green marketing and climate change essay

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How Climate Change Affects Business Strategy

• 28 May 2024

From food and water to clothing to transportation, housing, and weather events, climate change has the power to impact every facet of your life. Business is no exception.

A 2023 survey from the Edelman Trust Institute reports that 93 percent of global respondents believe climate change poses a serious and imminent threat to the planet. Yet, only 49 percent trust businesses to “do what’s right” regarding climate change, trailing behind trust ratings for governments and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).

“Climate change is one of the world’s biggest societal challenges,” says Harvard Business School Professor Forest Reinhardt, who teaches the online course Business and Climate Change alongside HBS Professor Michael Toffel. “Companies will have to play an active role if we, as a society, are to have any realistic hope of managing the challenges presented by climate change.”

As a business leader, it’s crucial to craft a climate-informed organizational strategy to adapt to the changing world and help mitigate climate change’s harmful effects. Before diving in, here’s a breakdown of climate change basics .

Related: Listen to Professor Reinhardt discuss climate change and the tragedy of the commons on The Parlor Room podcast , or watch the episode on YouTube .

What Is Climate Change?

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns. Although some changes in Earth’s climate are natural, most are anthropogenic —or caused by humans.

“Scientists agree that human activity is now the leading cause of climate change and is why the planet is warming up much faster than it ever has in the past,” Toffel says in Business and Climate Change . “Anthropogenic climate change began when humans started cutting down forests to clear land for agriculture and other forms of development—building cities, paving roads, and burning fossil fuels for energy, among other activities.”

Those activities disrupt Earth’s natural regulatory systems—namely, the greenhouse effect, carbon cycle, and water cycle—by emitting more greenhouse gas into the atmosphere than can be naturally absorbed.

“When we add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, we perturb the balance,” says Harvard Professor of Geology, Environmental Sciences, and Engineering Dan Schrag, who’s featured in Business and Climate Change . “What happens is, greenhouse gases accumulate in the atmosphere and absorb some of the infrared radiation that’s trying to escape to space and reradiate that heat back to the surface. Essentially, to re-achieve an energy balance requires the temperature of the Earth to increase so that it’s emitting more infrared radiation back to space. That’s what the Earth is trying to do now. We’ve added carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, and the Earth is trying to heat up to achieve a new energy equilibrium.”

In addition to higher average global temperatures, climate change’s effects include extreme weather events, like storms, heat waves, temperature fluctuations, and rising sea levels, which cause flooding.

Related: Understanding the Basics of Climate Change

How Do Businesses Contribute to Climate Change?

Businesses are some of the largest greenhouse gas producers, making them major contributors to climate change. In 2022, U.S. businesses produced more than six billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, the metric by which greenhouse gas emissions are commonly measured because it allows different greenhouse gases to aggregate.

There are four naturally occurring greenhouse gases:

• Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
• Methane (CH 4 )
• Nitrous oxide (N 2 O)
• Water vapor (H 2 O) 2

Humans have also created a new greenhouse gas called fluorinated gas. Carbon dioxide equivalent encompasses all these greenhouse gas emissions.

Businesses can generate excess greenhouse gasses by:

• Burning fossil fuels to generate electricity
• Producing cement, steel, and iron for construction
• Waste management, such as landfills and trash incinerators
• Transportation, including cars, trucks, planes, trains, and ships
• Clearing land for agriculture
• Raising livestock
• Industrial processes like refrigeration and air conditioning

Climate change is an externality of these processes.

“An externality is a side effect of the production or consumption of a product or service,” Toffel explains in Business and Climate Change . “This side effect—which is typically referred to as a ‘cost’ in economics—is borne by some part of society that is neither the seller nor the buyer of the product or service.”

Externalities can be positive or negative. One example of a negative externality used in Business and Climate Change is a steel factory excreting wastewater into a nearby river, causing fish to die. Those who fish in the river bear the burden of this cost—not the steel company or its customers.

The greenhouse gases your product’s sourcing, manufacturing, and transportation generate likely cause negative externalities, too. By understanding how businesses contribute to climate change, you can shape your organization’s strategy to prepare for and reduce its effects.

How Climate Change Shapes Business Strategy

There are two lenses through which climate change impacts business strategy: adaptation and mitigation.

According to Business and Climate Change, adaptation refers to the actions companies take to respond to, prepare for, and build resilience against climate change’s physical effects.

Equally important is mitigation , which refers to companies’ actions to limit climate change, such as by reducing greenhouse gas emissions or removing them from the atmosphere.

“In the past, there were concerns that any discussion about adaptation would remove focus and urgency from the topic of mitigation,” Toffel says in the course. “This is no longer the prevailing view. There’s a growing understanding of the importance of both adaptation and mitigation.”

He goes on to describe the interconnected relationship between the two concepts.

“More mitigation will temper the severity of climate stressors and reduce the amount of adaptation that will be needed,” he says.

To assess your business strategy through both lenses, here are three considerations.

1. Conduct a Life Cycle Assessment

One way to determine how your strategy might change to reduce emissions and adapt to existing climate change effects is by conducting a life cycle assessment of your product.

The five stages of a product’s life cycle are:

• Sourcing: Where do the raw materials come from?
• Manufacturing: What processes do you use to make the product?
• Distribution: How do you disseminate the product to retailers and end users?
• Use: What’s involved in the processes of using the product?
• End-of-life: What happens to the product when it’s done being used?

For each stage, consider:

• Which greenhouse gases are emitted?
• How much greenhouse gas is emitted?
• What resources are necessary at this stage? Does climate change impact them?
• Are there any negative externalities associated with this stage?

Just like fishers inadvertently paid the cost of the steel company’s actions in the aforementioned example, consider who pays for your company’s climate change contributions at each product life stage.

2. Practice Carbon Accounting

The process of calculating the amount of carbon dioxide equivalent your business produces is called carbon accounting . By identifying and measuring it at each stage of your product’s life cycle—plus any emissions from general operating activities—you can gauge your business’s impact on climate change.

Once you’ve calculated your emissions, integrate a plan for carbon neutrality into your business strategy. Carbon neutrality is the balance between carbon emission and removal. One way to pursue it is by paying another company to remove a specific amount of carbon dioxide, called a carbon credit , from the atmosphere on your behalf.

Removal methods include planting trees and direct air capture (DAC), a new technological process that separates carbon dioxide from the air and stores it underground.

When keeping track of carbon emissions, carbon credits cancel out the specified amount of carbon emissions—helping you toward your carbon neutrality goal.

3. Leverage Opportunities for Innovation

While much of your strategy should focus on climate change’s risks, consider opportunities for creativity and innovation . If you identify critical resources in your product’s life cycle that climate change can impact, it’s in your best interest to research alternatives.

For example, if you sell jam, your key resources include fresh produce. Climate change can affect crop viability through extreme heat, drought, or weather events. Perhaps your strategy is to open a second line of business selling honey. Keeping bees can contribute to the pollination of your crops and provide a second stream of income.

Because climate change is such a pressing global issue, there’s a need for new innovations to help mitigate it. Consider creating an innovation lab within your organization to foster creative product ideas that can positively impact climate change.

Gaining the Knowledge to Lead Positive Change

Climate change can feel daunting if you’ve never incorporated it into your business strategy. Taking an online course like Business and Climate Change can be an effective way to gain the foundation and insights to approach it.

Not only can you leverage the scientific fundamentals necessary for understanding and communicating about climate change but learn from real-world business leaders who’ve addressed climate change’s risks and opportunities firsthand.

“It may be easy for managers to fall into the trap of thinking that one business’s impact isn’t big enough to be worth doing or taking the perspective that it’s someone else’s responsibility to act—the government should take care of it, or consumers need to drive demand,” Reinhardt says in Business and Climate Change. “But the lesson all business leaders can take from this course is that every firm can have an impact.”

Do you want to learn more about adapting to and mitigating climate change? Explore Business and Climate Change —one of our online business in society courses —and download our free e-book on how to become a purpose-driven, global business professional.

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Opportunities and Challenges of Green Marketing

• First Online: 18 August 2021

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• Daniel Ofori 9  

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies of Marketing in Emerging Economies ((PSMEE))

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Marketing has transformed through the introduction of information and communication technologies, changing consumer lifestyles, globalisation of supply chains, and increased regulatory and environmental pressure. Green marketing is a business approach towards a greener economy in the pursuit of sustainable development. In developed economies, booming industrialisation in response to the rising demand for environmentally friendly products is evidence that emerging economies need to leverage the unexploited opportunities to create a unique brand position through green marketing. Although green marketing practice is gaining prominence, firms also face uncertainty in their ability to effectively mobilise resources and to effectively solidify their green marketing edge, while generating returns on their investment. Accordingly, this chapter discusses the concept of green marketing, opportunities, challenges and directions for effective implementation. Adopting a literature review approach, the chapter shows that green marketing adoption is driven by sustainable development, social responsibility drive, supportive government policies and leadership, green consumerism and consumer health consciousness. Nevertheless, firms practising green marketing are sometimes constrained by limited green financing and investment opportunities, regulatory priorities of governments, weak implementation and collaboration among nations towards the promotion of sustainable development, and firm’s internal capabilities. Implications are drawn for emerging economies, firms, consumers and governments as key stakeholders towards transformational green marketing practice.

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Ofori, D. (2021). Opportunities and Challenges of Green Marketing. In: Mukonza, C., Hinson, R.E., Adeola, O., Adisa, I., Mogaji, E., Kirgiz, A.C. (eds) Green Marketing in Emerging Markets. Palgrave Studies of Marketing in Emerging Economies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74065-8_11

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Climate change and marketing: a bibliometric analysis of research from 1992 to 2022

Bahar urhan.

Faculty of Communication, Akdeniz University, Konyaalti, 07058 Antalya, Turkey

Sibel Hoştut

İsmail ayşad güdekli, hediye aydoğan, associated data.

All data generated or analyzed for this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Climate change with adverse impacts on the environment, economy, and society requires marketing to change current attitudes and behaviors towards sustainable production and consumption, and thus climate change is interrelated to marketing. However, no body of literature has comprehensively investigated the connections and relationships between climate change and marketing. This study examined such connections and relationships from a bibliometric approach using Web of Science and Scopus databases from 1992 to 2022. The search strategy utilized topic and title/abstract/keyword search. The search query retrieved 1723 documents. VOSviewer and Biblioshiny were utilized to analyze data on authors, keywords, institutions, countries, sources, citations, and co-citations. The findings showed an upward trend in the annual number of publications with the top three most productive countries being the USA, the UK, and Australia and the most productive institutions in the USA, New Zealand, and the UK. The top three author keywords were climate change, sustainability, and marketing. The Sustainability journal ranked first in terms of productivity while Energy Policy in terms of citations. International collaborations were mostly between developed countries also known as Global North Countries, and collaborations between these countries and developing and developed countries should be encouraged. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of documents increased, and research themes altered. Research on energy, innovation, insect farming, and carbon management is a top priority. The results proved that most studies were conducted outside the field of marketing.

Introduction

Unsustainable extraction of natural resources and economic growth due to rapid industrialization pose environmental threats such as global warming and climate change. The world is warming up as the energy going into space decreases with the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and the consequent global warming has eventuated in radical changes in the world’s climate, called climate change. Hand in hand with global warming and other environmental threats, climate change threatens human life and health on vital issues such as drinking water, clean air, food, and shelter. Severely affected by the adverse effects of climate change, people all around the world have become more conscious of this global problem and have settled down to handle it.

The COVID-19 period has advanced public awareness of climate change and the importance of living sustainably. Because of restrictive measures such as lockdowns and movement restriction directives, business and financial operations have been suspended or reduced (Dass 2021 ). Recently, there has been general agreement on the need to reduce resource use, energy consumption, and carbon emissions, but there is no consensus on whether reducing or changing consumption will increase consumers’ contribution to resource conservation. In this context, the sustainable marketing trend incorporates sustainability into basic marketing strategies and actions. Through sustainable marketing, companies can encourage the development of a resource-efficient way of consumption that includes the reduction of consumption and waste and its acceptance by consumers. In this respect, marketing contains potential solutions to some of the sustainability problems encountered today, such as climate change (Calvo-Porral 2019 ), and it has attained several forms like social marketing and green marketing (Vazifehdust et al. 2011 ) which can be considered within the scope of sustainable marketing (Gordon et al. 2011 ; Murphy 2005 ; van Dam and Apeldoorn 1996 ). Sustainable marketing refers to “the process of planning, implementing, and controlling” the marketing mix elements of products by meeting consumer needs, achieving company goals, and adapting this process to ecosystems (Fuller 1999 , p. 4), and places the marketing concept within the sustainable economic development (van Dam and Apeldoorn 1996 , p. 46). It covers marketing activities that contribute to the conservation of biodiversity and persuades consumers that the promoted products/services are produced with renewable energy sources, thus decreasing the rate of greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution. Social marketing is a term first coined by Kotler and Zaltman in 1971 with an emphasis on the marketing mix and process for societal benefits (Kotler and Zaltman 1971 , p. 5) and addresses “the application of commercial marketing technologies to programs designed to influence the voluntary behavior of target audiences to improve their welfare and that of the society of which they are a part” (Andreasen 1994 , p. 110). Some of the key characteristics identified through the analysis of different definitions of the term “social marketing” are that social marketing centers upon voluntary behavior change and that the primary aim of social marketers is to stimulate that change by turning the attention of the consumers onto the benefits gained through behavior change (MacFadyen et al. 2012 , p. 698). In doing so, social marketing points to the benefits not only to consumers, but also to society at large (Bloom and Novelli 1981 , p. 79).

As a holistic and integrated approach, green marketing is a concept in the sustainability literature that constantly re-evaluates how companies achieve their corporate goals and meet consumer needs while minimizing long-term ecological damage stemming from carbon footprint, mis-breeding, or unsustainable food consumption patterns. The concept of green marketing was first discussed in a seminar at the American Marketing Association (AMA) in 1975 and came into literature in the late 1980s (Peattie and Crane 2005 ). One year after, Hennion and Kinnear ( 1976 ) turned the seminar into a book called “Ecological Marketing.” Hence, green marketing finds its basis in the concept of ecological marketing, defined as all marketing activities that help mitigate and restore environmental problems (Hennion and Kinnear 1976 ). Since then, awareness of green marketing has been increasing rapidly, and consumers are responding favorably to brands that promote environmental responsibility. Consumers make their purchasing decisions by considering the environmental and ethical concerns and are more conscious of the environmental and social consequences of their consumption (De Chiara 2016 ). According to a study conducted by First Insight (2019), nearly 90% of Generation X consumers are willing to spend an extra 10% or more for sustainable products. A significant proportion of consumers are willing to pay for sustainability, which shows that there is a market for “green mission-driven” companies and why we are seeing an increase in sustainable companies around the world (Simon-Kucher and Partners 2021 ; Pope, 2021 )

The task of creating a sustainable market is entrusted to the marketing function of commercial organizations. In a sustainable market, it is a priority for consumers to adopt green products, shift their purchasing preferences from traditional products to contemporary green products, and be willing to contribute to the improvement process of ecology. Therefore, the marketing function of commercial organizations plays an important role in promoting cleaner production and sustainable consumption (Kaur et al. 2022 ). The emergence and development of green marketing is associated with an increase in the number of sensitive consumers. Like the concept of green marketing, the concept of green consumer has also taken its place. Brands have also implemented a kind of “green advertising strategy.” Zinkhan and Carlson ( 1995 , p. 1) define green advertising as a type of advertisement in which highly sensitive sustainable ecology-oriented messages are used, to the needs of the consumer, such as environmental concerns and health problems.

Green advertising is a controversial concept, which has been highly disputed in the literature so far. On the one side, it was criticized by some scholars (Carlson et al. 1993 ; Davis 1993 ; de Freitas Netto et al. 2020 ; Fernando et al. 2014 ; Naderer and Opree 2021 ; Parguel and Johnson 2021 ; Polonsky et al. 1998 ) as a misleading and deceptive way of promoting products and/or services with a so-called commitment to the consumers’ sensitivity to the environmental issues by seemingly adhering to the requirements of green consumerism, which means the individual preferences of consumers to use less clustery damaging products/services (Holder 1991 , p. 323), and thus as a way of greenwashing (Furlow 2010 , p. 23; Gephart et al. 2011 , p. 20; Kärnä et al. 2001 , p. 59; Parguel and Johnson 2021 , p. 59; Yılmaz and Baybars 2022 , p. 122). On the other side, some authors (Agarwal and Kumar 2021 ; Iyer and Banerjee 1993 ; Kärnä et al. 2001 ; Segev et al. 2016 ) addressed it as a kind of advertising which companies apply to deliver honest messages and claims regarding their initiatives to lessen the impact of their brands and products on the environment. In this regard, Nguyen Viet and Nguyen Anh ( 2021 ) highlighted the importance of communicating honest and transparent messages through advertising by providing information about the positive impact of advertising on brand trust. When customers see ads, they gain a sense of trust and extend brand expectations (Fernandes et al. 2020 ). Most scholars agree on the crucial role of green advertising in marketing. However, the effectiveness of environmental claims in advertising on consumers’ trust and perception of green advertising remains unclear (Kao and Du 2020 ; Kong and Zhang 2014 ; Schmuck et al. 2018 ; Tee et al. 2022 ; Wang et al. 2020 ).

Another significant contribution to the green marketing literature came from Ottman ( 1993 ), who identified two main goals for green marketing in 1993. The first of these is that products are developed with minimal change to the environment and society and combine the convenience of price/performance with the needs of the consumer. The second goal is to include high quality both because of the features of the products and because the manufacturer acts according to the rules and regulations, because of containing all environmental elements. For green marketing research trends and future projections, five notable predictions and trends drawn from a recent study are the low carbon economy; research from emerging economies; greenwashing; green consumerism; and eco-innovation (Saleem et al. 2021 , p. 17). These trends are important because of their ability to form the basis of what needs to be focused on urgently in the coming periods in integrated marketing activities.

Every act of consumption will have an impact on the environment. In this context, marketing can be used to change consumers’ attitudes and activities. Marketing helps transform the cultural values of consumption to address environmental issues, raises awareness about the environmental impact of consumption, and promotes sustainable ways of consumption. However, the relationship between marketing with sustainability is not very clear. On the one hand, marketing promotes unsustainable demand levels and unsustainable consumption patterns, and, on the other hand, it produces mechanisms to overcome environmental problems. It focuses on promoting increased and unsustainable consumption. From a different perspective, marketing has the power to influence and change the behavior of consumers. Through sustainable marketing, companies integrate sustainability into their core marketing strategies and actions; if product design and development, production, distribution, and promotion are sustainable, consumption and waste can be decreased (Calvo-Porral 2019 , p. 268). Sustainable communication techniques and approaches have been adopted to improve consumer responses to sustainable brands. Several green marketing strategies and tools are used to promote brands’ sustainable characteristics to consumers (Gaspar Ferreira and Fernandes 2022 , p. 20).

The number of academic publications in this field is increasing rapidly, and it is becoming more impossible to be aware of every published research. For this reason, this study aims to present the scientific activities and general trends in climate change and marketing literature with a holistic approach. To provide statistical and factual information, bibliometric analysis was performed on scientific documents exported from the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases for 30 years (1992 and 2022).

Many bibliometric studies (Hu, Becken and He 2022 ; Kovaleva, Filho and Borgemeister 2022 ; Zhong et al. 2022 ; Okolie et al. 2022 ; see Table ​ Table1 1 for other prominent examples) address sustainability and climate change on various subjects. As is evident from the limitation statements of some of the bibliometric studies listed in Table ​ Table1, 1 , previous bibliometric studies lack significant aspects of the field by either extracting documents from a single database, refining the search to only one document type, or considering only a few indexes for analysis. However, this study, separating itself from others by conducting bibliometric analysis of several document types indexed in many indexes on Scopus and WoS, presents an extensive review on climate change and marketing studies, and identifies and monitors developments related to these two concepts. By identifying key and emerging issues, we aim to make a detailed contribution to better understand the climate change and marketing literature and to discuss gaps to be filled by further studies. In line with this purpose, we seek an answer to the following research questions:

Some remarkable interdisciplinary studies on climate change and marketing

• RQ1. What are the main topics discussed in the climate change and marketing literature?
• RQ2. What are the emerging and niche topics to be further addressed in future studies?

Methodology

The study attempts to explain the academic background and general and emerging trends in the climate change and marketing literature. As justified in many other studies (Sweileh 2020 ; Saleem et al. 2021 ; Zhang, Yu and Li 2021 ; Kovaleva, Filho and Borgemeister 2022 ; Kumar Kar and Harichandan 2022 ; Phan Tan 2022 ; Zhong et al. 2022 ), bibliometric analysis is reliable and useful for identifying the main and emerging trends of any discipline or academic field. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to examine the key authors, countries, institutions, publishers, and keywords. The reason for choosing this research method is that the quantitative approach in bibliometric techniques limits subjectivity, is replicable, enables a more exhaustive analysis (Sarkar and Searcy 2016 p. 1425), and serves as a guide to evaluate publication success while explaining the structural dynamics of the study subject (Taddeo et al. 2019 ; Kumar Kar and Harichandan 2022 , p. 2). The use of bibliometrics as a quantitative/statistical method (Saleem et al. 2021 , p. 3) has spread to various disciplines over time and enables researchers observe the emerging and future trends in single or across multiple disciplines.

Data acquisition and search terms

This study analyzes the climate change and marketing literature which encompasses academic studies published between 1992 and 2022. The data were obtained from the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases. The WoS database was used as it covers 20,345 results for bibliometric documents published in 200 categories with information science library science (4625), computer science interdisciplinary applications (2378), environmental sciences (1697), and management (1542) at the top (Clarivate 2022c ). Depending on the scope, databases are multi-disciplinary or subject specific. The most reliable and widely recognized databases for bibliographic data are Clarivate Analytics’ WoS and Scopus (Mongeon and Paul-Hus 2016 ; Garrigos-Simon et al. 2018 ; Tabacaru 2019 ).WoS, created over 115 years ago as the world’s first citation index by Dr. Eugene Garfield (Clarivate 2022b ; Gasparyan et al. 2013 , p. 1271; Kovaleva, Filho and Borgemeister 2022 , p. 727), covers over 254 subject disciplines, more than 18,000 high-impact journals, over 180,000 conference proceedings, and over 80,000 books from around the world (Clarivate 2022a ). Later, Scopus (provided by Elsevier in 2004) was utilized for data extraction since it is a source-neutral abstract and citation database with more than 23,452 peer-reviewed journals, 294 trade publications, and over 852 book series (De Groote and Raszewski 2012 ; Elsevier 2020 ; Faruk, Rahman and Hasan 2021 ).

The data were obtained from the two databases on December 31, 2022, by searching for the “climate change” and “marketing” topic in the WoS database and for “title, abstract, and keywords” search on Scopus. The WoS database search was filtered through eight indexes (Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI); Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI); Conference Proceedings Citation Index–Science (CPCI-S); Conference Proceedings Citation Index–Social Science & Humanities (CPCI-SSH); Book Citation Index–Science (BKCI-S); Book Citation Index–Social Sciences & Humanities (BKCI-SSH); Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI)), with no restrictions on language, year, category, or document type. The search query only included the keywords “climate change” and “marketing.” No synonyms were considered for search query, as previous studies (Huang, Chen and Zhou 2020 ; Faruk, Rahman and Hasan 2021 ; Zhang, Yu and Li 2021 ; Liu et al. 2022 ; Maucuer et al. 2022 ) did in their bibliometric analysis of the literature. This process was carried out in this way to obtain an elaborate and comprehensive overview of the relevant literature instead of narrowing down the literature (Zyoud and Fuchs-Hanusch 2020 ), which in turn will not serve the research aim of this study. Another reason was that the keyword “marketing” cannot be degraded to any of its elements like “advertising,” “sales promotion,” or “pricing” (Blythe 2006 ; de Pelsmacker, Geuens and van den Bergh 2010 ; Belch and Belch 2018 ). Similarly, “climate change” cannot be a synonym of “global warming” since the latter is the cause of the former (Zhong et al. 2022 ).

The search query yielded 895 results on WoS and 1285 results on Scopus. The documents from WoS were extracted to.txt files, and those from Scopus were extracted to .bib files in order to merge into a single .xlsx file using R version 4.2.2 (Sebastian 2022 ). The R codes (Sebastian 2022 ) removed 454 duplicate documents from the merged .xlsx file. After merging the data obtained from databases into a single file, one of the authors checked the file for any other duplicates and removed the documents retracted ( N =2) from the journals and the reprinted ( N =1). Finally, 1723 documents remained for analysis.

Data management and analysis

The use of bibliometrix, an R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis (Aria and Cuccurullo 2017 ) provides an opportunity to present data graphically via category maps. For visualizing, mapping, and analyzing the subject’s framework, identifying current and emerging research topics, and summarizing the most influential scholars and publications (Kumar Kar and Harichandan 2022 , p. 2), Biblioshiny was used. Also, VOSviewer was applied to perform co-citation and bibliographic coupling analyses and visualize the bibliometric networks (van Eck et al. 2010 ; Ding 2019 ; Chistov et al. 2021 ). Co-citation analysis is a technique for quantifying the relationships and connections between articles (van Eck and Waltman 2014 ). It is conducted to analyze and visualize the relationships between author’s publications in a specific field and to create clusters of documents (Griffith et al. 1974 ; Mas-Tur et al. 2021 ; Small 1973 ). A co-citation occurs when a third publication cites two publications at the same time, and the strength of the co-citation relationship between these two publications increases as the number of publications citing these two publications increases (van Eck and Waltman 2014 ; Phan Tan 2022 ). Therefore, co-citations can identify key publications as well as distinct themes (Small 1973 ; Garfield 1979 ; Frerichs and Teichert 2021 ; Phan Tan 2022 ). Unlike co-citation analysis, which refers to one type of relationship in bibliometric networks, bibliographic coupling deals with the overlap in the reference lists of publications and occurs when two different publications cite the same third publication (Kessler 1963 ; Mas-Tur et al. 2021 ), and the bibliographic coupling relations between the publications increase in proportion to the number of references that the two publications use in common (Kessler 1963 ; van Eck and Waltman 2014 ; Phan Tan 2022 ). Through bibliographic coupling, the potential research themes can be identified (Phan Tan 2022 ).

Results and discussion

Over the past three decades, 1723 documents on the topic of “climate change” and “marketing” have been published by 4944 authors in 1007 sources. Publications were mainly in the form of research articles (66.5%), followed by review articles (9.8%), proceeding papers (9.7%), book chapters (7.6%), and editorial materials, notes, books, short survey, and letters (6.4%) (Table ​ (Table2 2 ).

Details of the search conducted, and information generated through WoS and Scopus databases

The languages of the publications varied greatly. They were mostly published in English ( N =1688), followed by German ( N =13), Spanish ( N =9), French ( N =4), Chinese ( N =2), Italian ( N =2), Portuguese ( N =2), Bosnian ( N =1), Czech ( N =1), Dutch ( N =1), Finnish ( N =1), Japanese ( N =1), Korean ( N =1), Persian ( N =1), Russian ( N =1), Slovenian ( N =1), and Turkish ( N =1). It was also noteworthy that some papers ( N = 6) were written multilingually. Although the analysis points to a wide variety of languages and even multilingualism, English has been the dominant language as it is accepted as a universal language. In this case, as Morton ( 2007 ) points out, languages other than English should be included at a higher level to broaden the debate in the literature.

The most common authorship pattern is single authorship ( N =483), followed by the collaboration of two authors ( N =411), three authors ( N =279), four authors ( N =217), and five authors ( N =122). Although the number of single-author publications is the highest, it can be said that authors prefer to work collaboratively (72%) rather than individually (28%), when all alternatives to teamwork are considered. The number of authors of publications varies, such as an article with 41 authors, an editorial document with 29 authors, a compilation with 26 authors, a letter with 22 authors, two book chapters with 18 authors, a note with 15 authors, or a conference paper with 14 authors.

The authors used 4761 different keywords and 79,744 references with an average of 20 citations per document. The following subsections are presented to uncover the existing knowledge composition of this field.

Scientific publications by year and document type

Climate change is not a new issue, but it is a bigger threat than ever before. The number of publications by year can be evaluated in three stages with the cumulative percentage shown in Fig. ​ Fig.1. 1 . The first stage, 1992–1998, covers the period with limited single-digit documents, probably issued in 1992 under the influence of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an international agreement to combat climate change, or the Kyoto Protocol, signed in 1997 as a result of the negotiations started in 1995 in order to strengthen the global response to climate change, to set joint efforts and binding targets (UNFCCC, 2020b ). The seriousness of the issue and its place on the agenda of countries, international organizations, and NGOs were reflected in the research of many scientists. The number of papers published in the second period from 1999 to 2016 reached double-digits, with 27 times more publications than in the previous stage. A significant development took place in 2007. In 2007, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and former US Vice President Al Gore for their efforts to raise awareness and to establish foundations for interventions of human-caused climate change (UN, 2007 ). In the third phase from 2017 to 2022, publications reached a boom period with annual triple-digit publications accounting for 53.05% (914 documents) of the total publications. Ding ( 2019 , p. 455) named the second stage, when the first studies were carried out as the embryonic stage, as the seed time and the third stage, when the explosion occurred, as the blossom stage.

Annual scientific growth with cumulative percentage of publications

Although there is a decrease in the number of publications in 2022, the non-linear continuous increase in the number of cumulative publications indicates that publications will continue to increase in the future. This is a sign of the related field as a growing field, which attracts the attention of scholars from various disciplines.

The earliest publications found in the Scopus database were Nepstad et al.’s study ( 1992 ) that drew the attention to the impoverishment of the Amazon forests and Skea’s study ( 1993 ) that highlighted the market-based tools for greenhouse gas control. Although the number of publications fluctuated over the years, the general publication trend has increased continuously since 2014 ( N =69).

Scholars’ recent interest in climate change and marketing can also be reported for the citation analysis of the field. The chronological order of the publications from WoS and Scopus databases with citation movements is shown in Fig. ​ Fig.2. 2 . While the number of publications in the Scopus database was consistently higher until 2015 (excluding 2012), this situation turned in favor of the WoS database in 2016, and the number of publications continued steadily (2021: TP Scopus 30.7%, TP WoS 69.3%). Although in WoS more publications were found than in Scopus, the number of citations occurred lower. An opposite situation has been found for Scopus. Although the number of publications is less in Scopus, the number of total citations is higher (59%) than in WoS (41%).

Annual scientific growth with citation movements

Productivity among scientists

Lotka’s law ( 1926 , p. 321) is a well-known scientific productivity law by which patterns of productivity among scientists in a specific field and timeline can be studied. By law, the proportion of all contributors to a single item should be just over 60%.

According to the results shown in Fig. ​ Fig.3, 3 , a total of 4944 authors wrote 1723 documents, of which 4578 have published only one publication (92.71% of the total). Distribution is based primarily on diversification by the number of authors, not the concentration of publications on the few most prolific authors. The authors’ productivity was as such 282 authors with two publications, 48 authors with three publications, 15 authors with four publications, nine authors with five publications, one author with six publications, two authors with seven publications, one author with eight publications, and one author with 12 publications. The authors of 37 studies were not included in this analysis, as they were not disclosed.

Top prolific authors and citations

Table ​ Table3 3 indicates that C.M Hall is the most prolific author in the climate change and marketing research with 12 publications, 604 total citations, a citation impact of 50.33, and an 11 h-index. The h-index (Hirsch Index) measures an author’s productivity and impact; in this case, it is the highest value since 2013. His first year of publication (FYP) dates back to 2013.However, the ranking of authors after C.M. Hall varies between indicators. Subsequent authors are D. Scott (8 publications), S. Gössling, J.A. Kemper, and L. Eagle. A list of all researchers with at least 5 publications is presented in the table below. All listed authors, except Scott D. (in 2001), have recently made their first publications.

Authors with the highest total number of publications and citations

After C.M. Hall, the list of the most prolific authors includes D. Scott with eight publications, S. Gössling and J.A. Kemper with seven publications each, and L. Eagle with six publications as the most prolific authors. S. Gössling, who made his first publication in the field in 2012, is the author with the highest citation index (CI=67.00). This indicates that the most prolific and cited authors are from the developed countries that allocate more funds and support to actions against climate change (Sweileh 2020 ).

Top Cited Publications

The most cited articles (see Table ​ Table4 4 for a full list) cover issues related to environmental governance, climate change, carbon emissions, disease and health management, green consumption, and sustainable consumer behavior and marketing. The review by Lemos and Agrawal ( 2006 ) received the highest number of total citations (TC=1080), while White et al.’s ( 2019a ) study published in the Journal of Marketing achieved the highest total citation score per year (TCpY= 78.40). The limited research linking business adaptation and climate change mitigation through the lens of marketing strategies (Deo and Prasad 2022 ) can be seen in the sources where the most frequently cited studies are published. Only one out of 10 sources is a marketing journal. However, the authors listed in this table are not among the authors with the highest number of publications. A comparison of Tables ​ Tables3 3 and ​ and4 4 shows that the most prolific authors do not always coincide with the most cited ones. This may be because previously published articles receive much more citations than recently published articles. (Lopez-Fernandez et al. 2016 , p. 628).

Summary information of the most cited publications

PT publication type, RV review, RA research article, PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Table ​ Table4 4 also presents interesting findings in terms of the relationship between the publication type and citation levels. It can be concluded that research articles, unlike others (Ketcham and Crawford 2007 ; Miranda and Garcia-Carpintero 2018 ; Sweileh 2020 ) claimed, can receive as much attention and citation from scientists as the review papers. In terms of keywords, the following table includes keywords from various disciplines, from agriculture to forestry, from business management to chemistry, and political science, highlighting the interdisciplinary aspect of the subject. Nevertheless, this interdisciplinarity is missing in most of the publications since they are predominantly discipline-specific, and as Ciscar et al. ( 2011 ) and Peattie ( 2010 ) point out, more interdisciplinary scientific production is needed to cover the relevant issues of marketing and climate change comprehensively and in detail.

Top productive sources

Bradford’s Law (1934) was applied to analyze the productivity of the journals with the highest publication frequency ranked as core journals. By law, there are in any case very few, but productive journals (called Zone 1 or the core zone), a larger number of moderately productive journals (Zone 2), and an even larger number of constantly decreasing productivity (Zone 3) (Bradford 1985 , p. 176). The top journals in Zone 1 can be described as the concentrated journals that are repeatedly cited in the literature on climate change and marketing and are therefore of the highest interest to researchers working in this field.

As shown in Fig. ​ Fig.4, 4 , Zone 1 represents 77 journals (7,6%), Zone 2 represents 363 journals (36,1%), and Zone 3 represents 567 journals (56,3%).The first four core publishing journals are Sustainability (published by MDPI-CH) , Energy Policy, and Journal of Cleaner Production (both published by Elsevier-UK), and Climatic Change (published by Springer-NL). All four are in the first quartile (Q1) or the top 25% of a subject area. Table ​ Table5 5 presents the 20 top journals along with their number of total publication (TP), total citation (TC), impact factor (IF), and journal quartile (Q) to understand the impact and efficiency of the sources. The Sustainability journal ranks first with 50 publications, but in terms of total citation, Energy Policy ( N =71,532) surpasses other sources of publications. Seven of the listed 20 sources address climate change issues in marketing-related journals and books listed as Zone 1: the Journal of Destination Marketing & Management , Journal of Macromarketing , Psychology & Marketing , Journal of Public Policy & Marketing , Journal of Social Marketing , Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science , and Journal of Marketing Management. 5.9% of all sources ( N =1007) (journals N =45, books N =11, and conference proceedings N =3) related to climate change and marketing were published in marketing-related journals. This finding supports Hall’s ( 2018 , p. 3) explanation that the vast majority of research on climate change and marketing takes place outside the field of marketing. However, as Morton ( 2007 ) argues, an interdisciplinary approach should be adopted in order to come up with robust solutions and actions, and scientists working in the field of climate change should produce productive results by incorporating the knowledge and experience of marketing academics into their work.

Core sources within the relevant literature

Top sources with the highest number of total publications and total citations

Top influential countries and institutions

According to Table ​ Table6, 6 , the USA produced an extraordinary rate of 19.21% of publications (TP=331) and similarly received an impressive number of citations (TC=7701) over the years. This is followed by the UK with 10.67% (TP=184; TC=5524) and Australia with 8.53% (TP=147; TC=2938). However, it should also be noted that the UK has the highest citation impact rate of 30.02. Other countries with a high number of publications and citations are Germany, India, Canada, China, Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands. Most of the top ten influential countries contributing to the relevant literature include the well-developed Global North Countries, with the exception of India. The underlying reason may be that the developed countries in the Global North have been assigned by the UNFCCC as the leading countries to battle against climate change through sustainable marketing implementations (Sachs 2001 ). The list also includes six countries (USA, China, the European Union, Russia, India, and Japan) identified by the World Bank as those emitting the largest quantity of CO2 into the atmosphere (Sengupta 2008 ). Among the countries in the list, the only developing country is India. The reason why it takes part in the list can be that the social and economic outcomes of the climate change exert an enormous influence on the livelihoods of nearly two-thirds of the Indians. As a country in the hotspot of climate change (Brenkert and Malone 2005 ; Sengupta 2008 ; Swain 2014 ; Sarkar and Borah 2018 ) and with mostly climate-sensitive sectors (agriculture, forestry, etc.), India has a special budget for understanding the climate change risks and adaptation strategies (Agrawal 2010 ; Ganguly and Panda 2010 ; Kumar Sharma 2015 ).

Top ten influential countries and productive institutions

Alongside countries, the Michigan State University takes the lead as the most prominent institution with a total number of 33 publications followed by the University of Canterbury ( N =27), the Cardiff University ( N =24), and the University of Queensland ( N =24). Other productive institutions are the University of Waterloo, the Charles Sturt University, the James Cook University, the University of Oulu, the Griffith University, and the Deakin University. This can be considered again as an indication that the institutions in the Global North show a high level of interest in research on climate change and marketing issues.

Seventy-three countries were involved in the publication of climate change and marketing research. When the contributions of the countries to the climate change and marketing literature are examined, the dominance of the USA is clearly seen both within 30 years and in the last two years. This supports the findings of previous literature (Haunschild, Bornmann and Marx 2016 ; Pasgaard et al. 2015 )

Figure ​ Figure5 5 shows that collaborations between countries are predominantly between the USA, the UK, China, Australia, and Scandinavia. Specific collaborations are between the USA and Australia ( N =14), the USA and China ( N =12), Australia and the UK ( N =11), New Zealand and Finland ( N =9), the UK and Germany ( N =9), and the USA and the UK ( N =9). Other notable collaborations include Australia and China ( N =8), Sweden and New Zealand ( N =8), the UK and Norway (N=8), and the USA and Canada ( N =8). The analysis between countries in Africa, Russia, Asia, and the rest of the world does not provide effective cooperation. This clearly indicates that intellectual cooperation is mostly concentrated among the developed countries and that the countries located in Africa, South America, and Asia (except from China) are left out of the scientific collaboration in the related literature. One possible explanation for this could be that the exclusion of these regions is due to the limited funding, scientific expertise, and the unstable political situation, as Sweileh ( 2020 ) claims. Interestingly, the finding that only China as an Asian country takes place in the collaborating countries list supports previous research (Aleixandre-Benavent et al. 2017 ; Haunschild, Bornmann and Marx 2016 ) which stated that the collaboration of China and other countries lies in the changes in the climate change policy and attitudes of the Chinese government. However, this finding is also interesting as India as an Asian country is listed among the top ten prolific countries, but there is no significant collaboration between India and other countries. In this regard, Pasgaard et al. ( 2015 ) discovered the presence of imbalances and divisions in different geographies in terms of the intellectual production in the climate change literature and found collaborations among the developed countries and collaborations between India and Pakistan. Furthermore, Goodale et al. ( 2022 ) emphasized that although both India and China are Asian countries with similar climate change problems, they often cooperate with other developed countries, but lack common intellectual networks, and recommended joint projects and regional collaboration in terms of scientific production. Although it is realized that collaborations are mostly between the developed countries, establishing cooperations between developed and developing countries will contribute more to the literature since climate change and marketing are topics on the agenda of all countries in order to develop a sustainable world. These are common issues that need to be addressed by all countries in the world (Fig. ​ (Fig.5 5 ).

Country collaboration map

Keywords and themes

The authors producing papers in the current literature on climate change and marketing used various keywords. The ten most used author keywords are climate change ( N =280), sustainability ( N =103), marketing ( N =62), social marketing ( N =43), adaptation ( N =39), sustainable development ( N =32), tourism ( N =32), food security ( N =31), green marketing ( N =31), and environment ( N =29). As expected, “climate change” and “marketing” as author keywords were the main drivers of publications, and the other author keywords indicated that this topic generated more research on sustainability, food, and environmental issues (green marketing, environment). Adaptation was also a popular author keyword, probably because of the scholars’ interest in answering the question of whether societies are ready for the issues related to climate change and whether they can adapt to the conditions originated from climate change problems. To help societies adapt to climate change issues (Peattie 2010 ; Didiek Wiet Aryanto and Vega Paramitadevi 2018 ), scholars in the life sciences need to engage and collaborate with those working in the social sciences, as Biesbroek et al. ( 2013 ) stated in their study. It can be considered that it yielded the popularity of the keyword “social marketing.” Just like societies, the necessity of organizations to be sensitive to the environment has directed the attention of the scientists to the issues of environment and green marketing (Chanprateep 2010 ). Furthermore, as Sweileh ( 2020 ) contended, there is a strong interrelation between agriculture and climate change; thus, agriculture-related issues gained importance. This has caused scientists to pay more attention to “food security.” Tourism has also been a hot topic in the relevant literature, since climate change-related problems have the potential to alter the tourism patterns, and as an economic issue of great importance for the societies (Borland and Paliwoda 2011 ; Ciscar et al. 2011 ; Calvo-Porral 2019 ; Rume and Islam 2020 ; Fu and Waltman 2022 ), tourism research has shown interest to the climate change and marketing literature.

The interaction of the keywords can also be tracked in Fig. ​ Fig.6, 6 , which shows the niche, motor, emerging/declining, and basic themes of the relevant literature. As can be deduced from the figure, the themes “climate change,” “adaptation,” and “tourism” are basic as well as emerging themes; however, the motor themes are “food security,” “agriculture,” and “climate,” and this supports Sweileh’s ( 2020 ) view that asserts that climate change and agriculture are interrelated. In this context, the niche themes of “marketing,” “consumption,” and “conservation” denote to the importance of the marketing’s role in changing consumers’ behavior towards sustainable consumption, while social marketing’s role in reinforcing consumers’ attitude and behavior towards energy efficiency and renewable energy loses attention, despite its still being a niche theme. Therefore, the scholars working in this field are recommended that they direct their attention to the “marketing,” “consumption,” and “conservation” issues.

Themes within the relevant literature

It was indicated that there was a boom in the number of publications in 2021 (Fig. ​ (Fig.7). 7 ). By selecting 2020 as the cut-off year, a comparison was made to understand how the author keywords evolved before and after the peak year. While the main trend before 2020 was mostly on climate change, marketing, and social marketing (Moser 2010 ), it has turned into marketing, climate change, sustainability, COVID-19, and social marketing within the last 3 years. While the keyword “climate change” dominated in the first period, it lost ground to marketing by also being replaced by the keyword “sustainability.” Similarly, the keyword “social marketing” was used less frequently in the last 3 years and has been replaced by the umbrella keyword “marketing.” Within the last 3 years, probably due to the COVID-19 pandemic, “sustainability” gained more importance, and the marketing research focused more on pandemic-related issues. This consolidated the views of recent papers (Fuentes et al. 2020 ; Rume and Didar-Ul Islam 2020 ; Mende and Misra 2021 ; Selmi et al. 2022 ) on the interrelationship between COVID-19, sustainability, and climate change. Selmi et al. ( 2022 ) asserted that amid the rising anxiety of the pandemic, societies attempted to tackle the health-related problems while focusing on the green investments and yielded to hazardous climate actions to rebuild the global economy, which in turn resulted in unsustainable development. To sum up, although “climate change” and “marketing” in general dominated in the first period, the COVID-19 pandemic in the second period led to the field to change its direction.

Evolution of author keywords throughout the years (CY: 2020; Algorithm: Leading-Eigenvalues)

Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on the relevant literature, it is evident in Fig. ​ Fig.8 8 that the field has two main strands: “Climate Change” and “Marketing.” The topic dendrogram (created through the multiple correspondence analysis of 45 author keywords) is comprised of two main strands and five main clusters. The first strand (red) refers to the climate change orientation of the field in general. However, the second strand has two main paths: “climate change and marketing issues” (blue) and “marketing orientations,” which consists of three clusters. The three clusters point to the “social marketing orientation” (green), “green marketing orientation” (purple), and “sustainable marketing orientation” (orange), respectively. The “climate change and marketing issues” path includes the keywords “resilience,” “vulnerability,” “food security,” “policy,” “water,” “adaptation,” “agriculture,” “mitigation,” and “drought.” This path highlights the marketing and climate change resilience and adaptation issues mostly focusing on agriculture (also linked to water and drought issues), and this supports the previous studies (Peattie 2010 ; Ciscar et al. 2011 ; Sweileh 2020 ) that climate change-related issues cannot be separated from the agricultural issues and that marketing research is linked with climate change and agriculture. The “marketing orientations” path is divided into three main marketing-related clusters. The first one (green) contains the author keywords “communication,” “social,” “energy efficiency,” “nutrition,” “production,” “renewable energy,” “behavior change,” “energy,” “social media,” “conservation,” “consumption,” “marketing,” “segmentation,” “social marketing,” and “biodiversity.” Social marketing deals with the marketing actions attempting to change individuals’ attitudes and behavior toward desired actions (Halady and Rao, 2010 ; Peattie 2010 ). In this regard, it can be stated that the relevant literature mostly focuses on social marketing actions to change consumers’ behavior in terms of energy and nutrition consumption and production and conservation of biodiversity through social media marketing activities. The second orientation “green marketing” (purple) is mostly related to the marketing activities of organizations for a sustainable environment. It can be clearly seen from the topic dendrogram figure that this orientation includes the keywords “green marketing,” “sustainable consumption,” “sustainable development,” and “innovation,” and this underlines the efforts of green marketing activities to enable sustainable development through initiating sustainable consumption and using innovative solutions. The last cluster (orange) refers to “sustainable marketing,” which has three main dimensions: “social dimension” (focusing on the society and its well-being of the society), “environmental dimension” (focusing on the organizations’ activities and contributions to the environment), and “economic dimension” (focusing on the value generation and financial performance of organizations) (Maibach, Roser-Renouf and Leiserowitz 2008 ; Peattie, Peattie and Ponting 2009 ; Chanprateep 2010 ; Pomering 2017 ; Thomas, 2018 ; Lučić 2020 ). One of the influential keywords in this cluster is India and global warming. It is evident from the figure that the sustainable marketing research concentrates mostly on the interrelationship between global warming and India in terms of climate change and marketing mostly because India is a major producer of global greenhouse gas emissions leading to its hazardous contribution to the global warming and hereby climate change (Billett 2010 ).

Topic dendrogram of author keywords

Co-citation and bibliographic coupling

The co-citation network of the relevant literature was created on VOSviewer by narrowing down the initial list of 1723 publications to a list of 66 publications with at least 20 citations. In the co-citation network map (Fig. ​ (Fig.9), 9 ), the size of the circles within the clusters refers to the numbers of citations the publications received, and the thickness of each line indicates the strength of the citations. The distance between the circles denotes the co-citation relationships (Phan Tan 2022 ). As is evident from Fig. ​ Fig.9, 9 , four clusters emerge. One of the authors carefully read each publication and named the clusters in accordance with the common themes which the publications within each cluster refer to.

Co-citation network map

The first cluster (red) covers publications focusing on topics related to tourism, transportation, and environmental sustainability and the link between these topics and social marketing. It is dominated by the studies of Barr and Gössling. While Barr concentrates on environmental sustainability, Gössling conducts mainly tourism research. The second cluster (green) is comprised of publications on the theory and method in the field of marketing and climate change. The first three remarkable publications with the highest number of links in this cluster are Ajzen ( 1991 ), Stern ( 2000 ), and Kollmuss and Agyeman ( 2002 ). The third cluster (blue) includes publications related to the issue of sustainable marketing. The three most dominant publications in this cluster are Steg and Vlek ( 2009 ), Goldstein, Cialdini, and Griskevicius ( 2008 ), and McKenzie-Mohr ( 2011 ). Lastly, the fourth cluster (yellow) is a collection of publications focusing on the issues related to climate change risks, adaptation, mitigation, and marketing. These are mostly reports and working papers. The top three notable publications in this cluster are Thøgersen and Crompton ( 2009 ), Kotler ( 2011 ), and Braun and Clarke ( 2006 ).

The bibliographic coupling network was also created on VOSviewer by narrowing down the corpus of 1723 publications to a final corpus of 98 publications with at least 50 citations. The analysis yielded seven main clusters. The first cluster (red) consisting of 21 publications is related to sustainable marketing and related issues. The second cluster (green) with 20 publications refers to digital marketing, behavior change, and green consumption. The third cluster (blue) comprised of 18 publications is about destination marketing, tourism, and climate change risks and adaptation. The fourth cluster (yellow) with 14 publications denotes to agriculture, aquaculture, and environmental governance. The fifth cluster (purple) which includes 11 publications is related to energy and innovation. The sixth cluster (light blue) with eight publications is centered around food security, poisoning, and insect farming. Finally, the seventh cluster (orange) is formed by six publications focusing on carbon management, carbon footprint, and hydropower (Fig. ​ (Fig.10 10 ).

Bibliographic coupling network

Phan Tan ( 2022 ) suggests that comparing co-citation themes and bibliographic coupling themes helps researchers reveal the emerging trend topics in the relevant literature. Drawing upon this suggestion, four co-citation themes and seven bibliographic coupling themes were compared. As a result of this comparison, three main trending topics are identified. One trending topic is carbon footprint, carbon management, and hydropower. This trending topic, which is closely related to the tourism field, is drawing attention as growing global tourism activities result in high levels of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions (Gössling, Scott and Hall 2015 ; Gössling et al. 2023 ). Another trending topic is energy innovation, which should be enhanced to reduce the climate change risks (Popp 2020 ). In this regard, innovating energy which is clean is important for the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency, but also significant for combatting against the problems of climate change as climate change gains its strength also from types of energy production systems, resulting in global warming and environmental unsustainability. Thus, encouraging clean energy use and production is of great importance, and this can be possible through attitude and behavior change, which can be triggered through marketing activities. In this scope, this is a new terrain of research for further studies. Finally, one of the interesting trending topics is the edible insect farming. It is considered as an advantage against the food insecurity problems caused by the climate change and global warming. In this regard, edible insects can be used as a feed source (van Huis and Oonincx 2017 ; Sweileh 2020 ; Moruzzo, Mancini and Guidi 2021 ). So, future research can focus on such topics (insect farming, energy innovation, carbon management, etc.) in relation to climate change and marketing.

The bibliometric analysis enables researchers to comprehensively evaluate the field of research in which they are scholarly interested. This research allowed the authors to make visible the invisible state and development of climate change and marketing research. According to the study, climate change and marketing research has gained enormous impact in the literature and has received significant interest from more than 2000 scholars. Here, the author with the highest rate of publication appears to be C. Michael Hall, and the proceeding paper by Morton ( 2007 ) is outscored as the most cited publication. The geographical location of the countries that contribute significantly to climate change and marketing studies are the USA, the UK, and Australia. Effective collaborations are dominantly between the USA and Australia, the USA and China, Australia and the UK.

Various institutions from different countries contribute to the research; however, the main institutions are mostly from Australia. The most common document types are articles and proceedings papers, respectively, but, within the last 2 years, authors’ interest in proceedings has waned. The analyses reveal research clusters that form the core and periphery of the research area. The most common keywords and themes—namely, climate change, sustainability, and marketing—play a basic role in the literature followed by sustainable development, green marketing, and environmental issues. These keywords and themes also clarify the high number of publications in the journals Sustainability , Journal of Cleaner Production , and Journal of Sustainable Tourism . The themes which are “social marketing analysis,” “renewable energy,” “conservation,” and “consumption,” as emerging themes need more focus, and energy innovation and efficiency, insect farming, food security, and carbon management showed up as a new area of research, which requires also more concentration from authors in the field. A look at the ten most frequently referenced publications also provides an initial insight into the leading keywords and themes in climate change and marketing research.

Some limitations of the current study also warrant mention. First, the publications were extracted from only two databases—Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus. Although WoS and Scopus are regarded as the two of the most comprehensive databases for bibliometric analysis on various topics, the size of the publications covered in the analysis may not be adequate to represent the related literature. Further studies should be conducted to provide a more comprehensive map of research in the field of climate change and marketing by analyzing the publications available in other databases. Second, the topic search on WoS and Scopus was based on the English language; that is, the keywords used for the search on WoS and Scopus were solely English. Thus, this study did not cover the publications with titles, abstracts, and keywords in other languages published in journals indexed by WoS and Scopus, and further studies are recommended for the bibliometric analysis of research in other languages. Finally, the results were based on the tests and analyses inherent in the statistical programs—VOSviewer and Biblioshiny—used for bibliometric analysis in the current study, and further studies are invited to use other programs for bibliometric analysis to reveal related results. Despite these limitations, the study provides valuable information and guidance on emerging trends in climate change and the marketing literature and provides inspiration for future research.

Author contribution

Conceptualization and design: SH and HA

Formal analysis: HA and SH

Visualization: HA

Data curation: SH and HA

Writing—original draft preparation: BU and AG

Writing—review and editing: SH and HA

Supervision: BU and AG

Data availability

Declarations.

Not applicable

The authors declare no competing interests.

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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What Is Green Marketing?

• How It Works
• Green Marketing FAQs
• Sustainable Investing
• Socially Responsible Investing

What Is Green Marketing? Definition, Example and How It Works

Yarilet Perez is an experienced multimedia journalist and fact-checker with a Master of Science in Journalism. She has worked in multiple cities covering breaking news, politics, education, and more. Her expertise is in personal finance and investing, and real estate.

Investopedia / Joules Garcia

Green marketing refers to the practice of developing and advertising products based on their real or perceived environmental sustainability. 

Examples of green marketing include advertising the reduced emissions associated with a product’s manufacturing process, or the use of post-consumer recycled materials for a product's packaging. Some companies also may market themselves as being environmentally-conscious companies by donating a portion of their sales proceeds to environmental initiatives, such as tree planting.

Key Takeaways

• Green marketing describes a company's efforts to advertise the environmental sustainability of its business practices.
• The emergence of a consumer population that is becoming increasingly concerned with environmental and social factors has led to green marketing becoming an important component of corporate public relations.
• One criticism of green marketing practices is that they tend to favor large corporations that can absorb the additional costs entailed by these programs.
• Smaller businesses may not be able to shoulder the high-cost burden of green marketing, but this isn't to say, they cannot.
• Greenwashing occurs when a company states it is involved in environmental endeavors but it turns out the claims can't be substantiated.

How Green Marketing Works

Green marketing is one component of a broader movement toward socially and environmentally conscious business practices. Increasingly, consumers have come to expect companies to demonstrate their commitment to improving their operations alongside various environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria. To that end, many companies will distribute social impact statements on an ongoing basis, in which they periodically self-report their progress toward these goals.

Typical examples of ESG-related improvements include the reduction of carbon emissions involved in a company’s operations, the maintenance of high labor standards both domestically and throughout international supply chains , and philanthropic programs designed to support the communities in which the company operates. Although green marketing refers specifically to environmental initiatives, these efforts are increasingly presented alongside social and corporate governance policies as well. 

When a company’s green marketing activities are not substantiated by significant investments or operational changes, it may be criticized for false or misleading advertising. This practice is also sometimes referred to as greenwashing , and the fines and negative press can be tremendous. For example, on April 8, 2022, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) made a public announcement that it was issuing a $5.5 million penalty via its Penalty Offense Authority to Kohl's Inc. ($2.5 million) and Walmart, Inc. ($3 million) due to their deceptive environmental claims about rayon products. This is the largest civil penalty in FTC history.

There are many incentives for companies that choose to engage in green marketing. To begin with, a companies’ perceived commitment to environmental causes is an increasingly important factor influencing many consumers' spending habits.

Example of Green Marketing

Starbucks is often cited as a leader in green marketing practices. The company has invested heavily in various social and environmental initiatives in recent years. For example, in a 2018 report, Starbucks reported that it had committed over $140 million to the development of renewable energy sources . The company purchases enough renewable energy to power all of its company-operated stores throughout North America and the United Kingdom.

Similarly, the company has made investments in social impact projects through initiatives such as the Starbucks College Achievement Plan. Through this project, many U.S.-based Starbucks employees who work more than 20 hours a week on average are eligible to receive fully-paid tuition to the online undergraduate degree program offered by Arizona State University. This project, as well as similar commitments in areas related to the employment of veterans, have formed an important part of Starbucks’ green marketing initiatives.

From an investor's point of view, these kinds of green marketing initiatives can prove essential in building and maintaining a valuable brand, particularly for consumer-facing companies such as Starbucks. However, some critics argue that green marketing can exacerbate the existing advantages of larger companies at the expense of their small or mid-sized competitors.

After all, implementing robust social or environmental programs often involves additional overhead costs . For large companies, these costs can easily be borne and may even form part of the company’s existing marketing budget. For smaller companies, however, the addition of these costs may significantly impair the profitability or viability of the business.

What Is Greenwashing?

Greenwashing is when a company makes claims about its positive environmental endeavors but is misleading the public about them, or outright lying. If a company's green marketing activities are found to be false, the company may be hit with heavy penalties and bad press.

What Are Some Green Companies?

Starbucks, Patagonia, and Burts Bees are all active in green marketing due to the high level of positive ecological and social programs that these companies support.

What Is an Example of Green Marketing?

Green marketing focuses on myriad environmentally friendly policies and initiatives that illuminate products and services that are more beneficial (or at least less harmful) to the environment than other products.

Federal Trade Commission. " FTC Uses Penalty Offense Authority to Seek Largest-Ever Civil Penalty for Bogus Bamboo Marketing from Kohl’s and Walmart ."

Starbucks. " This Store Is Powered by Sunshine’: Solar and Wind Power Fuel Starbucks Stores ."

Starbucks. " Starbucks 2019: Global Social Impact Report ," Page 7.

Starbucks. " Education: Careers, Future Leaders Start Here ."

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Electronic Green Journal

Green Marketing: A Study of Consumer Perception and Preferences in India

• Bhatia, Mayank ;

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Concerns have been expressed by manufacturers and customers about the environmental impact of products during recent decades. Consumers and manufacturers have directed their attention toward environment friendly products that are presumed to be “green” or environment friendly like low power consuming (energy-efficient) electrical appliances, organic foods, lead free paints, recyclable paper, and phosphate free detergents. Indian marketers are also realizing the importance of the Green Marketing Concept. Although a variety of research on green marketing has been conducted across the globe; little academic research on consumer perception and preferences has been carried out in India. This research provides a brief review of environmental issues and identifies the green values of the consumers, their level of awareness about environmental issues, green products and practices. This paper highlights the consumers’ perception and preferences towards green marketing practices and products with the help of a structured questionnaire. A study was conducted on 106 respondents. High level of awareness about green marketing practices and products was found among the consumers. Green values were also found to be high among the respondents. Research has given good insights for marketers of the green products and suggests the need of designing the marketing communication campaigns promoting green products due to high green value among the consumers. Results of regression analysis reveals the view that overall green values, awareness about green products and practices and the perception regarding seriousness of marketing companies towards green marketing had positive significant impact on consumer persuasion to buy and prefer green products over conventional products.

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Global Energy Crisis

How the energy crisis started, how global energy markets are impacting our daily life, and what governments are doing about it

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What is the energy crisis?

Record prices, fuel shortages, rising poverty, slowing economies: the first energy crisis that's truly global.

Energy markets began to tighten in 2021 because of a variety of factors, including the extraordinarily rapid economic rebound following the pandemic. But the situation escalated dramatically into a full-blown global energy crisis following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The price of natural gas reached record highs, and as a result so did electricity in some markets. Oil prices hit their highest level since 2008. 

Higher energy prices have contributed to painfully high inflation, pushed families into poverty, forced some factories to curtail output or even shut down, and slowed economic growth to the point that some countries are heading towards severe recession. Europe, whose gas supply is uniquely vulnerable because of its historic reliance on Russia, could face gas rationing this winter, while many emerging economies are seeing sharply higher energy import bills and fuel shortages. While today’s energy crisis shares some parallels with the oil shocks of the 1970s, there are important differences. Today’s crisis involves all fossil fuels, while the 1970s price shocks were largely limited to oil at a time when the global economy was much more dependent on oil, and less dependent on gas. The entire word economy is much more interlinked than it was 50 years ago, magnifying the impact. That’s why we can refer to this as the first truly global energy crisis.

Some gas-intensive manufacturing plants in Europe have curtailed output because they can’t afford to keep operating, while in China some have simply had their power supply cut. In emerging and developing economies, where the share of household budgets spent on energy and food is already large, higher energy bills have increased extreme poverty and set back progress towards achieving universal and affordable energy access. Even in advanced economies, rising prices have impacted vulnerable households and caused significant economic, social and political strains.

Climate policies have been blamed in some quarters for contributing to the recent run-up in energy prices, but there is no evidence. In fact, a greater supply of clean energy sources and technologies would have protected consumers and mitigated some of the upward pressure on fuel prices.

Russia's invasion of Ukraine drove European and Asian gas prices to record highs

Evolution of key regional natural gas prices, june 2021-october 2022, what is causing it, disrupted supply chains, bad weather, low investment, and then came russia's invasion of ukraine.

Energy prices have been rising since 2021 because of the rapid economic recovery, weather conditions in various parts of the world, maintenance work that had been delayed by the pandemic, and earlier decisions by oil and gas companies and exporting countries to reduce investments. Russia began withholding gas supplies to Europe in 2021, months ahead of its invasion of Ukraine. All that led to already tight supplies. Russia’s attack on Ukraine greatly exacerbated the situation . The United States and the EU imposed a series of sanctions on Russia and many European countries declared their intention to phase out Russian gas imports completely. Meanwhile, Russia has increasingly curtailed or even turned off its export pipelines. Russia is by far the world’s largest exporter of fossil fuels, and a particularly important supplier to Europe. In 2021, a quarter of all energy consumed in the EU came from Russia. As Europe sought to replace Russian gas, it bid up prices of US, Australian and Qatari ship-borne liquefied natural gas (LNG), raising prices and diverting supply away from traditional LNG customers in Asia. Because gas frequently sets the price at which electricity is sold, power prices soared as well. Both LNG producers and importers are rushing to build new infrastructure to increase how much LNG can be traded internationally, but these costly projects take years to come online. Oil prices also initially soared as international trade routes were reconfigured after the United States, many European countries and some of their Asian allies said they would no longer buy Russian oil. Some shippers have declined to carry Russian oil because of sanctions and insurance risk. Many large oil producers were unable to boost supply to meet rising demand – even with the incentive of sky-high prices – because of a lack of investment in recent years. While prices have come down from their peaks, the outlook is uncertain with new rounds of European sanctions on Russia kicking in later this year.

What is being done?

Pandemic hangovers and rising interest rates limit public responses, while some countries turn to coal.

Some governments are looking to cushion the blow for customers and businesses, either through direct assistance, or by limiting prices for consumers and then paying energy providers the difference. But with inflation in many countries well above target and budget deficits already large because of emergency spending during the Covid-19 pandemic, the scope for cushioning the impact is more limited than in early 2020. Rising inflation has triggered increases in short-term interest rates in many countries, slowing down economic growth. Europeans have rushed to increase gas imports from alternative producers such as Algeria, Norway and Azerbaijan. Several countries have resumed or expanded the use of coal for power generation, and some are extending the lives of nuclear plants slated for de-commissioning. EU members have also introduced gas storage obligations, and agreed on voluntary targets to cut gas and electricity demand by 15% this winter through efficiency measures, greater use of renewables, and support for efficiency improvements. To ensure adequate oil supplies, the IEA and its members responded with the two largest ever releases of emergency oil stocks. With two decisions – on 1 March 2022 and 1 April – the IEA coordinated the release of some 182 million barrels of emergency oil from public stocks or obligated stocks held by industry. Some IEA member countries independently released additional public stocks, resulting in a total of over 240 million barrels being released between March and November 2022.

The IEA has also published action plans to cut oil use with immediate impact, as well as plans for how Europe can reduce its reliance on Russian gas and how common citizens can reduce their energy consumption . The invasion has sparked a reappraisal of energy policies and priorities, calling into question the viability of decades of infrastructure and investment decisions, and profoundly reorientating international energy trade. Gas had been expected to play a key role in many countries as a lower-emitting "bridge" between dirtier fossil fuels and renewable energies. But today’s crisis has called into question natural gas’ reliability.

The current crisis could accelerate the rollout of cleaner, sustainable renewable energy such as wind and solar, just as the 1970s oil shocks spurred major advances in energy efficiency, as well as in nuclear, solar and wind power. The crisis has also underscored the importance of investing in robust gas and power network infrastructure to better integrate regional markets. The EU’s RePowerEU, presented in May 2022 and the United States’ Inflation Reduction Act , passed in August 2022, both contain major initiatives to develop energy efficiency and promote renewable energies. 

The global energy crisis can be a historic turning point

Energy saving tips

1. Heating: turn it down

Lower your thermostat by just 1°C to save around 7% of your heating energy and cut an average bill by EUR 50-70 a year. Always set your thermostat as low as feels comfortable, and wear warm clothes indoors. Use a programmable thermostat to set the temperature to 15°C while you sleep and 10°C when the house is unoccupied. This cuts up to 10% a year off heating bills. Try to only heat the room you’re in or the rooms you use regularly.

The same idea applies in hot weather. Turn off air-conditioning when you’re out. Set the overall temperature 1 °C warmer to cut bills by up to 10%. And only cool the room you’re in.

2. Boiler: adjust the settings

Default boiler settings are often higher than you need. Lower the hot water temperature to save 8% of your heating energy and cut EUR 100 off an average bill.  You may have to have the plumber come once if you have a complex modern combi boiler and can’t figure out the manual. Make sure you follow local recommendations or consult your boiler manual. Swap a bath for a shower to spend less energy heating water. And if you already use a shower, take a shorter one. Hot water tanks and pipes should be insulated to stop heat escaping. Clean wood- and pellet-burning heaters regularly with a wire brush to keep them working efficiently.

3. Warm air: seal it in

Close windows and doors, insulate pipes and draught-proof around windows, chimneys and other gaps to keep the warm air inside. Unless your home is very new, you will lose heat through draughty doors and windows, gaps in the floor, or up the chimney. Draught-proof these gaps with sealant or weather stripping to save up to EUR 100 a year. Install tight-fitting curtains or shades on windows to retain even more heat. Close fireplace and chimney openings (unless a fire is burning) to stop warm air escaping straight up the chimney. And if you never use your fireplace, seal the chimney to stop heat escaping.

4. Lightbulbs: swap them out

Replace old lightbulbs with new LED ones, and only keep on the lights you need. LED bulbs are more efficient than incandescent and halogen lights, they burn out less frequently, and save around EUR 10 a year per bulb. Check the energy label when buying bulbs, and aim for A (the most efficient) rather than G (the least efficient). The simplest and easiest way to save energy is to turn lights off when you leave a room.

5. Grab a bike

Walking or cycling are great alternatives to driving for short journeys, and they help save money, cut emissions and reduce congestion. If you can, leave your car at home for shorter journeys; especially if it’s a larger car. Share your ride with neighbours, friends and colleagues to save energy and money. You’ll also see big savings and health benefits if you travel by bike. Many governments also offer incentives for electric bikes.

6. Use public transport

For longer distances where walking or cycling is impractical, public transport still reduces energy use, congestion and air pollution. If you’re going on a longer trip, consider leaving your car at home and taking the train. Buy a season ticket to save money over time. Your workplace or local government might also offer incentives for travel passes. Plan your trip in advance to save on tickets and find the best route.

7. Drive smarter

Optimise your driving style to reduce fuel consumption: drive smoothly and at lower speeds on motorways, close windows at high speeds and make sure your tires are properly inflated. Try to take routes that avoid heavy traffic and turn off the engine when you’re not moving. Drive 10 km/h slower on motorways to cut your fuel bill by around EUR 60 per year. Driving steadily between 50-90 km/h can also save fuel. When driving faster than 80 km/h, it’s more efficient to use A/C, rather than opening your windows. And service your engine regularly to maintain energy efficiency.

Analysis and forecast to 2026

Fuel report — December 2023

Europe’s energy crisis: Understanding the drivers of the fall in electricity demand

Commentary — 09 May 2023

Where things stand in the global energy crisis one year on

Commentary — 23 February 2023

The global energy crisis pushed fossil fuel consumption subsidies to an all-time high in 2022

Commentary — 16 February 2023

Fossil Fuels Consumption Subsidies 2022

Policy report — February 2023

Background note on the natural gas supply-demand balance of the European Union in 2023

Report — February 2023

Analysis and forecast to 2025

Fuel report — December 2022

How to Avoid Gas Shortages in the European Union in 2023

A practical set of actions to close a potential supply-demand gap

Flagship report — December 2022

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What Kamala Harris has said so far on key issues in her campaign

As she ramps up her nascent presidential campaign, Vice President Kamala Harris is revealing how she will address the key issues facing the nation.

In speeches and rallies, she has voiced support for continuing many of President Joe Biden’s measures, such as lowering drug costs , forgiving student loan debt and eliminating so-called junk fees. But Harris has made it clear that she has her own views on some key matters, particularly Israel’s treatment of Gazans in its war with Hamas.

In a departure from her presidential run in 2020, the Harris campaign has confirmed that she’s moved away from many of her more progressive stances, such as her interest in a single-payer health insurance system and a ban on fracking.

Harris is also expected to put her own stamp and style on matters ranging from abortion to the economy to immigration, as she aims to walk a fine line of taking credit for the administration’s accomplishments while not being jointly blamed by voters for its shortcomings.

Her early presidential campaign speeches have offered insights into her priorities, though she’s mainly voiced general talking points and has yet to release more nuanced plans. Like Biden, she intends to contrast her vision for America with that of former President Donald Trump. ( See Trump’s campaign promises here .)

“In this moment, I believe we face a choice between two different visions for our nation: one focused on the future, the other focused on the past,” she told members of the historically Black sorority Zeta Phi Beta at an event in Indianapolis in late July. “And with your support, I am fighting for our nation’s future.”

Here’s what we know about Harris’ views:

Harris took on the lead role of championing abortion rights for the administration after Roe v. Wade was overturned in June 2022. This past January, she started a “ reproductive freedoms tour ” to multiple states, including a stop in Minnesota thought to be the first by a sitting US president or vice president at an abortion clinic .

On abortion access, Harris embraced more progressive policies than Biden in the 2020 campaign, as a candidate criticizing his previous support for the Hyde Amendment , a measure that blocks federal funds from being used for most abortions.

Policy experts suggested that although Harris’ current policies on abortion and reproductive rights may not differ significantly from Biden’s, as a result of her national tour and her own focus on maternal health , she may be a stronger messenger.

High prices are a top concern for many Americans who are struggling to afford the cost of living after a spell of steep inflation. Many voters give Biden poor marks for his handling of the economy, and Harris may also face their wrath.

In her early campaign speeches, Harris has echoed many of the same themes as Biden, saying she wants to give Americans more opportunities to get ahead. She’s particularly concerned about making care – health care, child care, elder care and family leave – more affordable and available.

Harris promised at a late July rally to continue the Biden administration’s drive to eliminate so-called “junk fees” and to fully disclose all charges, such as for events, lodging and car rentals. In early August, the administration proposed a rule that would ban airlines from charging parents extra fees to have their kids sit next to them.

On day one, I will take on price gouging and bring down costs. We will ban more of those hidden fees and surprise late charges that banks and other companies use to pad their profits.”

Since becoming vice president, Harris has taken more moderate positions, but a look at her 2020 campaign promises reveals a more progressive bent than Biden.

As a senator and 2020 presidential candidate, Harris proposed providing middle-class and working families with a refundable tax credit of up to $6,000 a year (per couple) to help keep up with living expenses. Titled the LIFT the Middle Class Act, or Livable Incomes for Families Today, the measure would have cost at the time an estimated $3 trillion over 10 years.

Unlike a typical tax credit, the bill would allow taxpayers to receive the benefit – up to $500 – on a monthly basis so families don’t have to turn to payday loans with very high interest rates.

As a presidential candidate, Harris also advocated for raising the corporate income tax rate to 35%, where it was before the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that Trump and congressional Republicans pushed through Congress reduced the rate to 21%. That’s higher than the 28% Biden has proposed.

Affordable housing was also on Harris’ radar. As a senator, she introduced the Rent Relief Act, which would establish a refundable tax credit for renters who annually spend more than 30% of their gross income on rent and utilities. The amount of the credit would range from 25% to 100% of the excess rent, depending on the renter’s income.

Harris called housing a human right and said in a 2019 news release on the bill that every American deserves to have basic security and dignity in their own home.

Consumer debt

Hefty debt loads, which weigh on people’s finances and hurt their ability to buy homes, get car loans or start small businesses, are also an area of interest to Harris.

As vice president, she has promoted the Biden administration’s initiatives on student debt, which have so far forgiven more than $168 billion for nearly 4.8 million borrowers . In mid-July, Harris said in a post on X that “nearly 950,000 public servants have benefitted” from student debt forgiveness, compared with only 7,000 when Biden was inaugurated.

A potential Harris administration could keep that momentum going – though some of Biden’s efforts have gotten tangled up in litigation, such as a program aimed at cutting monthly student loan payments for roughly 3 million borrowers enrolled in a repayment plan the administration implemented last year.

The vice president has also been a leader in the White House efforts to ban medical debt from credit reports, noting that those with medical debt are no less likely to repay a loan than those who don’t have unpaid medical bills.

In a late July statement praising North Carolina’s move to relieve the medical debt of about 2 million residents, Harris said that she is “committed to continuing to relieve the burden of medical debt and creating a future where every person has the opportunity to build wealth and thrive.”

Health care

Harris, who has had shifting stances on health care in the past, confirmed in late July through her campaign that she no longer supports a single-payer health care system .

During her 2020 campaign, Harris advocated for shifting the US to a government-backed health insurance system but stopped short of wanting to completely eliminate private insurance.

The measure called for transitioning to a Medicare-for-All-type system over 10 years but continuing to allow private insurance companies to offer Medicare plans.

The proposal would not have raised taxes on the middle class to pay for the coverage expansion. Instead, it would raise the needed funds by taxing Wall Street trades and transactions and changing the taxation of offshore corporate income.

When it comes to reducing drug costs, Harris previously proposed allowing the federal government to set “a fair price” for any drug sold at a cheaper price in any economically comparable country, including Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Japan or Australia. If manufacturers were found to be price gouging, the government could import their drugs from abroad or, in egregious cases, use its existing but never-used “march-in” authority to license a drug company’s patent to a rival that would produce the medication at a lower cost.

Harris has been a champion on climate and environmental justice for decades. As California’s attorney general, Harris sued big oil companies like BP and ConocoPhillips, and investigated Exxon Mobil for its role in climate change disinformation. While in the Senate, she sponsored the Green New Deal resolution.

During her 2020 campaign, she enthusiastically supported a ban on fracking — but a Harris campaign official said in late July that she no longer supports such a ban.

Fracking is the process of using liquid to free natural gas from rock formations – and the primary mode for extracting gas for energy in battleground Pennsylvania. During a September 2019 climate crisis town hall hosted by CNN, she said she would start “with what we can do on Day 1 around public lands.” She walked that back later when she became Biden’s running mate.

Biden has been the most pro-climate president in history, and climate advocates find Harris to be an exciting candidate in her own right. Democrats and climate activists are planning to campaign on the stark contrasts between Harris and Trump , who vowed to push America decisively back to fossil fuels, promising to unwind Biden’s climate and clean energy legacy and pull America out of its global climate commitments.

If elected, one of the biggest climate goals Harris would have to craft early in her administration is how much the US would reduce its climate pollution by 2035 – a requirement of the Paris climate agreement .

Immigration

Harris has quickly started trying to counter Trump’s attacks on her immigration record.

Her campaign released a video in late July citing Harris’ support for increasing the number of Border Patrol agents and Trump’s successful push to scuttle a bipartisan immigration deal that included some of the toughest border security measures in recent memory.

The vice president has changed her position on border control since her 2020 campaign, when she suggested that Democrats needed to “critically examine” the role of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, or ICE, after being asked whether she sided with those in the party arguing to abolish the department.

In June of this year, the White House announced a crackdown on asylum claims meant to continue reducing crossings at the US-Mexico border – a policy that Harris’ campaign manager, Julie Chavez Rodriguez, indicated in late July to CBS News would continue under a Harris administration.

Trump’s attacks stem from Biden having tasked Harris with overseeing diplomatic efforts in Central America in March 2021. While Harris focused on long-term fixes, the Department of Homeland Security remained responsible for overseeing border security.

She has only occasionally talked about her efforts as the situation along the US-Mexico border became a political vulnerability for Biden. But she put her own stamp on the administration’s efforts, engaging the private sector.

Harris pulled together the Partnership for Central America, which has acted as a liaison between companies and the US government. Her team and the partnership are closely coordinating on initiatives that have led to job creation in the region. Harris has also engaged directly with foreign leaders in the region.

Experts credit Harris’ ability to secure private-sector investments as her most visible action in the region to date but have cautioned about the long-term durability of those investments.

Israel-Hamas

The Israel-Hamas war is the most fraught foreign policy issue facing the country and has spurred a multitude of protests around the US since it began in October.

After meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in late July, Harris gave a forceful and notable speech about the situation in Gaza.

We cannot look away in the face of these tragedies. We cannot allow ourselves to become numb to the suffering. And I will not be silent.”

Harris echoed Biden’s repeated comments about the “ironclad support” and “unwavering commitment” to Israel. The country has a right to defend itself, she said, while noting, “how it does so, matters.”

However, the empathy she expressed regarding the Palestinian plight and suffering was far more forceful than what Biden has said on the matter in recent months. Harris mentioned twice the “serious concern” she expressed to Netanyahu about the civilian deaths in Gaza, the humanitarian situation and destruction she called “catastrophic” and “devastating.”

She went on to describe “the images of dead children and desperate hungry people fleeing for safety, sometimes displaced for the second, third or fourth time.”

Harris emphasized the need to get the Israeli hostages back from Hamas captivity, naming the eight Israeli-American hostages – three of whom have been killed.

But when describing the ceasefire deal in the works, she didn’t highlight the hostage for prisoner exchange or aid to be let into Gaza. Instead, she singled out the fact that the deal stipulates the withdrawal by the Israeli military from populated areas in the first phase before withdrawing “entirely” from Gaza before “a permanent end to the hostilities.”

Harris didn’t preside over Netanyahu’s speech to Congress in late July, instead choosing to stick with a prescheduled trip to a sorority event in Indiana.

Harris is committed to supporting Ukraine in its fight against Russian aggression, having met with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky at least six times and announcing last month $1.5 billion for energy assistance, humanitarian needs and other aid for the war-torn country.

At the Munich Security Conference earlier this year, Harris said: “I will make clear President Joe Biden and I stand with Ukraine. In partnership with supportive, bipartisan majorities in both houses of the United States Congress, we will work to secure critical weapons and resources that Ukraine so badly needs. And let me be clear: The failure to do so would be a gift to Vladimir Putin.”

More broadly, NATO is central to our approach to global security. For President Biden and me, our sacred commitment to NATO remains ironclad. And I do believe, as I have said before, NATO is the greatest military alliance the world has ever known.”

Police funding

The Harris campaign has also walked back the “defund the police” sentiment that Harris voiced in 2020. What she meant is she supports being “tough and smart on crime,” Mitch Landrieu, national co-chair for the Harris campaign and former mayor of New Orleans, told CNN’s Pamela Brown in late July.

In the midst of nationwide 2020 protests sparked by George Floyd’s murder by a Minneapolis police officer, Harris voiced support for the “defund the police” movement, which argues for redirecting funds from law enforcement to social services. Throughout that summer, Harris supported the movement and called for demilitarizing police departments.

Democrats largely backed away from calls to defund the police after Republicans attempted to tie the movement to increases in crime during the 2022 midterm elections.

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