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- http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0157-5319 Ahtisham Younas 1 , 2 ,
- http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7839-8130 Parveen Ali 3 , 4
- 1 Memorial University of Newfoundland , St John's , Newfoundland , Canada
- 2 Swat College of Nursing , Pakistan
- 3 School of Nursing and Midwifery , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , South Yorkshire , UK
- 4 Sheffield University Interpersonal Violence Research Group , Sheffield University , Sheffield , UK
- Correspondence to Ahtisham Younas, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL A1C 5C4, Canada; ay6133{at}mun.ca
https://doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs-2021-103417
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Introduction
Literature reviews offer a critical synthesis of empirical and theoretical literature to assess the strength of evidence, develop guidelines for practice and policymaking, and identify areas for future research. 1 It is often essential and usually the first task in any research endeavour, particularly in masters or doctoral level education. For effective data extraction and rigorous synthesis in reviews, the use of literature summary tables is of utmost importance. A literature summary table provides a synopsis of an included article. It succinctly presents its purpose, methods, findings and other relevant information pertinent to the review. The aim of developing these literature summary tables is to provide the reader with the information at one glance. Since there are multiple types of reviews (eg, systematic, integrative, scoping, critical and mixed methods) with distinct purposes and techniques, 2 there could be various approaches for developing literature summary tables making it a complex task specialty for the novice researchers or reviewers. Here, we offer five tips for authors of the review articles, relevant to all types of reviews, for creating useful and relevant literature summary tables. We also provide examples from our published reviews to illustrate how useful literature summary tables can be developed and what sort of information should be provided.
Tip 1: provide detailed information about frameworks and methods
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Tabular literature summaries from a scoping review. Source: Rasheed et al . 3
The provision of information about conceptual and theoretical frameworks and methods is useful for several reasons. First, in quantitative (reviews synthesising the results of quantitative studies) and mixed reviews (reviews synthesising the results of both qualitative and quantitative studies to address a mixed review question), it allows the readers to assess the congruence of the core findings and methods with the adapted framework and tested assumptions. In qualitative reviews (reviews synthesising results of qualitative studies), this information is beneficial for readers to recognise the underlying philosophical and paradigmatic stance of the authors of the included articles. For example, imagine the authors of an article, included in a review, used phenomenological inquiry for their research. In that case, the review authors and the readers of the review need to know what kind of (transcendental or hermeneutic) philosophical stance guided the inquiry. Review authors should, therefore, include the philosophical stance in their literature summary for the particular article. Second, information about frameworks and methods enables review authors and readers to judge the quality of the research, which allows for discerning the strengths and limitations of the article. For example, if authors of an included article intended to develop a new scale and test its psychometric properties. To achieve this aim, they used a convenience sample of 150 participants and performed exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the same sample. Such an approach would indicate a flawed methodology because EFA and CFA should not be conducted on the same sample. The review authors must include this information in their summary table. Omitting this information from a summary could lead to the inclusion of a flawed article in the review, thereby jeopardising the review’s rigour.
Tip 2: include strengths and limitations for each article
Critical appraisal of individual articles included in a review is crucial for increasing the rigour of the review. Despite using various templates for critical appraisal, authors often do not provide detailed information about each reviewed article’s strengths and limitations. Merely noting the quality score based on standardised critical appraisal templates is not adequate because the readers should be able to identify the reasons for assigning a weak or moderate rating. Many recent critical appraisal checklists (eg, Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool) discourage review authors from assigning a quality score and recommend noting the main strengths and limitations of included studies. It is also vital that methodological and conceptual limitations and strengths of the articles included in the review are provided because not all review articles include empirical research papers. Rather some review synthesises the theoretical aspects of articles. Providing information about conceptual limitations is also important for readers to judge the quality of foundations of the research. For example, if you included a mixed-methods study in the review, reporting the methodological and conceptual limitations about ‘integration’ is critical for evaluating the study’s strength. Suppose the authors only collected qualitative and quantitative data and did not state the intent and timing of integration. In that case, the strength of the study is weak. Integration only occurred at the levels of data collection. However, integration may not have occurred at the analysis, interpretation and reporting levels.
Tip 3: write conceptual contribution of each reviewed article
While reading and evaluating review papers, we have observed that many review authors only provide core results of the article included in a review and do not explain the conceptual contribution offered by the included article. We refer to conceptual contribution as a description of how the article’s key results contribute towards the development of potential codes, themes or subthemes, or emerging patterns that are reported as the review findings. For example, the authors of a review article noted that one of the research articles included in their review demonstrated the usefulness of case studies and reflective logs as strategies for fostering compassion in nursing students. The conceptual contribution of this research article could be that experiential learning is one way to teach compassion to nursing students, as supported by case studies and reflective logs. This conceptual contribution of the article should be mentioned in the literature summary table. Delineating each reviewed article’s conceptual contribution is particularly beneficial in qualitative reviews, mixed-methods reviews, and critical reviews that often focus on developing models and describing or explaining various phenomena. Figure 2 offers an example of a literature summary table. 4
Tabular literature summaries from a critical review. Source: Younas and Maddigan. 4
Tip 4: compose potential themes from each article during summary writing
While developing literature summary tables, many authors use themes or subthemes reported in the given articles as the key results of their own review. Such an approach prevents the review authors from understanding the article’s conceptual contribution, developing rigorous synthesis and drawing reasonable interpretations of results from an individual article. Ultimately, it affects the generation of novel review findings. For example, one of the articles about women’s healthcare-seeking behaviours in developing countries reported a theme ‘social-cultural determinants of health as precursors of delays’. Instead of using this theme as one of the review findings, the reviewers should read and interpret beyond the given description in an article, compare and contrast themes, findings from one article with findings and themes from another article to find similarities and differences and to understand and explain bigger picture for their readers. Therefore, while developing literature summary tables, think twice before using the predeveloped themes. Including your themes in the summary tables (see figure 1 ) demonstrates to the readers that a robust method of data extraction and synthesis has been followed.
Tip 5: create your personalised template for literature summaries
Often templates are available for data extraction and development of literature summary tables. The available templates may be in the form of a table, chart or a structured framework that extracts some essential information about every article. The commonly used information may include authors, purpose, methods, key results and quality scores. While extracting all relevant information is important, such templates should be tailored to meet the needs of the individuals’ review. For example, for a review about the effectiveness of healthcare interventions, a literature summary table must include information about the intervention, its type, content timing, duration, setting, effectiveness, negative consequences, and receivers and implementers’ experiences of its usage. Similarly, literature summary tables for articles included in a meta-synthesis must include information about the participants’ characteristics, research context and conceptual contribution of each reviewed article so as to help the reader make an informed decision about the usefulness or lack of usefulness of the individual article in the review and the whole review.
In conclusion, narrative or systematic reviews are almost always conducted as a part of any educational project (thesis or dissertation) or academic or clinical research. Literature reviews are the foundation of research on a given topic. Robust and high-quality reviews play an instrumental role in guiding research, practice and policymaking. However, the quality of reviews is also contingent on rigorous data extraction and synthesis, which require developing literature summaries. We have outlined five tips that could enhance the quality of the data extraction and synthesis process by developing useful literature summaries.
- Aromataris E ,
- Rasheed SP ,
Twitter @Ahtisham04, @parveenazamali
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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The role of community energy schemes in reducing energy poverty and promoting social inclusion: a systematic literature review.
![systematic literature review thesis example systematic literature review thesis example](https://www.mdpi.com/profiles/3547390/thumb/Pariman_Boostani.jpg)
1. Introduction
2. materials and methods: the prisma approach, 3.1. energy poverty and energy vulnerability, 3.2. vulnerable groups, 3.3. community energy schemes, 3.4. vulnerable groups in community energy schemes, 3.4.1. barriers to community energy projects that address energy vulnerability, 3.4.2. drivers of community energy projects addressing energy vulnerability, 3.5. national context, 3.5.1. the united kingdom, 3.5.2. germany, 3.5.3. italy, 3.5.4. the netherlands, 3.5.5. spain, 3.5.6. denmark, 3.5.7. portugal, 3.5.8. poland, 3.5.9. austria, 3.5.10. slovenia, 4. the role of education in inclusive sustainable energy communities, 5. conclusions, supplementary materials, author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
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Variables | Explanation | Total Citation |
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Low-income families | Low-income and energy-poor households [ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ]. | 44 |
Gender | Energy poverty can show societal inequalities and can have a significant gender aspect [ , , , , , , ]. Women tend to be more exposed to energy poverty [ , , , , , , , , , , ]. | 18 |
Age | The elderly and children tend to be more sensitive to temperature changes, making them vulnerable [ , , , , , , ]. Additionally, young individuals who face a language barrier may have limited access to information regarding the energy transition [ , , , , ]. | 12 |
Low education | Vulnerable subjects can be described as individuals who lack sufficient education and understanding of renewable energies; as a result, they may not participate in societal efforts to transition to cleaner energy sources [ , , , , , , , ]. | 8 |
Disability | Groups with physical and mental disabilities are seen as energy-vulnerable [ , , ]. They may suffer from energy poverty because of poor housing conditions [ ]. | 4 |
Outcomes | Explanation | Total Citation |
---|
Positive social impact | , , , , , , , , ] , , , , , , , , , ] ] and acceptance [ , , , , , , , , ] toward sustainable energy , , , , ] , , , , , , ] , , , , , ] | 77 |
Environmental benefits | , , ] ] and climate change mitigation [ , , , , , , , , ] | 33 |
Financial Benefits | , , ] , ] , , , , , , , , , , ] , , , , , , ]. | 32 |
Innovation and learning | ] (p. 6) for energy access to empower individuals and improve their quality of life. , , , , ]. ]: ‘from consumers of energy to so-called “prosumers”’ [ ] (p. 4) , , , , , , ] | 26 |
Barriers | Cite |
---|
Legal frameworks | 53 |
Financial hurdles | 35 |
Lack of knowledge | 28 |
Technical issues | 19 |
Unsuitable environmental conditions | 18 |
Drivers | Cite |
---|
Community involvement | 65 |
Policy support | 42 |
Financial viability | 34 |
Technical feasibility | 24 |
Prosocial behaviour | 17 |
Physical and social environment | 17 |
Expertise and human resources | 13 |
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Boostani, P.; Pellegrini-Masini, G.; Klein, J. The Role of Community Energy Schemes in Reducing Energy Poverty and Promoting Social Inclusion: A Systematic Literature Review. Energies 2024 , 17 , 3232. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133232
Boostani P, Pellegrini-Masini G, Klein J. The Role of Community Energy Schemes in Reducing Energy Poverty and Promoting Social Inclusion: A Systematic Literature Review. Energies . 2024; 17(13):3232. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133232
Boostani, Pariman, Giuseppe Pellegrini-Masini, and Jørgen Klein. 2024. "The Role of Community Energy Schemes in Reducing Energy Poverty and Promoting Social Inclusion: A Systematic Literature Review" Energies 17, no. 13: 3232. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133232
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A systematic review is a type of review that uses repeatable methods to find, select, and synthesize all available evidence. It answers a clearly formulated research question and explicitly states the methods used to arrive at the answer. Example: Systematic review. In 2008, Dr. Robert Boyle and his colleagues published a systematic review in ...
This thesis presents a systematic literature review (SLR) of published research articles concerning agile project management. Based on a predefined search strategy, 273 such articles were identified, of which 44 were included in the review. The selected 44 articles were published between years 2005 and 2012.
Examples of literature reviews. Step 1 - Search for relevant literature. Step 2 - Evaluate and select sources. Step 3 - Identify themes, debates, and gaps. Step 4 - Outline your literature review's structure. Step 5 - Write your literature review.
Screen the literature. Assess the quality of the studies. Extract the data. Analyze the results. Interpret and present the results. 1. Decide on your team. When carrying out a systematic literature review, you should employ multiple reviewers in order to minimize bias and strengthen analysis.
Literature reviews establish the foundation of academic inquires. However, in the planning field, we lack rigorous systematic reviews. In this article, through a systematic search on the methodology of literature review, we categorize a typology of literature reviews, discuss steps in conducting a systematic literature review, and provide suggestions on how to enhance rigor in literature ...
Method details Overview. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is a research methodology to collect, identify, and critically analyze the available research studies (e.g., articles, conference proceedings, books, dissertations) through a systematic procedure [12].An SLR updates the reader with current literature about a subject [6].The goal is to review critical points of current knowledge on a ...
The best reviews synthesize studies to draw broad theoretical conclusions about what a literature means, linking theory to evidence and evidence to theory. This guide describes how to plan, conduct, organize, and present a systematic review of quantitative (meta-analysis) or qualitative (narrative review, meta-synthesis) information.
Compared to traditional literature overviews, which often leave a lot to the expertise of the authors, SRs treat the literature review process like a scientific process, and apply concepts of empirical research in order to make the review process more transparent and replicable and to reduce the possibility of bias.
Systematic Literature Review Example. A systematic literature review typically follows a simple format that helps researchers organize their ideas, findings, and conclusions efficiently. The primary sections include the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references.
Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 2015, 37. �hal-01574600�. Communications of the Association for Information Systems. Volume 37 Article 43 11-2015. A Guide to Conducting a Standalone Systematic Literature Review. Chitu Okoli. Concordia University, [email protected].
SLR, as the name implies, is a systematic way of collecting, critically evaluating, integrating, and presenting findings from across multiple research studies on a research question or topic of interest. SLR provides a way to assess the quality level and magnitude of existing evidence on a question or topic of interest.
The key here is to focus first on the literature relevant to the puzzle. In this example, the tokenism literature sets up a puzzle derived from a theory and contradictory empirical evidence. Let's consider what each of these means... The literature(s) from which you develop the theoretical/empirical puzzle that drives your research question.
he simplest thing of all—structure. Everything you write has three components: a beginning, a middle and an e. d and each serves a different purpose. In practice, this means your review will have an introduction, a main body where you review the literature an. a conclusion where you tie things up.
by Angela Boland, M. Gemma Cherry and Rumona Dickson. Chapter 1. Carrying Out a Systematic Review as a Master's Thesis. Here are some other helpful materials for you to read through. Centre for Review and Dissemination's guidance for undertaking systematic reviews in health care.
Example for a Systematic Literature Review: In references 5 example for paper that use Systematic Literature Review (SlR) example: ( Event-Driven Process Chain for Modeling and Verification of ...
The present study is a systematic review and meta-analysis that explores the effectiveness of child-parent interventions for childhood anxiety disorders. The research located during the literature search was coded for inclusionary criteria and resulted in eight qualifying individual randomized controlled trials (RCT) with a total of 710
Chapter 2. Planning and Managing My Review; Chapter 8. Understanding and Synthesizing Numerical Data from Intervention Studies; Chapter 11. Reviewing Qualitative Evidence; Further Reading. Chapter 1. Carrying Out a Systematic Review as a Master's Thesis; Chapter 3. Defining My Review Question and Identifying Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria ...
by Angela Boland, M. Gemma Cherry and Rumona Dickson. Chapter 1. Carrying Out a Systematic Review as a Master's Thesis. Explore the wealth of resources available across the web. Here are some good places to start. Link to the Campbell Collaboration, an organization that prepares, maintains and disseminates systematic reviews in education, crime ...
Systematic literature reviews (SRs) are a way of synt hesising scientific evidence to answer a particular. research question in a way that is transparent and reproducible, while seeking to include ...
Systematic literature reviews are a means to rigorously review existing literature on a specific topic. They collect and analyze existing literature in a systematic and replicable way. Following the definition of a topic of interest and concrete research question, a systematic literature review starts by defining several keywords.
Writing a faulty literature review is one of many ways to derail a dissertation. This article summarizes some pivotal information on how to write a high-quality dissertation literature review. It begins with a discussion of the purposes of a review, prese nts taxonomy of literature reviews, and then discusses the steps in conducting a ...
The literature review template includes the following sections: Before you start - essential groundwork to ensure you're ready. The introduction section. The core/body section. The conclusion /summary. Extra free resources. Each section is explained in plain, straightforward language, followed by an overview of the key elements that you ...
This guide will explain the process of conducting a formal systematic review as well as provide you with relevant resources to ensure that you're meeting discipline standards. It's important to understand the time and resources that are required before you embark on conducting a systematic review. This decision tree, gives a good, quick ...
Literature reviews offer a critical synthesis of empirical and theoretical literature to assess the strength of evidence, develop guidelines for practice and policymaking, and identify areas for future research.1 It is often essential and usually the first task in any research endeavour, particularly in masters or doctoral level education. For effective data extraction and rigorous synthesis ...
The present study can be described as a systematic literature review targeting the topics of community energy schemes and energy poverty. This review emphasised the active role of citizens in community energy projects, and therefore we focused on papers including community members and vulnerable groups. ... The following is an example of the ...