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Storm Desmond  was an extratropical cyclone and the fourth named storm of the 2015–16 UK and Ireland windstorm season. Desmond directed a plume of moist air, known as an atmospheric river, which brought record amounts of rainfall to upland areas of the UK and subsequent major floods.

Thousands of homes were left flooded or left without power after Storm Desmond wreaked havoc in parts of the UK on the 5th and 6th of December 2015. In Lancashire and Cumbria, more than 43,000 homes across the north of England were left without power, as well as over 2,000 homes in the Republic of Ireland and around 700 in Wales, while an estimated 5,200 homes were affected by flooding.

The storm claimed two lives – in Cumbria and the Republic of Ireland.

Record-breaking amounts of rain fell in Cumbria, the worst-hit county – prompting the county to declare a major incident. Storm Desmond deposited an unusually large amount of rain on ground already saturated by heavy rain, causing widespread flooding.

Areas Affected

Towns on the Scottish border, Carlise, Lancaster, Keswick, Braithwaite and Appleby amongst many others. Large areas have been indirectly affected due to an electricity substation becoming flooded which has left many communities without power.

Storm Desmond satellite image

Rivers affected

River Greta, River Eden, River Teviot, River Kent, River Cocker

The areas worst affected by Storm Desmond – Source BBC News

The areas worst affected by Storm Desmond –  Source BBC News

Cause of Floods

Desmond created an atmospheric river in its wake, bringing in moist air from the Caribbean to the British Isles. As a result, rainfall from Desmond was unusually heavy. The heavy rain and strong winds were caused by an area of low pressure which arrived on Friday from the Atlantic.

The Met Office says Honister in Cumbria received 341.4mm (13.4in) of rain in the 24-hour period from 18:30 GMT on Friday 4 December to 18:30 GMT on Saturday 5 December. This beats the previous UK record set at Seathwaite, also in Cumbria, of 316.4mm (12.4in) on 19 November 2009.

As reported in The Guardian,  Storm Desmond flooding is partly due to climate change .

Storm Desmond caused an estimated £500m of damage across Cumbria – almost double the cost of the floods that hit parts of the county six years ago.

Environment Agency officials said the Cumbria flood defences did work, but no matter how substantial any defences are, “you can always get water levels higher than that, in which case it will go over the top”.

The Met Office said Storm Desmond had more impact because the “exceptional” levels of rain  fell on already saturated land .

More than 1,000 people evacuated across Cumbria.

50,000 people were without power across Cumbria and Lancashire.

1,000 people have been evacuated from the Scottish border town of Hawick.

Road closures and closure of the West Coast Mainline rail route to Scotland and the Cumbrian coast rail line between Carlisle and Workington;

About 40 schools in Cumbria were closed and appointments and routine business across NHS hospitals were cancelled;

A train en route to Glasgow has been left stranded at Carlisle station overnight, with passengers having to sleep onboard.

The UK economy could be dented by as much as £3bn by damage from Storms Eva, Desmond and Frank.

Economic losses from the storms Desmond and Eva will be between £1.6bn and £2.3bn, while insured losses will hit £900m-£1.2bn.

A  waterfall  appeared at  Malham Cove  for a short time due to heavy rainfall. This had not previously happened in living memory.

According to Great Outdoors Magazine, the full extent of the environmental impact of Storm Desmond is yet to be assessed, but it is likely that footpaths and walls have been washed away, ground severely eroded, vegetation destroyed and water quality affected. Large amounts of the fragile upland soils have been washed into the swollen streams, rivers and lakes and will have an impact on water quality and aquatic wildlife.

Millions of tons of sediment was transported by the river and deposited on floodplains and in settlements in the areas affected.

Thousands of trees which once lined rivers in the area affected were ripped from river banks.

Landslides occurred in many places as the result of heavy rainfall and the land becoming saturated.

Kinder Downfall waterfall in the Peak District is put in reverse by strong winds from Storm Desmond

A significant landslide occurred in along the Glenn Riding beck in the Lake District

Human response

More than 100 flood warnings and more than 70 flood alerts were in place in northern England on Saturday night, with more than 90 flood warnings and alerts in Scotland.

The Government mobilised a full national emergency response”. This included 200 military personnel and supporting assets (including a Chinook helicopter); 50 high-volume pumps; and the Environment Agency moving people, temporary defences and pumps to the north-west.

Several teams of Royal Engineers were deployed to help in the emergency response and recovery after the floods in Cumbria and Lancashire. Reconnaissance teams from 21 and 32 Regiment of 170 Engineer Group at Chilwell conducted technical assessments on at-risk and damaged bridges. More engineers were on standby.

Around 90 troops from 2nd Battalion Duke of Lancaster’s Regiment provided assistance and took supplies to remote areas such as Patterdale and Glenridding. Around 350 personnel were available to rotate as required.

£400,000 was donated within 48 hours by the public  after a £1m appeal was launched to help people affected by flooding caused by Storm Desmond.

Following the floods the Government announced a £50m repair and renew scheme for Cumbria and Lancashire after the floods, promising businesses and homeowners they will quickly receive the help they need. The scheme was administered by local authorities.

The Cumbria Flood Recovery Fund 2015, launched by the Cumbria Community Foundation, aims to contribute to clean-up costs, emergency repairs, clothing, food and drink, heating and heating equipment, childcare equipment and basic furniture for individuals and families who already struggle financially.

The government’s Cobra committee announced the 5,000 households and businesses affected would be given council tax and business rate relief.

The government launched the Bellwin scheme to fully reimburse councils for the costs of dealing with flooding, and ministers reviewed all flood defence plans.

Meanwhile, the Prince’s Countryside Fund  announced it is releasing £40,000  from its Emergency Fund, to help rural communities, farmers and businesses in the north of England and Scotland recover from flood damage.

A  National Flood Resilience Review  is taking place to better protect the country from future flooding and increasingly extreme weather events. The review will be published in summer 2016 and will be led by the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Oliver Letwin. It will include input from Defra, DECC, DCLG, HMT, the Chief Executive of the Environment Agency and the Government’s Chief Scientist.

A  new Cumbrian Floods Partnership group  has also been formed to “consider what improvements to flood defences in the region may be needed, look at upstream options for slowing key rivers to reduce the intensity of water flows at peak times and build stronger links between local residents, community groups and flood defence planning.” The Group will publish a  Cumbria Action Plan  in summer 2016.

Two funds were set up to to allow people to donate money to support repairing the natural environment affected by Storm Desmond. These were the Ullswater Environment Recovery Fund and Fix the Fells. You can find out more  here .

Subsequent flooding

The village of Glen-ridding flooded for a second time on the 9 December. Widespread flooding was expected after heavy rains on Boxing Day as a result of  Storm Eva , with the Met Office issuing a red warning for parts of Cumbria, Lancashire and Yorkshire. The was then followed by Storm Frank which resulted in significant flooding.

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Detroit Distant Place Study (AQA A level Geography - Changing Places)

Subject: Geography

Age range: 16+

Resource type: Assessment and revision

Last updated

29 May 2024

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A resource which outlines the case study of Detroit for the distant place study in line with the AQA A level geography spec. Includes sections on; endogenous features, timeline, relationships and connections, economic change, social inequalities, meaning and representation, quantitative and qualitative sources. 15 pages, 3260 words.

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Shoreditch London Case Study

Shoreditch is an example of how urban change has created a cultural mix, recreation, and entertainment opportunities. This is one of a collection of four case studies covering social, economic and environmental opportunities resulting from urban change in London .

Case Study – Shoreditch, London

Shoreditch is a district in the East End of London, close to the city centre. It is typical of the sort of changes that have happened around London and other UK cities.

Shoreditch was once a run-down inner-city area, with ageing factories and warehouses that had ceased operations, prompting people to leave the vicinity. In their place, many Bangladeshi immigrants moved in, particularly around Brick Lane.

Brick Lane in Shoreditch, London

Today, the area has a diverse ethnic population.

What is the cultural mix found in Shoreditch?

Shoreditch boasts a diverse cultural blend and is almost unrecognisable from three decades ago. The old industrial structures have transformed into residential flats and office spaces. Additionally, pubs and bars have been revamped and repurposed into restaurants and art galleries. New job opportunities have emerged in creative industries, such as web design, filmmaking, and art, with a concentration around the Old Street roundabout. The rapid influx of hi-tech companies has earned the area the moniker “Silicon Roundabout,” reminiscent of Silicon Valley, California’s tech industry hub where numerous tech giants blossomed. Facebook, Google, and Microsoft have all channelled investments into the Silicon Roundabout region.

New, hi-tech companies around Old Street roundabout, nicknamed ‘Silicon Roundabout’

What are the opportunities for recreation and entertainment in Shoreditch?

Gentrification has caused a shift in the population of Shoreditch, with older residents and Bangladeshi families leaving due to increasing rents and property prices. In their place, young professionals in industries such as finance and the arts have moved in, changing the neighbourhood’s demographics.

This transformation has brought about a surge in new recreational and entertainment options, making Shoreditch one of London’s liveliest areas. During the day, the bustling cafes cater to the younger crowd, while at night, the clubs and bars enliven the streets. The walls are adorned with graffiti and artwork, which attracts many visitors.

In the mid-2000s, the Spitalfields market site was redeveloped. The new development , known as Spitalfields, is open every day of the week. The popular shopping area hosts various retail brands, street-food stalls, bars and restaurants, and independent traders showcasing handcrafted goods, artwork, fashion, and jewellery. It also hosts public art and events programmes.

Spitalfields Market, Shoreditch

Recreation and Entertainment in Shoreditch

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