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The Life and Legacy of José Rizal: National Hero of the Philippines

Dr. José Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, is not only admired for possessing intellectual brilliance but also for taking a stand and resisting the Spanish colonial government. While his death sparked a revolution to overthrow the tyranny, Rizal will always be remembered for his compassion towards the Filipino people and the country.

Humble beginnings.

José Protasio Rizal Mercado Y Alonso Realonda was born on June 19, 1861 to Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonzo in the town of Calamba in the province of Laguna. He had nine sisters and one brother. At the early age of three, the future political leader had already learned the English alphabet. And, by the age of five, José could already read and write.

Upon enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila (now referred to as Ateneo De Manila University ), he dropped the last three names in his full name, after his brother’s advice – hence, being known as José Protasio Rizal. His performance in school was outstanding – winning various poetry contests, impressing his professors with his familiarity of Castilian and other foreign languages, and crafting literary essays that were critical of the Spanish historical accounts of pre-colonial Philippine societies.

A man with multiple professions

While he originally obtained a land surveyor and assessor’s degree in Ateneo, Rizal also took up a preparatory course on law at the University of Santo Tomas (UST). But when he learned that his mother was going blind, he decided to switch to medicine school in UST and later on specialized in ophthalmology. In May 1882, he decided to travel to Madrid in Spain , and earned his Licentiate in Medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid.

Apart from being known as an expert in the field of medicine, a poet, and an essayist, Rizal exhibited other amazing talents. He knew how to paint, sketch, and make sculptures. Because he lived in Europe for about 10 years, he also became a polyglot – conversant in 22 languages. Aside from poetry and creative writing, Rizal had varying degrees of expertise in architecture, sociology, anthropology, fencing, martial arts, and economics to name a few.

His novels awakened Philippine nationalism

Rizal had been very vocal against the Spanish government, but in a peaceful and progressive manner. For him, “the pen was mightier than the sword.” And through his writings, he exposed the corruption and wrongdoings of government officials as well as the Spanish friars.

While in Barcelona, Rizal contributed essays, poems, allegories, and editorials to the Spanish newspaper, La Solidaridad. Most of his writings, both in his essays and editorials, centered on individual rights and freedom, specifically for the Filipino people . As part of his reforms, he even called for the inclusion of the Philippines to become a province of Spain.

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But, among his best works , two novels stood out from the rest – Noli Me Tángere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo ( The Reign of the Greed).

In both novels, Rizal harshly criticized the Spanish colonial rule in the country and exposed the ills of Philippine society at the time. And because he wrote about the injustices and brutalities of the Spaniards in the country, the authorities banned Filipinos from reading the controversial books. Yet they were not able to ban it completely. As more Filipinos read the books, their eyes opened to the truth that they were suffering unspeakable abuses at the hands of the friars. These two novels by Rizal, now considered his literary masterpieces, are said to have indirectly sparked the Philippine Revolution.

Rizal’s unfateful days

Upon his return to the Philippines, Rizal formed a progressive organization called the La Liga Filipina. This civic movement advocated social reforms through legal means. Now Rizal was considered even more of a threat by the Spanish authorities (alongside his novels and essays), which ultimately led to his exile in Dapitan in northern Mindanao .

This however did not stop him from continuing his plans for reform. While in Dapitan, Rizal built a school, hospital, and water system. He also taught farming and worked on agricultural projects such as using abaca to make ropes.

In 1896, Rizal was granted leave by then Governor-General Blanco, after volunteering to travel to Cuba to serve as doctor to yellow fever victims. But at that time, the Katipunan had a full-blown revolution and Rizal was accused of being associated with the secret militant society. On his way to Cuba, he was arrested in Barcelona and sent back to Manila to stand for trial before the court martial. Rizal was charged with sedition, conspiracy, and rebellion – and therefore, sentenced to death by firing squad.

Days before his execution, Rizal bid farewell to his motherland and countrymen through one of his final letters, entitled Mi último adiós or My Last Farewell. Dr. José Rizal was executed on the morning of December 30, 1896, in what was then called Bagumbayan (now referred to as Luneta). Upon hearing the command to shoot him, he faced the squad and uttered in his final breath: “ Consummatum est” (It is finished). According to historical accounts , only one bullet ended the life of the Filipino martyr and hero.

His legacy lives on

After his death, the Philippine Revolution continued until 1898. And with the assistance of the United States , the Philippines declared its independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. This was the time that the Philippine flag was waved at General Emilio Aguinaldo’s residence in Kawit, Cavite.

Today, Dr. Rizal’s brilliance, compassion, courage, and patriotism are greatly remembered and recognized by the Filipino people. His two novels are continuously being analyzed by students and professionals.

Colleges and universities in the Philippines even require their students to take a subject which centers around the life and works of Rizal. Every year, the Filipinos celebrate Rizal Day – December 30 each year – to commemorate his life and works. Filipinos look back at how his founding of La Liga Filipina and his two novels had an effect on the early beginnings of the Philippine Revolution. The people also recognize his advocacy to achieve liberty through peaceful means rather than violent revolution.

In honor of Rizal, memorials and statues of the national hero can be found not only within the Philippines, but in selected cities around the world. A road in the Chanakyapuri area of New Delhi (India) and in Medan, Indonesia is named after him. The José Rizal Bridge and Rizal Park in the city of Seattle are also dedicated to the late hero.

Within the Philippines, there are streets, towns/cities, a university (Rizal University), and a province named after him. Three species have also been named after Rizal – the Draco rizali (a small lizard, known as a flying dragon), Apogania rizali (a very rare kind of beetle with five horns) and the Rhacophorus rizali (a peculiar frog species).

To commemorate what he did for the country, the Philippines built a memorial park for him – now referred to as Rizal Park, found in Manila . There lies a monument which contains a standing bronze sculpture of Rizal, an obelisk, and a stone base said to contain his remains. The monument stands near the place where he fell during his execution in Luneta.

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About the author

A writer from the Philippines who loves books and photography. She likes to discover new dishes, explore places she's never been to, and try exciting activities. She hopes to satisfy her curiosity by traveling the world.

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Jose Rizal’s Essays and Articles

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Articles in Diariong Tagalog

“El Amor Patrio” (The Love of Country)

This was the first article Rizal wrote in the Spanish soil. Written in the summer of 1882, it was published in Diariong Tagalog in August. He used the pen name “Laong Laan” (ever prepared) as a byline for this article and he sent it to Marcelo H. Del Pilar for Tagalog translation.

Written during the Spanish colonization and reign over the Philippine islands, the article aimed to establish nationalism and patriotism among the natives. Rizal extended his call for the love of country to his fellow compatriots in Spain, for he believed that nationalism should be exercised anywhere a person is. 

“Revista De Madrid” (Review of Madrid)

This article written by Rizal on November 29, 1882 wasunfortunatelyreturned to him because Diariong Tagalog had ceased publications for lack of funds.

Articles in La Solidaridad

“Los Agricultores Filipinos” (The Filipino Farmers)

This essay dated March 25, 1889 was the first article of Rizal published in La Solidaridad. In this writing, he depicted the deplorable conditions of the Filipino farmers in the Philippines, hence the backwardness of the country.

“A La Defensa” (To La Defensa)

This was in response to the anti-Filipino writing by Patricio de la Escosura published by La Defensa on March 30, 1889 issue. Written on April 30, 1889, Rizal’s article refuted the views of Escosura, calling the readers’ attention to the insidious influences of the friars to the country.

“Los Viajes” (Travels)

Published in the La Solidaridad on May 15, 1889, this article tackled the rewards gained by the people who are well-traveled to many places in the world.

“La Verdad Para Todos” (The Truth for All)

This was Rizal’s counter to the Spanish charges that the natives were ignorant and depraved. On May 31, 1889, it was published in the La Solidaridad.  

"Vicente Barrantes’ Teatro Tagalo”

The first installment of Rizal’s “Vicente Barrantes” was published in the La Solidaridad on June 15, 1889. In this article, Rizal exposed Barrantes’ lack of knowledge on the Tagalog theatrical art.  

“Defensa Del Noli”

The manuscripts of the “Defensa del Noli” was written on June 18, 1889. Rizal sent the article to Marcelo H. Del Pilar, wanting it to be published by the end of that month in the La Solidaridad.

“Verdades  Nuevas”(New Facts/New Truths)

In this article dated July 31, 1889, Rizal replied to the letter of Vicente Belloc Sanchez which was published on July 4, 1889 in ‘La Patria’, a newspaper in Madrid. Rizal addressed Sanchez’s allegation that provision of reforms to the Philippines would devastate the diplomatic rule of the Catholic friars.

“Una Profanacion” (A Desecration/A Profanation)

Published on July 31, 1889, this article mockingly attacked the friars for refusing to give Christian burial to Mariano Herbosa, Rizal’s brother in law, who died of cholera in May 23, 1889. Being the husband of Lucia Rizal (Jose’s sister), Herbosa was denied of burial in the Catholic cemetery by the priests.

“Crueldad” (Cruelty),

Dated August 15, 1889, this was Rizal’s witty defense of Blumentritt from the libelous attacks of his enemies.

“Diferencias” (Differences) 

Published on September 15, 1889, this article countered the biased article entitled “Old Truths” which was printed in La Patria on August 14, 1889. “Old Truths” ridiculed those Filipinos who asked for reforms.

“Inconsequencias” (Inconsequences)

The Spanish Pablo Mir Deas attacked Antonio Luna in the Barcelona newspaper “El Pueblo Soberano”. As Rizal’s defense of Luna, he wrote this article which was published on November 30, 1889.

“Llanto Y Risas” (Tears and Laughter)

Dated November 30, 1889, this article was a condemnation of the racial prejudice of the Spanish against the brown race. Rizal remembered that he earned first prize in a literary contest in 1880. He narrated nonetheless how the Spaniard and mestizo spectators stopped their applause upon noticing that the winner had a brown skin complexion.

“Filipinas Dentro De Cien Anos” (The Philippines within One Hundred Years)

This was serialized in La Solidaridad on September 30, October 31, December 15, 1889 and February 15, 1890. In the articles, Rizal estimated the future of the Philippines in the span of a hundred years and foretold the catastrophic end of Spanish rule in Asia. He ‘prophesied’ Filipinos’ revolution against Spain, winning their independence, but later the Americans would come as the new colonizer

The essay also talked about the glorious past of the Philippines, recounted the deterioration of the economy, and exposed the causes of natives’ sufferings under the cruel Spanish rule. In the essay, he cautioned the Spain as regards the imminent downfall of its domination. He awakened the minds and the hearts of the Filipinos concerning the oppression of the Spaniards and encouraged them to fight for their right.

Part of the essays reads, “History does not record in its annals any lasting domination by one people over another, of different races, of diverse usages and customs, of opposite and divergent ideas. One of the two had to yield and succumb.” The Philippines had regained its long-awaited democracy and liberty some years after Rizal’s death. This was the realization of what the hero envisioned in this essay.

Dated January 15, 1890, this article was the hero’s reply to Governor General Weyler who told the people in Calamba that they “should not allow themselves to be deceived by the vain promises of their ungrateful sons.” The statement was made as a reaction to Rizal’s project of relocating the oppressed and landless Calamba tenants to North Borneo.

“Sobre La Nueva Ortografia De La Lengua Tagala” (On The New Orthography of The Tagalog Language)

Rizal expressed here his advocacy of a new spelling in Tagalog. In this article dated April 15, 1890, he laid down the rules of the new Tagalog orthography and, with modesty and sincerity, gave the credit for the adoption of this new orthography to Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, author of the celebrated work “El Sanscrito en la Lengua Tagala” (Sanskrit in the Tagalog Language) published in Paris, 1884.

“I put this on record,” wrote Rizal, “so that when the history of this orthography is traced, which is already being adopted by the enlightened Tagalists, that what is Caesar’s be given to Caesar. This innovation is due solely to Dr. Pardo de Tavera’s studies on Tagalismo. I was one of its most zealous propagandists.”

“Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinas” (The Indolence of the Filipinos) 

This logical essay is a proof of the national hero’s historical scholarship. The essay rationally countered the accusations by Spaniards that Filipinos were indolent (lazy) during the Spanish reign. It was published in La Solidaridad in five consecutive issues on July (15 and 31), August (1 and 31) and September  1, 1890.

Rizal argued that Filipinos are innately hardworking prior to the rule of the Spaniards. What brought the decrease in the productive activities of the natives was actually the Spanish colonization. Rizal explained the alleged Filipino indolence by pointing to these factors: 1) the Galleon Trade destroyed the previous links of the Philippines with other countries in Asia and the Middle East, thereby eradicating small local businesses and handicraft industries; 2) the Spanish forced labor compelled the Filipinos to work in shipyards, roads, and other public works, thus abandoning their agricultural farms and industries; 3) many Filipinos became landless and wanderers because Spain did not defend them against pirates and foreign invaders; 4) the system of education offered by the colonizers was impractical as it was mainly about repetitive prayers and had nothing to do with agricultural and industrial technology; 5) the Spaniards were a bad example as negligent officials would come in late and leave early in their offices and Spanish women were always followed by servants; 6) gambling like cockfights was established, promoted, and explicitly practiced by Spanish government officials and friars themselves especially during feast days; 7) the crooked system of religion discouraged the natives to work hard by teaching that it is easier for a poor man to enter heaven; and 8) the very high taxes were discouraging as big part of natives’ earnings would only go to the officials and friars.

Moreover, Rizal explained that Filipinos were just wise in their level of work under topical climate. He explained, “violent work is not a good thing in tropical countries as it is would be parallel to death, destruction, annihilation. Rizal concluded that natives’ supposed indolence was an end-product of the Spanish colonization.

Other Rizal’s articles which were also printed in La Solidaridad were “A La Patria” (November 15, 1889), “Sin Nobre”   (Without Name) (February 28, 1890), and “Cosas de Filipinas”   (Things about the Philippines)  (April 30, 1890).

Historical Commentaries Written in London

This historical commentary was written by Rizal in London on December 6, 1888.

“Acerca de Tawalisi de Ibn Batuta”

This historical commentaryis believed to form part of ‘Notes’ (written incollaboration with A.B. Meyer and F. Blumentritt) on a Chinese code in the Middle Ages, translated from the German by Dr. Hirth. Written on January 7, 1889, the article was about the “Tawalisi” which refers to the northern part of Luzon or to any of the adjoining islands.

It was also in London where Rizal penned the following historical commentaries: “La Political Colonial On Filipinas” (Colonial Policy In The Philippines), “Manila En El Mes De Diciembre” (December , 1872), “Historia De La Familia Rizal De Calamba” (History Of The Rizal Family Of Calamba), and “Los Pueblos Del Archipelago Indico (The People’s Of The Indian Archipelago )

Other Writings in London

“La Vision Del Fray Rodriguez” (The Vision of Fray Rodriguez)

Jose Rizal, upon receipt of the news concerning Fray Rodriguez’ bitter attack on his novel Noli Me Tangere, wrote this defense under his pseudonym “Dimas Alang.” Published in Barcelona, it is a satire depicting a spirited dialogue between the Catholic saint Augustine and Rodriguez. Augustine, in the fiction, told Rodriguez that he (Augustine) was commissioned by God to tell him (Rodriguez) of his stupidity and his penance on earth that he (Rodriguez) shall continue to write more stupidity so that all men may laugh at him. In this pamphlet, Rizal demonstrated his profound knowledge in religion and his biting satire.

“To The Young Women of Malolos”

Originally written in Tagalog, this famous essay directly addressed to the women of Malolos, Bulacan was written by Rizal  as a response to Marcelo H. Del Pilar’s request.

Rizal was greatly impressed by the bravery of the 20 young women of Malolos who planned to establish a school where they could learn Spanish despite the opposition of Felipe Garcia, Spanish parish priest of Malolos. The letter expressed Rizal’s yearning that women be granted the same chances given to men in terms of education. In the olden days, young women were not educated because of the principle that they will soon be wives and their primary career would be to take care of the home and children. Rizal however advocated women’s right to education.

            Below are some of the points mentioned by Rizal in his letter to the young women of Malolos: 1) The priests in the country that time did not embody the true spirit of Christianity; 2) Private judgment should be used; 3) Mothers should be an epitome of an ideal woman who teaches her children to love God, country, and fellowmen; 4) Mothers should rear children in the service of the state and set standards of behavior for men around her;5) Filipino women must be noble, decent, and dignified and they should be submissive, tender, and loving to their respective husband; and 6) Young women must edify themselves, live the real Christian way with good morals and manners, and should be intelligent in their choice of a lifetime partner.

Writings in Hong Kong

“Ang Mga Karapatan Ng Tao” (The Rights Of Man)

This was Rizal’s Tagalog translation of “The Rights of Man” which was proclaimed by the French Revolution in 1789.

“A La Nacion Espanola”(To The Spanish Nation)

Written in 1891, this was Rizal’s appeal to Spain to rectify the wrongs which the Spanish government and clergy had done to the Calamba tenants.

“Sa Mga Kababayan” (To My Countrymen)

This writing written in December 1891 explained the Calamba agrarian situation .

“Una Visita A La Victoria Gaol” (A Visit To Victoria Gaol), March 2, 1892

On March 2, 1892,Rizal wrote this account of his visit to the colonial prison of Hong Kong. He contrasted in the article the harsh Spanish prison system with the modern and more humane British prison system.

“Colonisation Du British North Borneo, Par De Familles De Iles Philippines” (Colonization Of British North Borneo By Families From The Philippine Islands)

This was Rizal’s elucidation of his pet North Borneo colonization project.

“Proyecto De Colonization Del British North Borneo Por Los Filipinos” (Project Of The Colonization Of British North Borneo By The Filipinos)

In this writing, Rizal further discussed the ideas he presented in “Colonization of British North Borneo by Families from the Philippine Islands.”

“La Mano Roja” (The Red Hand)

This was a writing printed in sheet form. Written in Hong Kong, the article denounced the frequent outbreaks of fires in Manila.

“Constitution of The La Liga Filipina”

This was deemed the most important writing Rizal had made during his Hong Kong stay. Though it was Jose Ma. Basa who conceived the establishment of Liga Filipina (Philippine League), his friend and namesake Jose Rizal was the one who wrote its constitution and founded it.

Articles for Trubner’s Record

Due to the request of Rizal’s friend Dr. Reinhold Rost, the editor of Trubner’s Record (a journal devoted to Asian Studies), Rizal submitted two articles:

Specimens of Tagal Folklore

Published in May 1889, the article contained Filipino proverbs and puzzles.

Two Eastern Fables (June 1889)

It was a comparative study of the Japanese and Philippine folklore. In this essay, Jose Rizal compared the Filipino fable, “The Tortoise and the Monkey” to the Japanese fable “Saru Kani Kassen” (Battle of the Monkey and the Crab).

Citing many similarities in form and content, Rizal surmised that these two fables may have had the same roots in Malay folklore. This scholarly work received serious attention from other ethnologists, and became a topic at an ethnological conference.

Among other things, Rizal noticed that both versions of the fable tackled about morality as both involve the eternal battle between the weak and the powerful. The Filipino version however had more philosophy and plainness of form whereas the Japanese counterpart had more civilization and diplomacy.

Other Writings

“Pensamientos De Un Filipino” (Reflections of A Filipino)

Jose Rizal wrote this in Madrid, Spain from 1883-1885. It spoke of a liberal minded and anti-friar Filipino who bears penalties such as an exile.

“Por Telefono”

This was a witty satire authored by “Dimas Alang” (one of the hero’s pen names) ridiculing the Catholic monk Font, one of the priests who masterminded the banning of the “Noli”. Published in booklet form in Barcelona, Spain, it narrated in a funny way the telephone conversation between Font and the provincial friar of the San Agustin Convent in Manila. 

This pamphlet showed not only Rizal’s cleverness but also his futuristic vision. Amazingly, Rizal had envisaged that overseas telephonic conversations could be carried on—something which was not yet done during that time (Fall of 1889). It was only in 1901, twelve years after Rizal wrote the “Por Telefono,” when the first radio-telegraph signals were received by Marconi across the Atlantic.

“La Instruccion” (The Town Schools In The Philippines)

Using his penname “Laong Laan”, Rizal assessed in this essay the elementary educational system in the Philippines during his time. Having observed the educational systems in Europe, Rizal found the Spanish-administered education in his country poor and futile. The hero thus proposed reforms and suggeted a more significant and engaging system.

Rizal for instance pointed out that there was a problem in the mandated medium of instruction—the colonizers’ language (Spanish) which was not perfectly understood by the natives. Rizal thus favored Philippine languages for workbooks and instructions.

The visionary (if not prophetic) thinking of Rizal might have been working (again) when he wrote the essay. Interestingly, his call for educational reforms, especially his stand on the use of the local languages for instruction, is part of the battle cry and features of today’s K to 12 program in the Philippines ... continue reading  (© 2013 by  Jensen DG. Mañebog )

Jensen DG. Mañebog , the contributor, is a book author and professorial lecturer in the graduate school of a state university in Metro Manila. His unique textbooks and e-books on Rizal (available online)  comprehensively tackle, among others, the respective life of Rizal’s parents, siblings, co-heroes, and girlfriends. (e-mail:   [email protected] )

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The Impact of 19th Century Philippines: Unveiling the Legacy of Rizal

Welcome to 19th Century , a blog dedicated to exploring the rich history of the 1800s. In this article, we delve into the fascinating world of the Philippines during this era, focusing on the iconic figure of Rizal . Join us as we uncover the remarkable life and legacy of this influential Filipino nationalist.

Table of Contents

Exploring the 19th Century Philippines: A Glimpse into Rizal’s Impact

In exploring the 19th Century Philippines , one cannot overlook the tremendous impact of Jose Rizal. Born in 1861, Rizal emerged as a key figure in the fight for Philippine independence from Spanish colonial rule. His works, such as Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shed light on the social injustices and abuses committed by the Spanish authorities.

Rizal’s writings not only exposed the harsh realities of colonial life but also inspired a sense of nationalism and pride among the Filipino people. He advocated for reforms and called for equal rights, education, and representation for his countrymen. Rizal’s ideas resonated deeply with the Filipinos, and his words became a rallying cry for change.

Furthermore, Rizal’s influence extended beyond his literary accomplishments. He established La Liga Filipina, a civic organization that aimed to unite Filipinos and promote their welfare. Although short-lived due to government crackdown, La Liga Filipina symbolized Rizal’s dedication to organizing and mobilizing his fellow countrymen towards a common goal.

Rizal’s impact on the 19th century Philippines cannot be understated. His intellectual prowess, courage, and unwavering belief in the Filipino spirit ignited a flame of resistance against Spanish oppression. Today, Rizal is revered as the national hero of the Philippines, a testament to his enduring legacy.

FACTORS GIVING RISE TO FILIPINO NATIONALISM

Tunay na boses ni rizal ; jun brioso’s collection, why is jose rizal significant in the 19th century.

Jose Rizal is significant in the 19th century for several reasons. Firstly, he was a national hero of the Philippines and played a crucial role in the country’s struggle for independence from Spanish colonial rule. Rizal’s writings, including his novels such as “Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo,” exposed the harsh realities of Spanish oppression and sparked a sense of national identity and pride among Filipinos.

Moreover, Rizal was a prominent advocate for reform within the Spanish colonial system. He believed in the power of education and used his platform to push for progressive changes, such as equal rights for Filipinos and improvements in public education. His ideas and writings were influential in shaping the nationalist movement in the Philippines.

Rizal was also a champion of peaceful resistance against oppressive regimes. He advocated for non-violent means of protest and believed in achieving change through intellectual and moral persuasion. His dedication to peaceful resistance continues to inspire activists and revolutionaries around the world.

Additionally, Rizal’s execution by the Spanish authorities in 1896 further intensified the Filipino people’s desire for independence and fueled their determination to fight for their rights. His martyrdom elevated him to the status of a martyr and symbol of resistance against colonialism, inspiring future generations of Filipinos in their pursuit of freedom.

Jose Rizal’s significance in the 19th century lies in his role as a national hero, his advocacy for reform and peaceful resistance, and his martyrdom, all of which contributed to the shaping of Filipino national identity and the fight for independence from Spanish colonial rule.

What events took place in the Philippines during the 19th century?

In the 19th century, several significant events took place in the Philippines:

1. Philippine Revolution (1896-1898) : The Philippine Revolution was a war fought against Spanish colonial rule. It began with the Cry of Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896, and led to the establishment of the First Philippine Republic in 1899.

2. Treaty of Paris (1898) : As a result of the Spanish-American War, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States through the Treaty of Paris. This marked the end of Spanish colonization in the country.

3. Philippine-American War (1899-1902) : Following the Treaty of Paris, the United States sought to establish control over the Philippines. The Philippine-American War broke out, resulting in a conflict that lasted for three years before the Philippines fell under American colonial rule.

4. Abolition of Slavery (1872) : In 1872, slavery was officially abolished in the Philippines through a royal decree issued by the Spanish government. This decree freed around 125,000 slaves in the country.

5. Opening of Manila to International Trade (1834) : In 1834, the Spanish government opened Manila to international trade, leading to an increase in commercial activities and the growth of the Philippine economy.

6. Establishment of La Solidaridad (1889) : La Solidaridad was a political and cultural organization formed by Filipino reformists during the late 19th century . It aimed to advocate for political reforms and promote national consciousness among Filipinos.

7. Execution of José Rizal (1896) : José Rizal, a prominent Filipino nationalist, writer, and advocate for reforms, was executed by the Spanish government on December 30, 1896. His death sparked further resistance and fueled the Philippine Revolution.

These events shaped the course of Philippine history during the 19th century , ultimately leading to the country’s struggle for independence from colonial powers.

In what ways did the events of the 19th century impact Rizal’s life?

The events of the 19th century had a profound impact on Rizal’s life. Born in 1861 in the Philippines, Rizal grew up during a time of immense change and turmoil. Let’s explore some of the ways in which these events shaped his life:

1. Spanish Colonial Rule: The Philippines was a Spanish colony during this period, and Rizal witnessed firsthand the oppressive nature of Spanish colonial rule. This experience fueled his desire for reform and his advocacy for independence.

2. Enlightenment Ideas: Rizal was exposed to Enlightenment ideas through his education, both in the Philippines and abroad. He was influenced by the concepts of liberty, equality, and nationalism, which inspired him to fight for the rights of Filipinos and question the legitimacy of Spanish rule.

3. Propagation of Liberalism: The spread of liberal ideologies during the 19th century played a significant role in shaping Rizal’s beliefs. He embraced liberalism, which called for individual freedoms, representative government, and social progress. These ideas motivated him to become a key figure in the Philippine reform movement.

4. Indios’ Call for Reform: The 19th century saw an increasing call for reform among the Filipino people, particularly among the indios (indigenous population). Rizal, being of mixed heritage, empathized with the plight of his fellow Filipinos and used his voice and writings to advocate for their rights.

5. Nationalism and Independence Movements: Rizal lived at a time when nationalist and independence movements were gaining momentum around the world. This global context influenced his own belief in the need for a united Filipino nation and his desire for independence from Spain.

The political, social, and intellectual climate of the 19th century had a profound influence on Rizal’s life. He became a passionate advocate for reform, nationalism, and independence, leaving a lasting impact on Philippine history and serving as a symbol of resistance against colonial oppression.

What was the state of the Philippine economy during the 19th century in the context of Rizal?

In the 19th century, the Philippine economy was largely agrarian and under Spanish colonial rule. The Spanish implemented a feudal system where large landowners, known as hacienderos, controlled vast plantations and exploited the labor of the majority of the population, who were farmers or tenants. This system resulted in widespread poverty and inequality.

The export-oriented agriculture dominated the Philippine economy during this period. Cash crops like sugar, tobacco, and abaca (a type of fiber used for making ropes and textiles) were produced for export to Spain and other countries. The Spanish government imposed high taxes and strict regulations on these commodities, benefiting the colonial administration and the wealthy elite while hampering local economic development.

Trade restrictions also limited the growth of industry and hindered the diversification of the economy. The Spanish government heavily controlled trade and favored Spanish merchants over Filipino traders, preventing the emergence of a robust domestic market. As a result, the Philippines remained largely reliant on imports for manufactured goods and had limited opportunities for industrialization.

Additionally, the lack of infrastructure and investment further compounded the economic challenges. The Spanish colonial administration focused more on extracting resources from the Philippines rather than developing local industries and infrastructure. This neglect led to poor transportation networks and limited access to education and modern technologies.

Overall, the state of the Philippine economy during the 19th century, in the context of Rizal, was characterized by exploitative agricultural practices, heavy reliance on exports, limited industrial development, and inadequate infrastructure. These conditions laid the groundwork for the socio-economic disparities and grievances that fueled the nationalist movements, including Rizal’s advocacy for reforms and independence.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who was jose rizal and what role did he play in the 19th century philippines.

Jose Rizal was a Filipino nationalist and polymath who played a crucial role in shaping the 19th century Philippines. He was born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Laguna, which was then a province of the Spanish colonial empire.

Rizal is widely regarded as the national hero of the Philippines due to his significant contributions to the country’s struggle for independence from Spain. He advocated for reforms and fought against social injustices under Spanish rule through his writings and actions.

As a writer, Rizal used his pen to expose the abuses of the Spanish colonial government and highlight the importance of national identity and pride. His most famous literary works include Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo , both novels that criticized the corruption and social inequalities prevalent in Philippine society during that time.

Rizal believed in peaceful means of reform, promoting education and enlightenment among his fellow Filipinos. He founded the La Liga Filipina , an organization that aimed to unite educated Filipinos and seek peaceful changes within the system.

His advocacy for reforms and nationalism made him a target of the Spanish authorities. In 1896, Rizal was arrested and charged with rebellion, sedition, and conspiracy. He was convicted and executed by firing squad on December 30, 1896, at the age of 35.

Despite his untimely death, Rizal’s ideas and sacrifices inspired generations of Filipinos to fight for their freedom and work towards nation-building. His martyrdom marked a turning point in Philippine history and strengthened the spirit of nationalism that eventually led to the country’s independence in 1898. Today, his legacy as a patriot, intellectual, and visionary continues to be celebrated in the Philippines.

How did the 19th century Spanish colonial rule impact the political and social landscape of the Philippines, and how did Rizal’s writings contribute to the nationalist movement?

The 19th century Spanish colonial rule had a significant impact on the political and social landscape of the Philippines. During this period, Spain implemented a centralized system of governance and introduced Spanish language, religion, and culture to the native population. This colonization resulted in the emergence of a distinct Filipino identity and a growing sense of nationalism.

Politically, Spanish colonial rule established a hierarchical system with power concentrated in the hands of Spanish officials. The Filipinos were largely excluded from participating in government affairs and were denied basic political rights. This oppressive system fueled discontent among the Filipino elites and intellectuals.

Socially, Spanish colonization imposed a rigid social structure based on racial hierarchy. The Spaniards occupied the top tier, followed by the Filipino mestizos (mixed-race individuals), while the indigenous population occupied the lowest status. This social division prompted resentment and frustration among the Filipinos, leading to the formation of nationalist movements.

José Rizal, a prominent Filipino nationalist and intellectual, played a crucial role in inspiring the nationalist movement during the late 19th century. His writings, particularly his novels “Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo,” exposed the injustices and abuses of the Spanish colonial government. Rizal highlighted the social inequalities and advocated for reforms, emphasizing the need for Filipino empowerment.

Rizal’s works not only captured the attention of fellow Filipinos but also gained international recognition. His writings resonated with the aspirations of the Filipino people and served as a rallying point for the nationalist cause. Rizal’s ideas about national identity, independence, and self-governance profoundly influenced the development of Filipino nationalism in the late 19th century.

Spanish colonial rule in the 19th century had a profound impact on the political and social landscape of the Philippines, promoting a growing sense of Filipino identity and nationalism. José Rizal’s writings played a pivotal role in inspiring and shaping the nationalist movement, challenging the oppressive Spanish rule and advocating for Filipino empowerment.

What were the key events and factors that led to the execution of Jose Rizal in 1896, and how did his death inspire and ignite the revolutionary spirit in the Philippines during that time?

José Rizal was a key figure in the Philippine independence movement during the late 19th century. His execution on December 30, 1896, played a crucial role in igniting the revolutionary spirit in the Philippines.

Several events and factors led to Rizal’s execution. First, his novel “Noli Me Tangere” (Touch Me Not) and its sequel “El Filibusterismo” (The Reign of Greed) exposed the social injustices and abuses committed by the Spanish colonial government and friars in the Philippines. These writings sparked national consciousness and brought attention to the need for reforms.

Rizal’s involvement in the Katipunan , a secret revolutionary society, also contributed to his execution. Although he was not directly involved in armed rebellion, his association with the Katipunan and his advocacy for reform made him a target for the Spanish authorities.

Moreover, Rizal’s public trial and subsequent execution served as a warning to other Filipinos who were questioning Spanish colonial rule. The Spanish authorities sought to quell any further dissent by making an example out of him.

Rizal’s death deeply inspired and ignited the revolutionary spirit in the Philippines. It galvanized the Filipinos’ desire for freedom from Spanish oppression and fueled the flames of revolution. His martyrdom solidified his status as a national hero and martyr of the Philippine Revolution.

The execution of José Rizal became a symbol of the injustices suffered by the Filipino people and bolstered their determination to fight for independence. His death served as a catalyst for the Philippine Revolution, which would eventually lead to the country’s liberation from Spanish colonial rule in 1898.

Overall, Rizal’s writings, his involvement in the Katipunan, and his sacrifice through execution were key factors that inspired and ignited the revolutionary spirit in the Philippines during the late 19th century. His legacy continues to be celebrated and revered in the Philippines to this day.

The life and legacy of Jose Rizal in 19th century Philippines strongly exemplify the tumultuous socio-political environment of the time. As a prominent figure in the struggle for independence, Rizal’s writings and activism powerfully influenced the national consciousness and paved the way for the eventual revolution against Spanish colonial rule.

Rizal’s works, such as his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo , exposed the oppressive nature of Spanish colonization and ignited a sense of national identity and pride among Filipinos. Through his writing, Rizal advocated for education, equality, and justice, promoting social reforms that challenged the existing power structures. His call for peaceful resistance and dialogue instead of violence demonstrated his intellectual sophistication and forward-thinking ideals .

Moreover, Rizal’s establishment of La Liga Filipina , a secret society aiming for unity and reforms, showcased his innovative strategies in the pursuit of change . Although it was short-lived due to his arrest and subsequent execution, his ideas continued to inspire future generations of revolutionaries.

Rizal’s impact on the 19th century Philippines cannot be overstated. His courage, intellect, and unwavering commitment to the Filipino people shaped the course of the nation’s history . His execution only served to fuel the flames of revolution and strengthen the resolve of those who came after him, ultimately leading to the Philippines’ independence.

As we reflect on Rizal’s life and achievements in the context of 19th century Philippines, it is evident that his actions and ideas continue to resonate today . His fight for freedom, justice, and national identity remains an inspiration for those who strive for a better future. Rizal’s contributions to the nation’s history and his unwavering dedication to his people make him a true hero of the 19th century Philippines and beyond. The legacy of Rizal serves as a constant reminder that the pursuit of a just society requires courage, intellectual curiosity, and the unwavering belief in the power of change .

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Biography of José Rizal, National Hero of the Philippines

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Life in Europe

Novels and other writing, program of reforms, exile and courtship, trial and execution.

• Ph.D., History, Boston University
• J.D., University of Washington School of Law
• B.A., History, Western Washington University

José Rizal (June 19, 1861–December 30, 1896) was a man of intellectual power and artistic talent whom Filipinos honor as their national hero. He excelled at anything that he put his mind to: medicine, poetry, sketching, architecture, sociology, and more. Despite little evidence, he was martyred by Spanish colonial authorities on charges of conspiracy, sedition, and rebellion when he was only 35.

Fast Facts: José Rizal

• Known For : National hero of the Philippines for his key role inspiring the Philippine Revolution against colonial Spain
• Also Known As: José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
• Born : June 19, 1861, at Calamba, Laguna
• Parents : Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y Quintos
• Died : December 30, 1896, in Manila, the Philippines
• Education : Ateneo Municipal de Manila; studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila; medicine and philosophy at the Universidad Central de Madrid; ophthalmology at the University of Paris and the University of Heidelberg
• Published Works : Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo
• Spouse : Josephine Bracken (married two hours before his death)
• Notable Quote: "On this battlefield man has no better weapon than his intelligence, no other force but his heart."

José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was born on June 19, 1861, at Calamba, Laguna, the seventh child of Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y Quintos. The family were wealthy farmers who rented land from the Dominican religious order. Descendants of a Chinese immigrant named Domingo Lam-co, they changed their name to Mercado ("market") under the pressure of anti-Chinese feeling among the Spanish colonizers.

From an early age, Rizal showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from his mother at the age of 3 and could read and write at age 5.

Rizal attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, graduating at age 16 with the highest honors. He took a post-graduate course there in land surveying.

Rizal completed his surveyor's training in 1877 and passed the licensing exam in May 1878, but he could not receive a license to practice because he was only 17. He was granted a license in 1881 when he reached the age of majority.

In 1878, the young man enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas as a medical student. He later quit the school, alleging discrimination against Filipino students by the Dominican professors.

In May 1882, Rizal got on a ship to Spain without informing his parents. He enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid after arriving. In June 1884, he received his medical degree at the age of 23; the following year, he graduated from the Philosophy and Letters department.

Inspired by his mother's advancing blindness, Rizal next went to the University of Paris and then to the University of Heidelberg for further study in ophthalmology. At Heidelberg, he studied under the famed professor Otto Becker (1828–1890). Rizal finished his second doctorate at Heidelberg in 1887.

Rizal lived in Europe for 10 years and picked up a number of languages. He could converse in more than 10 different tongues. While in Europe, the young Filipino impressed everyone he met with his charm, intelligence, and mastery of a range of different fields of study. Rizal excelled at martial arts, fencing, sculpture, painting, teaching, anthropology , and journalism, among other areas.

During his European sojourn, he also began to write novels. Rizal finished his first book, " Noli Me Tangere " (Latin for "Touch Me Not"), while living in Wilhelmsfeld, Germany, with the Rev. Karl Ullmer.

Rizal wrote "Noli Me Tangere" in Spanish; it was published in 1887 in Berlin, Germany. The novel is a scathing indictment of the Catholic Church and Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, and its publication cemented Rizal's position on the Spanish colonial government's list of troublemakers. When Rizal returned home for a visit, he received a summons from the governor-general and had to defend himself against charges of disseminating subversive ideas.

Although the Spanish governor accepted Rizal's explanations, the Catholic Church was less willing to forgive. In 1891, Rizal published a sequel, titled " El Filibusterismo ." When published in English, it was titled "The Reign of Greed."

In his novels and newspaper editorials, Rizal called for a number of reforms of the Spanish colonial system in the Philippines. He advocated freedom of speech and assembly, equal rights before the law for Filipinos, and Filipino priests in place of the often-corrupt Spanish churchmen. In addition, Rizal called for the Philippines to become a province of Spain, with representation in the Spanish legislature, the Cortes Generales .

Rizal never called for independence for the Philippines. Nonetheless, the colonial government considered him a dangerous radical and declared him an enemy of the state.

In 1892, Rizal returned to the Philippines. He was almost immediately accused of being involved in the brewing rebellion and was exiled to Dapitan City, on the island of Mindanao. Rizal would stay there for four years, teaching school and encouraging agricultural reforms.

During that period, the people of the Philippines grew more eager to revolt against the Spanish colonial presence. Inspired in part by Rizal's progressive organization La Liga , rebel leaders such as Andres Bonifacio (1863–1897) began to press for military action against the Spanish regime.

In Dapitan, Rizal met and fell in love with Josephine Bracken, who brought her stepfather to him for a cataract operation. The couple applied for a marriage license but were denied by the Church, which had excommunicated Rizal.

The Philippine Revolution broke out in 1896. Rizal denounced the violence and received permission to travel to Cuba to tend to victims of yellow fever in exchange for his freedom. Bonifacio and two associates sneaked aboard the ship to Cuba before it left the Philippines and tried to convince Rizal to escape with them, but Rizal refused.

He was arrested by the Spanish on the way, taken to Barcelona, and then extradited to Manila for trial. Rizal was tried by court-martial and charged with conspiracy, sedition, and rebellion. Despite a lack of evidence of his complicity in the Revolution, Rizal was convicted on all counts and given a death sentence.

He was allowed to marry Bracken two hours before his execution by firing squad in Manila on December 30, 1896. Rizal was just 35 years old.

José Rizal is remembered today throughout the Philippines for his brilliance, courage, peaceful resistance to tyranny, and compassion. Filipino schoolchildren study his final literary work, a poem called " Mi Ultimo Adios " ("My Last Goodbye"), and his two famous novels.

Spurred by Rizal's martyrdom, the Philippine Revolution continued until 1898. With assistance from the United States, the Philippine archipelago defeated the Spanish army. The Philippines declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, becoming the first democratic republic in Asia.

• de Ocampo, Estaban A. " Dr. Jose Rizal, Father of Filipino Nationalism ." Journal of Southeast Asian History .
• Rizal, José. "One Hundred Letters of José Rizal." Philippine National Historical Society.
• Valenzuela, Maria Theresa. " Constructing National Heroes: Postcolonial Philippine and Cuban Biographies of José Rizal and José Martí ." Biography .
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