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Black Holes: What Are Black Holes?

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Black Holes: By the Numbers

Black Hole 101

At the center of our galaxy, a supermassive black hole churns. Learn about the types of black holes, how they form, and how scientists discovered these invisible, yet extraordinary objects in our universe.

Earth Science, Astronomy

- [Narrator] Black holes are among the most fascinating objects in our universe, and also the most mysterious. A black hole is a region in space where the force of gravity is so strong, not even light, the fastest known entity in our universe, can escape. The boundary of a black hole is called the event horizon, a point of no return beyond which we truly cannot see. When something crosses the event horizon, it collapses into the black hole's singularity, an infinitely small, infinitely dense point where space, time, and the laws of physics no longer apply. Scientists have theorized several different types of black holes, with stellar and supermassive black holes being the most common. Stellar black holes form when massive stars die and collapse. They're roughly 10 to 20 times the mass of our sun, and scattered throughout the universe. There could be millions of these stellar black holes in the Milky Way alone. Supermassive black holes are giants by comparison, measuring millions, even billions of times more massive than our sun. Scientists can only guess how they form, but we do know they exist at the center of just about every large galaxy, including our own. Sagittarius A, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way has a mass of roughly four million suns and has a diameter about the distance between the Earth and our sun. Because black holes are invisible, the only way for scientists to detect and study them is to observe their effect on nearby matter. This includes accretion discs, a disc of particles that form when gases and dust fall toward a black hole. And quasars, jets of particles that blast out of supermassive black holes. Black holes remained largely unknown until the 20th century. In 1916, using Einstein's general theory of relativity, a German physicist named Karl Schwarzschild calculated that any mass could become a black hole if it were compressed tightly enough. But it wasn't until 1971 when theory became reality. Astronomers studying the constellation Cygnus discovered the first black hole. An untold number of black holes are scattered throughout the universe, constantly warping space and time, altering entire galaxies, and endlessly inspiring both scientists and our collective imagination.

Transcripción

- [Narradora] Los agujeros negros están entre los objetos más fascinantes de nuestro universo y también los más misteriosos. Un agujero negro es una región en el espacio y su fuerza de la gravedad es tan fuerte, que ni la luz, la entidad más rápida conocida en el universo, escapa. El límite de un agujero negro se llama horizonte de eventos, un punto de no retorno más allá del cual realmente no vemos. Cuando algo cruza el horizonte de eventos, se colapsa en la singularidad del agujero negro, un punto infinitamente pequeño, infinitamente denso donde el espacio, tiempo y leyes de la física no aplican. Los científicos teorizaron varios tipos diferentes de agujeros negros, los estelares y supermasivos son los más comunes. Los agujeros negros estelares se forman cuando las estrellas masivas mueren y colapsan. Son aproximadamente de 10 a 20 veces la masa del sol, y están dispersos por todo el universo. Podría haber millones de estos agujeros negros estelares solo en la Vía Láctea. Los agujeros supermasivos son gigantes en comparación, sus medidas son millones, incluso miles de millones de veces más masivas que nuestro sol. Los científicos solo pueden adivinar cómo se forman, pero sabemos que existen en el centro de casi todas las galaxias grandes, incluyendo la nuestra. Sagitario A, el agujero negro supermasivo en el centro de la Vía Láctea tiene una masa de aproximadamente cuatro millones de soles y tiene un diámetro aproximadamente la distancia entre la Tierra y nuestro sol. Debido a que los agujeros negros son invisibles, la forma en que los científicos los detectan y estudian es observando su efecto en la materia cercana. Esto incluye discos de acreción, son de partículas formadas cuando los gases y el polvo caen hacia un agujero negro. Y los cuásares, que son chorros de partículas. que se disparan desde agujeros negros supermasivos. Los agujeros negros eran desconocidos hasta el siglo XX. En 1916, usando la teoría de la relatividad de Einstein, un físico alemán llamado Karl Schwarzschild calculó que cualquier masa se convierte en un agujero negro si se comprimiera lo suficientemente. Pero fue hasta 1971 cuando la teoría se volvió realidad. Astrónomos que estudiaban la constelación de Cygnus descubrieron el primer agujero negro. Un número incalculable de agujeros negros están esparcidos por todo el universo, deformando el espacio y tiempo, alterando galaxias enteras, e inspirando sin cesar tanto a científicos como a nuestra imaginación colectiva.

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Dissecting Supermassive Black Holes

Infographic titled “Dissecting Supermassive Black Holes” is split into four sections, with a large illustration running along the left side.

Introduction text: Supermassive black holes, which lie at the centers of galaxies, are voracious. They periodically “sip” or “gulp” from the swirling disks of gas and dust that orbit them, which can result in massive outflows that affect star formation locally and farther afield.

When NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope begins observing galaxies’ cores, its infrared instruments will pierce through the dust to deliver images and incredibly high-resolution data, which will allow researchers to learn precisely how one process sets off another, and how they create an enormous feedback loop.

A large illustration dominates the left side of the infographic. It shows a large spiral galaxy with blue, light blue, and white circles, and is dotted with white stars. At the center, the galaxy is bright white. From that area, two very long pink jets of cold gas extend in opposing directions, to the top and toward the lower area. The pink jets are thin where they begin near the center of the galaxy, but become larger, more circular, and fluffier, in various shades of pink the farther out they are. The jets are each about a third of the size of the overall galaxy. Around these pink jets are dark purple cones, which signify where stellar winds may be.

Three yellow open circles placed on the illustration connect via yellow lines to text on the right side. At the center, the yellow circle connects to the top-right section titled “Converting Fuel.” A yellow circle in the pink gas at the top connects to the middle section titled “Pinpointing the Flows.” A yellow circle in the middle of the galaxy’s spiral arm connects to the bottom section “Conditions for Star Formation.” At the bottom, a section separated from the rest of the infographic by a line is titled “The Feedback Loop.”

Top-Right Section: Converting Fuel

From the section title “Converting Fuel,” a yellow line ending in an open circle extends to the center of the galaxy in the main illustration at left.

Text: Supermassive black holes feast upon the swirling disks of gas and dust that orbit them. Webb’s high-resolution infrared data will reveal what this activity, which is driven by gravity, leads to.

Three smaller illustrations show more detail about what is happening at the center of the galaxy.

The left graphic shows a complete black circle at the center. From inside to outside, gray, pink, dark gray, blue, and purple swirls surround it. Two yellow arrows trace the clockwise movement in this central region, beginning in the bottom right corner and following the circular flows to the center.

The middle graphic shows the same scene with minor changes: The black circle is now partially obscured at the bottom by a brighter white central region. The yellow circular arrows reflect the same placement.

The right graphic shows the same partially obscured black central circle and large white region, but a semi-transparent blue cone begins at the center and widens out, ending toward the top of this image. A far thinner white-and-pink jet also extends from the black circle and goes to the top of the image.

Text continues: How efficiently do they convert energy into light after all that “eating”? How does this infrared light, which spreads like a halo from the galaxy’s core, impact the galaxy around it?

How are bipolar jets, which can double the amount of light they emit within a few hours, launched? Webb will help us better understand how black holes shape their galaxies overall.

Middle-Right Section: Pinpointing the Flows

The “Pinpointing the Flows” header connects with a yellow line ending in an open circle to the pink, fluffy jet shown in the main illustration at left.

Text: Webb will separate the light of active supermassive black holes from the light of their galaxies for the first time—including some of the earliest galaxies in the universe.

A diagram represents an outline of the illustration at left, but turned ninety degrees to the right. The purple galaxy is outlined and labeled at the center. Immediately to the left and right are two yellow cones. The yellow cones are approximately the same size as the galaxy and are labeled “Winds.” Dotted blue-green circles that extend to the left and right, and are slightly larger than the galaxy itself, are labeled as “Cavities” on both sides. Slightly smaller, fluffy pink circles inside the blue-green lines are labeled as “Jets” on both sides. A line pointing toward the base of the jet in the center of the galaxy is labeled “Light- hours across.” A white line from the center of the galaxy extends toward the right of the image, in the center of the fluffy pink jet, and ends in an arrow. The end of the arrow is labeled “Hundreds of thousands of light-years across.”

Text continues: Jets launched by supermassive black holes can be as small as a few light-hours across, but stretch up to hundreds of thousands of light-years into space.

Supermassive black holes can also drive broad, wispy winds into the galaxy. Webb will identify and analyze the contents of the bubble-like cavities in the gas surrounding the galaxy to pinpoint where the winds passed through.

Bottom-Right Section: Conditions for Star Formation

A yellow line ending in an open circle connects the “Conditions for Star Formation” header to an area in the blue-and-white spiral galaxy in the main illustration at left.

Text: Temperatures just above absolute zero are essential for star formation, but jets and winds from supermassive black holes can heat up cool gas, squashing the possibilities for star formation.

Two graphics illustrate the differences between hot and cold gas: At left, the image is titled “Before black hole outflows.” This area of star formation has a blobby distribution of color. Some areas are shown in gray and some in various shades of pale purple and pink. White stars appear in clusters or alone throughout the scene. In the image, the label “Cold gas and dust lanes” points to one of the darkest lanes on the left side. 

At right, a second illustration is titled “After black hole outflows.” It is a mix of medium blue-green and darker gray colors. The colors vary, but are more evenly distributed. White stars also appear throughout this illustration, but are distributed irregularly with fewer clusters. The label “Hot, transparent gas” points to a lighter blue-green area at left.

Text continues: How quickly does star formation resume? How strongly do jets quench star formation? Webb’s measurements will help us determine when it picks up.

The observatory will also help us untangle when star formation resumes after these winds pass through galaxies.

Bottom Section: The Feedback Loop

Text: Learn how active supermassive black holes affect their galaxies—and everything up to hundreds of thousands of light-years away—in a practically never-ending loop.

At right, color-coordinated labels appear next to a yellow hexagon. The words “Cold gas” are set off in red text and represent “10 to 20 degrees above absolute zero. (This is Webb’s specialty.)” Below this, the words “Hot gas” are set off in blue-green text and represent “1 million degrees.”

Six illustrations represent each numbered step:

• A spiral galaxy with red and blue arms has a white center. A small red arrow travels clockwise at the center to indicate the motion of the gas. Text: Stars form from very cold gas, which is detected in infrared light. Very cold gas also falls onto the supermassive black hole.
• The same spiral galaxy appears, but includes bipolar purple cones that end in pink gas. Two additional straight blue-green arrows, pointing to the top and bottom, show the fluffy pink jets extend from the white center of the galaxy. Text: As a result, supermassive black holes launch outflows in the form of radiation, jets, and wind.
• The same galaxy, cone, and arrows appear, but now the fluffy gas at top and bottom are blue-green nearer to the galaxy, and pink at the farthest edges. Text: These outflows heat the cold gas.
• The galaxy is now blue overall. The purple cones indicating the winds still appear, but the arrows do not appear. The fluffy jets are now almost completely blue-green. Text: Once the gas is heated, star formation stops. The heated gas also stops falling onto the supermassive black hole.
• The galaxy again has some cold, red gas and a small red arrow indicates movement is clockwise at the center. The fluffy jets are blue-green at the top and bottom, but are becoming redder closer to the galaxy. Large purple, bipolar cones still indicate winds. Text: Over time, the gas cools, eventually allowing stars to begin forming again.
• The same spiral galaxy shown initially, with red and blue arms, and a white center, is shown again. The illustration does not contain the fluffy jets or cones. Text: The cycle repeats—again and again, over billions of years.

About This Image

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• Full Res, 3186 X 3951, PNG (4.05 MB) 
• 1592 X 1975, PNG (1.88 MB) 

Supermassive black holes, which lie at the centers of galaxies, are voracious. They periodically “sip” or “gulp” from the swirling disks of gas and dust that orbit them, which can result in massive outflows that affect star formation locally and farther afield.

When NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope begins observing galaxies’ cores, its infrared instruments will pierce through the dust to deliver images and incredibly high-resolution data that allow researchers to learn precisely how one process sets off another, and how they create an enormous feedback loop.

Walk through the full process to learn how supermassive black holes convert fuel to produce bipolar jets, discover when star formation starts and stops, and examine a diagram of the processes at work.

Files for this large-scale infographic are available on this page under "Download Options" to print and post on your wall! All sections of this infographic (" Converting Fuel ," " Pinpointing the Flows ," " Conditions for Star Formation ," and " The Feedback Loop ") are also available for download in our collection of images.

NASA, ESA, Leah Hustak (STScI)

• Black Holes

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Black holes: Everything you need to know

These gluttonous beasts are some of the most fascinating objects in space.

• Black hole FAQs

How many black holes are there?

Black hole images, black hole facts, additional resources.

Black holes are some of the strangest and most fascinating objects in space. They're extremely dense, with such strong gravitational attraction that not even light can escape their grasp. 

The Milky Way could contain over 100 million black holes, though detecting these gluttonous beasts is very difficult. At the heart of the Milky Way lies a supermassive black hole — Sagittarius A* . The colossal structure is about 4 million times the mass of the sun and lies approximately 26,000 light-years away from Earth , according to a statement from NASA .

The first image of a black hole was captured in 2019 by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration. The striking photo of the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy 55 million light-years from Earth thrilled scientists around the world. 

Related: White holes: What we know about black holes' neglected twins  

Black hole FAQs answered by an expert

We asked theoretical astrophysicist Priyamvada Natarajan a few commonly asked questions about black holes. 

Chair of the Department of Astronomy, Joseph S. and Sophia S. Fruton Professor of Astronomy and Professor of Physics, Yale University.

How do black holes form?

Black holes are expected to form via two distinct channels. According to the first pathway, they are stellar corpses, so they form when massive stars die. Stars whose birth masses are above roughly 8 to 10 times mass of our sun, when they exhaust all their fuel — their hydrogen — they explode and die leaving behind a very compact dense object, a black hole. The resulting black hole that is left behind is referred to as a stellar mass black hole and its mass is of the order of a few times the mass of the sun. 

Not all stars leave behind black holes, stars with lower birth masses leave behind a neutron star or a white dwarf. Another way that black holes form is from the direct collapse of gas, a process that is expected to result in more massive black holes with a mass ranging from 1000 times the mass of the sun up to even 100,000 times the mass of the sun. This channel circumvents the formation of the traditional star, and is believed to operate in the early universe and produce more massive black hole seeds. 

Who discovered black holes?

Black holes were predicted as an exact mathematical solution to Einstein's equations. Einstein's equations describe the shape of space around matter. The theory of general relativity connects the geometry or shape of shape to the detailed distribution of matter. 

The black hole solution was found was by Karl Schwarzschild in 1915, and these regions — black holes — were found to distort space extremally and generate a puncture in the fabric of spacetime. It was unclear at the time if these corresponded to real objects in the universe. Over time, as other end products of stellar death were detected, namely, neutron stars seen as pulsars it became clear that black holes were real and ought to exist. The first detected black hole was Cygnus-X1.

Do black holes die?

Black holes do not die per se, but they are theoretically predicted to eventually slowly evaporate over extremely long time scales. 

Black holes grow by the accretion of matter nearby that is pulled in by their immense gravity. Hawking predicted that black holes could also radiate away energy and shrink very slowly. Quantum theory suggests that there exist virtual particles popping in and out of existence all the time. When this happens, a particle and its companion anti-particle appear. However, they can also recombine and disappear again. When this process occurs near the event horizon of a black hole, strange things can happen. Instead of the particle antiparticle pair existing for a moment and then annihilating each other, one of them can get by gravity and fall into the black hole, while the other particle can fly off into space. Over very long timescales, we are speaking about timescales that are much much longer than the age of our universe, the theory states that this trickle of escaping particles will cause the black hole to slowly evaporate.

Are black holes wormholes?

No black holes are not wormholes. Wormholes can be thought of as tunnels that connect two separate points in space and time. It is believed that the interior of black holes could contain a wormhole, the puncture is spacetime, that could offer a portal to another point in spacetime potentially even in a different universe.

First black hole discovered

Albert Einstein first predicted the existence of black holes in 1916, with his general theory of relativity . The term "black hole" was coined many years later in 1967 by American astronomer John Wheeler. After decades of black holes being known only as theoretical objects. 

The first black hole ever discovered was Cygnus X-1, located within the Milky Way in the constellation of Cygnus, the Swan. Astronomers saw the first signs of the black hole in 1964 when a sounding rocket detected celestial sources of X-rays according to NASA . In 1971, astronomers determined that the X-rays were coming from a bright blue star orbiting a strange dark object. It was suggested that the detected X-rays were a result of stellar material being stripped away from the bright star and "gobbled" up by the dark object — an all-consuming black hole.  

According to the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) approximately one out of every thousand stars is massive enough to become a black hole. Since the Milky Way contains over 100 billion stats, our home galaxy must harbor some 100 million black holes. 

Though detecting black holes is a difficult task and estimates from NASA suggest there could be as many as 10 million to a billion stellar black holes in the Milky Way. 

The closest black hole to Earth is dubbed " The Unicorn " and is situated approximately 1,500 light-years away. The nickname has a double meaning. Not only does the black hole candidate reside in the constellation Monoceros ("the unicorn"), its incredibly low mass — about three times that of the sun — makes it nearly one of a kind.

Related: How many black holes are there in the universe?

In 2019 the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration released the first image ever recorded of a black hole . The EHT saw the black hole in the center of galaxy M87 while the telescope was examining the event horizon or the area past which nothing can escape from a black hole. The image maps the sudden loss of photons (particles of light). It also opens up a whole new area of research in black holes, now that astronomers know what a black hole looks like.

In 2021, astronomers revealed a new view of the giant black hole at the center of M87, showing what the colossal structure looks like in polarized light. As polarized light waves have a different orientation and brightness compared to unpolarized light, the new image shows the black hole in even more detail. Polarization is a signature of magnetic fields and the image makes it clear that the black hole's ring is magnetized. 

In May 2022, scientists revealed the historic first image of the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy — Sagitarrius A* .

Related: The 1st photo of the Milky Way's monster black hole explained in images

What do black holes look like?

Black holes have three "layers": the outer and inner event horizon, and the singularity.

The event horizon of a black hole is the boundary around the mouth of the black hole, past which light cannot escape. Once a particle crosses the event horizon, it cannot leave. Gravity is constant across the event horizon.

The inner region of a black hole, where the object's mass lies, is known as its singularity , the single point in space-time where the mass of the black hole is concentrated.

Scientists can't see black holes the way they can see stars and other objects in space. Instead, astronomers must rely on detecting the radiation black holes emit as dust and gas are drawn into the dense creatures. But supermassive black holes , lying in the center of a galaxy, may become shrouded by the thick dust and gas around them, which can block the telltale emissions.

— What happens at the center of a black hole?

— Where do black holes lead to?

— What is the biggest thing in the universe?  

Sometimes, as matter is drawn toward a black hole, it ricochets off the event horizon and is hurled outward, rather than being tugged into the maw. Bright jets of material traveling at near-relativistic speeds are created. Although the black hole remains unseen, these powerful jets can be viewed from great distances.

The EHT's image of a black hole in M87 (released in 2019) was an extraordinary effort, requiring two years of research even after the images were taken. That's because the collaboration of telescopes, which stretches across many observatories worldwide, produces an astounding amount of data that is too large to transfer via the internet. 

With time, researchers expect to image other black holes and build up a repository of what the objects look like. The next target is likely Sagittarius A*, which is the black hole in the center of our own Milky Way galaxy. Sagittarius A* is intriguing because it is quieter than expected, which may be due to magnetic fields smothering its activity , a 2019 study reported. Another study that year showed that a cool gas halo surrounds Sagittarius A* , which gives unprecedented insight into what the environment around a black hole looks like.

Types of black holes

So far, astronomers have identified three types of black holes: stellar black holes, supermassive black holes and intermediate black holes. 

Stellar black holes — small but deadly 

When a star burns through the last of its fuel, the object may collapse, or fall into itself. For smaller stars (those up to about three times the sun 's mass), the new core will become a neutron star or a white dwarf . But when a larger star collapses, it continues to compress and creates a stellar black hole.

Black holes formed by the collapse of individual stars are relatively small but incredibly dense. One of these objects packs more than three times the mass of the sun into the diameter of a city. This leads to a crazy amount of gravitational force pulling on objects around the object. Stellar black holes then consume the dust and gas from their surrounding galaxies, which keeps them growing in size.

Supermassive black holes — the birth of giants 

Small black holes populate the universe, but their cousins, supermassive black holes, dominate. These enormous black holes are millions or even billions of times as massive as the sun but are about the same size in diameter. Such black holes are thought to lie at the center of pretty much every galaxy, including the Milky Way.

Scientists aren't certain how such large black holes spawn. Once these giants have formed, they gather mass from the dust and gas around them, material that is plentiful in the center of galaxies, allowing them to grow to even more enormous sizes.

Supermassive black holes may be the result of hundreds or thousands of tiny black holes that merge. Large gas clouds could also be responsible, collapsing together and rapidly accreting mass. A third option is the collapse of a stellar cluster, a group of stars all falling together. Fourth, supermassive black holes could arise from large clusters of dark matter. This is a substance that we can observe through its gravitational effect on other objects; however, we don't know what dark matter is composed of because it does not emit light and cannot be directly observed.

Intermediate black holes 

Scientists once thought that black holes came in only small and large sizes, but research has revealed the possibility that midsize, or intermediate, black holes (IMBHs) could exist. Such bodies could form when stars in a cluster collide in a chain reaction. Several of these IMBHs forming in the same region could then eventually fall together in the center of a galaxy and create a supermassive black hole.

In 2014, astronomers found what appeared to be an intermediate-mass black hole in the arm of a spiral galaxy . And in 2021 astronomers took advantage of an ancient gamma-ray burst to detect one.

"Astronomers have been looking very hard for these medium-sized black holes," study co-author Tim Roberts, of the University of Durham in the United Kingdom, said in a statement . "There have been hints that they exist, but IMBHs have been acting like a long-lost relative that isn't interested in being found."

Research, from 2018 , suggested that these IMBHs may exist in the heart of dwarf galaxies (or very small galaxies). Observations of 10 such galaxies (five of which were previously unknown to science before this latest survey) revealed X-ray activity — common in black holes — suggesting the presence of black holes of from 36,000 to 316,000 solar masses. The information came from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, which examines about 1 million galaxies and can detect the kind of light often observed coming from black holes that are picking up nearby debris. 

Binary black holes: double trouble  

In 2015, astronomers using the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) detected gravitational waves from merging stellar black holes.

"We have further confirmation of the existence of stellar-mass black holes that are larger than 20 solar masses — these are objects we didn't know existed before LIGO detected them," David Shoemaker, the spokesperson for the LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC), said in a statement . LIGO's observations also provide insights into the direction a black hole spins. As two black holes spiral around one another, they can spin in the same direction or the opposite direction.

There are two theories on how binary black holes form. The first suggests that the two black holes in a binary form at about the same time, from two stars that were born together and died explosively at about the same time. The companion stars would have had the same spin orientation as one another, so the two black holes left behind would as well.

Under the second model, black holes in a stellar cluster sink to the center of the cluster and pair up. These companions would have random spin orientations compared to one another according to LIGO Scientific Collaboration . LIGO's observations of companion black holes with different spin orientations provide stronger evidence for this formation theory.

"We're starting to gather real statistics on binary black hole systems," said LIGO scientist Keita Kawabe of Caltech, who is based at the LIGO Hanford Observatory. "That's interesting because some models of black hole binary formation are somewhat favored over the others even now, and in the future, we can further narrow this down."

• If you fell into a black hole, theory has long suggested that gravity would stretch you out like spaghetti, though your death would come before you reached the singularity. But a  2012 study published in the journal Nature  suggested that quantum effects would cause the event horizon to act much like a wall of fire, which would instantly burn you to death.
• Black holes don't suck. Suction is caused by pulling something into a vacuum, which the massive black hole definitely is not. Instead, objects fall into them just as they fall toward anything that exerts gravity, like the Earth.
• The first object considered to be a black hole is  Cygnus X-1 . Cygnus X-1 was the subject of a 1974 friendly wager between  Stephen Hawking  and fellow physicist  Kip Thorne , with Hawking betting that the source was not a black hole. In 1990, Hawking conceded defeat.
• Miniature black holes may have formed immediately after the Big Bang . Rapidly expanding space may have squeezed some regions into tiny, dense black holes less massive than the sun.
• If a star passes too close to a black hole, the star can be  torn apart .
• Astronomers estimate that the Milky Way has anywhere from 10 million to 1 billion stellar black holes, with masses roughly three times that of the sun.
• Black holes remain terrific fodder for science fiction books and movies. Check out the movie " Interstellar ," which relied heavily on Thorne to incorporate science. Thorne's work with the movie's special effects team led to scientists'  improved understanding of how distant stars might appear when seen near a fast-spinning black hole.

Dive deeper into the mystery of black holes with NASA Science. Watch videos and read more about black holes from NASA's Hubblesite. Discover more about black holes with the National Science Foundation.  

Bibliography

Hubblesite: Black holes: Gravity's relentless pull interactive : Encyclopedia. STScI Home. Retrieved May 6, 2022.

NASA. Imagine the universe! NASA. Retrieved May 6, 2022.

Boen, B. ( 2013, August 29 ). Supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*. NASA. Retrieved May 6, 2022.

NASA's Chandra Finds Intriguing Member of Black Hole Family Tree. Chandra X-ray Observatory. (2015, February 25). Retrieved May 6, 2022.

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How is a black hole formed?

What are some examples of black holes.

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• NASA - What Is a Black Hole?
• Space.com - Black holes: Everything you need to know
• LiveScience - Black holes: The darkest objects in the universe
• California Institute of Technology - Department of Astronomy - The Origins and the Early Evolution of Quasars and Supermassive Black Holes
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What is a black hole?

A black hole is a cosmic body of extremely intense gravity from which even light cannot escape. Black holes usually cannot be observed directly, but they can be “observed” by the effects of their enormous gravitational fields on nearby matter.

What is the structure of a black hole?

The singularity constitutes the center of a black hole, hidden by the object’s “surface,” the event horizon. Inside the event horizon, the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light so that not even rays of light can escape into space.

A black hole can be formed by the death of a massive star. At the end of a massive star's life, the core becomes unstable and collapses in upon itself, and the star’s outer layers are blown away. The crushing weight of constituent matter falling in from all sides compresses the dying star to a point of zero volume and infinite density called the singularity.

One example of a black hole is can be found in Cygnus X-1, a binary X-ray system consisting of a blue supergiant and an invisible companion 14.8 times the mass of the Sun. Another example is Sagittarius A*, a supermassive black hole that exists at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy.

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black hole , cosmic body of extremely intense gravity from which nothing, not even light , can escape. A black hole can be formed by the death of a massive star . When such a star has exhausted the internal thermonuclear fuels in its core at the end of its life , the core becomes unstable and gravitationally collapses inward upon itself, and the star’s outer layers are blown away. The crushing weight of constituent matter falling in from all sides compresses the dying star to a point of zero volume and infinite density called the singularity .

Details of the structure of a black hole are calculated from Albert Einstein ’s general theory of relativity . The singularity constitutes the centre of a black hole and is hidden by the object’s “surface,” the event horizon . Inside the event horizon the escape velocity (i.e., the velocity required for matter to escape from the gravitational field of a cosmic object) exceeds the speed of light , so that not even rays of light can escape into space. The radius of the event horizon is called the Schwarzschild radius , after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild , who in 1916 predicted the existence of collapsed stellar bodies that emit no radiation. The size of the Schwarzschild radius is proportional to the mass of the collapsing star. For a black hole with a mass 10 times as great as that of the Sun , the radius would be 30 km (18.6 miles).

Only the most massive stars—those of more than three solar masses—become black holes at the end of their lives. Stars with a smaller amount of mass evolve into less compressed bodies, either white dwarfs or neutron stars .

Black holes usually cannot be observed directly on account of both their small size and the fact that they emit no light. They can be “observed,” however, by the effects of their enormous gravitational fields on nearby matter. For example, if a black hole is a member of a binary star system, matter flowing into it from its companion becomes intensely heated and then radiates X-rays copiously before entering the event horizon of the black hole and disappearing forever. One of the component stars of the binary X-ray system Cygnus X-1 is a black hole. Discovered in 1971 in the constellation Cygnus, this binary consists of a blue supergiant and an invisible companion 14.8 times the mass of the Sun that revolve about one another in a period of 5.6 days.

Some black holes apparently have nonstellar origins. Various astronomers have speculated that large volumes of interstellar gas collect and collapse into supermassive black holes at the centres of quasars and galaxies . A mass of gas falling rapidly into a black hole is estimated to give off more than 100 times as much energy as is released by the identical amount of mass through nuclear fusion . Accordingly, the collapse of millions or billions of solar masses of interstellar gas under gravitational force into a large black hole would account for the enormous energy output of quasars and certain galactic systems.

One such supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A* , exists at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy . Observations of stars orbiting the position of Sagittarius A* demonstrate the presence of a black hole with a mass equivalent to more than 4,000,000 Suns. (For these observations, American astronomer Andrea Ghez and German astronomer Reinhard Genzel were awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Physics.) Supermassive black holes have been detected in other galaxies as well. In 2017 the Event Horizon Telescope obtained an image of the supermassive black hole at the centre of the M87 galaxy . That black hole has a mass equal to six and a half billion Suns but is only 38 billion km (24 billion miles) across. It was the first black hole to be imaged directly. The existence of even larger black holes, each with a mass equal to 10 billion Suns, can be inferred from the energetic effects on gas swirling at extremely high velocities around the centre of NGC 3842 and NGC 4889, galaxies near the Milky Way.

The existence of another kind of nonstellar black hole was proposed by the British astrophysicist Stephen Hawking . According to Hawking’s theory, numerous tiny primordial black holes, possibly with a mass equal to or less than that of an asteroid , might have been created during the big bang , a state of extremely high temperatures and density in which the universe originated 13.8 billion years ago. These so-called mini black holes , like the more massive variety, lose mass over time through Hawking radiation and disappear. If certain theories of the universe that require extra dimensions are correct, the Large Hadron Collider could produce significant numbers of mini black holes.

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Black Holes: Facts, Theory, and Definition

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Black Holes Devouring Monsters of the Universe. How are they made? Only the very largest stars, beginning with at least 50 solar masses, are able to form.

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Special Stars Neutron Stars Black Holes. Massive Star Evolution 4 Massive stars burn hot and bright while on the main sequence, usually as a blue or whitish-blue.

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Chandrasekar Limit--white dwarfs form with remnant under 1.3 M sun.

Black Holes. Outline Escape velocity Definition of a black hole Sizes of black holes Effects on space and time Tidal forces Making black holes Evaporation.

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Black Hole Presentation

Transcript: It would be a very uncomfortable experience How do we see Black Holes? What is a Black Hole? How big are they? There are 20 dynamically confirmed black holes What would happen if a black hole entered our solar system? Scientists have special equipment that allows them to see the distortions in space By: Logan Lund At a distance 100,000 times greater than that between Earth and the Sun, It would send comets hurdling toward earth. It is more likely that our earth will get swallowed up by a black hole than winning the lottery 10 times If you see someone jump into a black hole, you will be watching them for a very long time. Your vision would increase. If you jumped into a black hole You would get stretched out like spaghetti The most common theory of how a black hole forms is where a colossal star with a mass of more than 3 times the Sun’s reaches the end of its life, gets crushed under its own gravity, leaving behind a compact black hole. A Black hole is an object in space so dense that its gravitational pull exceeds the speed of light. Black Holes How common are they? How are Black Holes formed? There can be black holes that are about 50 billion times the weight of our sun, and there are ones that are just over the mass of our sun. How is time changed in a black hole?

Transcript: What is a Black Hole? How big are they? There are 20 dynamically confirmed black holes When a star runs out of its fuel, hydrogen, fusion takes place turning hydrogen waste into helium and from helium to lithium and so on. Black Holes Learning Target D Learning Target E Learning Target F A Black hole is an object in space so dense that its gravitational pull exceeds the speed of light. What happen if you fall in a black hole ? The most common theory of how a black hole forms is where a colossal star with a mass of more than 3 times the Sun’s reaches the end of its life, gets crushed under its own gravity, leaving behind a compact blackhole. How common are they? How are Black Holes formed? Yes, this does apply to black holes. There is no difference between the gravitational field of a black hole and any other spherical object of the same mass. People say that a black hole "sucks in everything" in its surroundings but this is only true within a short distance of a black hole.In general, the closer you are to an object that has a gravitational field, there is more gravity exerted on you. Fission is not related to black holes. Fission is the process in which the nucleus of an atom is split by a shot neutron, creating energy. Learning Target G Fusion does remotely relate to black holes. Black holes are created by an exploding star which rips a hole in space creating a black hole. The star is "powered" by hydrogen. When it runs out of hydrogen, fusion takes place turning hydrogen waste into helium and so on.

Black Hole presentation

Transcript: SALES & MARKETING PLAN Black hole Black Hole C Company Intro Build Trial Stabilize We Started 3 Month Ago. we Built the team of Indoor & Outdoor including (Interview,scripts,trainings,data and choosing industries, meetings and creating system to run the whole operation. we started to apply the system as we reached 2 deals this month (kot. moataz) we face a lot of problems applying the process .. (commitment, Tarek, Moshklt lo2ay ,, Mosklt bassant ) we reached our 3rd month of launching with 4 stable clients that guarantee a 20k every month and system that runs automatically .. talk about the system. Our Team Our Team Our Clients Our Clients AL Moataz Amir Beauty Center Mina Beauty Center Black hole Future Construction Group Weakness B Brief 1--We need a marketing specialist to do the advertisement.... as it depends on Targeting -- Analysis -- Moderation -Changing ad nature Every while -- Experience 2-- we need a high quality designer photoshop- 2D animator -after effects -illustrator 3- we need a Media team (Photo-videos) 4- I need to have full access of my team without interruptions after presenting plan to the board 5- website 6- new business lines in the new packages i will create specially sms campaigns 7 - I prefere someone other than mariam in my team. 8. I need ibrahim until new content in my team. New Industries Objectives New Class New Industries New Business lines Strategy S Strategy We will start a whole new business development plan by targeting higher classes adding new business lines and increase our distribution level in the market. First Action First Action we will start targeting B-,B+,C+ categories instead of targeting c + only like before.. Second Action Second Action we will start targeting developing industries in the marketing like beauty,cosmetics,health centers,spa, restaurants, real estate companies, clothes & Accessories retails, furniture,ceramics and all construction services,, car retails ,, start ups. Third Action Third Action we will add new business lines like SMS campaigns, printing on tools, events,banners,sponsorship and billboards N Next Steps Next Steps what we are expecting from applying this plan ?! Timeline Timeline #1 #2 #3 4 deals for December 6 deals for January 6 Deals for February Pricing we expect a 40 k l.e per month of net profit after misusing The advertisement budget

Black hole presentation

Transcript: 3.Intermediate mass black hole When WAS the first black hole 2.Stellar-mass black holes 1.supermassive black hole The term black hole was coined 1967 by an AMERICAN astronomer John Wheeler, and the first one was discover in 1971. The first hurdle occurs when the Sun runs out of fuel. During its red giant stage, the Sun will expand to become large enough to cover the Earth's orbit. So, one possibility is that the Earth ultimately is swallowed by the Sun. A black hole can be anything but empty space.It is a great amount of matter packed into a small area. Types of black holes Albert Einstein first predicted black holes in 1916 with his general theory of relativity Can a black hole swallow the earth Black Holes

Transcript: By Ryan Dela Cruz No one knows what's inside of a black hole because no one can survive inside a black hole What is a Black Hole? Stellar The largest kind of black hole is called "supermassive" "Astronomy for Kids." Black Holes. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. "Black Holes - NASA Science." Black Holes - NASA Science. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2013. "Black Holes; The Force of the Universe." ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation, n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. Dunbar, Brian. NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. "How Big Is a Black Hole?" Cool Cosmos. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. “HubbleSite: Black Holes: Gravity's Relentless Pull Interactive: Encyclopedia."HubbleSite: Black Holes: Gravity's Relentless Pull Interactive: Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. Black Holes The smallest kind of black hole is called a "stellar" You can not see black holes with normal telescope, but there are special telescopes that scientists use to see them A black hole is an object that is so compact that its gravitational force is strong enough to prevent light or any objects from escaping. Black holes can be BIG or small What is inside a Black Hole? Scientist think that supermassive black holes were made at the same time as the galaxy they are in and stellar black holes formed when a star dies Works Cited Supermassive How big are they? How do black holes formed? How can we see black holes?

Transcript: Best evidence yet that Black holes exist. A team of astronomers has found indirect evidence of a super massive black holes event horizon providing further proof that these wacky objects actually exist in nature. An artists conception of a super massive black hole. There are many wild ideas in science. The gravitation force of the star acting on a chunk of matter at the star's surface will want to cause that matter. How big is a Black hole? Why do stars end up in the black hole? A black hole is a place where gravity pull so much that even light cannot get out. Could a black hole destroy Earth? A wormhole is a theoretical passage through space-time that could create shortcuts for long journeys across the universe. Wormholes are predicted by the theory of general reality. But be wary: worm holes bring with them the dangers of sudden collapse high radiation and dangerous contact with exotic matter. How big can a black hole get? Black holes can be big or smaller but scientists think the smallest black holes are as small as just one atom. What if the Sun became a Black Hole? Can you see a black hole? What is a white hole? Bo Jangles will see things quite differently from you.As you get closer and closer to to the horizon,he will see you move more slowly and more slowly. Black Holes By:Alex Boyles and Kenji Vue 4-5-17 No you cannot directly see the black hole not even light can escape but you can see some of the fireworks going on near a black hole. A white hole is a hypothetical feature of the universe and white holes are eruption of matter and energy and nothing can get inside them. There is no limit on how large the black hole can be. How is time changed in a black hole? At first you don't feel any gravitational forces. And then your body and your spaceship is being pulled in the same way and you will feel weightless. How do black holes evaporate? What is a Black Hole? What would happen to me if I fell into a Black Hole? What is a worm hole? Nothing lasts forever not even black holes. According to Stephen hawking black holes will evaporate over vast periods of time. ... Over vast periods of time the theory says that this trickle of escaping particles causes the black hole to evaporate. If a black hole existed, would it suck up all the matter in the universe? Bibliography Is there any evidence that black holes exist? A black hole has a horizon which means a region from which you can't escape. Black holes do not go around in space eating stars,moons and planets. Earth will not fall into a black hole because no black hole is close enough to the solar system for earth to do that. My friend Mr. Bo Jangles is stilling still at a safe distance watching me fall into the black hole. What does he see? If you were to enter a black hole,you would find watch ticking along at the same rate as it always has. The sun has no intention of being black holes because only stars that weigh considerably more than the sun end their lives as black holes. Easybib Nasa.gov Spaceplace.Nasa.gov Spacetelescope.org Phys.vt.edu Cosmology.berkeley.edu

Transcript: What is a Black Hole? This is not to say that Black Holes act like giant space vacuums, though. One can establish a stable orbit with a black hole as long as they hit the right velocity and angle. Around This Big! Stellar Mass Black Holes Not much is known as to how Supermassive Black Holes form. Works Cited "10 Interesting Facts About Black Holes - Astronomy Trek." 10 Interesting Facts About Black Holes - Astronomy Trek. Astronomy Trek, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. "Black Holes." National Geographic. Nationalgeographic.com, n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. Freudenreich, Craig. "How Black Holes Work." HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks.com, n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. Plait, Philip C. "10 Cool Facts about Black Holes!" Bad Astronomy. Slate.com, 30 Oct. 2008. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. Plait, Philip C. Death from the Skies!: These Are the Ways the World Will End--. New York: Viking Penguin, 2008. Print. "Primordial Black Holes." Black Holes. Florida State University, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2013. Melia, Fulvio. The Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2003. Print Shipman, Harry L. Black Holes, Quasars, and the Universe. Boston, [MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1980. Print Kaufmann, William J. Black Holes and Warped Spacetime. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1979. Print The jets shoot beams of plasma many lightyears out into space, and can even strike other solar systems. Black Holes They may have come from Stellar Black Holes gathering mass over time, or formed soon after the Big Bang occurred. The Black Hole's gravity would be so strong that its effect on your feet would be more powerful than that on your head, resulting in you getting stretched out into a thin strand. "Inside the event horizon of a black hole, there is no way out. There are no directions of space that point away from the singularity. Due to the curvature of spacetime within the event horizon, all the trajectories that would carry you away from the black hole now point into the past. Moving is of no use to you … because you cannot find a direction in which to point yourself. The singularity is all around you, in every direction you look. And it is getting closer." It is theorized that a Supermassive Black Hole lies at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy. Black Holes can orbit Stars. Sometimes without consequence, but other times the consequences are AWESOME Black Holes can also be very bright! Occasionally, a black hole will come across so much mass that it cannot absorb it all at one time. What forms then is called an "accretion disk." This is an artist's interpretation of a Black Hole Notice the Redshifting and Blueshifting of the matter. This is because the matter in many accretion disks moves so quickly that it affects the light around it! . Falling into a Black Hole would not be good times. First, you would be "Spaghettified" (the official scientific term). In order for a black hole to form, the star that is going supernova must be at least 25 times as massive as our sun. The leftovers of a supernova often form into small Nebulae. The edge of the back hole is called the "event horizon," which is the point where light can no longer escape the hole's gravity. The singularity is where all of the mass of the black hole lies. The rays shooting out of either side are called "Disk Jets." Astronomers are actually unsure as to why they manifest. They could be getting rid of extra momentum, or be caused by the extreme amounts of magnetism being created. The Cool Stuff If you managed to survive this (you wouldn't) and then make it into the Event Horizon of the Black Hole, things get really weird. Here's a quote from a NASA Scientist on the subject. So basically Black Holes can shoot giant laser beams at other things in space. The End Relentless Cosmic Forces Pictured here are several stars orbiting a Supermassive Black Hole. Supermassive Black Holes are Black Holes that have masses in the hundreds of thousands to BILLIONS of solar masses. Contrary to popular belief, black holes are not portals to other dimensions or shortcuts through the Universe to some unknown point. Those that formed right after the Big Bang are called "Primordial Black Holes." They were formed because of the extreme pressure and mass being released during the expansion event. After being given 14 Billion years to fly around the Universe, they had gathered ample mass to be called "Supermassive." The Weird Stuff This is a Red Supergiant, the biggest kinds of star known to mankind. They have the shortest lifespans of any other recorded stars, around 300,000 years to 1 million, which is miniscule when it comes to cosmic lifetimes. In short, a black hole is an extremely dense solar body which has an escape velocity that is larger than the speed of light. Black Holes happen when a mass cannot withstand its own gravity, and collapses. And that is VERY much in short. From here, the star could either eliminate its outer layers, or go supernova. In order to create a black hole, it must do the latter. In fact,

black hole presentation

Transcript: Black Holes Yesenia Borjon WHAT IS IT A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light can not get out. The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. This can happen when a star is dying. What is a Black Hole? Visibilty Because no light can get out, people can't see black holes. They are invisible. Space telescopes with special tools can help find black holes. The special tools can see how stars that are very close to black holes act differently than other stars. Can You See a Black Hole? Black holes can be big or small. Scientists think the smallest black holes are as small as just one atom. These black holes are very tiny but have the mass of a large mountain. How Big is a Black Hole Size The largest black holes are called "supermassive." These black holes have masses that are more than 1 million suns together. Scientists have found proof that every large galaxy contains a supermassive black hole at its center. The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy is called Sagittarius A. It has a mass equal to about 4 million suns and would fit inside a very large ball that could hold a few million Earths Interesting Factoid (somthing cool) Title HOW ARE THEY FORMED Scientists think the smallest black holes formed when the universe began. How are Black Holes Formed? Title Topic 3 Title Topic 4 Title Topic 5 Title

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Black Hole PowerPoint Template

The free Black Hole PowerPoint Template has an orange background and an illustration of a black hole. It looks very professional. The template is suitable for various kinds of presentations about black holes, formation and evolution, history of the idea, general relativity, space, etc. This template can be used by students, teachers, professors, researchers, scientists and other presenters. Its background makes it the perfect template for presentations about the detection of gravitational waves from merging black holes. If you want to quickly create a beautiful presentation with a professional look this is the right template for you. There are some other free templates that you can check out in our Science Category . You can also find similar backgrounds by browsing through labels such as science , space , etc.

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Nasa animation sizes up the universe’s biggest black holes.

Francis Reddy

Editor’s Note May 3, 2023: The video in the feature was updated to make a correction to the orbit of Saturn being mislabeled as the orbit of Jupiter.

A new NASA animation highlights the “super” in supermassive black holes. These monsters lurk in the centers of most big galaxies, including our own Milky Way, and contain between 100,000 and tens of billions of times more mass than our Sun.

“Direct measurements, many made with the help of the Hubble Space Telescope , confirm the presence of more than 100 supermassive black holes,” said Jeremy Schnittman, a theorist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “How do they get so big? When galaxies collide, their central black holes eventually may merge together too.”

In 2019 and 2022, a planet-spanning network of radio observatories called the Event Horizon Telescope produced, respectively, the first images of the giant black holes at the centers of M87 and the Milky Way . They revealed a bright ring of hot orbiting gas surrounding a circular zone of darkness.

Any light crossing the event horizon – the black hole’s point of no return – becomes trapped forever, and any light passing close to it is redirected by the black hole’s intense gravity. Together, these effects produce a “shadow” about twice the size of the black hole’s actual event horizon.

The new NASA animation shows 10 supersized black holes that occupy center stage in their host galaxies, including the Milky Way and M87, scaled by the sizes of their shadows. Starting near the Sun, the camera steadily pulls back to compare ever-larger black holes to different structures in our solar system.

First up is 1601+3113, a dwarf galaxy hosting a black hole packed with the mass of 100,000 Suns. The matter is so compressed that even the black hole’s shadow is smaller than our Sun.

The black hole at the heart of our own galaxy, called Sagittarius A* (pronounced ay-star), boasts the weight of 4.3 million Suns based on long-term tracking of stars in orbit around it. Its shadow diameter spans about half that of Mercury’s orbit in our solar system.

The animation shows two monster black holes in the galaxy known as NGC 7727 . Located about 1,600 light-years apart, one weighs 6 million solar masses and the other more than 150 million Suns. Astronomers say the pair will merge within the next 250 million years.

“Since 2015, gravitational wave observatories on Earth have detected the mergers of black holes with a few dozen solar masses thanks to the tiny ripples in space-time these events produce,” said Goddard astrophysicist Ira Thorpe. “Mergers of supermassive black holes will produce waves of much lower frequencies which can be detected using a space-based observatory millions of times larger than its Earth-based counterparts.”

That’s why NASA is collaborating with ESA (European Space Agency) to develop their LISA mission, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna , expected to launch sometime in the next decade. LISA will consist of a constellation of three spacecraft in a triangle that shoot laser beams back and forth over millions of miles to precisely measure their separations. This will enable the detection of passing gravitational waves from merging black holes with masses up to a few hundred million Suns. Astronomers are exploring other detection techniques to tackle even bigger mergers.

At the animation’s larger scale lies M87’s black hole, now with a updated mass of 5.4 billion Suns . Its shadow is so big that even a beam of light – traveling at 670 million mph (1 billion kph) – would take about two and a half days to cross it.

The movie ends with TON 618, one of a handful of extremely distant and massive black holes for which astronomers have direct measurements. This behemoth contains more than 60 billion solar masses, and it boasts a shadow so large that a beam of light would take weeks to traverse it.

By  Francis Reddy NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, Md.

Media contacts: Claire Andreoli NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. (301) 286-1940

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Black Holes PowerPoint and Activity Sheets

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A fully editable 12 slide PowerPoint presentation on the structure and formation of black holes. Includes slides on the following topics:

➸ Overview black holes ➸ Formation of black holes ➸ Structure of black holes ➸ Singularity ➸ Spinning black holes ➸ Space-time ➸ Review quiz with answers ➸ Embedded video on black holes

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Black Holes: Why study them? What makes them so fascinating?

by Laurence Tognetti, Universe Today

Over the last few months, Universe Today has explored a plethora of scientific fields, including impact craters, planetary surfaces, exoplanets, astrobiology, solar physics, comets, planetary atmospheres, planetary geophysics, cosmochemistry, meteorites, radio astronomy, extremophiles, and organic chemistry, and how these various disciplines help scientists and the public better understand our place in the cosmos.

Here, we will discuss the fascinating and mysterious field of black holes with Dr. Gaurav Khanna, who is a Professor in the Department of Physics at the University of Rhode Island, regarding the importance of studying black holes, the benefits and challenges, exciting aspects of studying black holes, and how upcoming students will pursue studying black holes.

So, what is the importance of studying black holes?

"Gravity is the oldest known, but the least understood force in nature," Dr. Khanna tells Universe Today. "For students of gravity, black holes are among the most interesting objects to study because gravity is the dominant force there—in fact, it is infinitely strong! Then there are astrophysical reasons of interest in black holes. They play important roles in galaxies, perhaps even in the large-scale behavior of the universe and more.

"The other thing to note about black holes is that they are very 'simple' especially when compared to stars and other astrophysical objects. This is a consequence of the so-called 'no hair' theorem that states that black holes can be fully characterized by only three attributes—their mass, charge and spin. That simplicity makes them particularly appealing to study and research."

Black holes are known for exhibiting gravity so strong that light can't even escape, and while Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity in 1915 is often credited with first proposing the concept of black holes, the concept of an object whose size and gravity would not allow light to escape was first proposed in a November 1784 letter by English philosopher and clergyman, John Mitchell.

In this letter, Mitchell referred to these objects as "dark stars" since he postulated that stars whose diameters exceeded 500 times that of our sun's diameter would trigger the formation of these objects. Additionally, he suggested that gravitational waves influencing nearby celestial bodies would enable these objects to be detected.

Fast forward to Einstein's theory of general relativity, which also predicted both the existence of black holes and gravitational waves, both of which continued to be scrutinized throughout the 20th century, which includes what's called the "golden age of general relativity" during the 1960s and 1970s. This includes the first object accepted by the scientific community as a black hole, called Cygnus X-1, which was discovered in 1964. However, it took another 52 years for the existence of gravitational waves to be confirmed through a black hole merger, which was accomplished by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration.

Therefore, given the extensive history combined with key discoveries only occurring within the last few years, what are some of the benefits and challenges of studying black holes?

Dr. Khanna tells Universe Today, "As I stated above, studying black holes, which are a consequence of Einstein's relativity theory, offers insight on the nature of gravity, space and time at the most fundamental levels. As physicists, we are yet to develop a complete understanding of the quantum nature of gravity, and black holes are the key to unlocking that mystery.

"On the challenges, I'd say that the clearest one perhaps is that black holes can only be observed indirectly. Unlike stars, since they don't emit radiation themselves, it is difficult for astronomers to collect data on them. At best, we can observe their influence on their environment (like gas, stars, etc.) and infer their properties and behavior.

"On the theoretical side, while it is indeed true that black holes are very 'simple' compared to stars, there are still challenges. The mathematics and physics that describe them is fairly advanced and even computer simulations involving them are challenging, requiring massive processing power and memory."

While it took over 100 years between Einstein introducing his theory of general relativity in 1915 and the confirmation of gravitational waves in 2016, it only took another three years for astronomers to publish the first direct image of a black hole at the center of the Messier 87 galaxy.

The results were published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters and based on observations taken in 2017 by the powerful Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). While Messier 87 is located approximately 53 million light-years from Earth, the closest hypothesized black hole, Gaia BH1, is located approximately 1,560 light-years from Earth. In 2022, astronomers published a direct image of Sagittarius A*, which is the supermassive black hole at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy.

Dr. Khanna tells Universe Today, "I suppose I'd probably refer to my recent work on how very rapidly rotating black holes attempt to 'grow hair' but ultimately fail . The project is interesting because it appears to suggest a violation of the 'no hair' theorem that I mentioned earlier, but it ultimately doesn't. So, it is provocative, but then relieving!

"More importantly, we are now using the main context of that research to develop a new observational 'signature' or test for rapidly rotating black holes, aka near-extremal black holes. Such black holes have several peculiar properties and aspects and are an area of active research."

Black holes are studied by astronomers, physicists, and astrophysicists, who use a combination of theory and observations to construct what black holes might look like, and in rare cases, as discussed, obtain direct images of them. Regarding theory, researchers use mathematical calculations and computer models to simulate what black holes might look like, and then have used powerful ground-based telescopes like EHT to obtain the few direct images of black holes.

It is important to note that these direct images don't capture the black hole itself, but the gases that are encircling the black hole's event horizon, or the unofficial boundary where light can't escape the black hole.

But what advice can Dr. Khanna offer upcoming students who wish to pursue studying black holes?

Dr. Khanna tells Universe Today, "I would offer them a lot of encouragement! There is a lot to do in this space and many mysteries to solve. New observations are going to open many new doors and brand-new avenues for research. This is among the best times to be a black hole astrophysicist!"

Dr. Khanna continues, "The one thing that I could say perhaps that isn't as much emphasized elsewhere is about computing as a tool to study black holes. Mostly there is heavy emphasis on learning advanced mathematics as the background for serious research in black holes—and for good reason—that continues to be critical for every student of Einstein's relativity theory which is the foundation for black hole physics.

"In recent years, computer simulations have advanced rapidly, and one can now make major discoveries about deep questions using computational tools. In the long run, computer programming would be a very promising tool for advancing research in this field and many others as well."

Journal information: Astrophysical Journal Letters

Provided by Universe Today

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The grand paradox at the heart of every black hole

• If you take a book and burn it, the information of what was on the page will be encoded in the ashes that remain from the process of burning; there is no information loss.
• But when matter goes into creating or growing a black hole, there’s no known relation between that information and the Hawking radiation that eventually comes out.
• Is information conserved when black holes evaporate or not, and if so, how is that information preserved? This is the black hole information paradox: perhaps the grandest mystery of all.

When something falls into a black hole, where does it go, and will it ever come back out again? According to Einstein’s General Relativity, those answers are simple: as soon as anything physical — matter, antimatter, radiation, etc. — crosses over the event horizon, it’s gone. It can add things like mass, electric charge, and angular momentum to the black hole, but little else. It goes swiftly toward and eventually into the central singularity, and will never escape again.

But our Universe isn’t governed by General Relativity alone, but also by quantum physics. According to our best understanding of quantum reality, there’s much more that needs to be considered. Not only are there other quantum properties inherent to the raw ingredients that go into making a black hole — baryon number, lepton number, color charge, spin, lepton family number, weak isospin and hypercharge, etc. — but the fabric of spacetime itself, which contains the black hole, is quantum in nature. Because of those quantum properties, black holes do not remain static, but rather evaporate over time : emitting Hawking radiation (and perhaps even more ) in the process.

When black holes do evaporate, then, what happens to the information that went into creating them? Is it conserved? Is it destroyed? Is it encoded in the outgoing radiation? And if so, how? These questions are at the heart of perhaps the greatest paradox of all: the black hole information paradox. Here’s both what we know and what we still need to find out.

Information

When a physicist talks about information, they don’t necessarily mean what we conventionally think of as information: a string of letters, numbers, symbols, or anything else that can be encoded with bits like 0s or 1s. Conventionally, this is often described as “the number of yes/no questions that must be answered to fully specify the properties of your physical system,” although even that description has limitations. These are all certainly examples of information, but those examples don’t encompass all the various types of information that exist. Information can also include:

• signals that enforce causality,
• quantum states (like qubits instead of bits ) for individual entities,
• entangled quantum states between multiple entities,
• or any measure of the physical quantity known as entropy.

That last one is tricky, because entropy — an inherently thermodynamical quantity — is very often misunderstood. You’ll often hear statements like “entropy is a measure of disorder” or “entropy always increases for any system” and while those things are kind of true, it’s possible to make very ordered high-entropy systems and to decrease a system’s entropy through the input of an external energy source.

As an alternative, consider this: what entropy actually measures is the number of possible arrangements of the (fully quantum) state of your system.

A classic example is to consider two systems:

• A room with a divider in it, where one side of the room is filled with hot gas and the other side is filled with cold gas.
• And that same room, with the same gases, except the divider is open and both sides of the room have reached the same temperature.

Both systems have the same number of particles, the same total energy in them, but wildly different entropies from one another. The second system has a much greater amount of entropy, as there are many different ways to distribute energy among all of the particles in your system to achieve the desired configuration than there are for the first system; the number of possible arrangements of the fully quantum state of your full system is much greater for the second system than the first.

Because there is a greater number of possible arrangements, you have to provide a greater amount of information — and, therefore, answer a greater number of “yes/no” questions — to fully describe the system with a greater amount of entropy. Information and entropy aren’t identical, but they are proportional: a greater entropy to your system means it requires more information to fully describe it.

Information and black holes

If you take a book and burn it, the book’s information doesn’t get lost or destroyed, but merely scrambled. In principle — although, maybe not in practice just yet — you could trace each and every particle of paper-and-ink that went into the fire, determine where they went, and from the ash, soot, chemicals, and invisible gases they produced, keep track of every character on every page in that book. In principle, you could look at that final system of the completely burned book and reconstruct the complete information that was in the book before you burned it.

You can do this with the remnants of a shattered glass, reconstructing what the original, unbroken structure looked like. You can do this with a scrambled-and-cooked egg, reconstructing what the uncooked, unscrambled egg was like. As long as the fundamental particles that the original system was made out of were preserved, no matter what interactions they underwent in the meanwhile, that original information about the initial state of the system would be preserved as well.

But with black holes, that absolutely isn’t the case any longer. In General Relativity, black holes don’t have any memory about the types of particles (or the properties of those particles) that went into creating or growing the black hole. The only measurable properties a black hole can possess are mass, electric charge, and angular momentum.

In the early 1970s, this puzzle was considered by physicist Jacob Bekenstein, who recognized why this was such a problem. Whatever particles go into forming a black hole have their own properties, configuration, and amount of entropy (and information) encoded within them. According to the second law of thermodynamics, entropy can never decrease for a closed system; it can only increase or remain the same, unless some external source of energy is inputted to decrease that entropy. (And even then, the total entropy of “the original system plus the external source,” where the external source is where that inputted energy comes from, will continue to increase.)

But in pure General Relativity, black holes have zero entropy, and that definition simply won’t work. From the perspective of an external observer, it’s quantum particles that go into the creation of a black hole, and as the black hole gets created and grows, the surface area of its event horizon increases. As the mass goes up, the surface area goes up, and as more particles pour in, the entropy must rise as well.

It was Bekenstein who first recognized that the information encoded by the infalling particles would, from an external observer’s perspective, appear to get “smeared out” over the surface of the event horizon , enabling a definition of entropy that was proportional to a black hole’s event horizon’s surface area. Today, this is known as the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy : the entropy of a black hole.

Will that information get destroyed?

This definition was very exciting, but the notion that we had made sense of the Universe — of entropy, information, and black holes — was extremely short-lived. In 1974, just two years after Bekenstein’s earliest work on the topic, Stephen Hawking came along and not only had a spectacular realization, but performed a tremendous calculation to go with it.

His realization was that the standard way of performing quantum field theory calculations made an assumption: that space would, on tiny quantum scales, be treated as though it were flat, unaffected by the General Relativistic curvature of space. However, in the vicinity of a black hole, this wasn’t just a bad approximation, it was a worse approximation than it would be under any other conditions that occurred within our physical Universe.

Instead, Hawking recognized, the calculation needed to be done in a background of curved space, where the background spatial curvature was given by Einstein’s equations and the properties of the black hole in question. Hawking calculated the simplest case — for a black hole with mass only, without electric charge or angular momentum — in 1974, and recognized that the state of the quantum vacuum, or empty space itself, was fundamentally different in curved space, near the black hole’s event horizon, than the state of the quantum vacuum far away from the black hole: where space is flat.

That calculation revealed that black holes don’t simply exist, stably, in this curved space, but that the differences in the vacuum near and far away from the event horizon lead to a continuous emission of blackbody radiation: now known as Hawking radiation . This radiation should:

• have a blackbody spectrum,
• be made almost exclusively of massless photons ( not one member of particle-antiparticle pairs ),
• should radiate at a very low temperature that’s inversely proportional to the mass of the black hole,
• and should evaporate in a time that’s proportional to the mass of the black hole cubed.

This is remarkable, and is a purely quantum effect that we’re now realizing may apply to systems other than black holes as well.

However, it raised a new, troubling issue. If the radiation that comes out of a black hole as it evaporates, this Hawking radiation, is purely blackbody in nature, it should have no preference for:

• matter over antimatter,
• baryons over antibaryons,
• leptons over antileptons,
• one lepton family over another,

or any other metric needed to answer a yes/no question regarding the initial quantum state of the matter that went into creating the black hole in the first place. For the first time, it seems that we’ve encountered a physical system where knowing and measuring all of the information about its “final state” doesn’t, even in principle, allow you to reconstruct the initial state.

The core of the black hole information paradox

So where, then, does the information go?

That’s the puzzle: we think that information shouldn’t be able to be destroyed, but if the black hole is evaporating into pure blackbody radiation, then all of that information that went into making the black hole has somehow disappeared.

• It’s possible, of course, that what we think we know about information, entropy, and thermodynamics is not correct, and that black holes really are information-destroying entities.
• It’s also possible, that even if we don’t presently understand the mechanism by which it occurred, that there’s some relationship between — from the perspective of an observer outside the event horizon — the information encoded on the surface of a black hole and the information encoded in the outgoing (Hawking) radiation.
• And, if we’re truly keeping an open mind, it’s possible that something more fundamentally complex is occurring: that the information that goes into making-and-growing a black hole gets “mixed up” somehow in the interior of a black hole, and then is encoded in some non-trivial fashion in the radiation when the black hole itself evaporates.

The truth is, despite many declarations over the years that the “black hole information paradox has been resolved,” that nobody knows . Nobody knows whether the information is preserved, whether it’s destroyed or erased, and whether it depends on what occurs in a black hole’s interior or whether it can be completely described from an outside observer’s perspective.

We have mathematical correspondences between what happens on the inside and the outside of a black hole, including an underappreciated fact that takes us beyond the semiclassical approximation (quantum field theory calculations in a background of curved spacetime) used by Hawking: that when radiation comes out of a black hole, it should maintain a quantum mechanical entangled link to the black hole’s interior.

We have devised methods that allow us to map the entropy of a black hole’s interior onto the outgoing radiation that arises due to the Hawking mechanism, which suggests (but does not prove) that we may be approaching a mechanism for understanding how the information that went into creating a black hole gets encoded back into the Universe outside of the black hole’s event horizon.

Unfortunately, we don’t know how to calculate individual bits of information using any of these methods; we only know how to calculate overall “amounts” of information as though we’re putting them on a scale, seeing whether they balance or not. That’s an important step, but it isn’t enough to resolve this paradox.

Certainly, there are other ideas that are playing a major role. String-inspired ideas like complementarity and the AdS/CfT correspondence, as well as the notion of a “firewall” appearing partway through the evaporation process, are considered by many working on the paradox. Others suggest that there are correlations between every quantum of radiation emitted in the Hawking process (similar to entanglement), and that the full suite of those correlations must be understood in order to resolve the paradox. Still others have suggested altering the black hole’s internal and external geometries over the course of the emission of Hawking radiation to attempt to preserve information, while others appeal to whatever strong quantum effects must be present at the interface of quantum physics and relativity: becoming important in the final stages of black hole evaporation.

However, we still do not understand the most important aspects of the paradox: where the information from the particles that create the black hole goes, and how that information — assuming it does get out into the Universe again — actually gets encoded into the outgoing radiation that results when black holes evaporate. Despite whatever claims you may have heard, make no mistake: the black hole information paradox is still an unresolved paradox, and although it’s still an active area of research, no one can be sure what the solution will ultimately be, or what method will eventually lead us to it.

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‘helldivers 2’ players created a black hole and opened a door for the illuminate.

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Helldivers 2

Helldivers 2 players were recently tasked with taking out the Merida supercolony of Terminids, one that they themselves previously created by spreading “Termicide” around the system that had some…ill-intended affects.

Players were tasked to use “dark fluid” to take out the colony, and while it seemed like the goal was to glass the whole planet that is…not what happened. Rather, they collapsed the entire planet into a black hole, something that we have never seen before in the game, and honestly that seems like tech way beyond what Super Earth has previously been capable of.

Now, of course, everyone is celebrating the great victory overr the Terminids, but those kinds of victories never tend to last long in this game. The last time we celebrated wiping out every Automaton in the system, they showed up days later with the biggest fleet they’ve ever had.

But the black hole raises a new question. While we sucked the Terminids into it, might something now…come out of it? The idea here is that this black hole may serve as a pathway into the galaxy for the Illuminate, the alien race from Helldivers 1 that Super Earth says we have wiped out, but we clearly have not.

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While I suppose they could just invade from the bottom of the map like everyone has expected, using the black hole as a wormhole to tunnel through into the galaxy much closer to Super Earth would be a significant surprise (yes, yes I know this is not how black holes work, but it’s a sci-fi trope).

We know the Illuminate are coming. There have been more and more additions of Illuminate assets into the backend files of the game over time, and while they might not be here tomorrow, and a promised Automaton counter-offensive may happen for a bit, I believe that this black hole is the gateway to their arrival at some point in time. I also wonder if they may temporarily eliminate the Terminids when they get here so we only have two enemy races to fight instead of three, which may spread forces too thin.

Helldivers more generally is trying to find something to lure players back, as the live game has seen essentially nothing but declines since its highs, the only big spike being the surprise Automaton invasion months ago. Now, it’s easy to imagine that the arrival of the Illuminate would get loads of players back. We’ll have to wait and see.

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Pick up my sci-fi novels the Herokiller series and The Earthborn Trilogy .

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2024 Memorial Tournament scores, takeaways: Scottie Scheffler, Collin Morikawa surge near the top in Round 1

Some of the world's best players are on the first page of the leaderboard after 18 holes at jack's place.

The third major championship of the season may be taking place next week at Pinehurst No. 2, but this week's Memorial Tournament has already produced a major-caliber leaderboard. Adam Hadwin leads the way after the first round of action thanks to a stellar 6-under 66, but right behind him are a number of big names hoping to usurp the Canadian over the next three days.

World No. 1 Scottie Scheffler looked the part Thursday en route to a 5-under 67. A birdie on his final hole pushed him past his playing competitor, Ludvig Åberg, who needed one more stroke than the American for his opening 68. Alongside Åberg at 4 under is the most recent major champion, Xander Schauffele, as the 2024 PGA Championship winner showed little sign of a hangover in his first start since his victory at Valhalla.

Collin Morikawa came in late with the same score as Åberg and Schauffele despite playing in the more difficult afternoon conditions and letting a few chances pass him by. Players like Viktor Hovland, Tommy Fleetwood, Tony Finau, Max Homa, Rory McIlroy and Justin Thomas all find themselves in red figures and within shouting distance, with expectations of a more difficult Muirfield Village emerging for the remainder of the tournament.

"I was surprised with how firm it was when we first got here on Tuesday," Scheffler said. "The rain yesterday, I think, really softened it up. As long as the rain holds off the rest of the week with the winds we're supposed to get, the golf course is going to be really, really challenging. There are so many little areas where you have to put the ball, and when the greens get firm and the wind starts blowing, it can be extremely challenging to hit it into some of those small portions of the greens."

Little chance of rain and more intense winds are in the forecast for the rest of the week in Dublin, Ohio, meaning Hadwin may very well be sitting close to the winning score after just 18 holes of play. With 7 under enough to earn a spot in a playoff a season ago, players are sure to have their hands full with not only each other, but with the golf course itself from here on out.

1. Adam Hadwin (-6)

Hadwin had a day from tee to green we typically see from someone like Scheffler. The Canadian gained nearly seven strokes on the field with his long game, with +5.52 of those strokes coming from his iron play. While Hadwin hit 14 of 18 greens in regulation, he struck half of those approach shots inside 10 feet. Whether he can keep this up is another question, but it remains a nice start for the smooth swinging right-hander.

"It's only Thursday, a lot of golf left," Hadwin said. "Like I said, I played a really solid round of golf today. I was in play off the tee, I hit a bunch of greens, I had some good looks, and then kind of it got going on the back nine. I hit a few wedges close. I took advantage of maybe a little bit softer Muirfield Village with the rain overnight and we've got three more rounds to go, and I've been torn apart by this place before, so I know how quickly it can sneak up on you. So just keep doing what I did really well today."

Other contenders

2. Scottie Scheffler (-5) T3. Collin Morikawa, Xander Schauffele, Ludvig Åberg, Corey Conners (-4) T7. Viktor Hovland, Tommy Fleetwood, Akshay Bhatia, Seamus Power (-3)

While Scheffler was his usual self, ranking third in strokes gained tee to green, fifth in strokes gained off the tee and second in strokes gained approach, Schauffele struggled with the long game. Leading the field in strokes gained putting and just about average everywhere else, the PGA Championship winner will need to get better if he is to keep his place on this leaderboard.

"I'm going to go to the range after this, after we finish talking, and hit the center of the club face a little more, find some more fairways and some more greens," Schauffele said. "I'm happy. I'm happy with how I played, with how I stuck in there and really happy my short game bailed me out on a day that could have been a lot worse."

The man of maybe most intrigue is Morikawa as he continues this upward trajectory with his game ever since the Masters. Rattling off five straight top 20s in individual events — including a pair of top fives in major championships — the 27-year-old is at again. His short game was sharp — as it has been — and his iron play started to look like the iron play that led Morikawa to a couple of major titles.

No stranger to Jack's Place. @Collin_Morikawa won the 2020 Workday Charity Open at Muirfield Village and looks to get his first victory @MemorialGolf . pic.twitter.com/eEM1evRri0 — PGA TOUR (@PGATOUR) June 6, 2024

Struggling stars

It wasn't all sunshine and rainbows for the top names in the sport. Some of them will have their work cut out for them if they plan to stick around for the weekend. With the field shrinking to the top 50 and those within 10 strokes of the leader after Round 2, some notables find themselves in jeopardy of experiencing a short trip to Ohio:

• Jordan Spieth: +2
• Will Zalatoris: +2
• Patrick Cantlay: +3
• Cameron Young: +4
• Rickie Fowler: +4
• Brian Harman: +4
• Wyndham Clark: +5

2024 Memorial Tournament updated odds and picks

• Scottie Scheffler: 7/4
• Collin Morikawa: 7-1
• Xander Schauffele: 7-1
• Ludvig Åberg: 7-1
• Viktor Hovland: 10-1
• Rory McIlroy: 12-1
• Tommy Fleetwood: 20-1

Choose your fighter. I loved Morikawa coming into the week, and there's nothing he did on Thursday to sway me of this opinion. I understand some hesitation jumping in at 7-1 with 54 holes to play, however. If you're in search of some value names, Thomas at 40-1, Homa at 75-1 and Finau at 80-1 are all at 1 under and present some interest as they will experience the easier Friday morning playing conditions and could make a move.

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• International

D-Day 80th anniversary in Normandy

By Joshua Berlinger, Antoinette Radford, Shania Shelton and Kyle Feldscher, CNN

Our live coverage of the 80th anniversary of D-Day has ended. Read more about D-Day here or scroll through the posts on today's events below.

French President Emmanuel Macron: "Let us be worthy of those who landed here"

From CNN's Joshua Berlinger and Emmanuel Miculita in Paris

French President Emmanuel Macron closed the international ceremony marking 80 years since D-Day with a speech honoring the soldiers who fought in the largest seaborne invasion in human history and, as other leaders have done throughout the day, drawing parallels to the current geopolitical unrest — most notably the war in Ukraine.

Perhaps the strongest part of Macron's speech was its end, in which he honored Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky — who was in attendance — and the Ukrainian people's fight against Russia.

"Faced with the return of war to our continent, faced with the questioning of everything they fought for, faced with those who claim to change borders by force or rewrite history, let us be worthy of those who landed here. Your presence here today, Mr. President of Ukraine, says it all,” Macron said, followed by a brief interruption of the roar of a fighter jet flyover.

Europe has not seen the type of ground conflict that is raging in Ukraine since the end of World War II, and this year’s anniversary comes as Russian forces advance on the battlefield – handing Kyiv a series of tactical defeats and poking holes in the already fragile Western alliance opposed to the Kremlin’s war.

"We know that liberty is a fight for every morning," Macron added. "For everyone in this world that lives hoping for liberty, for equality, for fraternity the sixth of June is a day without end, a never-ending dawn."

World War II veteran dies while traveling to France for D-Day anniversary

From CNN’s Dakin Andone

Robert Persichitti, a 102-year-old World War II US Navy veteran, died last week while on his way to France to commemorate  the 80th anniversary of D-Day , according to Honor Flight Rochester, a veterans organization.

Persichitti was a “wonderful, pleasant, humble guy,” who was “easy to talk to,” said Honor Flight Rochester President and CEO Richard Stewart, who told CNN he learned of his friend’s death last Friday.

“We miss him,” said Stewart.

While Persichitti passed away bound for Normandy — where the Allied forces’  landing on June 6, 1944 , laid the foundation for the defeat of Nazi Germany — he served in the Pacific as a radioman aboard the USS Eldorado, Stewart said. His tour of duty included Iwo Jima, Okinawa and Guam, according to Stewart and  the New York State Senate Veterans Hall of Fame , into which Persichitti was inducted in 2020.

Persichitti fell ill last week during a stop in Germany while headed for Normandy, Al DeCarlo, a friend who was traveling with Persichitti, told  CNN affiliate WHAM . Persichitti was airlifted to the hospital and died soon after, DeCarlo said.

“The doctor was with him. He was not alone, he was at peace and he was comfortable,” DeCarlo said. “She put his favorite singer, Frank Sinatra, on her phone and he peacefully left us.”

Persichitti had heart problems in the past, “but for 102, I would say he was in superb health,” Stewart told CNN.

Persichitti was born in a coal mining town outside Pittsburgh, Stewart said, describing his friend's “humble, poor beginnings.” After the war, Persichitti worked as a carpentry teacher in Rochester, New York, according to the Veterans Hall of Fame, and in 1972 received a degree from SUNY Buffalo.

Trump posts tribute on 80th anniversary of D-Day landings in Normandy

From CNN's Kate Sullivan

Former US President Donald Trump on Thursday posted a tribute to the “immortal heroes who landed at Normandy” to commemorate the 80th anniversary of the D-Day landings in Normandy. 

“Today, we honor the immortal heroes who landed at Normandy 80 years ago. The men of D-Day will live forever in history as among the bravest, noblest, and greatest Americans ever to walk the earth. They shed their blood, and thousands gave their lives, in defense of American Freedom. They are in our hearts today and for all time,” Trump posted on Truth Social.

France's Macron awards 3 more people the Legion of Honor

From CNN's Emmanuel Miculita and Joshua Berlinger in Paris

French President Emmanuel Macron used the international ceremony commemorating the 80th anniversary of D-Day to award the Legion of Honor, France's highest military or civilian distinction, to three more American veterans: Joseph Miller, Richard Calvin Rung and Arlester Brown.

Earlier in the day, Macron awarded the Legion of Honor to Christian Lamb , a 104-year-old British woman credited with having made the maps for the D-Day landing, and 11 other American veterans.

Testimonials and musical performances are taking place during international ceremony

As the international ceremony marking the 80th anniversary of D-Day on Omaha Beach is underway, testimonials from those who fought in the war are currently being read out.

Along with the testimonials, musical performances are demonstrated in front of attendees.

French President Emmanuel Macron is set to deliver an address later during the ceremony.

Austin says "Ukraine matters" in the midst of D-Day ceremonies

From CNN's Shania Shelton

US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin discussed Russia's war in Ukraine while participating in D-Day ceremonies, telling CNN's Wolf Blitzer that "Ukraine matters."

"I have engaged members of Congress on both sides, in both parties. I have seen throughout strong support for Ukraine, and even though it took a while to get the legislation through, I was confident that that the right thing was going to happen."

He continued, "Because anytime you see that type of support on both sides of the aisle for a cause, Congress will find a way to get things done, which is what they did in this case, because it's the right thing to do."

The international ceremony is underway

From CNN's Josh Berlinger in Paris

The international ceremony marking the 80th anniversary of D-Day on Omaha Beach has begun.

More than 20 heads of state and government and representatives from royal families across Europe are in attendance.

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky arrives at international ceremony to standing ovation

From CNN's Joshua Berlinger in Paris

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky arrived at Thursday's international ceremony to commemorate the 80th anniversary of D-Day to a standing ovation and a rousing applause.

Zelensky's presence — and Russian leader Vladimir Putin's absence, despite Soviet Russia's key role in winning the war in Europe — is highly symbolic given how the war in Ukraine is casting a shadow over the day's events.

Several world leaders have already used their speeches to cast parallels between Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the aggression of Nazi Germany that sparked World War II.

Watch the moment here:

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