– Argument: Present your secondary argument, which supports your thesis and contributes to the overall narrative.
– Argument: Address potentially controversial data or arguments, striving for a balanced perspective.
This research essay structure is designed to guide your writing process and ensure that your arguments are presented logically and persuasively while maintaining objectivity and integrity in your research.
2️⃣ Importance of Citing Sources
Citing your sources isn’t merely a formality; it lends credibility to your arguments and respects the original authors’ contributions. Through accurate citations, a research essay example can also avoid plagiarism and uphold academic integrity.
Research essays require finding, evaluating, and integrating source material to support an analytical thesis. This process demands care and effort. Use these tips to write top-quality research essays.
Over-generalization, neglecting counterarguments, or providing superficial evidence are common pitfalls in research essays. Always consult diverse research paper examples to understand and sidestep these mistakes.
By following this checklist, you can better prepare yourself to critically evaluate research essay examples in a way that is aligned with your research goals and standards.
Be sure to review your grading rubric carefully, and consider studying at least one freely available research essay example. This will aid you in comparing the given guidelines with your specific task as you embark on the writing process.
Using these research and writing strategies will boost essay quality. Crafting a well-structured research essay is pivotal for academic and professional success. By harnessing the power of sample research essay resources and various research paper examples, anyone can elevate their writing and convey their arguments compellingly.
Introduction In the digital age, identity theft has emerged as a pervasive and complex issue, affecting millions of individuals and organizations globally. Identity theft involves the unauthorized acquisition and use of someone’s personal information, typically for financial gain. This research paper aims to delve into…
Introduction In recent years, the culinary landscape has witnessed the emergence of a unique and intriguing trend: the zombie burger. This phenomenon has captured the imagination of food enthusiasts and cultural commentators alike. Zombie burgers, characterized by their grotesque and often macabre presentation, are not…
Introduction Hispanic culture is a vibrant and dynamic tapestry woven from the threads of various traditions, histories, and influences. Spanning across continents, the Hispanic cultural sphere encompasses a diverse range of practices, beliefs, languages, and customs that have evolved over centuries. This essay aims to…
Introduction Madame C.J. Walker, born Sarah Breedlove in 1867, is a name synonymous with innovation, resilience, and empowerment within the African American community. As the first self-made female millionaire in America, Walker’s journey from an impoverished, orphaned daughter of former slaves to a successful businesswoman…
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Introduction Photography, an art form that captures moments in time, has undergone a remarkable transformation since its inception in the early 19th century. From the initial chemical processes to the digital revolution, the evolution of photography mirrors the advancements in technology and changes in cultural…
Introduction The Beatles, often referred to as the “Fab Four,” are considered one of the most influential music groups in history. Comprising John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, the band revolutionized the music scene during the 1960s and beyond. Their innovative approach…
Introduction Mac DeMarco, born Vernor Winfield McBriare Smith IV, has emerged as a significant figure in contemporary indie music. Characterized by his laid-back style and ‘slacker rock’ ethos, DeMarco has captivated audiences with his unique blend of jangly guitar riffs, introspective lyrics, and a distinctive…
Introduction Homework has been an integral part of education for centuries, designed to reinforce classroom learning and encourage students to practice independently. However, in recent years, the value and efficacy of homework have come under scrutiny. Critics argue that homework can cause unnecessary stress, encroach…
Introduction Otto von Bismarck stands as one of the most pivotal figures in European history, often credited with the unification of Germany and the establishment of the German Empire in 1871. His diplomatic prowess, political acumen, and strategic use of warfare earned him the moniker…
Introduction The Holocaust remains one of the most harrowing periods in human history, characterized by the systematic extermination of six million Jews by the Nazi regime. Amidst this backdrop of terror and genocide, certain individuals emerged as beacons of humanity, risking their lives to save…
Just like any research paper that a college student encounters, you must follow the classic pattern of “Introduction - Thesis - 3 Body Paragraphs - Conclusion”. Some cases may differ, depending on what you have been asked to do, yet a research paper is the one where you must synthesize available information and make a strong argument regarding the main topic or subject of your research. Check our research paper example to see how the sources and evidence are incorporated and mixed with the author’s opinion. Remember about formatting and style requirements in terms of indents and the spaces.
Unlike reflective or comparative writing, the research essay will always contain a strict academic structure. An example of a research paper usually represents writing with a thesis statement that makes a proposal, assumption, or uses a strong argument about some scientific idea. It is usually not written in the first person since an author must combine various resources, include quotations, and implement evidence to support certain ideas. The presence of focus on the ideas and the analysis of information is what makes it stand apart from the author-based essay writing.
In short, research always implements a certain methodology. While there is no universal formula that would explain what does the research mean in writing, it is sufficient to say that research must contain a topic, strong thesis statement (or an argument), a list of reliable sources, a counter-argument paragraph (if relevant) and the conclusion where information is summed up and stated in a clearer or simpler way. Check our college research paper example to examine the structure in practice and see the key differences when compared to the usual college essay papers.
Select a topic that interests you and is relevant to your field of study. Ensure it's specific enough to be manageable but broad enough to find sufficient research material.
Typically, it includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. However, structure may vary depending on the assignment or guidelines.
The introduction introduces your topic, provides context, and states your research question or thesis. It should engage readers and set the stage for your essay.
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A thesis statement is needed in an essay or dissertation . There are multiple types of thesis statements – but generally we can divide them into expository and argumentative. An expository statement is a statement of fact (common in expository essays and process essays) while an argumentative statement is a statement of opinion (common in argumentative essays and dissertations). Below are examples of each.
“Mandatory school uniforms should be implemented in educational institutions as they promote a sense of equality, reduce distractions, and foster a focused and professional learning environment.”
Best For: Argumentative Essay or Debate
Read More: School Uniforms Pros and Cons
“This essay will explore how both genetic inheritance and environmental factors equally contribute to shaping human behavior and personality.”
Best For: Compare and Contrast Essay
Read More: Nature vs Nurture Debate
“The American Dream, a symbol of opportunity and success, is increasingly elusive in today’s socio-economic landscape, revealing deeper inequalities in society.”
Best For: Persuasive Essay
Read More: What is the American Dream?
“Social media has revolutionized communication and societal interactions, but it also presents significant challenges related to privacy, mental health, and misinformation.”
Best For: Expository Essay
Read More: The Pros and Cons of Social Media
“Globalization has created a world more interconnected than ever before, yet it also amplifies economic disparities and cultural homogenization.”
Read More: Globalization Pros and Cons
“Urbanization drives economic growth and social development, but it also poses unique challenges in sustainability and quality of life.”
Read More: Learn about Urbanization
“Immigration enriches receiving countries culturally and economically, outweighing any perceived social or economic burdens.”
Read More: Immigration Pros and Cons
“In a globalized world, maintaining distinct cultural identities is crucial for preserving cultural diversity and fostering global understanding, despite the challenges of assimilation and homogenization.”
Best For: Argumentative Essay
Read More: Learn about Cultural Identity
“Medical technologies in care institutions in Toronto has increased subjcetive outcomes for patients with chronic pain.”
Best For: Research Paper
“The debate between capitalism and socialism centers on balancing economic freedom and inequality, each presenting distinct approaches to resource distribution and social welfare.”
“The preservation of cultural heritage is essential, not only for cultural identity but also for educating future generations, outweighing the arguments for modernization and commercialization.”
“Pseudoscience, characterized by a lack of empirical support, continues to influence public perception and decision-making, often at the expense of scientific credibility.”
Read More: Examples of Pseudoscience
“The concept of free will is largely an illusion, with human behavior and decisions predominantly determined by biological and environmental factors.”
Read More: Do we have Free Will?
“Traditional gender roles are outdated and harmful, restricting individual freedoms and perpetuating gender inequalities in modern society.”
Read More: What are Traditional Gender Roles?
“The trend to online and distance work in the 2020s led to improved subjective feelings of work-life balance but simultaneously increased self-reported loneliness.”
Read More: Work-Life Balance Examples
“Universal healthcare is a fundamental human right and the most effective system for ensuring health equity and societal well-being, outweighing concerns about government involvement and costs.”
Read More: The Pros and Cons of Universal Healthcare
“The implementation of a fair minimum wage is vital for reducing economic inequality, yet it is often contentious due to its potential impact on businesses and employment rates.”
Read More: The Pros and Cons of Raising the Minimum Wage
“The homework provided throughout this semester has enabled me to achieve greater self-reflection, identify gaps in my knowledge, and reinforce those gaps through spaced repetition.”
Best For: Reflective Essay
Read More: Reasons Homework Should be Banned
“Charter schools offer alternatives to traditional public education, promising innovation and choice but also raising questions about accountability and educational equity.”
Read More: The Pros and Cons of Charter Schools
“The Internet has drastically reshaped human communication, access to information, and societal dynamics, generally with a net positive effect on society.”
Read More: The Pros and Cons of the Internet
“Affirmative action is essential for rectifying historical injustices and achieving true meritocracy in education and employment, contrary to claims of reverse discrimination.”
Best For: Essay
Read More: Affirmative Action Pros and Cons
“Soft skills, such as communication and empathy, are increasingly recognized as essential for success in the modern workforce, and therefore should be a strong focus at school and university level.”
Read More: Soft Skills Examples
“Moral panic, often fueled by media and cultural anxieties, can lead to exaggerated societal responses that sometimes overlook rational analysis and evidence.”
Read More: Moral Panic Examples
“Freedom of the press is critical for democracy and informed citizenship, yet it faces challenges from censorship, media bias, and the proliferation of misinformation.”
Read More: Freedom of the Press Examples
“Mass media shapes public opinion and cultural norms, but its concentration of ownership and commercial interests raise concerns about bias and the quality of information.”
Best For: Critical Analysis
Read More: Mass Media Examples
✅ Position: If your statement is for an argumentative or persuasive essay, or a dissertation, ensure it takes a clear stance on the topic. ✅ Specificity: It addresses a specific aspect of the topic, providing focus for the essay. ✅ Conciseness: Typically, a thesis statement is one to two sentences long. It should be concise, clear, and easily identifiable. ✅ Direction: The thesis statement guides the direction of the essay, providing a roadmap for the argument, narrative, or explanation. ✅ Evidence-based: While the thesis statement itself doesn’t include evidence, it sets up an argument that can be supported with evidence in the body of the essay. ✅ Placement: Generally, the thesis statement is placed at the end of the introduction of an essay.
One way to brainstorm thesis statements is to get AI to brainstorm some for you! Try this AI prompt:
💡 AI PROMPT FOR EXPOSITORY THESIS STATEMENT I am writing an essay on [TOPIC] and these are the instructions my teacher gave me: [INSTUCTIONS]. I want you to create an expository thesis statement that doesn’t argue a position, but demonstrates depth of knowledge about the topic.
💡 AI PROMPT FOR ARGUMENTATIVE THESIS STATEMENT I am writing an essay on [TOPIC] and these are the instructions my teacher gave me: [INSTRUCTIONS]. I want you to create an argumentative thesis statement that clearly takes a position on this issue.
💡 AI PROMPT FOR COMPARE AND CONTRAST THESIS STATEMENT I am writing a compare and contrast essay that compares [Concept 1] and [Concept2]. Give me 5 potential single-sentence thesis statements that remain objective.
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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / APA Sample Papers
Ever wonder how to format your research paper in APA style? If so, you’re in luck! The team at EasyBib.com has put together an example paper to help guide you through your next assignment. (Actually, looking for MLA? Here’s a page on what is MLA format .)
The featured example is a research paper on the uses of biometrics to inform design decisions in the tech industry, authored by our UX Research Intern Peace Iyiewuare. Like most APA style papers, it includes an APA title page , tables, and several references and APA in-text citations to scholarly journals relevant to its topic. References are an important aspect of scientific research papers, and formatting them correctly is critical to getting a good grade.
This paper follows the formatting rules specified in the 6th edition of The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (the APA is not directly associated with this guide) . We’ve left comments and tips throughout the document, so you’ll know the specific rules around how to format titles, spacing, and font, as well as the citations on the APA reference page .
The reference list needs special care, as it demonstrates to the reader that you have accurately portrayed your outside sources and have given credit to the appropriate parties. Be sure to check our full APA citation guide for more information on paper formatting and citing sources in APA style. There is also a guide on APA footnotes in case that is your preferred form of citation.
When citations are done, don’t forget to finish your paper off with a proofread—EasyBib Plus’s plagiarism and grammar check can help! Got a misspelled adverb ? Missed capitalizing a proper noun ? Struggling with subject-verb agreement ? These are just a few things our checker could help you spot in your paper.
We’ve included a full student paper below to give you an idea of what an essay in APA format looks like, complete with a title page, paper, reference list, and index. If you plan to include an APA abstract in your paper, see the Professional Paper for an example.
If you’re looking for an APA format citation generator, we’ve got you covered. Use EasyBib.com! Our APA format machine can help you create every reference for your paper.
Below is an example of a student APA format essay. We also have PDF versions of both a student paper and a professional paper linked below.
Using Biometrics to Evaluate Visual Design
Jane Lisa Dekker
Art Department, Northern California Valley State University
UXAD 272: Strategic Web Design
Professor Juan Liu, PhD
January 29, 2020
A vast amount of research has been conducted regarding the importance of visual design, and its role as a mediator of user’s experience when browsing a site or interacting with an interface. In the literature, visual design is one aspect of website quality. Jones and Kim (2010) define website quality as “the perceived quality of a retail website that involves a [user’s] perceptions of the retailer’s website and comprises consumer reactions towards such attributes as information, entertainment/enjoyment, usability, transaction capabilities, and design aesthetics” (p. 632). They further examined the impact web quality and retail brand trust has on purchase intentions. Additional research examining e-commerce sites has shown web quality has an impact on both initial and continued purchase intention (Kuan, Bock, & Vathanophas, 2008), as well as consumer satisfaction (Lin, 2007). Moreso, research on the relationship between visual design and perceived usability (Stojmenovic, Pilgrim, & Lindgaard, 2014) has revealed a positive correlation between the two. As users’ ratings of visual quality increase, their ratings of perceived usability follows a similar trend. Although this research spans various domains, the reliance on self-report measures to gauge concepts like visual design and web quality is prevalent throughout much of the literature.
Although some self-report scales are validated within the literature, there are still issues with the use of self-report questionnaires. One is the reliance on the honesty of the participant. This tends to be more of an issue in studies related to questionnaires that measure characteristics of the participant, rather than objective stimuli. More relevant to this study is the issue of introspection and memory. Surveys are often distributed after a task is completed, and its accuracy is dependent on the ability of the participant to remember their experience during the study. Multiple research studies have shown that human memory is far from static. This can
be dangerous if a researcher chooses to solely rely on self-report methods to test a hypothesis. We believe these self-report methods in tandem with biometric methods can help ensure the validity of the questionnaires, and provide information beyond the scope of self-report scales.
Research Questions
We know from previous research that the quality of websites mediates many aspects of e-commerce, and provides insight as to how consumers view the webpages in general. However, simply knowing a webpage is perceived as lower quality doesn’t give insight as to what aspects of a page are disliked by a user. Additionally, it’s possible that the user is misremembering aspects of the webpage or being dishonest in their assessment. Using eye tracking metrics, galvanic skin response, and facial expression measures in tandem with a scale aimed at measuring visual design quality has a couple of identifiable benefits. Using both can potentially identify patterns amongst the biometric measures and the questionnaire, which would strengthen the validity of the results. More so, the eye tracking data has the potential to identify patterns amongst websites of lower or higher quality.
If found, these patterns can be used to evaluate particular aspects of a page that are impacting the quality of a webpage. Overall, we are interested in answering two questions:
Research Question 1 : Can attitudinal changes regarding substantial website redesigns be captured using biometric measures?
Research Question 2 : How do biometric measures correlate with self-reported measures of visual appeal?
Answering these questions has the potential to provide a method of justification for design changes, ranging from minor tweak to complete rebrands. There is not an easy way for companies to quantitatively analyze visual design decisions. A method for doing so would help companies evaluate visual designs before implementation in order to cost-justify them. To this end, we hope to demonstrate that biometric measurements can be used with questionnaires to verify and validate potential design changes a company or organization might want to implement.
By examining data from test subjects during a brief exposure to several websites, we hoped to explore the relationship between the self-reported evaluation of visual design quality and key biometric measurements of a subject’s emotional valence and arousal. Subjects were exposed to ten pairs of websites before and after a substantial visual design change and asked to evaluate the website based on their initial impressions of the site’s visual design quality using the VisAWI-S scale, as shown in Table 1.
During this assessment we collected GSR, facial expressions (limited by errors in initial study configuration), pupillary response, and fixation data using iMotions software coupled with a Tobii eye tracker, Shimmer GSR device, and Affdex facial expression analysis toolkit. This data was analyzed, in Table 2, to discover relationships between the independent and dependent variables, as well as relationships between certain dependent variables.
Jones, C., & Kim, S. (2010). Influences of retail brand trust, off-line patronage, clothing involvement and website quality on online apparel shopping intention: Online apparel shopping intention. International Journal of Consumer Studies , 34 (6), 627–637. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2010.00871.x
Kuan, H.-H., Bock, G.-W., & Vathanophas, V. (2008). Comparing the effects of website quality on customer initial purchase and continued purchase at e-commerce websites. Behaviour & Information Technology , 27 (1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290600801959
Lin, H.-F. (2007). The impact of website quality dimensions on customer satisfaction in the B2C e-commerce context. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence , 18 (4), 363–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783360701231302
Stojmenovic, M., Pilgrim, C., & Lindgaard, G. (2014). Perceived and objective usability and visual appeal in a website domain with a less developed mental model. Proceedings of the 26 th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference on Designing Futures: The Future of Design , 316–323. https://doi.org/10.1145/2686612.2686660
| |
Factor | Item |
Simplicity | Everything goes together on the site. |
Diversity | The layout is pleasantly varied. |
Colorfulness | The color composition is attractive |
Craftsmanship | The layout appears professionally designed |
Familiarity* | I am familiar with this website |
Participants were asked about agreement with the item using a 7-point likert scale. | |
* question is simply to gauge familiarity for the study, and is not part of the Vis-AWI-S instrument |
| ||||||
Before | After | |||||
Website | Mean Difference | |||||
Joy Kitchen | 3.49 | 1.30 | 5.61 | 0.93 | 2.12 | 0.00 |
Seacom | 3.27 | 1.59 | 5.35 | 1.20 | 2.08 | 0.00 |
Food Blog | 3.59 | 1.30 | 5.59 | 0.80 | 2.00 | 0.00 |
Credit Union | 3.29 | 1.26 | 5.18 | 1.07 | 1.89 | 0.00 |
Travelers | 3.61 | 1.39 | 5.38 | 1.24 | 1.78 | 0.00 |
Sporcle | 4.23 | 1.23 | 2.45 | 1.12 | -1.78 | 0.00 |
Eagle | 3.93 | 1.47 | 5.45 | 0.82 | 1.52 | 0.00 |
Oberlin | 4.00 | 1.25 | 5.47 | 0.84 | 1.47 | 0.00 |
Valve | 3.88 | 1.56 | 5.10 | 1.42 | 1.22 | 0.00 |
Hospital | 4.47 | 1.33 | 5.48 | 0.85 | 1.01 | 0.00 |
Travel Blog | 4.71 | 1.23 | 5.69 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 0.00 |
Space | 4.35 | 1.55 | 5.29 | 1.09 | 0.94 | 0.00 |
School | 5.04 | 1.44 | 5.63 | 0.80 | 0.60 | 0.06 |
Book Publisher | 5.12 | 1.27 | 5.63 | 1.17 | 0.51 | 0.10 |
Sneakers | 4.78 | 1.37 | 5.20 | 1.34 | 0.42 | 0.14 |
Stance | 5.08 | 0.88 | 5.41 | 0.95 | 0.33 | 0.09 |
City | 4.79 | 1.18 | 5.12 | 0.88 | 0.32 | 0.07 |
IEEE | 3.95 | 1.30 | 4.26 | 1.40 | 0.31 | 0.24 |
Rise | 5.08 | 1.00 | 4.89 | 1.27 | -0.18 | 0.30 |
Audio Technica | 3.94 | 1.52 | 4.05 | 1.37 | 0.11 | 0.71 |
Bloomberg | 3.63 | 1.35 | 3.52 | 1.26 | -0.11 | 0.73 |
Stimuli are ranked by largest to smallest absolute mean difference. |
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Research Paper Guide
Research Paper Example
Last updated on: Nov 20, 2023
By: Nathan D.
Reviewed By: Jacklyn H.
Published on: Jun 11, 2019
Working on your research paper?
Want to learn the dos and don’ts of writing a research paper? Learn from examples!
We have compiled some examples to help you get started. If you are in need of a research paper example, take a look at these samples and choose one that is best suited for your research paper writing needs.
You can also use these as templates to create your own research papers. There are many different samples available here so please feel free to browse around and find the perfect one for yourself.
Stay with us to learn more.
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A research paper is different from a usual kind of essay and assignment. It requires more research and explanation than any other assignment and has a set structure for it. It is a complex type of academic paper. Usually, students studying science write them for their coursework and as a degree requirement.
It is generally simpler than high school term papers and a dissertation that students write in humanities and other academic groups. Research papers are common in the academic world, and students, regardless of the field of study, get them as part of their degree requirements.
The research writing skills are invaluable for everyone and not just for the students only. Young professionals and entrepreneurs benefit a lot from these skills. Writing a research paper properly means that you have to study, observe, and choose a topic. The step-by-step guide for writing a research paper will help you find answers to your research questions.
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Examples work great when you are looking to learn something in less time and with more efficiency. Below, we have added some good research paper examples. With them, you could learn about a research paper format and structure.
Moreover, we will also be able to add relevant and credible sources in each section.
Below is an APA-style sample research paper guide. Each section is explained separately. By going through it, you will know how to format and write each section of your APA research paper successfully.
APA STYLE RESEARCH PAPER
This MLA-style research paper explains all the sections and formatting of the paper in detail. This will help you in writing an MLA-style paper successfully.
MLA STYLE RESEARCH PAPER
Research papers are not limited to a specific field area. Instead, students need to write research papers for almost every subject. Check out the following research paper examples for several subjects.
The research paper is about computer science and how science is a part of it. Scientific research papers are different from what the students do in other disciplines. They are more statistical in nature and often have graphs and visual representations of the data.
COMPUTER SCIENCE RESEARCH PAPER
Chemical engineering studies the engineering of different chemicals and how they work together. The following chemical engineering research paper is about the calcium looping cycle for carbon dioxide obtained from different manufacturing processes.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH PAPER
The research paper explores the benefits of participating in research. Medical sciences heavily rely on real-life research and results, and therefore, it uses medical professionals as subjects. The paper discusses how the experience contributes to their professional life and helps them work better.
NURSING RESEARCH PAPER
Psychology is the study of the mind. The paper examines the positive effects of psychology at school. It discusses how it will help in controlling the mental illnesses in adolescents and help in enhancing their health.
PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH PAPER
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A research paper’s outline may consist of different formats and sections based on the research topic. Therefore, you must ask your instructor to go through the research content and guide you.
Before starting to write a research paper, you will need to write and submit a research proposal. A research proposal includes the details of your proposed research, the significance of the research, the impact your research will have on the area of research, and the methodology that you will use. For writing a research proposal , you need to discuss all of these factors.
A research paper follows a set pattern and structure. Just like an essay or any other assignment, it also has some sections that you have to include in it. However, before formatting, make sure that you follow the referencing style that your teacher has provided.
The main research paper outline is given below. Pay attention to the document to get a detailed idea of the writing process.
RESEARCH PAPER OUTLINE EXAMPLE
This outline includes the following sections:
An abstract is usually written after the entire paper. It explains the research question and the expected outcome of the research.
Here, we have added an abstract example to help you see how to write an engaging abstract in no time.
RESEARCH PAPER ABSTRACT EXAMPLE
It is the first section of the research. It gives a background of the research, explains the main research topic briefly, and presents the hypothesis.
A strong introduction is essential for a strong research paper because no one will read the paper if the introduction is lousy and weak. Go through the attached example to learn how to write a good research paper example.
RESEARCH PAPER INTRODUCTION EXAMPLE
A thesis statement presents the main topic and aim of the research. It is brief and based on a few lines only.
The following downloadable PDF has some great thesis statement examples that are engaging and help to convey the message powerfully.
RESEARCH PAPER THESIS EXAMPLE
This is the meatiest part of the research paper. It includes all the chapters and sections of the research.
The main body of the paper discusses the entire paper in detail. All the main points and arguments of the paper are added in this section. Learn how to add and discuss everything by going through the following downloadable PDF.
EXAMPLE OF DISCUSSION IN RESEARCH PAPER
It is added in the main body section. It includes the study of previous relevant studies and research and discusses their outcome. You will discuss your main topic and draw parallels and contrasts with these existing studies.
EXAMPLE OF A LITERATURE REVIEW IN A RESEARCH PAPER
Discuss the type of research that you are going to use for the research. Usually, scientific research is based on quantitative research and includes statistical analysis. Theoretical research uses qualitative method and includes studying of theory and other research.
EXAMPLE OF METHODOLOGY IN RESEARCH PAPER
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This is the closing part of your research paper as you will conclude your research here. Mention your thesis statement and main research findings here and close it.
The conclusion does not mean that you have a chance to add some new ideas or points here; it would be a disaster. To know better, go through the following PDF.
RESEARCH PAPER CONCLUSION EXAMPLE
An appendix is an optional section in the research paper. It contains terms and topics that are too detailed to be added to the main text. It also states the topics and page number, which makes it easier to find relevant topics.
APPENDICES EXAMPLE IN RESEARCH PAPER
Now you must have explored different examples of a research paper. You can generate more examples according to your field of study by using our FREE AI powered paper typer .
However, if you are still wondering how to write it perfectly, consult the best write essay for me? service now.
5StarEssays.com offers high-quality and affordable research paper writing help. Place your order now to get your scientific research paper, or any other type of paper, written by experts.
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Data collection, credibility and trustworthiness, results and clinical implications, the level of evidence and quality of evidence.
Agyemang et al.’s (2020) study aimed to understand why Ghanaian women with breast cancer were not given information about their diagnosis. It explored cultural and structural factors contributing to this issue and identified ways to improve women’s health in Ghana. The study used an ethnographic research design involving observing and interpreting people’s culture and behavior to understand how cultural and structural factors affect women’s access to information about breast cancer. The approach involved in-depth interviews with various respondents to understand their experiences with information access, diagnosis, and treatment. Secondly, the researchers observed interactions between healthcare professionals and patients to understand cultural behaviors and beliefs. The data were analyzed thematically, and a narrative framework was used to present the study’s findings.
Ozkan and Taylan’s (2021) study aimed to determine the obstacles hindering women from breast cancer screening in various nations. The study incorporated the meta-synthesis research design of multiple studies to find similar themes and trends across several countries. The authors searched several databases for research addressing barriers to breast cancer screening for women aged 40 and over, published between 2000 and 2019. The selected studies had to adhere to an inclusion criterion. The data collection and analysis processes used in this study’s methodology included a literature search to find papers that satisfied the inclusion criteria and a systematic approach to analyzing the findings for the common themes and sub-themes to be synthesized.
Agyemang et al.’s (2020) study collected data through semi-structured interviews and observations from different respondents. The participants were selected using purposive maximal variation sampling for diversity purposes. The observation focused on interactions and information exchange between healthcare providers, patients, and their families. Interview guides were used for all participant interviews. In total, 31 and 29 participants were observed and engaged in semi-structured interviews. The data were thematically analyzed, and three overarching themes were identified: unequal power relationships, language barriers, and structural constraints.
Ozkan and Taylan (2021) conducted a comprehensive search of electronic databases and identified 16 qualitative studies that met the inclusion criteria. The studies were conducted in different countries and used various qualitative research methods, such as focus groups, interviews, and ethnography. The researchers synthesized the common themes and sub-themes linked to the barriers to breast cancer screening after using a systematic strategy to assess the findings of the included studies.
The credibility and trustworthiness of these studies would be assured by their dependability, confirmability, and transferability. Dependability refers to how consistently and steadily the research findings can hold over time (Galaitsi et al., 2021). A study’s confirmability refers to the objectivity of the research findings and the degree to which the researcher’s prejudices and values impact them. A study’s transferability describes how well the study’s conclusions can be applied to various situations or settings (Kyngäs et al., 2020).
In Agyemang et al.’s (2020) study, dependability was ensured through multiple data collection techniques, including interviews and observations, and an iterative data analysis method. The use of diverse respondents enabled triangulation and a more thorough comprehension of the contextual elements impacting the adoption of breast cancer treatment. Its ethnographic approach and reflexivity ensured the researchers suspended their biases and allowed them to immerse themselves in the study, assuring its confirmability. The researchers provided a thorough description of the study’s context and participants to increase transferability, enabling other researchers to evaluate the applicability of the findings in their contexts. They also explain the structural and cultural elements affecting Ghanaian breast cancer patients’ access to information, which can guide research in other low- and middle-income nations.
Ozkan and Taylan’s (2021) study is also credible and trustworthy due to its precise and methodical data collection and analysis approach. To confirm the accuracy of their conclusions, the researchers conducted numerous iterations of coding and discussions. They also used direct quotations to support their main points. The study’s confirmability was evident in how the authors reduced their personal biases and values in the analysis and grounded their findings in the data. However, the study’s transferability is constrained because the chosen studies were carried out in particular nations and cultural contexts.
According to Agyemang et al. (2020), Ghanaian women would experience “hidden information” on their alternatives for treatment after receiving a breast cancer diagnosis due to cultural and structural issues, which would negatively affect their capacity for decision-making. The study emphasizes the significance of comprehending these factors that will affect these women’s access to health care and information in low-resource settings and the requirement for tailored interventions to remove these obstacles.
Ozkan and Taylan’s (2021) study identified common barriers to breast cancer screening in different countries, including lack of information, fear, cultural and religious prejudices, and logistical difficulties. The findings highlighted the need for healthcare professionals to prioritize educating women on the importance of breast cancer screening and addressing myths and concerns. Governments should consider implementing measures to make screening more accessible by reducing financial and practical barriers such as transportation costs.
An ethnographic research design is typically considered to have a low degree of evidence, especially for this research topic. Nonetheless, the quality of the evidence provided by Agyemang et al. (2020) is high due to this study’s proper planning and execution. Using various data collection methods, including different viewpoints, and applying rigorous data analysis procedures improve the quality of the evidence in this study. Notably, the results become applicable to the study’s particular environment or other environments with similar characteristics. This limits the transferability of the study’s findings to other contexts due to the study design’s constraints. However, the study offers insightful information about the structural and cultural elements that affect Ghanaian women with breast cancer’s access to information. The results can help Ghanaian authorities and healthcare professionals plan to increase breast cancer patients’ access to information.
Ozkan and Taylan’s (2021) use of the methodical approach to data collection, analysis, and interpretation gives its evidence high and high-quality levels. The study employed various techniques to reduce bias, including using numerous databases to find relevant studies written in various languages and reviewing study quality. To confirm the correctness of their conclusions, the writers also employed a detailed and iterative coding and discussion procedure, which included direct quotations to support their themes.
Agyemang, L. S., Foster, C., McLean, C., Fenlon, D., and Wagland, R. (2020). The cultural and structural influences hiding information from women diagnosed with breast cancer in Ghana: An ethnography . Health Expectations, 23 (2), 351-360. Web.
Galaitsi, S. E., Keisler, J. M., Trump, B. D., & Linkov, I. (2021). The need to reconcile concepts that characterize systems facing threats . Risk Analysis, 41 (1), 3-15. Web.
Kurnia, H., Jaqin, C., & Purba, H. H. (2022). Quality improvement with PDCA approach and experiment method design in Indonesia’s single socks industry . In AIP Conference Proceedings 2470 (1), p. 020007). Web.
Kyngäs, H., Kääriäinen, M., & Elo, S. (2020). The trustworthiness of content analysis . The application of content analysis in nursing science research , 41-48. Web.
Ozkan, I., and Taylan, S. (2021). Barriers to women’s breast cancer screening behaviors in several countries: A meta-synthesis study . European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 51 , 101942. Web.
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This grammar review site includes detailed terms, interactive exercises, handouts, PowerPoints, daily Twitter practice, videos, teacher resources, and more!
A cat is a man's best friend.
This model essay is a good example of an Argumentative (or Persuasive) Essay.
The Writing Process
Making expository writing less stressful, more efficient, and more enlightening
“Organize. Organize. Organize.” —U.S. Vice President and Nobel Peace Prize-winner Al Gore
Below is an example of a detailed outline. (It is for a research paper, but the principles and structure apply to any paper.) Notice the hierarchical use of the roman numeral system . Such a hierarchy is key to organizing your thinking and your argument and keeping track of the relationships between your ideas.
Introduction
quote from movie like Independence Day to get readers’ attention SOURCE: IMDB.com
world preparing to welcome with festivities and open arms the aliens coming to Earth from Andromeda galaxy
Thesis (complete sentence!): Although the aliens seem friendly and say they come in peace, Earth’s number one priority should be to build a defense shield before they arrive.
On March 15, 2016, we discovered not alone in universe: irregular but repeating signal discovered from nearby Andromeda. SOURCE: NYTimes , 3/16/16
Different scientists have decoded the message differently
Commonly accepted interpretation friendly:
“Greetings, people of Earth. We have detected and watched your reports (e.g., The Big Bang Theory ) documenting typical life on Earth. We are currently on our way to Earth to begin our friendship and will arrive in Earth year 2020. Prepare yourselves for a glorious future [unclear signals].” (SOURCE: Michaels, “Aliens Are Our Friends,” People )
still parts of the message undecoded (SOURCE?
all scientists agree: Aliens arriving in 2020 (Source: Fredericks, Wall Street Journal )
Argument: there are signs that message is a warning and that aliens are planning to attack
Prof. Alan Guthman, Harvard Center for Astrophysics, makes case (SOURCE: Guthman, “We Do Not Come in Peace”)
With only one message to work with, we have little clue of tone of message
If we interpret three different patterns in signal differently, tone much different: “Attention, Earthlings. We have observed your unusual lives. We are coming to Earth to…[unclear]. Prepare yourselves for life under our control.”
With all the videos we broadcast into space, an alien race would assume that we are hostile and act accordingly
Logic: Even if these aliens are friendly, it is better to be safe than sorry and protect ourselves
FIND: Estimates of the number of intelligent races in the nearby universe and the probability that at least one of them is hostile and technologically advanced
Argument: Estimates show that workable shield surrounding Earth can be constructed by 2020
If nations of Earth collaborate, we can build shield that will block incoming ships and weapons fire (SOURCE. Teller, “Shielding the Earth,” Physics Rev. Letters )
Will cost huge amounts of $$, but:
if spread out among many countries, affordable FIND. Estimates of costs
We can’t afford NOT to build it
Argument: Building shield will both stimulate global economy and result in very useful new technologies
FIND! Evidence on how previous projects—moon landing, the International Space Station, emergency stimulus packages—created
jobs –find stats!
new products & companies
FIND! I don’t have concrete evidence for this, but I remember hearing how the moon landing and international space station resulted in the creation of new, useful technologies
Counterargument: If we build shield and they detect it, it could signal that we are hostile and provoke the aliens to attack
Missile defense shields on Earth have often provoked international tensions. SOURCE: M. Pritchard, “If You Build It, They Will Attack.” ( Boston Globe )
FIND source that shows that
such tensions do not necessarily lead to attack and
any intelligent race will understand need for others to be prepared to defend themselves.
Counterargument: We are probably not able to build shield that would work against such a technologically advanced race
non-sequitor. fact that it may not work does not mean that it won’t and that we should not try to protect ourselves.
Conclusion.
We have no way of knowing the intensions of a group we have never met on the basis of one message.
The only sensible approach is to try to defend ourselves, especially when there will be benefits for trying such as jobs and new technologies.
Click here to create a detailed outline from your freewrite/brainstorm using GoogleDocs.
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
Published on February 9, 2015 by Shane Bryson . Revised on July 23, 2023 by Shona McCombes.
This example guides you through the structure of an essay. It shows how to build an effective introduction , focused paragraphs , clear transitions between ideas, and a strong conclusion .
Each paragraph addresses a single central point, introduced by a topic sentence , and each point is directly related to the thesis statement .
As you read, hover over the highlighted parts to learn what they do and why they work.
Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes
Other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing an essay, an appeal to the senses: the development of the braille system in nineteenth-century france.
The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability. The writing system of raised dots used by visually impaired people was developed by Louis Braille in nineteenth-century France. In a society that did not value disabled people in general, blindness was particularly stigmatized, and lack of access to reading and writing was a significant barrier to social participation. The idea of tactile reading was not entirely new, but existing methods based on sighted systems were difficult to learn and use. As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness. This essay begins by discussing the situation of blind people in nineteenth-century Europe. It then describes the invention of Braille and the gradual process of its acceptance within blind education. Subsequently, it explores the wide-ranging effects of this invention on blind people’s social and cultural lives.
Lack of access to reading and writing put blind people at a serious disadvantage in nineteenth-century society. Text was one of the primary methods through which people engaged with culture, communicated with others, and accessed information; without a well-developed reading system that did not rely on sight, blind people were excluded from social participation (Weygand, 2009). While disabled people in general suffered from discrimination, blindness was widely viewed as the worst disability, and it was commonly believed that blind people were incapable of pursuing a profession or improving themselves through culture (Weygand, 2009). This demonstrates the importance of reading and writing to social status at the time: without access to text, it was considered impossible to fully participate in society. Blind people were excluded from the sighted world, but also entirely dependent on sighted people for information and education.
In France, debates about how to deal with disability led to the adoption of different strategies over time. While people with temporary difficulties were able to access public welfare, the most common response to people with long-term disabilities, such as hearing or vision loss, was to group them together in institutions (Tombs, 1996). At first, a joint institute for the blind and deaf was created, and although the partnership was motivated more by financial considerations than by the well-being of the residents, the institute aimed to help people develop skills valuable to society (Weygand, 2009). Eventually blind institutions were separated from deaf institutions, and the focus shifted towards education of the blind, as was the case for the Royal Institute for Blind Youth, which Louis Braille attended (Jimenez et al, 2009). The growing acknowledgement of the uniqueness of different disabilities led to more targeted education strategies, fostering an environment in which the benefits of a specifically blind education could be more widely recognized.
Several different systems of tactile reading can be seen as forerunners to the method Louis Braille developed, but these systems were all developed based on the sighted system. The Royal Institute for Blind Youth in Paris taught the students to read embossed roman letters, a method created by the school’s founder, Valentin Hauy (Jimenez et al., 2009). Reading this way proved to be a rather arduous task, as the letters were difficult to distinguish by touch. The embossed letter method was based on the reading system of sighted people, with minimal adaptation for those with vision loss. As a result, this method did not gain significant success among blind students.
Louis Braille was bound to be influenced by his school’s founder, but the most influential pre-Braille tactile reading system was Charles Barbier’s night writing. A soldier in Napoleon’s army, Barbier developed a system in 1819 that used 12 dots with a five line musical staff (Kersten, 1997). His intention was to develop a system that would allow the military to communicate at night without the need for light (Herron, 2009). The code developed by Barbier was phonetic (Jimenez et al., 2009); in other words, the code was designed for sighted people and was based on the sounds of words, not on an actual alphabet. Barbier discovered that variants of raised dots within a square were the easiest method of reading by touch (Jimenez et al., 2009). This system proved effective for the transmission of short messages between military personnel, but the symbols were too large for the fingertip, greatly reducing the speed at which a message could be read (Herron, 2009). For this reason, it was unsuitable for daily use and was not widely adopted in the blind community.
Nevertheless, Barbier’s military dot system was more efficient than Hauy’s embossed letters, and it provided the framework within which Louis Braille developed his method. Barbier’s system, with its dashes and dots, could form over 4000 combinations (Jimenez et al., 2009). Compared to the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, this was an absurdly high number. Braille kept the raised dot form, but developed a more manageable system that would reflect the sighted alphabet. He replaced Barbier’s dashes and dots with just six dots in a rectangular configuration (Jimenez et al., 2009). The result was that the blind population in France had a tactile reading system using dots (like Barbier’s) that was based on the structure of the sighted alphabet (like Hauy’s); crucially, this system was the first developed specifically for the purposes of the blind.
While the Braille system gained immediate popularity with the blind students at the Institute in Paris, it had to gain acceptance among the sighted before its adoption throughout France. This support was necessary because sighted teachers and leaders had ultimate control over the propagation of Braille resources. Many of the teachers at the Royal Institute for Blind Youth resisted learning Braille’s system because they found the tactile method of reading difficult to learn (Bullock & Galst, 2009). This resistance was symptomatic of the prevalent attitude that the blind population had to adapt to the sighted world rather than develop their own tools and methods. Over time, however, with the increasing impetus to make social contribution possible for all, teachers began to appreciate the usefulness of Braille’s system (Bullock & Galst, 2009), realizing that access to reading could help improve the productivity and integration of people with vision loss. It took approximately 30 years, but the French government eventually approved the Braille system, and it was established throughout the country (Bullock & Galst, 2009).
Although Blind people remained marginalized throughout the nineteenth century, the Braille system granted them growing opportunities for social participation. Most obviously, Braille allowed people with vision loss to read the same alphabet used by sighted people (Bullock & Galst, 2009), allowing them to participate in certain cultural experiences previously unavailable to them. Written works, such as books and poetry, had previously been inaccessible to the blind population without the aid of a reader, limiting their autonomy. As books began to be distributed in Braille, this barrier was reduced, enabling people with vision loss to access information autonomously. The closing of the gap between the abilities of blind and the sighted contributed to a gradual shift in blind people’s status, lessening the cultural perception of the blind as essentially different and facilitating greater social integration.
The Braille system also had important cultural effects beyond the sphere of written culture. Its invention later led to the development of a music notation system for the blind, although Louis Braille did not develop this system himself (Jimenez, et al., 2009). This development helped remove a cultural obstacle that had been introduced by the popularization of written musical notation in the early 1500s. While music had previously been an arena in which the blind could participate on equal footing, the transition from memory-based performance to notation-based performance meant that blind musicians were no longer able to compete with sighted musicians (Kersten, 1997). As a result, a tactile musical notation system became necessary for professional equality between blind and sighted musicians (Kersten, 1997).
Braille paved the way for dramatic cultural changes in the way blind people were treated and the opportunities available to them. Louis Braille’s innovation was to reimagine existing reading systems from a blind perspective, and the success of this invention required sighted teachers to adapt to their students’ reality instead of the other way around. In this sense, Braille helped drive broader social changes in the status of blindness. New accessibility tools provide practical advantages to those who need them, but they can also change the perspectives and attitudes of those who do not.
Bullock, J. D., & Galst, J. M. (2009). The Story of Louis Braille. Archives of Ophthalmology , 127(11), 1532. https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.286.
Herron, M. (2009, May 6). Blind visionary. Retrieved from https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2009/05/blind-visionary/.
Jiménez, J., Olea, J., Torres, J., Alonso, I., Harder, D., & Fischer, K. (2009). Biography of Louis Braille and Invention of the Braille Alphabet. Survey of Ophthalmology , 54(1), 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.10.006.
Kersten, F.G. (1997). The history and development of Braille music methodology. The Bulletin of Historical Research in Music Education , 18(2). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40214926.
Mellor, C.M. (2006). Louis Braille: A touch of genius . Boston: National Braille Press.
Tombs, R. (1996). France: 1814-1914 . London: Pearson Education Ltd.
Weygand, Z. (2009). The blind in French society from the Middle Ages to the century of Louis Braille . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!
College essays
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An essay is a focused piece of writing that explains, argues, describes, or narrates.
In high school, you may have to write many different types of essays to develop your writing skills.
Academic essays at college level are usually argumentative : you develop a clear thesis about your topic and make a case for your position using evidence, analysis and interpretation.
The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.
The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.
Your essay introduction should include three main things, in this order:
The length of each part depends on the length and complexity of your essay .
A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.
A topic sentence is a sentence that expresses the main point of a paragraph . Everything else in the paragraph should relate to the topic sentence.
At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).
Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.
The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Bryson, S. (2023, July 23). Example of a Great Essay | Explanations, Tips & Tricks. Scribbr. Retrieved September 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/academic-essay/example-essay-structure/
Shane finished his master's degree in English literature in 2013 and has been working as a writing tutor and editor since 2009. He began proofreading and editing essays with Scribbr in early summer, 2014.
How to write an essay introduction | 4 steps & examples, academic paragraph structure | step-by-step guide & examples, how to write topic sentences | 4 steps, examples & purpose, what is your plagiarism score.
This guide aims to demystify the review paper format, presenting practical tips to help you accelerate the writing process.
From understanding the structure to synthesising literature effectively, we’ll explore how to create a compelling review article swiftly, ensuring your work is both impactful and timely.
Whether you’re a seasoned researcher or a budding scholar, these info on review paper format and style will streamline your writing journey.
Parts | Notes |
---|---|
Title & Abstract | Sets the stage with a concise title and a descriptive abstract summarising the review’s scope and findings. |
Introduction | Lays the groundwork by presenting the research question, justifying the review’s importance, and highlighting knowledge gaps. |
Methodology | Details the research methods used to select, assess, and synthesise studies, showcasing the review’s rigor and integrity. |
Body | The core section where literature is summarised, analysed, and critiqued, synthesising evidence and presenting arguments with well-structured paragraphs. |
Discussion & Conclusion | Weaves together main points, reflects on the findings’ implications for the field, and suggests future research directions. |
Citation | Acknowledges the scholarly community’s contributions, linking to cited research and enriching the review’s academic discourse. |
Diving into the realm of scholarly communication, you might have stumbled upon a research review article.
This unique genre serves to synthesise existing data, offering a panoramic view of the current state of knowledge on a particular topic.
Unlike a standard research article that presents original experiments, a review paper delves into published literature, aiming to:
Imagine you’re tasked to write a review article. The starting point is often a burning research question. Your mission? To scour various journals, piecing together a well-structured narrative that not only summarises key findings but also identifies gaps in existing literature.
This is where the magic of review writing shines – it’s about creating a roadmap for future research, highlighting areas ripe for exploration.
Review articles come in different flavours, with systematic reviews and meta-analyses being the gold standards. The methodology here is meticulous, with a clear protocol for selecting and evaluating studies.
This rigorous approach ensures that your review is more than just an overview; it’s a critical analysis that adds depth to the understanding of the subject.
Crafting a good review requires mastering the art of citation. Every claim or observation you make needs to be backed by relevant literature. This not only lends credibility to your work but also provides a treasure trove of information for readers eager to delve deeper.
Not all review articles are created equal. Each type has its methodology, purpose, and format, catering to different research needs and questions. Here’s a couple of types of review paper for you to look at:
First up is the systematic review, the crème de la crème of review types. It’s known for its rigorous methodology, involving a detailed plan for:
The aim? To answer a specific research question. Systematic reviews often include meta-analyses , where data from multiple studies are statistically combined to provide more robust conclusions.
This review type is a cornerstone in evidence-based fields like healthcare.
Then there’s the literature review, a broader type you might encounter.
Here, the goal is to give an overview of the main points and debates on a topic, without the stringent methodological framework of a systematic review.
Literature reviews are great for getting a grasp of the field and identifying where future research might head. Often reading literature review papers can help you to learn about a topic rather quickly.
Narrative reviews allow for a more flexible approach. Authors of narrative reviews draw on existing literature to provide insights or critique a certain area of research.
This is generally done with a less formal structure than systematic reviews. This type is particularly useful for areas where it’s difficult to quantify findings across studies.
Scoping reviews are gaining traction for their ability to map out the existing literature on a broad topic, identifying:
Unlike systematic reviews, scoping reviews have a more exploratory approach, which can be particularly useful in emerging fields or for topics that haven’t been comprehensively reviewed before.
Each type of review serves a unique purpose and requires a specific skill set. Whether you’re looking to summarise existing findings, synthesise data for evidence-based practice, or explore new research territories, there’s a review type that fits the bill.
Knowing how to write, read, and interpret these reviews can significantly enhance your understanding of any research area.
A review paper format has a pretty set structure, with minor changes here and there to suit the topic covered. The review paper format not only organises your thoughts but also guides your readers through the complexities of your topic.
Starting with the title and abstract, you set the stage. The title should be a concise indicator of the content, making it easier for others to quickly tell what your article content is about.
As for the abstract, it should act as a descriptive summary, offering a snapshot of your review’s scope and findings.
The introduction lays the groundwork, presenting the research question that drives your review. It’s here you:
This section aims to articulate the significance of the topic and your objective in exploring it.
The methodology section is the backbone of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, detailing the research methods employed to select, assess, and synthesise studies.
This transparency allows readers to gauge the rigour and reproducibility of your review. It’s a testament to the integrity of your work, showing how you’ve minimised bias.
The heart of your review lies in the body, where you:
This is where you synthesise evidence, draw connections, and present both sides of any argument. Well-structured paragraphs and clear subheadings guide readers through your analysis, offering insights and fostering a deeper understanding of the subject.
The discussion or conclusion section is where you weave together the main points, reflecting on what your findings mean for the field.
It’s about connecting the dots, offering a synthesis of evidence that answers your initial research question. This part often hints at future research directions, suggesting areas that need further exploration due to gaps in existing knowledge.
Review paper format usually includes the citation list – it is your nod to the scholarly community, acknowledging the contributions of others.
Each citation is a thread in the larger tapestry of academic discourse, enabling readers to delve deeper into the research that has shaped your review.
Writing a review article quickly without sacrificing quality might seem like a tall order, but with the right approach, it’s entirely achievable.
Clearly define your research question. A focused question not only narrows down the scope of your literature search but also keeps your review concise and on track.
By honing in on a specific aspect of a broader topic, you can avoid the common pitfall of becoming overwhelmed by the vast expanse of available literature. This specificity allows you to zero in on the most relevant studies, making your review more impactful.
Utilise databases specific to your field and employ advanced search techniques like Boolean operators. This can drastically reduce the time you spend sifting through irrelevant articles.
Additionally, leveraging citation chains—looking at who has cited a pivotal paper in your area and who it cites—can uncover valuable sources you might otherwise miss.
Developing a robust organisation strategy is key. As you gather sources, categorize them based on themes or methodologies.
This not only aids in structuring your review but also in identifying areas where research is lacking or abundant. Organize your findings based on the review paper format.
Tools like citation management software can be invaluable here, helping you keep track of your sources and their key points. We list out some of the best AI tools for academic research here.
Don’t underestimate the power of a well-structured outline. A clear blueprint of your article can guide your writing process, ensuring that each section flows logically into the next.
This roadmap not only speeds up the writing process by providing a clear direction but also helps maintain coherence, ensuring your review article delivers a compelling narrative that advances understanding in your field.
When it’s time to write, start with sections you find easiest. This might be the methodology or a particular thematic section where you feel most confident.
Getting words on the page can build momentum, making it easier to tackle more challenging sections later.
Remember, your first draft doesn’t have to be perfect; the goal is to start articulating your synthesis of the literature.
Mastering the review paper format is a crucial step towards efficient academic writing. By adhering to the structured components outlined, you can streamline the creation of a compelling review article.
Embracing these guidelines not only speeds up the writing process but also enhances the clarity and impact of your work, ensuring your contributions to scholarly discourse are both valuable and timely.
A review paper serves to synthesise existing data, offering a panoramic view of the current state of knowledge on a particular topic
You usually will see sections like introduction, literature review, methodology, analysis and findings, discussions, citation and conclusion.
The key is to organize, pre-plan things out before writing it.
Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.
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From choosing a topic and conducting research to crafting a strong argument, writing a thesis paper can be a rewarding experience.
It can also be a challenging experience. If you've never written a thesis paper before, you may not know where to start. You may not even be sure exactly what a thesis paper is. But don't worry; the right support and resources can help you navigate this writing process.
A thesis paper is a type of academic essay that you might write as a graduation requirement for certain bachelor's, master's or honors programs. Thesis papers present your own original research or analysis on a specific topic related to your field.
“In some ways, a thesis paper can look a lot like a novella,” said Shana Chartier , director of information literacy at Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU). “It’s too short to be a full-length novel, but with the standard size of 40-60 pages (for a bachelor’s) and 60-100 pages (for a master’s), it is a robust exploration of a topic, explaining one’s understanding of a topic based on personal research.”
Chartier has worked in academia for over 13 years and at SNHU for nearly eight. In her role as an instructor and director, Chartier has helped to guide students through the writing process, like editing and providing resources.
Chartier has written and published academic papers such as "Augmented Reality Gamifies the Library: A Ride Through the Technological Frontier" and "Going Beyond the One-Shot: Spiraling Information Literacy Across Four Years." Both of these academic papers required Chartier to have hands-on experience with the subject matter. Like a thesis paper, they also involved hypothesizing and doing original research to come to a conclusion.
“When writing a thesis paper, the importance of staying organized cannot be overstated,” said Chartier. “Mapping out each step of the way, making firm and soft deadlines... and having other pairs of eyes on your work to ensure academic accuracy and clean editing are crucial to writing a successful paper.”
What your thesis paper is for will determine some of the specific requirements and steps you might take, but the first step is usually the same: Choosing a topic.
“Choosing a topic can be daunting," said Rochelle Attari , a peer tutor at SNHU. "But if (you) stick with a subject (you're) interested in... choosing a topic is much more manageable.”
Similar to a thesis, Attari recently finished the capstone for her bachelor’s in psychology . Her bachelor’s concentration is in forensics, and her capstone focused on the topic of using a combined therapy model for inmates who experience substance abuse issues to reduce recidivism.
“The hardest part was deciding what I wanted to focus on,” Attari said. “But once I nailed down my topic, each milestone was more straightforward.”
In her own writing experience, Attari said brainstorming was an important step when choosing her topic. She recommends writing down different ideas on a piece of paper and doing some preliminary research on what’s already been written on your topic.
By doing this exercise, you can narrow or broaden your ideas until you’ve found a topic you’re excited about. " Brainstorming is essential when writing a paper and is not a last-minute activity,” Attari said.
Thesis papers tend to have a standard format with common sections as the building blocks.
While the structure Attari describes below will work for many theses, it’s important to double-check with your program to see if there are any specific requirements. Writing a thesis for a Master of Fine Arts, for example, might actually look more like a fiction novel.
According to Attari, a thesis paper is often structured with the following major sections:
Now, let’s take a closer look at what each different section should include.
Your introduction is your opportunity to present the topic of your thesis paper. In this section, you can explain why that topic is important. The introduction is also the place to include your thesis statement, which shows your stance in the paper.
Attari said that writing an introduction can be tricky, especially when you're trying to capture your reader’s attention and state your argument.
“I have found that starting with a statement of truth about a topic that pertains to an issue I am writing about typically does the trick,” Attari said. She demonstrated this advice in an example introduction she wrote for a paper on the effects of daylight in Alaska:
In the continental United States, we can always count on the sun rising and setting around the same time each day, but in Alaska, during certain times of the year, the sun rises and does not set for weeks. Research has shown that the sun provides vitamin D and is an essential part of our health, but little is known about how daylight twenty-four hours a day affects the circadian rhythm and sleep.
In the example Attari wrote, she introduces the topic and informs the reader what the paper will cover. Somewhere in her intro, she said she would also include her thesis statement, which might be:
Twenty-four hours of daylight over an extended period does not affect sleep patterns in humans and is not the cause of daytime fatigue in northern Alaska .
In the literature review, you'll look at what information is already out there about your topic. “This is where scholarly articles about your topic are essential,” said Attari. “These articles will help you find the gap in research that you have identified and will also support your thesis statement."
Telling your reader what research has already been done will help them see how your research fits into the larger conversation. Most university libraries offer databases of scholarly/peer-reviewed articles that can be helpful in your search.
In the methods section of your thesis paper, you get to explain how you learned what you learned. This might include what experiment you conducted as a part of your independent research.
“For instance,” Attari said, “if you are a psychology major and have identified a gap in research on which therapies are effective for anxiety, your methods section would consist of the number of participants, the type of experiment and any other particulars you would use for that experiment.”
In this section, you'll explain the results of your study. For example, building on the psychology example Attari outlined, you might share self-reported anxiety levels for participants trying different kinds of therapies. To help you communicate your results clearly, you might include data, charts, tables or other visualizations.
The discussion section of your thesis paper is where you will analyze and interpret the results you presented in the previous section. This is where you can discuss what your findings really mean or compare them to the research you found in your literature review.
The discussion section is your chance to show why the data you collected matters and how it fits into bigger conversations in your field.
The conclusion of your thesis paper is your opportunity to sum up your argument and leave your reader thinking about why your research matters.
Attari breaks the conclusion down into simple parts. “You restate the original issue and thesis statement, explain the experiment's results and discuss possible next steps for further research,” she said.
Resources to help write your thesis paper.
While your thesis paper may be based on your independent research, writing it doesn’t have to be a solitary process. Asking for help and using the resources that are available to you can make the process easier.
If you're writing a thesis paper, some resources Chartier encourages you to use are:
It can also be helpful to check out what coaching or tutoring options are available through your school. At SNHU, for example, the Academic Support Center offers writing and grammar workshops , and students can access 24/7 tutoring and 1:1 sessions with peer tutors, like Attari.
"Students can even submit their papers and receive written feedback... like revisions and editing suggestions," she said.
If you are writing a thesis paper, there are many resources available to you. It's a long paper, but with the right mindset and support, you can successfully navigate the process.
“Pace yourself,” said Chartier. “This is a marathon, not a sprint. Setting smaller goals to get to the big finish line can make the process seem less daunting, and remember to be proud of yourself and celebrate your accomplishment once you’re done. Writing a thesis is no small task, and it’s important work for the scholarly community.”
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Meg Palmer ’18 is a writer and scholar by trade who loves reading, riding her bike and singing in a barbershop quartet. She earned her bachelor’s degree in English, language and literature at Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU) and her master’s degree in writing, rhetoric and discourse at DePaul University (’20). While attending SNHU, she served as the editor-in-chief of the campus student newspaper, The Penmen Press, where she deepened her passion for writing. Meg is an adjunct professor at Johnson and Wales University, where she teaches first year writing, honors composition, and public speaking. Connect with her on LinkedIn .
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Abstract vs. introduction: what’s the difference.
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When writing a dissertation, there are two key sections that students often confuse: the abstract and the introduction. Both serve different purposes yet are essential components of the dissertation. This blog post aims to clarify the difference between the two, providing guidance on what an abstract is, the structure of a dissertation introduction, and tips on writing both effectively. Whether you’re looking at abstract examples in a dissertation or trying to formulate the perfect introduction, understanding these sections is crucial to delivering a well-rounded academic piece.
An abstract is a concise summary of the entire dissertation. It provides an overview of the research, including the research question, methodology, key findings, and conclusions. An abstract is typically around 150-300 words, depending on your institution’s guidelines, and appears at the beginning of your dissertation before the introduction. Think of an abstract as a snapshot of your research, allowing readers to understand the scope and significance of your work without having to read the entire dissertation. In fact, most readers will first read the abstract to decide whether the rest of the dissertation is relevant to them.
The purpose of the abstract is to summarise the key elements of your dissertation in a way that allows readers to quickly grasp its essence. In many cases, the abstract will be used in research databases and repositories, where scholars will search for relevant papers. Thus, your abstract needs to be clear, concise, and informative. an abstract serves several functions:
Provides a snapshot : The abstract gives a brief overview of your research, from your thesis statement to your findings and conclusions. Guides the reader : It helps readers decide whether to read the entire dissertation. If the abstract is well-written and concise , it will draw in your audience. Highlights relevance : A good abstract will highlight the significance of your research within your field of study.
The structure of an abstract can vary depending on the type of dissertation, but typically, it includes the following components:
For instance, an abstract for a dissertation on climate change might look like this:
"This dissertation investigates the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. By analysing historical climate data and conducting interviews with local farmers, the study identifies a significant decline in crop yields over the past decade, particularly in maize and wheat production. The findings suggest that climate variability, coupled with inadequate irrigation systems, is the primary factor influencing the decline. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on climate resilience and offers policy recommendations for sustainable farming practices in the region."
The introduction of a dissertation serves a different purpose from the abstract. While the abstract provides a summary of the entire work, the introduction is more detailed and serves as a roadmap for the reader. It is where you set the stage for your research, offering context and a more in-depth explanation of your topic and objectives.
The dissertation introduction is meant to engage the reader and provide a clear overview of your research. It typically includes:
Background information : This section offers context and background details about your research topic. It explains why your research is important and how it fits within the broader field of study. Research question or hypothesis : Clearly state your research question or hypothesis and explain its significance. Aims and objectives : Outline the goals of your research and what you aim to achieve through your study. Research approach : Provide a brief overview of your methodology and how you plan to address your research question. Significance of the research : Discuss the importance of your study and how it contributes to the field.
When writing a dissertation introduction, it’s important to be clear and focused. Here are some tips to keep in mind:
Start with a hook : Grab the reader’s attention with a compelling statement or an interesting fact related to your topic. Provide context : Offer background information that helps readers understand the significance of your research. Explain the problem or gap in the existing literature that your dissertation addresses. State your research question : Clearly articulate your research question or hypothesis and explain why it’s important to investigate. Define your objectives : List the main objectives of your research and what you aim to achieve. Outline your approach : Briefly describe your research methods and how they will help you answer your research question. Highlight the significance : Discuss the potential implications of your research and its contribution to the field.
To summarise, the key difference between an abstract and an introduction lies in their purpose and scope. The abstract is a brief summary of the entire dissertation, meant to give readers a quick overview of your research. In contrast, the introduction provides a more detailed explanation of the research topic, its context, and the objectives of your study.
Another key distinction is that while the abstract appears before the main body of the dissertation, the introduction is the first chapter of the dissertation itself. The abstract summarises everything, including the results and conclusions, while the introduction focuses on setting up the research and providing a rationale for why it’s important. In short, the abstract is about giving readers a snapshot, while the introduction is about engaging them in the research process.
Here are some common mistakes to avoid when writing both the abstract and the introduction:
Both the abstract and the introduction are vital components of your dissertation, each serving a unique purpose. Understanding the difference between abstract and introduction is crucial for crafting a dissertation that flows well and engages the reader.
Advice for successfully writing a dissertation, writing services.
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These sample papers demonstrate APA Style formatting standards for different student paper types. Students may write the same types of papers as professional authors (e.g., quantitative studies, literature reviews) or other types of papers for course assignments (e.g., reaction or response papers, discussion posts), dissertations, and theses.
Media Files: APA Sample Student Paper , APA Sample Professional Paper This resource is enhanced by Acrobat PDF files. Download the free Acrobat Reader. Note: The APA Publication Manual, 7 th Edition specifies different formatting conventions for student and professional papers (i.e., papers written for credit in a course and papers intended for scholarly publication).
Abstract Research Paper Example. An abstract is an executive summary of the research paper that includes the purpose of the research, the design of the study, and significant research findings. It is a small section that is based on a few paragraphs. Following is an example of the abstract to help you draft yours professionally.
Research paper examples are of great value for students who want to complete their assignments timely and efficiently. If you are a student in the university, your first stop in the quest for research paper examples will be the campus library where you can get to view the research sample papers of lecturers and other professionals in diverse fields plus those of fellow students who preceded ...
Research Paper Example Chicago. Chicago style is utilized in various fields like history, arts, and social sciences. Research papers in Chicago style could delve into historical events, artistic analyses, or social science inquiries. Here is a research paper formatted in Chicago style:
Table of contents. Step 1: Introduce your topic. Step 2: Describe the background. Step 3: Establish your research problem. Step 4: Specify your objective (s) Step 5: Map out your paper. Research paper introduction examples. Frequently asked questions about the research paper introduction.
Step 1: Find a topic and review the literature. As we mentioned earlier, in a research paper, you, as the researcher, will try to answer a question.More specifically, that's called a research question, and it sets the direction of your entire paper. What's important to understand though is that you'll need to answer that research question with the help of high-quality sources - for ...
A research paper is a piece of academic writing that provides analysis, interpretation, ... This impact is particularly obvious in light of the various critical review articles that have recently referenced the essay. For example, consider Mark Falcoff's 2009 article in The National Review Online, "The Perversion of Language; or, Orwell ...
Research Paper Example. Note: The below example research paper is for illustrative purposes only and is not an actual research paper. Actual research papers may have different structures, contents, and formats depending on the field of study, research question, data collection and analysis methods, and other factors.
Congratulations to the students whose essays were selected for the 2024 edition of Writing with MLA Style! Essays were selected as examples of excellent student writing that use MLA style for citing sources. Essays have been lightly edited. If your institution subscribes to MLA Handbook Plus, you can access annotated versions of the essays published …
papers (a change from APA 6). Page numbers begin on the first page and follow on every subsequent page without interruption. No other information (e.g., authors' last names) is required. Note: your instructor may ask for a running head or your last name before the page number. You can look at the APA professional sample paper for guidelines on ...
This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. This resource contains a sample MLA paper that adheres to the 2016 updates. To download the MLA sample paper, click this link.
The main guidelines for formatting a paper in APA Style are as follows: Use a standard font like 12 pt Times New Roman or 11 pt Arial. Set 1 inch page margins. Apply double line spacing. If submitting for publication, insert a APA running head on every page. Indent every new paragraph ½ inch.
Through accurate citations, a research essay example can also avoid plagiarism and uphold academic integrity. 10 Expert Tips to Craft the Perfect Research Essay Example. Research essays require finding, evaluating, and integrating source material to support an analytical thesis. This process demands care and effort.
APA Sample Papers. Annotated Bibliography. Argumentative Essay From a Beginning Writing Class (traditional style) Argumentative Essay From a Psychology Class. Aristotelian Argumentative Essay. Cause and Effect Essay From a Beginning Writing Class. Cause and Effect Essay From an Educational Psychology Class.
Thank you for using the APA Style annotated sample student paper for guidance when wri ng your paper or assignment. This sample paper PDF contains annota ons that draw aten on to key APA Style content and forma ng such as the tle page, headings, in-text cita ons, references, and more. Relevant sec ons of the seventh edi on of the Publication ...
The basics of figure setup, including figure components, principles of figure construction, and placement of figures in a paper. Tables - APA 7. The basics of table setup, including table components, principles of table construction, and placement of tables in the paper. Last Updated: May 14, 2024 3:23 PM. URL: https://libguides.sullivan.edu/apa7.
Strong Thesis Statement Examples. 1. School Uniforms. "Mandatory school uniforms should be implemented in educational institutions as they promote a sense of equality, reduce distractions, and foster a focused and professional learning environment.". Best For: Argumentative Essay or Debate. Read More: School Uniforms Pros and Cons.
The featured example is a research paper on the uses of biometrics to inform design decisions in the tech industry, authored by our UX Research Intern Peace Iyiewuare. Like most APA style papers, it includes an APA title page, tables, and several references and APA in-text citations to scholarly journals relevant to its topic. References are an ...
Nursing Research Paper. The research paper explores the benefits of participating in research. Medical sciences heavily rely on real-life research and results, and therefore, it uses medical professionals as subjects. The paper discusses how the experience contributes to their professional life and helps them work better.
The "Porcelain God" College Essay Example. Essay written for the "topic of your choice" prompt for the 2012 Common Application college application essays. Bowing down to the porcelain god, I emptied the contents of my stomach. Foaming at the mouth, I was ready to pass out.
The study incorporated the meta-synthesis research design of multiple studies to find similar themes and trends across several countries. The authors searched several databases for research addressing barriers to breast cancer screening for women aged 40 and over, published between 2000 and 2019.
In any research paper or academic essay, the thesis statement is the sentence or two that clearly express your writing's main idea. It is just one of the components that come together to form a full research paper, like the abstract, thesis acknowledgement, and bibliography. The purpose of a thesis title
Sample of a Persuasive / Argumentative Five-Paragraph Essay A Cat is a Man's Best Friend This model essay is a good example of an Argumentative (or Persuasive) Essay.
Below is an example of a detailed outline. (It is for a research paper, but the principles and structure apply to any paper.) Notice the hierarchical use of the roman numeral system.Such a hierarchy is key to organizing your thinking and your argument and keeping track of the relationships between your ideas.
At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays, research papers, and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises). Add a citation whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.
A review paper format has a pretty set structure, with minor changes here and there to suit the topic covered. The review paper format not only organises your thoughts but also guides your readers through the complexities of your topic. Title & Abstract. Starting with the title and abstract, you set the stage.
Thesis papers present your own original research or analysis on a specific topic related to your field. "In some ways, a thesis paper can look a lot like a novella," said Shana Chartier, director of information literacy at Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU). "It's too short to be a full-length novel, but with the standard size of ...
State your research question: Clearly articulate your research question or hypothesis and explain why it's important to investigate. Define your objectives: List the main objectives of your research and what you aim to achieve. Outline your approach: Briefly describe your research methods and how they will help you answer your research question.
This academic paper usually shows that you can conduct research and have a firm understanding of special topics in the field you want to pursue. It can also help you familiarize yourself with future specializations in nursing. These research papers can be essential components of your degree and a large part of your grade. You may need to ...