research paper about electrical installation and maintenance

Electrical Safety: A Critical Triad of Proper Installation, Maintenance, and Safe Work Practices

Electrical safety is something that affects all of us in the electrical world. It is a topic that spans from basic electric system design to complex risk assessments and incident energy analysis studies. No matter the role we play, from electricians to engineers to inspectors, keeping the world safe from the hazards that electricity presents is at the heart of what we do. As we honor National Electrical Safety Month this May, it’s a reminder that the same level of commitment to safety from electrical hazards is important every day. After all, lives are depending on our commitment to safety at work and home.

Let’s explore the various sides of the electrical safety conversation. First, there is the protection of people who interact with and use electricity. This is generally addressed in the installation code, NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code® (NEC®) . Here you can find requirements for ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) to prevent electrocutions and arc-fault circuit-interrupter (AFCI) to reduce the possible fire ignition hazard. In recent additions, we have started to see requirements for worker safety through system design, as is the case in the arc-energy reduction requirements for large overcurrent devices. We also have rules for grounding and bonding, overcurrent protection, and warning labels. All of these requirements are geared towards the purpose of the NEC : the practical safeguarding of persons and property from the hazards arising from the use of electricity. It doesn’t get much more safety-oriented than that.

Secondly, we must also talk about the protection of those of us who interact with electrical equipment beyond the regular use, those who service, troubleshoot, and maintain the equipment in our lives. Electricians, HVAC technicians, and facility maintenance staff all interact a little more extensively with electrical equipment than the general public. Therefore, the safety of these people goes beyond the installation code to specific work practices and procedures that can be found in NFPA 70E®, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace®: identifying the hazards that workers will be exposed to, processes for eliminating or reducing the risk to the workers, and the training that employers must provide for employees who will be exposed to this kind of work.

In honor of Electrical Safety Month, let’s explore the relationship between these two documents and the process of applying the safety-related work practices that are needed to keep our workers safe.

NFPA 70E provides a practical, safe working environment and is based on the idea that the electrical system was properly installed, something that effective code enforcement helps ensure. A great example of this is the normal operation of equipment, which depends on the equipment having been properly installed. If the equipment has not been properly installed, there’s no assurance that when the equipment is used as intended, the risk to the worker is sufficiently low enough to allow the operation.

Another example of where proper installation comes into play is whether or not the equipment will function as needed. Where this comes into play is in the estimation of what level of arc-flash energy a worker will be exposed to during an arc-flash incident. The incident energy, or how much energy is released during an arc-flash, is really dependent on two components: how much current will be flowing in an arc and how long will it be allowed to flow. There are rules in the installation code that require devices to interrupt the circuit under load, such as overcurrent protective devices, to have an interrupting rating that exceeds the available fault current. The actual arcing current will be less than the available fault current, and the overcurrent protection device (OCPD) will be able to interrupt the amount of current flowing during an arc. What would happen if this wasn’t the case? What if at the time of installation, the available fault current was around 9kA? The NEC would allow 10kA rated circuit breakers to be installed as they would still be able to open under any amount of fault current that the system could supply. However, utility companies replace transformers all the time to reduce impedance and increase efficiency. Now the available fault current goes through the roof, well above the 10kA that the OCPD is rated for. If the arcing current is also above 10kA, there is no assurance that the device will be able to open the fault at all. This will lead to an unknown value of incident energy and a situation that is unsafe to perform work.

While we can’t stop the utility from doing their work, we can give workers the information needed to determine if the numbers still apply. The NEC requires the date the available fault-current was calculated to be marked on the label when this label is required. This helps verify that the supply transformer is the one that the calculation was based on. If not, then new calculations must be made, and these new labels applied to the equipment.

This is just the start. There is a process to follow once we take that information into NFPA 70E, which will apply to those doing justified energized work such as troubleshooting or work where de-energization might create a greater hazard. Additionally, the priority of NFPA 70E is to place equipment in an electrically safe work condition – the hazard still exists until it has been verified it has not. So, even if the policy is never to do energized work, we must protect our employees during the process of verifying the absence of voltage on the circuit. This means a shock risk assessment and arc-flash risk assessment must be performed to mitigate the hazards to the employees doing this task. For the purpose of this discussion, we’ll focus on the personal protective equipment (PPE) Category method of determining the level of PPE to reduce the risk to employees. For equipment that has had an incident energy analysis performed, labels will have the PPE rating. However, if an incident energy analysis has not been performed, the PPE Category method might be able to be used. This method does take some work on the part of the employee and using information required by the NEC . Let’s take a look at what that process might look like:

A service technician arrives on-site to replace a bucket in a motor control center (MCC) that is no longer functioning. There is no justification for keeping the MCC energized throughout this process, and so the tech must place the MCC in an electrically safe work condition. This requires that all sources of power to the MCC are identified, the load is properly shut off, the MCC feeder disconnecting means is opened and locked out in accordance with lockout/ tag-out procedures. The last step is to verify de-energization, but the technician will need to be within the arc-flash boundary to perform this test. The only information available is the available fault current at the service disconnect. To determine the proper arc-flash PPE category, we need to know two parameters about the OCPD that is protecting the feeder supplying the MCC. We need the available fault-current at that device and clearing time for that amount of current. If the available fault-current is only marked at the service equipment, there are apps and calculators available to help with the rest. Once our technician has calculated this value at the MCC feeder OCPD, a time-current curve provided from the manufacturer of the OCPD can be used to determine the tripping time at that current level. This step is critical to verify that the tables can even be applied to the equipment in question. If either of the values are outside of the parameters given in the tables, a different approach is required. For our example, let’s assume the values calculated are under 65 kA of fault-current and a tripping speed faster than two cycles. So, in this case, NFPA 70E Table 130.7(C)(15)(a) applies and puts our tech in PPE Category 2 for the purpose of performing this absence of voltage test. Once the equipment has been verified to be in a safe de-energized state, PPE is no longer needed.

The safety of our “technician” in this example was dependent on many requirements that are found in the installation code and not in the safe work practices standard. Without the requirements from the NEC , such as a disconnect capable of being locked open, the available fault-current being marked on the service equipment, or overcurrent protective devices with interrupting ratings that are capable of opening the available fault-current, our technician could have been seriously injured or killed.

Electrical safety is a combination of proper installation, proper maintenance, and safe work practices. Take away any one of these, and workers are at risk of becoming yet another tragic story or recorded casualty.

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Maintenance Planning of Electric Distribution Systems—A Review

Published: 23 November 2020
Volume 32 , pages 186–202, ( 2021 )

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Caroline Trentini 1 ,
Wanessa de Oliveira Guedes 1 ,
Leonardo Willer de Oliveira ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9542-8357 1 ,
Bruno Henriques Dias 1 &
Vitor Hugo Ferreira 2

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10 Citations

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Electric distribution systems have the objective of supplying electricity with quality and reliability to the final consumers. In order to meet both criteria, efficient maintenance programs have a vital importance mainly due to the actual increase in the requirements for distribution service quality and in technologies related to electrical networks. In this sense, the number of options and criteria for developing effective programs makes the related decision-making process a complex task. This paper presents a comprehensive review on maintenance planning in electrical distribution systems covering different criteria such as economic and reliability. More specifically, this work summarizes contributions up to now through a holistic framework that comprises the premises of predictive, preventive and corrective maintenance. The work is organized by relevant aspects of researches in the field, as criteria, probability functions, constraints and methods that have been applied, within a comprehensive classification.

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Caroline Trentini, Wanessa de Oliveira Guedes, Leonardo Willer de Oliveira & Bruno Henriques Dias

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Trentini, C., de Oliveira Guedes, W., de Oliveira, L.W. et al. Maintenance Planning of Electric Distribution Systems—A Review. J Control Autom Electr Syst 32 , 186–202 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40313-020-00663-z

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Received : 30 April 2020

Revised : 14 September 2020

Accepted : 29 October 2020

Published : 23 November 2020

Issue Date : February 2021

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s40313-020-00663-z

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Challenges of Electrical Installation and Maintenance Students in Building Wiring

Normel S. Nabatilan Jr.

INTRODUCTION

Electrical installation is dangerous because it involves electricity. To be an effective electrician, one must follow the rules and regulation of the Philippines Electrical Code for safety. EIM students are facing different kinds of challenges while studying. Some problems are really difficult to handle. Some students can solve the challenges but others cannot. Building wiring is one of the purposes of Electrical Installation and Maintenance. It teaches those students about installing electricity or any activities related to this.

This study utilizes a quantitative method. The data gathered was based on the questionnaire distributed to the respondents and used as the primary instrument. The researcher used a questionnaire in conducting the research with thirty (30) Electrical Installation and Maintenance students as respondents. The researcher collected the answered questionnaires for tallying the results on the Challenges of Electrical Installation and Maintenance on students in building wiring.

The respondents are all male students of Tacurong National High School from the Grade 12 Electrical Installation and Maintenance (EIM) strand. Building wiring shows that the main challenge of the respondents was observing and following a floor plan. Working in a noisy place is also experienced by almost all of the respondents. It shows that for the common risks of building wiring, almost all common risks were experienced sometimes by the respondents.

DISCUSSIONS

The results demonstrate that in every challenge, different common risks are always involved. The respondents need to enhance their skills and they have to engage themselves in various activities to learn more about building wiring. It is recommended by the researchers that the respondents should further enhance and sharpen their skills through engaging in different or various orientations, lectures, and other activities not only related in building wiring but most importantly on Electrical Installation and Maintenance.

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Strategies for Improving Students' Acquisition of Practical Skills in Electrical Installation and Maintenance Work Trade in Technical Colleges in Kano State

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Chinujinim G THOMAS

Teaching and Learning practical skills in Technical and Vocational training institutions require essential strategies to instilling the right attitudes and technological know-how that will enable the learners to function in the society. The study sought to examine the teaching methods that are applicable in delivering practical contents in technical and vocational education in Nigeria. The study adopted descriptive survey study in three tertiary institutions in Rivers state that offered technical and vocational education courses. The population of the study consists of 205 academic staff in the three tertiary institutions. A sample size of 104 respondents which represent 51% of the entire population was drawn using proportionate stratified random sampling technique. A research questionnaire was developed and validated by two experts, which were used for the data collection for the study. The reliability of the instrument was established using Cronbach Aplha formula to correlate the responses of 30 academic staff that were part of the population but not part of the study sample. The reliability analysis yielded a reliability index of 0.89 which was considered sufficient for the study. The data were collected by personally administering and retrieving the instrument from the respondents by the researcher with the help of two assistances who are staff in the three institutions. 93 completed instrument were retrieved which represent 95% return rate. Data collected were analyzed using mean /standard deviation. The null hypnosis was tested using ANOVA on a 0.05 level of significance. The study found that: traditional teaching methods are also used in teaching of practical skills; Most of the traditional methods that are being used in teaching practical skills in technical and vocational education in Nigeria are no longer relevant; the most relevant methods of teaching practical skills are the use of demonstration methods, enquiry, project and assignment methods. That regular embarking on excursion, use of apprenticeship system, students' industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) programme, and Skills acquisition programme, use of models and computer simulations and Cooperative training programmes are relevant alternatives to the teaching of practical skills in technical and vocational education institutions in Nigeria.

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Yobe state Skills acquisition centre is a one year training programme designed to produce technical skilled manpower at craft level that should either take up job opportunities in public and private sector or be self-employed. The entry requirement for the skills acquisition centres is any o’level general certificate of education. For the programme to be successful, the teachers need to be technically competent. Therefore, this paper intends to assess the technical skills competency needs of electrical installation and maintenance work trade teachers teaching in the skills acquisition centres of Yobe State. Three research questions and three hypotheses was formulated to guide the study. The assessment was based on the NABTEB module of electrical installation and maintenance work trade. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. Questionnaires titled “Technical Competency Needs of Electrical Installation and Maintenance Work Teachers in Skills acquisition centres”...

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Kurt Cardones

Generic skills are key competencies that can be used across a large number of different occupations and they provide a platform for the development of employability skills needed by young people and adults. This study investigated the influence of generic skills on the employability of Electrical Installation and maintenance students in Technical Colleges of Akwa Ibom State. It employed the survey research design, 3 research questions and 2 null hypotheses guided the study. A total of 60 Electrical Installation students drawn from a population of 80 students were randomly stratified to form the sample. The researchers developed instrument tagged " electrical Installation employability indices " (EIEI) was used for data collection. The instrument was face and content validated and the reliability index was established at .89 using the test retest method. The statistical tools used for the study were mean and Analyysis of Variance (ANOVA). The research findings reveal that Electrical Installation students possess essential generic skills and it was concluded that the generic skills have an influence on their employability. It was recommended that lecturers emphasize the importance of generic skills and they should also encourage group discussions in classrooms.

ONYEBUENYI P R O M I S E NKWACHI (Ph.D)

The acquisition of skills especially in electrical installation and maintenance trades will undoubtably lead to job creation and self-reliance as lack of employment is an evidence of unsaleable skills possessed by technical college graduates. This study was conducted to determine the electrical installation and maintenance skill needs of technical college graduates for job creation and self-reliance in Enugu State. The population for the study comprised of 33 graduates in rural and 64 graduates in urban cities of Enugu state. Due to manageable size of the population, there was no sampling. Two research questions were raised and answered using mean and standard deviation while hypotheses formulated were tested using t-test at .05 level of significance. The study adopted descriptive (survey) research design while data was collected using a structured questionnaire developed by the researcher. The instrument was validated by three experts; the reliability of the instrument was established using Cronbach Alpha which gave a high coefficient result of 0.78. Some of the findings include: electrical installation and maintenance work skills like Planing the layout and installation of wiring, Testing of electrical work for safety, Competence with tools, effectives use of materials, inspection of electrical installation, interpretation of wiring drawing and the likes are highly needed for job creation. It was therefore recommended amongst others that all the identified skills should be integrated into the curriculum of technical colleges for training of students; Government should endeavour to finance and equip technical college workshops as to encourage more training and equipment of students with necessary skills for job creation and self reliance upon graduation in Enugu State.

International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies

TIMOTHY AKPAN

IOSR Journals

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It is a known fact that a technical teacher cannot teach effectively without functional tools, equipment and machines. The environment in which the teaching/learning takes place must be conducive. This study was carried out to assess the state of facilities available for teaching Electrical Installation and Maintenance Work Trade (EIMWT) in Bauchi State Technical Colleges. The design of the study consists of a descriptive survey. Three technical colleges were selected using stratified random sampling technique, one each from the three senatorial districts of Bauchi State (north, south and central) to serve as the sample for the study. The data collected using structured questionnaire and a checklist, were analyzed using frequency and simple percentage. Some of the findings of the study were that most of the facilities (tools, equipment and machines) in the workshops of the colleges are not functional. A poor maintenance culture on the side of the workshop technicians was also recorded. It was therefore, recommended that, all the broken down implements including the obsolete ones be repaired and/or replaced to promote effective skills acquisition and training in all the colleges. Also, modern workshop facilities should be procured. Special orientation on the operation and maintenance of the procured Workshop facilities should be organized as at when due to update the Instructors and the Workshop technicians about proper handling of the facilities. Donor agencies such as PTA, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, etc, should be encouraged to assist in equipping these modern facilities for necessary training to take place thereby, resolving the funding difficulty faced by the Vocational and Technical Colleges in the state to an extent.

The aim of this study is to investigate on the adequacy of skills required of electrical technology students among Rivers state technical colleges in domestic wiring. Three purposes and three research questions guided the study. Two null hypotheses were tested at 0.05% level of significance were formulated. This study adopted a descriptive research design and was carried out in four technical colleges in Rivers State. The total population for the study was 172 respondents. A questionnaire based on four point scale was used as the data collection instrument. The instrument used for data collection was a structural questionnaire. The instrument was structured on a 4-points scale of Strongly Agreed (SA), Agreed (A), Disagreed (D) and Strongly Disagreed (SD). The questionnaire was validated by three experts from the Department of Industrial Technology Education, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumini. The study has a reliability index of 0.942 using Cronbach Alpha reliability method. Results were analyzed using the following: item with a mean value within the real limit of numbers 0-1.49 was regarded as strongly disagreed, 1.50-2.49 was regarded as disagreed, 2.50-3.49 was regarded as agreed and 3.50-4.00 was regarded as strongly agreed. T-test was used to test the Null Hypothesis of no significant difference at a 0.05 level of Significance. Any item whose P-Value is greater than 0.05 was accepted while any Item whose P-value is less than 0.05 was rejected. The findings of the study revealed that Ability to identify common types of protective devices, Ability to explain the principles and application of circuit breakers and fuses in electrical installation, Ability to determine current rating of Fuses are the Skills Required of Electrical Technology Students Among Rivers State Technical Colleges In Domestic Wiring. The study recommended amongst others that (1) Electrical courses required the services of a well trained and qualified Electrical teacher to utilize and handle the complex and sophisticated tools and equipment to teach the theoretical and practical aspect of the subject. (2) Collaboration between private sectors and the technical colleges can enhance the theoretical and practical skills required by the electrical students. (3) The technical college curriculum should emphasize more on practical skills as this can enable electrical students to possess the skills required by the industries.

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