citation Gibbs’ reflective cycle (1988) as cited in Jasper (2013) indicates that...

A seminal theory in reflective practice, is Gibbs’ reflective cycle (Gibbs, 1988, as cited in Jasper, 2013).

In the reference list Jasper, M. (2013). Beginning reflective practice (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning.

Find this book in Primo

How do I reference the British National Formulary (BNF)?

In-text citation

Joint Formulary Committee (2024) or (Joint Formulary Committee, 2024).

Example

As stated in the British National Formulary (BNF) the recommended dosage for adults is 10mg daily (Joint Formulary Committee, 2024).

Reference

Joint Formulary Committee. (2024). Atorvastatin. In British national formulary. Retrieved April 15, 2024, from https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/atorvastatin/

When an online reference work is continuously updated, include a retrieval date. Most references do not include retrieval dates.

The Joint Formulary Committee (JFC) authors the British National Formulary (BNF) content, while the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) hosts its online version.

Use newspaper articles as a starting point for research. They are not considered academic sources. Use the following format:

Author surnames, followed by initials.
Year, month and date of publication, in brackets.
Title of article.
Newspaper title, in italics.
Page range OR URL, if an online article.

Example: Newspaper article:

Duggan, C. (2022, September 5). Aberystwyth Uni nursing degree to encourage Welsh speakers. BBC . https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-62779992

Sisley, D. (2020, February 22). Can science cure a broken heart?. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/feb/22/can-science-cure-a-broken-heart

Creating a reference to ChatGPT or other AI models and software using APA 7th Edition referencing

The University guidelines state that "presenting work generated by AI as if it were your own" is a form of plagiarism and therefore constitutes unacceptable academic practice. Full details on the University's guidelines on unacceptable practice can be found here .

Guidance on the ethical and effective use of AI for learning is found in our LibGuide Utilising AI in the Library: A Student's Guide: What is AI?

Social media posts, such as Twitter and Facebook, are not considered academic sources. Use them as a starting point and reference to your academic research. Use the following format:

Username or group name
Date as year, month, day. In brackets. If there's no date put (n.d.)
Post title, followed by type of source in [ ] brackets.
Retrieved, followed by month, day, year,

Examples: Social Media post

Barack Obama. (2009, October 9). Humbled [Facebook update]. Retrieved May, 14, 2020, from http://www.facebook.com/posted.php?id=6815841748&share

YouTube Video

University of Oxford. (2020, November 23). Oxford University’s ‘vaccine for the world’ is effective [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xHJ_RqeXXy0

*In-text citation quote “The vaccine is shown to protect against hospitalisation and severe disease” (University of Oxford, 2020, 0:18).

https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/clinical-practice-references

Reference examples

Sample papers

How do I reference the 6Cs? NHS England. (2016). Compassion in practice: Evidencing the impact . London. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/cip-yr-3.pdf

How do I reference a National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline? National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2023). Hypertension in adults: Diagnosis and management (NICE Guideline NG136). https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng136

How do I reference the practice assessment document and ongoing record of achievement?

All Wales Pre-Registration Nursing and Midwifery Group. (2020). All Wales practice assessment document and ongoing record of achievement for pre-registration nursing programmes . Health Education and Improvement Wales. https://heiw.nhs.wales/files/once-for-wales/documents/all-wales-practice-assessment-document/

How do I reference the Francis report?

Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry. (2013). Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry: Executive summary (HC 947). The Stationery Office. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279124/0947.pdf

How do I reference the NEWS tool?

Royal College of Physicians. (2017). National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2: Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/national-early-warning-score-news-2

Why can't Healthcare students access help with referencing for 7 days prior to an assignment due date?

History & Welsh History - MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association)

Primary sources
Chapters in edited collections
Websites, theses and other sources

References and Footnotes

When you first refer to an item in a footnote, provide the full reference. On the second and every succeeding reference to the same item, use a short title. Fuller guidance may be found on the departmental ‘Style Guide’ in the undergraduate and postgraduate folders on Blackboard.

Bibliographies

All assessed coursework should include a bibliography of works consulted at the end of the main text. If you have used both primary and secondary sources in your work, you should subdivide the bibliography into sections: primary sources, secondary sources, websites. A fuller version of this guidance may be found on the longer departmental ‘Style Guide’ in the undergraduate and postgraduate folders on Blackboard.

Primary sources When you first refer to an item in a footnote, provide the full reference. On the second and every succeeding reference to the same item, use a short title.

Footnote examples:

Manuscripts: Home Intelligence Report, 16-23 July 1941, INF1/292, The National Archives: Public Record Office, Kew. George Whitefield to Howel Harris (28 December 1738), The Trevecka Letters, Calvinist Methodist Archive, National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth.

Printed: Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum: The History of the Danes , ed. Karsten Friis-Jensen and trans Peter Fisher, 2 vols (Oxford, 2015), II: 86-7.

Bibliography examples:

CAB and FCO files, The National Archives: Public Record Office, Kew. School log books 1939-45, Ceredigion Museum, Aberystwyth. Daily Mirror, February-August 1910, National Library of Wales. J.A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (London, 1902). Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum: The History of the Danes , ed. Karsten Friis-Jensen and trans. Peter Fisher, 2 vols (Oxford, 2015).

When you first refer to an item in a footnote, provide the full reference, including:

Author name (first name or initial first, then surname)
place and date of publication (in brackets)
page number(s) (use p. to reference a single page; pp. to reference a range of pages

On the second and every succeeding reference to the same item, use a short title : surname, short version of the article or book title, and page number.

Examples: Full reference: 1 Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century England (London, 1971), p. 94.

Short title: 4 Thomas, Religion and Magic , pp. 106-20.

Bibliography:

Books (single author, or edited collection with single editor) Thomas, Keith, Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century England (London, 1971). Smith, Harold J., ed., War and Social Change (London, 1986).

Ebooks Jacobs, Nicolas, Early Welsh Gnomic and Nature Poetry (London, 2012). Google ebook.

Books (multiple authors or edited) Lambert, Peter, and Schofield, Phillipp, eds, Making History: An introduction to the history and practices of a discipline (Abingdon, 2004).

When you first refer to an item in a footnote, provide the full reference as in the bibliography but in a slightly different order, and with commas rather than full stops in between, as follows:

name of author of article (first name or initials, surname)
article title (plain text, in single quotation marks)
title of journal (in italics)
volume number of journal (in Arabic or roman numerals)
year of publication (in brackets) ( place of publication NOT required for articles )
page number(s) (use p. to reference a single page; pp. to reference a range of pages)

On the second and every succeeding reference to the same item, use a short title: surname, short version of the article or book title, and page number.

First reference: 1 A. G. Hopkins, ‘Economic imperialism in West Africa: Lagos 1880- 1893’, Economic History Review , xxi (1968), p. 590. Short title: 6 Hopkins, ‘Economic imperialism’, p. 600.

Layout for articles in journals follows the same basic rules as books, but with a few additions:

name of author of article (surname, first name or initials)
year of publication (in brackets) (place of publication NOT required for articles)
full page reference for article

Hopkins, A. G. ‘Economic imperialism in West Africa: Lagos 1880- 92’, Economic History Review , xxi (1968), 580-606.

When you first refer to an item in a footnote, provide the full reference as in the bibliography but in a slightly different order, and with commas rather than full stops in between.

Example: footnote for article in edited collection

Sarah Hanley, ‘Family and state in early modern France: the marriage pact’, in Connecting Spheres: Women in the Western World, 1500 to the Present , eds Marilyn J. Boxer and Jean H. Quataert (New York, 1987), p. 61.

Layout for chapters in edited collections* again follows the same basic rules, as follows:

name of author of chapter (surname, first name or initials)
chapter title (plain text, in single quotation marks)
editor name(s) (surname, first name or intials)
title of edited collection (in italics)
place and year of publication
full page reference for chapter

*Nb., if you are listing more than one chapter from the same edited collection in your bibliography it is best practice to list the edited collection only, not the separate chapters.

Example: bibliography entry for article/chapter in edited collection:

Hanley, Sarah, ‘Family and state in early modern France: the marriage pact’, in Boxer, Marilyn J., and Quataert, Jean H., eds., Connecting Spheres: Women in the Western World, 1500 to the Present (New York, 1987), pp. 61-72.

Webpags and websites:

Give a full document description including date, the url of the webpage on which the document appears, and the date it was accessed.

Flora Malein, ‘Can history help us in the COVID-19 epidemic?’, March 2020, British Society for the History of Medicine website, https://bshm.org.uk/can-history-help-us-in-the-covid-19-epidemic/, accessed 18 September 2020.

Harvey, I. M. W., ‘Popular revolt and unrest in England during the second half of the reign of Henry VI’, (PhD, Aberystwyth University, 1988).

Information Studies - Harvard Style

Government publications
Primary Sources
Et al. (four or more authors)

The quiz at the end of this guide is based on the examples given here but there are different versions of Harvard so always use your department’s guidance.

Information Studies students can find their Departmental referencing guide on Blackboard Learn Ultra - Study Skills area. (A copy is also available below).

Citation Guidelines - Information Studies (2023) Produced by the Information Studies Department.

(Year of publication) (in round brackets).

Marcella, R. (2001) ’The need for European Union information amongst women in the United Kingdom: results of a survey', Journal of Documentation , 57 (4) pp. 492-518.

(Year of publication) (in brackets)

Zimerman, M. (2012) 'Digital natives, searching behavior and the library', New Library World , 113 (3/4), pp. 174-201. doi: 10.1108/03074801211218552.

Affelt, A. (2019) All that's not fit to print. Bingley: Emerald Publishing.

Example: Book (two or three authors)

If the work has two or three authors, include all names in your citation..

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide . London: Palgrave.

Example: Book (four or more authors)

If a book has four or more authors, only the first author's name should be listed in-text followed by ' et al. ', meaning 'and others'. However, all authors should be listed in the reference list in the order they are credited in the original work.

Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009) Engineering design: a project-based introduction . 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

If the ebook has page numbers and publication details, then use the book (print) format to reference.

See the 'Book (print)' examples on the previous tab.

Briassoulis, H., (2004) 'Crete: endowed by nature, privileged by geography, threatened by tourism?' in Coastal mass tourism: diversification and sustainable development in Southern Europe . Edited by Bill Bramwell, pp. 48-62. Clevedon: Channel View.

Government publications could be Command Papers (Green and White papers) or Departmental publications.

Command Papers

When referencing, follow this order:

Name of committee or Royal Commission
Paper number (in brackets)

If you have viewed the online version , follow this order:

Paper number (in round brackets after title)

Example: Command Papers

Summarised advice on archives (Lord Chancellor's Department, 1999; Ministry of Justice, 2013) ...

Lord Chancellor's Department (1999) Government policy on archives . London: The Stationery Office (Cm 4516).

Ministry of Justice (2013) Transforming rehabilitation: a strategy for reform (Cm 8619). Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228744/8619.pdf (Accessed: 31 July 2023).

Departmental publications

Name of government department
Series (in brackets) - if applicable
(Accessed: date)

Example: Departmental publications

Summarised advice on inequalities (Ministry of Justice, 2020) ...

Ministry of Justice (2020) Knife and offensive weapon sentencing statistics: July to September 2020 . Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/knife-and-offensive-weapon-sentencing-statistics-july-to-september-2020 (Accessed: 31 July 2023).

Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)

Marikar, S. (2018) ‘The First Family of Memes', The New Yorker, 1 October. [Blog]. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/01/the-first-family-of-memes (Accessed: 22 January 2019).

(year of publication) (in brackets)

Jones, J. (1994) ‘Polymer blends based on compact disc scrap’, Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers. San Francisco, 1–5 May. Brookﬁeld, CT: Society of Plastics Engineers, 2865–7.

R eference list: British Standards Institution (2017) BS 8001: Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations: Guide , London: British Standards Institution.

(Year) (in brackets)

Ordnance Survey (2016) Aberystwyth and Machynlleth. Ed C. 135, 1:50 000. Landranger series. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.

Ordnance Survey, (2011) Aberystwyth University: Gogerddan Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ (Accessed 31 August 2011).

(Year data released) (in brackets)

Google Earth 6.0. (200 8) Hylands House and estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M . 3D map, Buildings data layer [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/earth/index/html (Accessed 23 September 2019).

Manuscripts

When referencing, follow this order;

Year (in round brackets)
Title of manuscript (in italics)
Date (if available)
Name of collection containing manuscript and reference number
Location of manuscript in archive or repository

If author not known , follow this order;

Title of manuscript (in italics)
Year (if known, in round brackets)

Parish registers

Name of person (in single quotation marks)
Year of event (in round brackets)
Baptism, marriage or burial of ...
Full name of person (forenames, surname)
Day/month/year of event
Title of register (in italics)

Military records

Title of publication (in italics)
Publication details

larchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/citing-records-national-archives/

(Year published) (in brackets)

Browne, R. (2010) ' This brainless patient is no dummy'. Sydney Morning Herald , 21 March, 45.

Year of publication (in brackets)

Ough, T. (2014) 'It's so easy to focus on what you can't do after a stroke, rather than what you can'. The Times . 31 December. Available at: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/GYEXJD027471504/TTDA?u=uniaber&sid=TTDA&xid=f84faf80 (Accessed 23 March 2019).

(Year that the site was published/last updated) (in brackets)

(International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, 2019)

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (2023) identifies the ...

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (2023) A Supportive Environment for Libraries. Available at: https://www.ifla.org/units/supportive-environment-for-libraries (Accessed: 25 July 2023).

Farmers 'misunderstand' Wales rewilding project (2019) Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49666610 (Accessed: 23 September 2019).

Year of submission (in round brackets)

Smith, S. (2019) ‘Water quality in Welsh rivers', MM56340: Business Impacts. Town University. Unpublished essay.

(Year of publication if given) (in brackets)

Reference list: Munafò, M. (2019) Scientific Ecosystems and Research Reproducibility. [Online] Royal London, Society of Biology. Available at: https://www.rsb.org.uk/policy/groups-and-committees/asg/asg-membership/animal-science-meetings/animal-science-meeting-2019-report (Accessed: 23 March 2019).

Campbell, N.A., Reece, Jane B., Urry, Lisa A., Cain, Michael L., Wasserman, Steven A., Minorsky, Peter V., Jackson, Robert B. (2014) Biology : a global approach . Tenth edition. Boston: Pearson.

Year published (in brackets)

Rana, S. (2013) Library Levitation. [image] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/saharranaphotography/13178176575/ [Accessed 23 March 2020].

Regardless of source type and format (book, e-book, article, conference papers, online newspaper article etc.), use ‘ et al . ’ if the work has four authors or more.

Reference Torrington, D., Hall, L., Taylor, S. and Atkinson, C. (2014) Human resource management . 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson.

International English Centre - Harvard Style

International politics - footnote/endnote style.

Journal Articles
Document or publication produced by a Government, International Organisation, NGO etc.
Newspaper Article or Magazine
Television or Radio Broadcast
Websites, Blogs and Twitter
Secondary Referencing

(Please note: this information is taken from the Writing and Referencing in InterPol handbook which can be found here )

Using the Footnote/ Endnote System

There is much greater similarity between the two components of the footnote-endnote system than is the case with the Harvard/ in-text system. The reference in the bibliography will normally be the same as the reference in the footnote/ endnote but without the need to refer to a specific page reference. First component

In the footnote/endnote system, the references are marked by a superscript number in the text and placed either at the bottom of the page (footnotes) or at the end of the essay (endnotes). For example, in the text of your essay a reference number, normally superscripted, should be added: ...in such a system war is said to be inevitable. 1

Please note that this reference number is placed after the full-stop not before. At the bottom of the page or the end of the essay should appear a list corresponding to the reference numbers in the text. References should be in full the first time they are mentioned. Thereafter the author's name and an abbreviated title should be used (do not use op. cit. or ibid. as this can cause confusion if the text is revised later). For example: Hence it is the system structure which is claimed to be the crucial variable. 2 Second component The second component of the footnote/endnote system is a complete list of references given at the end of the essay, arranged in alphabetical order of the author’s last name. You should provide a reference for all sources consulted during the researching and writing of the essay even if you have not cited them directly in the essay. The references should conform to the format given in the examples on the following pages.

Books Footnote/ endnote: Waltz, K. Theory of International Politics (London, McGraw Hill, 1979), p. 117. Bibliography: Waltz, K. Theory of International Politics (London, McGraw Hill, 1979).

Chapters in edited volumes Footnote/ endnote: Grieco, J. 'Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation', in Neorealism and Neoliberalism : the Contemporary Debate, edited by David Baldwin (New York, Columbia University Press, 1993), p. 126. Bibliography: Grieco, J. 'Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation', in Neorealism and Neoliberalism : the Contemporary Debate, edited by David Baldwin (New York, Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 116-42.

Journal articles Footnote/ endnote: Wendt, A. 'The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory', International Organization , 41 (1987) p. 49. Bibliography: Wendt, A. 'The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory', International Organization , 41 (1987) pp. 35-70.

Referencing a document or publication produced by a Government, International Organisation, Corporation or NGO Footnote/ endnote House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, ‘Cultural Diplomacy’ (London, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1987), p. 7. Bibliography: House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, ‘Cultural Diplomacy’ (London, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1987)

Referencing an article in a newspaper or magazine Footnote/ endnote: Freedland, J. ‘For dictators, Britain does red carpet or carpet-bombing’. The Guardian (London), 1 March 2011, p. 17. Bibliography: Freedland, J. ‘For dictators, Britain does red carpet or carpet-bombing’. The Guardian (London), 1 March 2011. If you have accessed the article online, make this clear in the footnote/ endnote and in the bibliography: Freedland, J. ‘For dictators, Britain does red carpet or carpet-bombing’. The Guardian, 1 March 2011. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/01/dictators-britain-armstrade-hypocrisy [Accessed 24 October 2011].

Referencing a television or radio broadcast Same for footnote/ endnote and bibliography: Panorama, BBC2, 30 January 2011, 20.00

Websites/Blogs/Twitter Same for footnote/ endnote and bibliography: BBC News, North Korea Country Profile. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1131421.stm [Accessed 23 July 2011]. Davies, M. ‘IR Theory: Problem-Solving Theory Versus Critical Theory’, E-IR, 19 September 2014 [Blog], Available at: http://www.e-ir.info/2014/09/19/ir-theoryproblem-solving-theory-versus-critical-theory/ [Accessed 30 September 2014]. Obama, B. “We have to work together as a global community to tackle this global threat before it is too late.” – President Obama , 23 September 2014 [Twitter]. Available at: https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/514462253605609472 [Accessed 30 September 2014].

Referencing material accessed by an e-book reader (e.g. Kindle, etc.)

If page numbers are not available on ebook readers, use the chapters instead for indicating the location of a quoted section For the footnote/ endnote and the bibliography, include the following information:

author name and initial 
title (in italics) 
the type of e-book version you accessed (two examples are the Kindle Edition version and the Adobe Digital Editions version). 
year (date of Kindle Edition) 
accessed day month year (the date you first accessed the ebook) 
the book’s DOI (digital object idenitifer) or where you downloaded the ebook from (if there is no DOI).

For example: Smith, A, The Wealth of Nations (Kindle version, 2008). Accessed 20 August 2010 from Amazon.com. Smith, A, The Wealth of Nations (Adobe Digital Editions version, 2008). Accessed 20 August 2010, doi:10.1036/007142363X.

Secondary Referencing Secondary referencing means referencing a book or article that you haven’t read yourself but which you have seen quoted in another person’s work. When using the footnote/ endnote system, follow the following guidelines: Enter a footnote or endnote citing the author you are quoting but make it clear that you have found the reference in another book. For example: Ninkovich, F. The Diplomacy of Ideas (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 1, cited in Vaughan, J. Unconquerable Minds. The Failure of American and British Propaganda in the Middle East, 1945-1957 (Houndmills, Palgrave, 2005), p. 2. In the bibliography, you would only enter the book in which you found the reference, in the case of the above example: Vaughan, J. Unconquerable Minds. The Failure of American and British Propaganda in the Middle East, 1945-1957 (Houndmills, Palgrave, 2005).

Law - OSCOLA - Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities

Books & ebooks
Law reports
Websites and blogs

Students of Law should refer to the OSCOLA 4th edition and its Quick Reference guide.

This page provides examples of commonly cited sources.

This style uses footnote format for the in-text citations. Full source details are listed bibliography in a slightly different format.

When referencing a printed book in a footnote, follow this order:

Author - in same form as in publication*
Edition information, publisher, date (in brackets)

If you are using an eBook, you should normally create a reference in the same way as if you were using the print version. If it is published online only, you should follow the guidance for referencing websites as far as possible.

Examples: Book (one author)

Footnote citation

[1] Geoffrey Rivlin, First Steps in the Law (7th edn. OUP 2015) 76

[2] Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (first published 1651, Penguin 1985) 268

Bibliography

Hobbes, T. Leviathan (first published 1651, Penguin 1985)

Rivlin, G. First Steps in the Law (7th edn. OUP 2015)

When referencing a book chapter/contributions to edited collections follow this order:

Author name
in + editor(s) of the book
title of the book (in italics )
Publisher date (in brackets)
if pinpointing add page reference of pinpoint after a comma

Example: chapter from a book

In footnote:

Francis Rose, ‘The Evolution of the Species’ in Andrew Burrows and Alan Rodger (eds), Mapping the Law: Essays in Memory of Peter Birks (OUP 2006), 54.

In bibliography:

Rose, Francis ‘The Evolution of the Species’ in Andrew Burrows and Alan Rodger (eds), Mapping the Law: Essays in Memory of Peter Birks (OUP 2006).

authors, first name/initials followed by surname
article title 'in single quotation marks'
date - [square brackets if this indicates volume], (round brackets if separate volume number)
journal title in abbreviated form (check Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations ) with no full stops
page number of first page of article

Example: Journal article

In footnote, with pinpoint:

JAG Griffith, 'The Common Law and the Political Constitution' (2001) 117 LQR 42, 64.

Griffith, JAG. 'The Common Law and the Political Constitution' (2001) 117 LQR 42

Standard citation of law reports contain the following elements:

For cases before 2001/2002, include:

Party names
Date - Square brackets to denotes date is essential to locate report
Volume number
Abbreviation of law report
Page reference - first page of report
If pinpointing a specific quotation or passage

[1] Johnson v Rea [1962] 1 QB 373

[2] Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1891] 1 QB 256, 262

Cases after 2001/2002 should contain the following elements:

Neutral citation
Date - square brackets if required to find report (i.e. annually repeating instead of consecutive volume numbers)

[1] Dingmar v Dingmar [2006] EWCA Civ 942; [2007] Ch.109

[2] Callery v Gray [2001] EWCA Civ 1117, [2001] 1 WLR 2112 [42], [45]

In tables of cases:

If using many cases, organise into groups by jurisdication and alphabetise by first significant word in the citation.

For further guidance on citing case law including unreported cases and EU law, see the full OSCOLA Guide , pp.17-22

If all the information needed by the reader is included in your text, you do not need to provide a footnote to the legislation

Example: where no footnote is required

For example, this sentence in an essay would not require a footnote as it clearly indicates the legislation being discussed.

Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 established powers to remove persons attending or preparing for a rave

However, if you do not indicate in your writing the name of the Act or the relevant section, a footnote is required.

Example: footnote required

In an essay, the following sentence would require a footnote:

Legislation concerning raves has stated that '"music" includes sounds wholly or predominantly characterised by the emission of a succession of repetitive beats.' [1].

Footnotes citing legislation should include:

Short title of the Act, capitalising major words
Date with no comma between short title and date
Relevant sections and subsections as required to pinpoint

Example: primary legislation

[1] Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 s 63 (1)(b)

Table of legislation:

List legislation used in your assignment alphabetically by first significant word in the short title.

Author (in footnote, first name then surname; in bibliography surname, first name/initials). If no author, cite organisation/institution responsible as author
Title of webpage/article in single quotation marks
Title of website, italicised, and date (if available) in round brackets.
URL <in angled brackets>
accessed date.

Sarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ ( Naked Law , 1 May 2009) <http://www.nakedlaw.com/2009/05/index.html> accessed 19 November 2009.

Cole, Sarah, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ ( Naked Law , 1 May 2009) <http://www.nakedlaw.com/2009/05/index.html> accessed 19 November 2009.

Lifelong Learning - Harvard Style

Life sciences & bvsc veterinary science - any referencing style can be used - consistency is the key.

Life Sciences & BVSc Veterinary Science

Unless instructed otherwise by a member of staff, you may use whatever referencing system you choose, as long as you format citations and reference list entries consistently. You must provide full bibliographic information, sufficient to enable a reader to find the reference in a library.

Using References

Always refer to your departmental and module handbook for further advice on referencing
All except well established facts need a reference
All citations in the text MUST appear in the reference list
The reference must say what you claim it says

** The examples given in the Life Sciences and BVSc Veterinary Science quiz in Blackboard are for the Harvard referencing style. If you use a different style than Harvard, for example, MLA, APA or MHRA, select the corresponding style and department to complete the quiz.

Maths - Any referencing style can be used - consistency is the key

Full information on referencing in the Department of Mathematics can be found here

Modern Languages - MLA 8th edition (Modern Language Association)

If you are a Modern Languages student, you must follow the referencing guidance supplied by your department when citing and referencing in your written work.

Physics - IoP Journal Guidelines

Conference Proceedings

SPIE Proceedings, AIP Conference Proceedings and IEEE Transactions

Conference Series

Lecture Notes

Accepted or Submitted

In preparation

Non-bibliographic text.

Please note, this information is taken from the Institute of Physics Author Guidelines for IOP Journals .

"References

We encourage the use of the Harvard or Vancouver reference systems. However, you can use any reference system providing it is sensible and consistent throughout the paper. We will ensure your references adhere to house style during the production process, whatever format you submit them in.

A reference should give your reader enough information to locate the article, and you should take care to ensure that the information is correct so that DOI links can be made.

Ensure that all references are cited in the text and that all citations have a corresponding reference" (IOP, n,d,, n.p.)

References to journal works should include:

Author(s): surname(s) and initial(s)
[Title of article (optional, but see below)]
Standard abbreviated journal title (in italics)
Part of journal (e.g. A, B, etc, if appropriate)
Volume number (in bold)
Page number, page range or article number
Cantillano C, Mukherjee S, Morales-Inostroza L, Real B, Cáceres-Aravena G, Hermann-Avigliano C, Thomson R R and Vicencio R A 2018 New J. Phys. 20 033028

For more than ten authors, the name of the first author should be given followed by et al .

Note that the article title is not mandatory, except for Journal of Neural Engineering ( J. Neural Eng.) , Measurement Science and Technology ( Meas. Sci. Technol.) , Physical Biology ( Phys. Biol.) , Physiological Measurement ( Physiol. Meas.) and Physics in Medicine and Biology ( Phys. Med. Biol.).

If no individual is named as the author, the reference may be by a collaborative group of authors or by a corporate body, e.g.:

The ASDEX Upgrade Team 2002 Theory-based modelling of ASDEX Upgrade discharges with ECH modulation Nucl. Fus . 42 L11

If a collaboration is appended to one or more authors, the name of the collaboration must come before the year, e.g.:

Nakamura K (Particle Data Group) 2010 J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys . 37 075021

References to a book should include:

Full title (in italics, the initial letter of each significant word should be upper case; note that if a word is hyphenated then both parts should have an initial capital letter; for example, Non-Classical Mechanics)
Town of publication
Whelan C T 2018 Atomic Structure (Bristol: IOP Publishing)

References to a book may include (optional):

Chapter title (lower case roman; caps only for first word and proper nouns)
Edition (e.g. 1st edn) (if any)
Volume number (if any, given after the contraction ‘vol’)
Editor(s) (if any, initials before the surname(s) and preceded by the contraction ‘ed’ [no full point] even if more than one editor)
Chapter and/or page number(s) (if appropriate)
Leung C-W and Ng C-K 2018 Spectra of commutative non-unital Banach rings Advances in Ultrametric Analysis ( Contemporary Mathematics vol 704) ed A Escassut et al (Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society) p 91

Conference proceedings

References to conference papers should include:

Title of conference (in italics, initial letter of each significant word should be upper case)
Mahanta N K and Abramson A R 2012 13th Intersociety Conf. on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems

References to a conference proceedings may include (optional):

Paper title
Place and date (month and/or year) of conference (in italics and within parentheses, separated by commas)
Page numbers/other paper designations

These should be treated as journals:

Levin A D and Shmytkova E A 2015 Proc. SPIE 9526 95260P
Smith M 2004 AIP Conf Proc. 94 340–9
Stoffels E et al 2008 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 36 1441–57

Conference series

Conference series should include the title of the conference and the title of the series but not the publisher.

The exceptions are Journal of Physics: Conference Series ( J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. ), IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science ( IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. ) and IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering ( IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. ), which should be set as journal references, e.g.:

Barry R Holstein 2009 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 173 012019
V V Kramarenko et al 2016 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 43 012029
S Adarsh et al 2016 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 149 012141

Only permanent or persistent web links should be used in reference lists. Examples of acceptable links include:

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
PubMed identifier (PMID)
PubMed Central reference number (PMCID)
SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Bibliographic Code
arXiv e-print number

References to pre-prints should include:

Pre-print number
Jones R and Brown A 2011 arXiv:0912.1470

References to theses should include:

Author surname and initials
Type of thesis
Institution
Roberts P 1970 MSc Thesis University of Manchester
Dobson C T J 1968 Magnetic transport in reaction–diffusion phenomena PhD Thesis Brunel University, London

The title is optional.

References to lecture notes should include:

Lecture title
Chandrasekhar J R 2003 Modelling aspects of model based dynamic qos management by the performability manager Lecture Notes Institute of Technology Delhi, India

Accepted or submitted

References to articles that are accepted or submitted should include:

Either ‘accepted’ or ‘submitted’
Jones R and Brown A 2011 Class. Quantum Grav. accepted

References to articles that are in preparation should include:

Year of preparation
Article title
‘In preparation’ (within parentheses)
Jones R and Brown A 2011 Class. Quantum Grav. in preparation

References that do not contain bibliographic information (i.e. they do not refer to other pieces of work) should be set as a footnote within the text and cited at the appropriate location.

Psychology - APA 7th Edition (American Psychological Association)

The tabs above provide examples of commonly cited sources. You can also refer to the APA Departmental guide here:

APA guide The department's APA guide to referencing and citations

The APA also provides useful information on APA 7 referencing: apastyle.apa.org/

Please see important information on referencing and plagiarism in our Referencing & Plagiarism Awareness Guide .

If you are citing a direct quote , make sure to use "quotation marks" and to include the page number after the year: (Adams, 2019, p. 61).

If you are citing a book or article which has several authors , follow these rules:

2 authors : always cite them both (Polit & Beck, 2017)

3-20 authors : Cite the first authors’ last name followed by et al. (Perry et al., 2020)

Smyth, T.R. (2004). The principles of writing in Psychology. Palgrave MacMillan.

Example: e-book

When referencing a book chapter follow this order:

Beaman, P.C., & Holt, J.N. (2007). Reverberant auditory environments: the effects of multiple echoes on distraction by 'irrelevant' speech. Applied Cognitive psychology , 21(8), 1077-1090. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1315

World Health Organisation. (2019). WHO updates global guidance on medicines and diagnostic tests to address health challenges, prioritise highly effective therapeutics, and improve affordable access. https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/09-07-2019-who-updates-global-guidance-on-medicines-and-diagnostic-tests-to-address-health-challenges-prioritize-highly-effective-therapeutics-and-improve-affordable-access

A document on the web can include government reports or policy documents. They are referenced differently to a webpage:

Example: Document on the web

Howe, C., Mercer, N. (2007). Children's social development, peer interaction and classroom learning. https://cprtrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/research-survey-2-1b.pdf

Sisley, D. (2020, Feb 22). Can science cure a broken heart?. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/feb/22/can-science-cure-a-broken-heart

Example: Social Media post

Barack Obama. (2009, October 9). Humbled [Facebook update]. Retrieved May, 14, 2020, from http://www.facebook.com/posted.php? id=6815841748&share_id=154954250775&comments=1#s154954250775

Theatre, Film & Television - Harvard Style

TFTS-STYLE-HANDBOOK-2019.pdf (aber.ac.uk)

If you are a Theatre Film and Television Studies student, you must follow the Harvard (author-date) referencing style guide as supplied by your department when citing and referencing in your written work.

Citation order:

Title of film (in italics)
Year of distribution (in round brackets)
Directed by
Place of distribution: distribution company

Movies have been used as quasi-biographical to examine famous lives ( Citizen Kane , 1942).

Citizen Kane (1942) Directed by Orson Welles [Film]. California: RKO.

Films on DVD/Blu-ray

Movies have been used as quasi-biographical to examine famous lives ( Citizen Kane , 2004).

Citizen Kane (2004) Directed by Orson Welles [DVD]. California: Universal Pictures.

Department of Welsh & Celtic Studies - Llên Cymru Style

Citing sources
Quoting poetry
Citing websites

(Note: this information have been taken from the referencing and citation workshop in the module CY13120 Sgiliau Astudio Iaith a Llên

This is the style recommended by the Department of Welsh and Celtic Studies. The general pattern when referencing a source is:

Author’s name, Book title (Place of publication, Date) Page number(s)

Citing a book by an author

Gwyn Thomas, Y Traddodiad Barddol (Caerdydd, 1976), t.60 [if your quotation is on a single page, or] tt.92-93 [if the quotation is on more than one page]

When citing a source for the first time, include the publication details in full. The next time you cite the same source, the author’s surname, title of the book and page number(s) are sufficient, e.g.

Thomas, Y Traddodiad Barddol, t.60

Sometimes a book will have an editor or editors, e.g.

B.F. Roberts a Morfydd Owen (goln), Beirdd a Thywysogion: Barddoniaeth Llys yng Nghymru, Iwerddon a’r Alban (Caerdydd, 1996).

In subsequent citations, you can use a shortened title, e.g.:

Roberts ac Owen (goln), Beirdd a Thywysogion, t.180

Citing a chapter/article from an edited volume

Gruffydd Aled Williams, ‘Owain Cyfeiliog: Bardd-Dywysog?’, yn B.F. Roberts a Morfydd Owen (goln), Beirdd a Thywysogion: Barddoniaeth Llys yng Nghymru, Iwerddon a’r Alban (Caerdydd, 1996), tt.180-21.

Subsequent footnotes citing the same article:

Williams, ‘Owain Cyfeiliog: Bardd-Dywysog?’, t.187.

Citing an article from a journal or periodical

Follow the pattern:

Author, ‘Title of article’, Title of publication , Volume/issue number, Page numbers

Example: Mererid Hopwood, ‘Waldo: Bardd Plant Cymru’, Llên Cymru , 38 (2015/16), 75-94

When including a short quotation of a few words or a single sentence, you can include it in the body of your essay, using single ‘quotation marks’.

Ym marn Thomas Parry, llwyddodd y genhedlaeth o ferirdd a oedd yn rhan o gylch Lewis Morris i ‘achub barddoniaeth Gymraeg mewn amser argyfyngus yn ei hanes.’ 1 Llwyddodd i ddangos y gallai barddoniaeth for yn gyfrwng i drafod pynciau gwahanol ac adlewyrchu bywyd a theimladau pobl.

Thomas Parry, Hanes Llenyddiaeth Gymraeg hyd 1900 (Caerdydd, 1979), t.215.

If you are using a longer quotation, more than four lines, you should indent the quotation in a block instead of using quotation marks. This applies to prose and poetry.

Fel dywedodd Thomas Parry

Teg yw dywedyd i’r to o feirdd a gysylltir â Lewis Morris achub barddoniaeth Gymraeg mewn amser argyfyngus yn ei hanes. Dangosasant fod i awen waith heblaw moli boneddigion, a heblaw difyrru a dysgu gwerin hefyd. 1

If you are quoting a couplet, you can do so in the body of your essay.

Enghraifft o ormodiaith a geir ar ddiwedd y gerdd pan ddywed y bardd y byddai peidio â gweld y ferch yn achosi ei farwolaeth: ‘Oni chaf fwynaf annerch, / Fy nihenydd fydd y ferch.’ 1

Dafydd Johnston et al (goln), Cerddi Dafydd ap Gwilym (Caerdydd, 2010), cerdd 45, llinellau 29-30

If you are quoting more than a couplet, indent the quotation in a block as shown:

Yr wylan de gar lanw, dioer,

Unlliw ag eiry neu wenlloer,

Dilwch yw dy degwch di,

Darn fel haul, dyrnfol heli 1

Johnston et al (goln), Cerddi Dafydd ap Gwilym, cerdd 45, llinellau 1-4.

If you are citing a source more than once, as in the above example, you can use a shorter format the second and subsequent times by nodding the author’s surname and the title of the source.

Provide the name and address of the website, and the date you viewed the page.

http://www.seintiaucymru.ac.uk, cyrchwyd / darllenwyd Mai 2019. http://www.dafyddapgwilym.net, cyrchwyd / darllenwyd Mehefin 2019. http://geiriadur.ac.uk, cyrchwyd / darllenwyd Awst 2019. http://www.gutorglyn.net cyrchwyd / darllenwyd Medi 2019.

The principle of a bibliography is to list everything you used in preparing your essay – books, articles, and other publications in print and electronic format, including websites.

At the end of your essay, you should list the publication details in alphabetical order (by author’s surname). If you have used more than one work by the same author, list them in order of date.

Bowen, D. J., ‘Dafydd ap Gwilym a Cheredigion’, Llên Cymru , 14 (1983-4), 163-209.

Bowen, D. J. (gol.), Gwaith Gruffudd Hiraethog (Caerdydd, 1990).

Roberts, Enid, ‘Teulu Plas Iolyn’, Trafodion Cymdeithas Hanes Sir Ddinbych , 13 (1964), 38-110.

Roberts, Enid, Y Beirdd a’u Noddwyr ym Maelor (Darlith Lenyddol Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Wrecsam, 1977).

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Hygyrchedd / Accessibility

How can I write accurate references in English?

This is the second of three chapters about References and Reference Lists . To complete this reader, read each chapter carefully and then unlock and complete our materials to check your understanding.

– Introduce five points for consideration when referencing

– Provide the twenty most common source types which are used to make academic references

– Deconstruct and rebuild an example reference for a book

Chapter 1: What are the many types of academic reference?

Chapter 2: How can I write accurate references in English?

Chapter 3: How can I create, lay out and order reference lists?

Before you begin reading...

video and audio texts
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In Chapter 1 of this short reader on references and reference lists , we introduced the end-text reference and discussed how both referencing styles and source types play an important role in deciding the ordering and layout of academic references. In this second chapter, we next turn our attention to the accurate creation of references. Using the Harvard Style for each of our examples, we offer step-by-step guidance about how to order, punctuate and correctly format references in academic assignments .

Which aspects should be considered?

When attempting to create an end-text reference in a reference list , there are a number of questions that students should first ask themselves:

1. Have I definitely cited this source in my assignment?

Only sources which have been cited directly in your work should be included in a reference list.

2. What is the source type I need to reference?

The type of source being referenced such as a book or newspaper will determine the necessary reference elements .

3. Which reference elements are necessary?

There are many elements that might have to be referenced, such as the publisher or the year of publication.

4. How should those reference elements be ordered?

Sometimes how the elements are ordered depends entirely on the source type being referenced.

5. Are there any special formatting requirements?

Aspects such as spacing, italics and punctuation are very important when referencing accurately.

How many reference elements exist?

As was previously mentioned, a researcher will have a number of reference elements to choose from when creating an accurate reference . These reference elements, such as ‘Title’ or ‘Author’, are quite varied and are wholly dependent on the source type being referenced. To help you with recognising them, we’ve provided the twenty most common reference elements in the table below:

How can I write references correctly?

As was explained in some detail in Chapter 1, the rules for how to build a reference are very much dependent not only on the source type being referenced but also on the referencing style being used – such as whether it’s Chicago , Harvard or MLA . Nevertheless, over the following few diagrams, we deconstruct an example reference for a printed book in the Harvard Style . As can be seen from the first diagram below, printed books have five reference elements that must usually be included:

Element 1: Name of Authors

The following structure has been used to create the first author’s name:

To then add every additional name to the reference, the following structure is used:

Element 2: Year of Publication

Next, for the year that the source was published, it’s simple enough to place this year within brackets, as in the following table:

Element 3: Book Title

For the title of the book however, it’s common practice to remove all capital letters (except for the first word and any proper nouns ), to place the title in italics , and to end that title with a clear full stop (.).

Elements 4 & 5: Place of Publication and Publisher

Finally, when writing the place of publication and the publisher in a reference , the common Harvard structure is as follows:

Good work on completing this second chapter about references . Now complete our Chapter 2 activities, moving to Chapter 3 if you wish to learn about reference lists .

Please note: there are many different possible referencing styles such as APA or Chicago Style . All examples demonstrated in this chapter are of the Harvard Style of referencing as in Cite Them Right .

To reference this reader:

Academic Marker (2022) References and Reference Lists . Available at: https://academicmarker.com/academic-guidance/referencing/referencing-features/references-and-reference-lists/ (Accessed: Date Month Year).

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Victoria University Library Guides

Once you’ve completed all three chapters in this short reader about References and Reference Lists , you might then wish to download our Chapter Worksheets to check your progress or print for your students. These professional PDF worksheets can be easily accessed for only a few Academic Marks .

Chapter 1 explores the topic: What are the many types of academic reference? Our Chapter 1 Worksheet (containing guidance, activities and answer keys) can be accessed here at the click of a button.

Chapter 2 explores the topic: How can I write accurate references in English? Our Chapter 2 Worksheet (containing guidance, activities and answer keys) can be accessed here at the click of a button.

Chapter 3 explores the topic: How can I create, lay out and order reference lists? Our Chapter 3 Worksheet (containing guidance, activities and answer keys) can be accessed here at the click of a button.

To save yourself 2 Marks , click on the button below to gain unlimited access to all of our References and Reference Lists Chapter Worksheets. This All-in-1 Pack includes every chapter, activity and answer key related to this topic in one handy and professional PDF.

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Referencing

A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples

Published on 14 February 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 15 September 2023.

Referencing is an important part of academic writing. It tells your readers what sources you’ve used and how to find them.

Harvard is the most common referencing style used in UK universities. In Harvard style, the author and year are cited in-text, and full details of the source are given in a reference list .

In-text citation	Referencing is an essential academic skill (Pears and Shields, 2019).
Reference list entry	Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019) 11th edn. London: MacMillan.

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Harvard in-text citation, creating a harvard reference list, harvard referencing examples, referencing sources with no author or date, frequently asked questions about harvard referencing.

A Harvard in-text citation appears in brackets beside any quotation or paraphrase of a source. It gives the last name of the author(s) and the year of publication, as well as a page number or range locating the passage referenced, if applicable:

Note that ‘p.’ is used for a single page, ‘pp.’ for multiple pages (e.g. ‘pp. 1–5’).

An in-text citation usually appears immediately after the quotation or paraphrase in question. It may also appear at the end of the relevant sentence, as long as it’s clear what it refers to.

When your sentence already mentions the name of the author, it should not be repeated in the citation:

Sources with multiple authors

When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors’ names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Number of authors	In-text citation example
1 author	(Davis, 2019)
2 authors	(Davis and Barrett, 2019)
3 authors	(Davis, Barrett and McLachlan, 2019)
4+ authors	(Davis , 2019)

Sources with no page numbers

Some sources, such as websites , often don’t have page numbers. If the source is a short text, you can simply leave out the page number. With longer sources, you can use an alternate locator such as a subheading or paragraph number if you need to specify where to find the quote:

Multiple citations at the same point

When you need multiple citations to appear at the same point in your text – for example, when you refer to several sources with one phrase – you can present them in the same set of brackets, separated by semicolons. List them in order of publication date:

Multiple sources with the same author and date

If you cite multiple sources by the same author which were published in the same year, it’s important to distinguish between them in your citations. To do this, insert an ‘a’ after the year in the first one you reference, a ‘b’ in the second, and so on:

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A bibliography or reference list appears at the end of your text. It lists all your sources in alphabetical order by the author’s last name, giving complete information so that the reader can look them up if necessary.

The reference entry starts with the author’s last name followed by initial(s). Only the first word of the title is capitalised (as well as any proper nouns).

Sources with multiple authors in the reference list

As with in-text citations, up to three authors should be listed; when there are four or more, list only the first author followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Number of authors	Reference example
1 author	Davis, V. (2019) …
2 authors	Davis, V. and Barrett, M. (2019) …
3 authors	Davis, V., Barrett, M. and McLachlan, F. (2019) …
4+ authors	Davis, V. (2019) …

Reference list entries vary according to source type, since different information is relevant for different sources. Formats and examples for the most commonly used source types are given below.

Entire book
Book chapter
Translated book
Edition of a book

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) . City: Publisher.
Example	Smith, Z. (2017) . London: Penguin.
Notes

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Chapter title’, in Editor name (ed(s).) . City: Publisher, page range.
Example	Greenblatt, S. (2010) ‘The traces of Shakespeare’s life’, in De Grazia, M. and Wells, S. (eds.) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–14.
Notes

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) . Translated from the [language] by Translator name. City: Publisher.
Example	Tokarczuk, O. (2019) . Translated from the Polish by A. Lloyd-Jones. London: Fitzcarraldo.
Notes

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) . Edition. City: Publisher.
Example	Danielson, D. (ed.) (1999) . 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Notes

Journal articles

Print journal
Online-only journal with DOI
Online-only journal with no DOI

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Article title’, , Volume(Issue), pp. page range.
Example	Thagard, P. (1990) ‘Philosophy and machine learning’, , 20(2), pp. 261–276.
Notes

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Article title’, , Volume(Issue), page range. DOI.
Example	Adamson, P. (2019) ‘American history at the foreign office: Exporting the silent epic Western’, , 31(2), pp. 32–59. doi: https://10.2979/filmhistory.31.2.02.
Notes	if available.

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Article title’, , Volume(Issue), page range. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Example	Theroux, A. (1990) ‘Henry James’s Boston’, , 20(2), pp. 158–165. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20153016 (Accessed: 13 February 2020).
Notes

General web page
Online article or blog
Social media post

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) . Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Example	Google (2019) . Available at: https://policies.google.com/terms?hl=en-US (Accessed: 27 January 2020).
Notes

Format	Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Article title’, , Date. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Example	Leafstedt, E. (2020) ‘Russia’s constitutional reform and Putin’s plans for a legacy of stability’, , 29 January. Available at: https://blog.politics.ox.ac.uk/russias-constitutional-reform-and-putins-plans-for-a-legacy-of-stability/ (Accessed: 13 February 2020).
Notes

Format	Author surname, initial. [username] (Year) or text [Website name] Date. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Example	Dorsey, J. [@jack] (2018) We’re committing Twitter to help increase the collective health, openness, and civility of public conversation … [Twitter] 1 March. Available at: https://twitter.com/jack/status/969234275420655616 (Accessed: 13 February 2020).
Notes

Sometimes you won’t have all the information you need for a reference. This section covers what to do when a source lacks a publication date or named author.

No publication date

When a source doesn’t have a clear publication date – for example, a constantly updated reference source like Wikipedia or an obscure historical document which can’t be accurately dated – you can replace it with the words ‘no date’:

In-text citation	(Scribbr, no date)
Reference list entry	Scribbr (no date) . Available at: https://www.scribbr.co.uk/category/thesis-dissertation/ (Accessed: 14 February 2020).

Note that when you do this with an online source, you should still include an access date, as in the example.

When a source lacks a clearly identified author, there’s often an appropriate corporate source – the organisation responsible for the source – whom you can credit as author instead, as in the Google and Wikipedia examples above.

When that’s not the case, you can just replace it with the title of the source in both the in-text citation and the reference list:

In-text citation	(‘Divest’, no date)
Reference list entry	‘Divest’ (no date) Available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/divest (Accessed: 27 January 2020).

Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.

Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.

	Harvard style	Vancouver style
In-text citation	Each referencing style has different rules (Pears and Shields, 2019).	Each referencing style has different rules (1).
Reference list	Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019). . 11th edn. London: MacMillan.	1. Pears R, Shields G. Cite them right: The essential referencing guide. 11th ed. London: MacMillan; 2019.

A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.

The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

	In-text citation	Reference list
1 author	(Smith, 2014)	Smith, T. (2014) …
2 authors	(Smith and Jones, 2014)	Smith, T. and Jones, F. (2014) …
3 authors	(Smith, Jones and Davies, 2014)	Smith, T., Jones, F. and Davies, S. (2014) …
4+ authors	(Smith , 2014)	Smith, T. (2014) …

Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

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If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, September 15). A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 9 June 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-style/

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Citing sources

How to Cite Sources | Citation Generator & Quick Guide

Citing your sources is essential in academic writing . Whenever you quote or paraphrase a source (such as a book, article, or webpage), you have to include a citation crediting the original author.

Failing to properly cite your sources counts as plagiarism , since you’re presenting someone else’s ideas as if they were your own.

The most commonly used citation styles are APA and MLA. The free Scribbr Citation Generator is the quickest way to cite sources in these styles. Simply enter the URL, DOI, or title, and we’ll generate an accurate, correctly formatted citation.

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When do you need to cite sources, which citation style should you use, in-text citations, reference lists and bibliographies.

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Citation examples and full guides, frequently asked questions about citing sources.

Citations are required in all types of academic texts. They are needed for several reasons:

To avoid plagiarism by indicating when you’re taking information from another source
To give proper credit to the author of that source
To allow the reader to consult your sources for themselves

A citation is needed whenever you integrate a source into your writing. This usually means quoting or paraphrasing:

To quote a source , copy a short piece of text word for word and put it inside quotation marks .
To paraphrase a source , put the text into your own words. It’s important that the paraphrase is not too close to the original wording. You can use the paraphrasing tool if you don’t want to do this manually.

Citations are needed whether you quote or paraphrase, and whatever type of source you use. As well as citing scholarly sources like books and journal articles, don’t forget to include citations for any other sources you use for ideas, examples, or evidence. That includes websites, YouTube videos , and lectures .

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Usually, your institution (or the journal you’re submitting to) will require you to follow a specific citation style, so check your guidelines or ask your instructor.

In some cases, you may have to choose a citation style for yourself. Make sure to pick one style and use it consistently:

APA Style is widely used in the social sciences and beyond.
MLA style is common in the humanities.
Chicago notes and bibliography , common in the humanities
Chicago author-date , used in the (social) sciences
There are many other citation styles for different disciplines.

If in doubt, check with your instructor or read other papers from your field of study to see what style they follow.

In most styles, your citations consist of:

Brief in-text citations at the relevant points in the text
A reference list or bibliography containing full information on all the sources you’ve cited

In-text citations most commonly take the form of parenthetical citations featuring the last name of the source’s author and its year of publication (aka author-date citations).

An alternative to this type of in-text citation is the system used in numerical citation styles , where a number is inserted into the text, corresponding to an entry in a numbered reference list.

There are also note citation styles , where you place your citations in either footnotes or endnotes . Since they’re not embedded in the text itself, these citations can provide more detail and sometimes aren’t accompanied by a full reference list or bibliography.

(London: John Murray, 1859), 510.

A reference list (aka “Bibliography” or “Works Cited,” depending on the style) is where you provide full information on each of the sources you’ve cited in the text. It appears at the end of your paper, usually with a hanging indent applied to each entry.

The information included in reference entries is broadly similar, whatever citation style you’re using. For each source, you’ll typically include the:

Author name
Publication date
Container (e.g., the book an essay was published in, the journal an article appeared in)
Location (e.g., a URL or DOI , or sometimes a physical location)

The exact information included varies depending on the source type and the citation style. The order in which the information appears, and how you format it (e.g., capitalization, use of italics) also varies.

Most commonly, the entries in your reference list are alphabetized by author name. This allows the reader to easily find the relevant entry based on the author name in your in-text citation.

In numerical citation styles, the entries in your reference list are numbered, usually based on the order in which you cite them. The reader finds the right entry based on the number that appears in the text.

Because each style has many small differences regarding things like italicization, capitalization , and punctuation , it can be difficult to get every detail right. Using a citation generator can save you a lot of time and effort.

Scribbr offers citation generators for both APA and MLA style. Both are quick, easy to use, and 100% free, with no ads and no registration required.

Just input a URL or DOI or add the source details manually, and the generator will automatically produce an in-text citation and reference entry in the correct format. You can save your reference list as you go and download it when you’re done, and even add annotations for an annotated bibliography .

Once you’ve prepared your citations, you might still be unsure if they’re correct and if you’ve used them appropriately in your text. This is where Scribbr’s other citation tools and services may come in handy:

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Citation Checker

Citation Editing

Plagiarism means passing off someone else’s words or ideas as your own. It’s a serious offense in academia. Universities use plagiarism checking software to scan your paper and identify any similarities to other texts.

When you’re dealing with a lot of sources, it’s easy to make mistakes that could constitute accidental plagiarism. For example, you might forget to add a citation after a quote, or paraphrase a source in a way that’s too close to the original text.

Using a plagiarism checker yourself before you submit your work can help you spot these mistakes before they get you in trouble. Based on the results, you can add any missing citations and rephrase your text where necessary.

Try out the Scribbr Plagiarism Checker for free, or check out our detailed comparison of the best plagiarism checkers available online.

Scribbr Plagiarism Checker

Scribbr’s Citation Checker is a unique AI-powered tool that automatically detects stylistic errors and inconsistencies in your in-text citations. It also suggests a correction for every mistake.

Currently available for APA Style, this is the fastest and easiest way to make sure you’ve formatted your citations correctly. You can try out the tool for free below.

If you need extra help with your reference list, we also offer a more in-depth Citation Editing Service.

Our experts cross-check your in-text citations and reference entries, make sure you’ve included the correct information for each source, and improve the formatting of your reference page.

If you want to handle your citations yourself, Scribbr’s free Knowledge Base provides clear, accurate guidance on every aspect of citation. You can see citation examples for a variety of common source types below:

And you can check out our comprehensive guides to the most popular citation styles:

At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).

Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.

The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .

The abbreviation “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”) is used to shorten citations of sources with multiple authors.

“Et al.” is used in APA in-text citations of sources with 3+ authors, e.g. (Smith et al., 2019). It is not used in APA reference entries .

Use “et al.” for 3+ authors in MLA in-text citations and Works Cited entries.

Use “et al.” for 4+ authors in a Chicago in-text citation , and for 10+ authors in a Chicago bibliography entry.

The Scribbr Citation Generator is developed using the open-source Citation Style Language (CSL) project and Frank Bennett’s citeproc-js . It’s the same technology used by dozens of other popular citation tools, including Mendeley and Zotero.

You can find all the citation styles and locales used in the Scribbr Citation Generator in our publicly accessible repository on Github .

APA format is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psychology, and business.

Be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you want to be published in to double-check which style you should be using.

MLA Style is the second most used citation style (after APA ). It is mainly used by students and researchers in humanities fields such as literature, languages, and philosophy.

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Referencing guide: book chapters.

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Book/ebook references
Book/Ebook References. Use the same formats for both print books and ebooks. For ebooks, the format, platform, or device (e.g., Kindle) is not included in the reference. This page contains reference examples for books, including the following: Whole authored book. Whole edited book. Republished book, with editor.
How to Cite a Book in APA Style
In the reference list, start with the author's last name and initials, followed by the year. The book title is written in sentence case (only capitalize the first word and any proper nouns ). Include any other contributors (e.g. editors and translators) and the edition if specified (e.g. "2nd ed."). APA format. Last name, Initials.
Academic Guides: Reference List: Common Reference List Examples
Poe, M. (2017). Reframing race in teaching writing across the curriculum. In F. Condon & V. A. Young (Eds.), Performing antiracist pedagogy in rhetoric, writing, and communication (pp. 87-105). University Press of Colorado. Include the page numbers of the chapter in parentheses after the book title.
Reference examples: books and reports
A reference of a loose-leaf work as a whole, you can best deduce from examples of books. A reference of an article in a loose-leaf work you can best deduce from the examples of chapters in an edited book. Reports. Format references to reports as you would a book. Often reports have a report number. This is mentioned in parentheses after the title.
Reference examples
Also note that print and electronic references are largely the same. For example, to cite both print books and ebooks, use the books and reference works category and then choose the appropriate type of work (i.e., book) and follow the relevant example (e.g., whole authored book). Examples on these pages illustrate the details of reference formats.
APA Style (7th Edition)
Style Guide Overview MLA Guide APA Guide Chicago Guide OWL Exercises. Purdue OWL. Research and Citation. APA Style (7th Edition)
PDF How to reference your assignment using Harvard Referencing
Reference list at the end of the assignment. The reference you write in your reference list will give all the details of the source where you read the original quotation. It should be one alphabetical list and include references to all types of resources used. Begin each reference with the surname of the author/editor or the organisation name ...
Assignments
Referencing in your assignments. In academic work of any kind, effective referencing of your sources will ensure that you: show that you are writing from a position of understanding of your topic. demonstrate that you have read widely and deeply. enable the reader to locate the source of each quote, idea or work/evidence (that was not your own).
How to set out references
Increasingly we need to provide references to multimedia. The following are some examples. Try to get the editor or author or compiler name, title of the resource, name of hosting site (if appropriate), publisher, place of publication (if appropriate), date created and access date. CANFIELD, J. (1991) Self-esteem and peak performance [audio ...
Creating a References Section for APA
1. Include the heading References, centered at the top of the page. The heading should not be boldfaced, italicized, or underlined. 2. Use double-spaced type throughout the references section, as in the body of your paper. 3. Use hanging indentation for each entry.
Harvard Referencing Style Examples
A reference includes additional details about each source referenced. This enables the reader to refer to the original source, should they need to. The reference list is a detailed list of all the works consulted while writing. It is placed at the end of the document. Reference example for the above in-text citation: Author Surname, Initials.
PDF 7th edition Common Reference Examples Guide
This guide contains examples of common types of APA Style references. Section numbers indicate where to find the examples in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). More information on references and reference examples are in Chapters 9 and 10 of the Publication Manual as well as the Concise Guide to APA ...
Harvard Referencing
How to refer to something while you're writing. Work the author's surname or organisation's name, the year of publication and the page number into the paragraph you are writing. The purpose is to give basic details so your reader can get more information from the list at the end. Example 1: It has been proven that mice have four legs ...
APA Reference Page: How to Format Works Cited
3.7. ( 161) In APA, the "Works Cited" page is referred to as a "Reference List" or "Reference Page." "Bibliography" also may be used interchangeably, even though there are some differences between the two. If you are at the point in your article or research paper where you are looking up APA bibliography format, then ...
Referencing & Plagiarism Awareness: 8. Referencing Examples
When writing your assignments, it is important to adhere to the guidelines outlined in your department's handbooks on referencing. Example: Book (three or more authors) If a book has three or more authors, only the first author's name should be listed in-text followed by 'et al.', meaning 'and others'. However, all authors should be listed in ...
Subject Guides: APA Citation Style (7th Edition): Book Reviews
For example, a book review in a journal follows the same format as an article in a journal, except that it also includes information about the book being reviewed. This page lists examples on how to cite book reviews. For examples of more types of reviews (films, TV shows, video games, etc.), see the APA Publication Manual, pp. 334-335.
How can I write accurate references in English?
In Chapter 1 of this short reader on references and reference lists, we introduced the end-text reference and discussed how both referencing styles and source types play an important role in deciding the ordering and layout of academic references. In this second chapter, we next turn our attention to the accurate creation of references. Using the Harvard Style for each of our examples, we ...
APA Sample Paper
Crucially, citation practices do not differ between the two styles of paper. However, for your convenience, we have provided two versions of our APA 7 sample paper below: one in student style and one in professional style. Note: For accessibility purposes, we have used "Track Changes" to make comments along the margins of these samples.
Subject Guides: Referencing guide: Reference list example
We acknowledge the palawa/pakana and Gadigal people, the traditional custodians of the land upon which we live and work. We honour their enduring culture and knowledges as vital to the self-determination, wellbeing and resilience of their communities, and to shaping a just, inclusive and equitable Australian society.
Help and Support: Vancouver
Information. • You must provide appropriate references when referring to your own work. For students, this applies if you quote or paraphrase any work you have submitted for an assessment in another unit. • This is necessary as all assignments include the following Student Declaration: Except where indicated, the work I am submitting in ...
PDF How to Reference in your Assignments
copying out part(s) of any document without acknowledging the source. using another person's concepts, results, processes or conclusions,and presenting them. as your own. paraphrasing and/or summarising another's work without acknowledging the source. buying or acquiring an assignment written by someone else on your behalf.
Welcome to the Purdue Online Writing Lab
Mission. The Purdue On-Campus Writing Lab and Purdue Online Writing Lab assist clients in their development as writers—no matter what their skill level—with on-campus consultations, online participation, and community engagement. The Purdue Writing Lab serves the Purdue, West Lafayette, campus and coordinates with local literacy initiatives.
How to Write a Literature Review
Examples of literature reviews. Step 1 - Search for relevant literature. Step 2 - Evaluate and select sources. Step 3 - Identify themes, debates, and gaps. Step 4 - Outline your literature review's structure. Step 5 - Write your literature review.
A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing
When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors' names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ' et al. ': Number of authors. In-text citation example. 1 author. (Davis, 2019) 2 authors. (Davis and Barrett, 2019) 3 authors.
What Are Good Sentence Starters for Essays?
Good sentence starters to establish cause and effect. It's common to use two different sentences to discuss a cause-and-effect relationship, as in something making something else happen. Sentence starters can make this relationship clear and show which sentence is the cause and which is the effect. As a result . . .
Books, Reference books
Tags: citations, citing, essay_writing, ielts, in-text, referencing, report, resumes, study_skills We acknowledge the palawa/pakana and Gadigal people, the traditional custodians of the land upon which we live and work.
How to Cite Sources
To quote a source, copy a short piece of text word for word and put it inside quotation marks. To paraphrase a source, put the text into your own words. It's important that the paraphrase is not too close to the original wording. You can use the paraphrasing tool if you don't want to do this manually.
Free AI Paraphrasing Tool
The easiest, quickest way to create a paraphrase is to use a free paraphrase generator like the one at the top of this page. To use this paraphrasing tool, paste in your source text, then click the "Paraphrase it" button.If you'd like to write a paraphrase from scratch, first read the original text closely.
Book chapters
We acknowledge the palawa/pakana and Gadigal people, the traditional custodians of the land upon which we live and work. We honour their enduring culture and knowledges as vital to the self-determination, wellbeing and resilience of their communities, and to shaping a just, inclusive and equitable Australian society.

Reference List: Common Reference List Examples

Article (Without DOI)

Found on an Open Access Website

Chapter in an Edited Book

Classroom Resources

Citing Tempo Classroom Resources

Conference Sessions and Presentations

Dictionary Entry

Discussion Board Post

Dissertations or Theses

Legal Material

Magazine Article

Newspaper Article (Retrieved Online)

OASIS Resources

Interactive Guide

Online Video/Webcast

Technical and Research Reports

TED Talk on the TED website

TED Talk on YouTube

Walden University Course Catalog

Related Resources

Knowledge Check: Common Reference List Examples

Walden Resources

Centers and Offices

Student Resources

UCL LIBRARY SERVICES

References, citations and avoiding plagiarism

Avoiding plagiarism

Referencing in your assignments

Why do I need to reference? Find out more

Referencing and empowerment

Plagiarism: what is it, whom does it offend, and how does one deal with it?

Teaching Referencing as an Introduction to Epistemological Empowerment

Academic honesty and conduct

Referencing style guides

How to set out references

On this page

Tips

Articles with authors

Articles with no authors

Other official publications

Quoting references in the text

119 Creating a References Section for APA

Formatting the References Section: The Basics

Formatting the References Section

Formatting Reference Entries

Sample Book Entry

Sample Journal Article Entry

Formatting the References Section: APA General Guidelines

Formatting Reference Entries for Different Source Types

Print Sources: Books

A Book by Two or More Authors

An Edited Book with No Author

An Edited Book with an Author

A Translated Book

A Book Published in Multiple Editions

A Chapter in an Edited Book

A Work That Appears in an Anthology

An Article in a Reference Book

Two or More Books by the Same Author

Books by Different Authors with the Same Last Name

A Book Authored by an Organization

A Book-Length Report

A Book Authored by a Government Agency

Print Sources: Periodicals

An Article in a Journal Paginated by Volume

An Abstract of a Scholarly Article

A Journal Article with Two to Seven Authors

A Journal Article with More Than Seven Authors

Writing at Work

A Magazine Article

A Newspaper Article

A Letter to the Editor

Electronic Sources

An Article from an Online Periodical with a DOI

An Article from an Online Periodical with No DOI

An Article Accessed through a Database

An Abstract of an Article

A Nonperiodical Web Document

An Entry from an Online Encyclopedia or Dictionary

Example: Web page (no author)