presentation layer where

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The 7 osi networking layers explained.

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking model defines a conceptual framework for communications between computer systems.

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• Physical Layer
• Data Link Layer
• Network Layer
• Transport Layer
• Session Layer
• Presentation Layer
• Application Layer

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking model defines a conceptual framework for communications between computer systems. The model is an ISO standard which identifies seven fundamental networking layers, from the physical hardware up to high-level software applications.

Each layer in the model handles a specific networking function. The standard helps administrators to visualize networks, isolate problems, and understand the use cases for new technologies. Many network equipment vendors advertise the OSI layer that their products are designed to slot into.

OSI was adopted as an international standard in 1984. It remains relevant today despite the changes to network implementation that have occurred since first publication. Cloud, edge, and IoT can all be accommodated within the model.

In this article, we'll explain each of the seven OSI layers in turn. We'll start from the lowest level, labelled as Layer 1.

1. Physical Layer

All networking begins with physical equipment. This layer encapsulates the hardware involved in the communications, such as switches and cables. Data is transferred as a stream of binary digits - 0 or 1 - that the hardware prepares from input it's been fed. The physical layer specifies the electrical signals that are used to encode the data over the wire, such as a 5-volt pulse to indicate a binary "1."

Errors in the physical layer tend to result in data not being transferred at all. There could be a break in the connection due to a missing plug or incorrect power supply. Problems can also arise when two components disagree on the physical encoding of data values. In the case of wireless connections, a weak signal can lead to bit loss during transmission.

2. Data Link Layer

The model's second layer concerns communication between two devices that are directly connected to each other in the same network. It's responsible for establishing a link that allows data to be exchanged using an agreed protocol. Many network switches operate at Layer 2.

The data link layer will eventually pass bits to the physical layer. As it sits above the hardware, the data link layer can perform basic error detection and correction in response to physical transfer issues. There are two sub-layers that define these responsibilities: Logical Link Control (LLC) that handles frame synchronization and error detection, and Media Access Control (MAC) which uses MAC addresses to constrain how devices acquire permission to transfer data.

3. Network Layer

The network layer is the first level to support data transfer between two separately maintained networks. It's redundant in situations where all your devices exist on the same network.

Data that comes to the network layer from higher levels is first broken up into packets suitable for transmission. Packets received from the remote network in response are reassembled into usable data.

The network layer is where several important protocols are first encountered. These include IP (for determining the path to a destination), ICMP, routing, and virtual LAN. Together these mechanisms facilitate inter-network communications with a familiar degree of usability. However operations at this level aren't necessarily reliable: messages aren't required to succeed and may not necessarily be retried.

4. Transport Layer

The transport layer provides higher-level abstractions for coordinating data transfers between devices. Transport controllers determine where data will be sent and the rate it should be transferred at.

Layer 4 is where TCP and UDP are implemented, providing the port numbers that allow devices to expose multiple communication channels. Load balancing is often situated at Layer 4 as a result, allowing traffic to be routed between ports on a target device.

Transport mechanisms are expected to guarantee successful communication. Stringent error controls are applied to recover from packet loss and retry failed transfers. Flow control is enforced so the sender doesn't overwhelm the remote device by sending data more quickly than the available bandwidth permits.

5. Session Layer

Layer 5 creates ongoing communication sessions between two devices. Sessions are used to negotiate new connections, agree on their duration, and gracefully close down the connection once the data exchange is complete. This layer ensures that sessions remain open long enough to transfer all the data that's being sent.

Checkpoint control is another responsibility that's held by Layer 5. Sessions can define checkpoints to facilitate progress updates and resumable transmissions. A new checkpoint could be set every few megabytes for a file upload, allowing the sender to continue from a particular point if the transfer gets interrupted.

Many significant protocols operate at Layer 5 including authentication and logon technologies such as LDAP and NetBIOS. These establish semi-permanent communication channels for managing an end user session on a specific device.

6. Presentation Layer

The presentation layer handles preparation of data for the application layer that comes next in the model. After data has made it up from the hardware, through the data link, and across the transport, it's almost ready to be consumed by high-level components. The presentation layer completes the process by performing any formatting tasks that may be required.

Decryption, decoding, and decompression are three common operations found at this level. The presentation layer processes received data into formats that can be eventually utilized by a client application. Similarly, outward-bound data is reformatted into compressed and encrypted structures that are suitable for network transmission.

TLS is one major technology that's part of the presentation layer. Certificate verification and data decryption is handled before requests reach the network client, allowing information to be consumed with confidence that it's authentic.

7. Application Layer

The application layer is the top of the stack. It represents the functionality that's perceived by network end users. Applications in the OSI model provide a convenient end-to-end interface to facilitate complete data transfers, without making you think about hardware, data links, sessions, and compression.

Despite its name, this layer doesn't relate to client-side software such as your web browser or email client. An application in OSI terms is a protocol that caters for the complete communication of complex data through layers 1-6.

HTTP, FTP, DHCP, DNS, and SSH all exist at the application layer. These are high-level mechanisms which permit direct transfers of user data between an origin device and a remote server. You only need minimal knowledge of the workings of the other layers.

The seven OSI layers describe the transfer of data through computer networks. Understanding the functions and responsibilities of each layer can help you identify the source of problems and assess the intended use case for new components.

OSI is an abstract model that doesn't directly map to the specific networking implementations commonly used today. As an example, the TCP/IP protocol works on its own simpler system of four layers: Network Access, Internet, Transport, and Application. These abstract and absorb the equivalent OSI layers: the application layer spans OSI L5 to L7, while L1 and L2 are combined in TCP/IP's concept of Network Access.

OSI remains applicable despite its lack of direct real-world application. It's been around so long that it's widely understood among administrators from all backgrounds. Its relatively high level of abstraction has also ensured it's remained relevant in the face of new networking paradigms, many of which have targeted Layer 3 and above. An awareness of the seven layers and their responsibilities can still help you appreciate the flow of data through a network while uncovering integration opportunities for new components.

Presentation Layer of the OSI Model | Protocols & Functions

Claudett Minott has been a teacher for over 30 years. She started teaching after receiving a Bachelor's degree in Education. She has worked with remedial students in Science and Math. She has expertise in lesson planning and curriculum writing.

Kent is an adjunct faculty member for the College of Business at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University and has a Master's degree in Technical Management.

Table of Contents

Osi model: overview, presentation layer in osi model, presentation layer protocols, presentation layer functions, lesson summary, what protocols are used in the presentation layer.

The presentation layer is known as a translator because it converts data from a complex format into one that the application layer understands. Presentation layer protocols include MIDI, MPEG, TDI, TLS, XDR, and HTTP/ HTML.

What is the main purpose of presentation layer?

Then main purpose of the presentation layer of the OSI model is to translate data into an acceptable format usable by the application layer. This enables secure, unambiguous transfer of data across the network.

What are the three functions of the presentation layer?

The three main functions of the presentation layer are data encryption and decryption, data translation, and data compression. These functions allow the data to be compatible, acceptable, and secure.

What is the presentation layer?

The presentation layer of the OSI model is responsible for translating, encrypting, and compressing data within the model. It is responsible for integrating all data formats into acceptable and compatible formats.

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual framework that defines network communications. It was created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the late 1970s and adopted by the main telecommunication companies by the 1980s. The ISO is an international organization that works to systematize different products, systems, and services across member countries to ensure that quality and safety are maintained. The OSI model describes the functions of a networking system based on an overarching set of rules that encourages seamless interconnections between different software and products. The OSI model has seven layers:

• Physical layer: First and lowest layer of the OSI model. It is used for data transmission and defines the physical connection between the sending and receiving devices, providing security for the hardware.
• Data Link layer: This second layer facilitates data transfer between nodes on the network. It ensures that the data is transferred without errors.
• Network layer: Third layer that routes information to their destination node based on logical network addresses.
• Transport layer: The fourth layer is responsible for managing the size and sequence of data so that it may effectively flow across the network.
• Session layer: Fifth layer which controls the connections between computers.
• Presentation layer: The OSI presentation layer is the sixth layer and translates data across the network.
• Application layer: Topmost seventh layer which stipulates the interface methods for the application process.

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• 0:00 What Is the…
• 0:39 The OSI Model
• 1:58 Roles, Functions & Protocols
• 4:49 Sublayers in the…
• 5:18 Responsibilities of…
• 5:53 Lesson Summary

The presentation layer in OSI model is also known as the translation layer. The OSI presentation layer receives data which it then translates and formats so that data representation in the application layer and across the system is acceptable and compatible. For example, if there are differences in syntax within the data that may cause a problem with the end-user system, the presentation layer reconciles these differences. The presentation layer is a very important layer because it handles encryption, decryption, and the conversion of complex data into flat-byte strings, a format that is easily transmittable. The two primary networking features managed by the presentation layer of the OSI model are protocols and architecture.

Sub-layers in Presentation Layer

The presentation layer is composed of two sub-layers: Common Application Service Element (CASE) and Specific Application Service Element (SASE) . The CASE sub-layer offers application services in the application layer and requests services from the session layer. The SASE sub-layer provides services that are more application specific. Database access, transaction processing, order entry, and file transfer are a few of these specific services.

The set of rules that were established by the ISO and used to govern different aspects of the OSI are called protocols. Physical connections, and data formats, for example, are standard across the system. Each layer in the OSI is governed by its own protocols which are determined by a network's architecture. The presentation layer is known as a translator because it converts data from a complex format into one that the application layer understands. Presentation layer protocols include MIDI, MPEG, TDI, TLS, XDR, and HTTP/ HTML. The HTTP and HTML protocols determine how information on the world wide web is transmitted and the format in which web pages are displayed respectively.

The presentation layer in the OSI model has five main functions within the frame of presentation layer protocols.

Character Code Translation

A character code is a representation of text using a defined coding system. Character code translation is the function of the presentation layer that translates the American standard code for information interchange ( ASCII ) to the extended binary code decimal interchange code (EBCDIC). The ASCII is a character-encoding system that designates a specific code to each letter, digit, punctuation mark, and symbol used in texts. For example, the letter C in standard text is designated 67 in ASCII. The EBCDIC, on the other hand, employs an eight-bit binary code for each of these characters.

Data Conversion

The presentation layer of the OSI also functions in data conversion through bit order reversals. It converts integers to floating point numbers, and byte code for a carriage return (CR) to byte code for a carriage return with a line feed (CR/LF). Carriage return is a character used to move the cursor to the start of a line while line feed moves the cursor downward without moving it to the start of the next line.

Data Compression

To reduce the bandwidth or the amount of data that is transferred between points on a network, the presentation layer compresses it. Certain file types, such as videos, are typically larger than others and compression can be important in transmitting them.

Data Encryption and Decryption

Data encryption is the conversion of data from readable to unreadable formats to avoid unauthorized reading, while decryption reverts it to a readable format. Encryption and decryption are carried out by the presentation layer to secure data over the network. It ensures that only the communicating devices are able to understand pertinent data. This is done through a secure sockets layer (SSL) protocol, an internet security protocol based on encryption that ensures the privacy of information transmitted between web clients and servers.

Data Translation

The presentation layer also functions in translating information between the application and the network. It parses and fixes irregularities in the network and maintains transparency in the translation process so that different computer types, servers, and mainframes that are on the network are interoperable.

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual framework that defines network communications. There are seven layers in the OSI model: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation , and application . The presentation layer of the OSI model is responsible for translating, encrypting, and compressing data within the model. It is responsible for integrating all data formats into acceptable and compatible formats.

The two primary networking features managed by the presentation layer of the OSI model are protocols and architecture. The presentation layer of the OSI model translates data into an acceptable format usable by the application layer. The presentation layer of the OSI model may have two sub-layers associated with its operation; the Common Application Service Element (CASE) and the Specific Application Service Element (SASE) .

Video Transcript

What is the presentation layer.

The last time you paid bills online, did you give any thought to the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model and its presentation layer? As computer-literate as you are, you may not know what the presentation layer , or data translator, has to do with paying your bills.

For example, when you accessed your bank account via the Internet, you used a secure connection provided by the presentation layer. The presentation layer also encrypted your account login information prior to transmission. Finally, at your financial institution's Internet server, the presentation layer decrypted your account login information, making it available for processing.

The OSI Model

Before we begin our discussion of the presentation layer in greater detail, let's introduce the networking environment in which the presentation layer exists: this is the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model, which has seven layers, and each layer performs a specific and supportive communicative task.

These seven OSI layers are in descending order (top layer to bottom layer) and each layer provides inputs and outputs to/from the neighboring layers. Let's go over briefly what each layer is called and what it does.

Roles, Functions and Protocols

As layer six of the OSI model, the presentation layer is primarily responsible for managing two networking characteristics: protocol and architecture. Whereas, protocol defines a standard set of guidelines under which the network operates, the network's architecture determines what protocol applies.

As the translator , the presentation layer converts the data sent by the application layer of the transmitting node into an acceptable and compatible data format based on the applicable network protocol and architecture. Upon arrival at the receiving computer, the presentation layer translates the data into an acceptable format usable by the application layer. In other words, the presentation layer takes care of any issues occurring when transmitted data must be viewed in a format different from the original format.

As a functional part of the OSI model, the presentation layer performs a multitude of data conversion algorithms and character translation functions. The first function is:

• Character-Code Translation: Where the presentation layer translates from the American standard code for information interchange (ASCII) to the extended binary code decimal interchange code (EBCDIC).

The second function is:

• Data Conversion: This is where the presentation layer performs bit order reversal functions, converts CR (byte code for a carriage return) to CR/LF, (byte code for a carriage return with a line feed) and converts integer numbers to floating point numbers.

Third, the presentation layer is responsible for:

• Data Compression, by reducing the number of bits requiring transmission, which improves the data throughput.

The fourth function is:

• Data Encryption and Decryption: Encryption is needed for security purposes when sending data across networks. An encryption algorithm is used during transmission, while a decryption algorithm is used at the receiving node. Encryption and decryption typically involves the secure sockets layer (SSL) protocol, which has become more popular when used by the presentation layer.

The fifth function of the presentation layer is:

• Data Translation: Networks provide the capability of connecting different types of computers, servers and mainframes on the same network and may employ different character sets. The presentation layer is responsible for fixing any irregularities while making translations transparent between networked systems.

Other protocols supported at the presentation layer include:

• Musical instrument digital interface (MIDI)
• Moving picture experts group (MPEG)
• Tabbed document interface (TDI)
• Transport layer security (TLS)
• External data representation (XDR)

Sublayers in the Presentation Layer

Depending on the network infrastructure and the platform being used, the presentation layer may have two sublayers associated with its operation: the common application service element (CASE) and specific application service element (SASE) . The CASE sublayer provides application layer services and makes service requests of the session layer. When needed by the application layer, SASE sublayer provides application services or protocols.

Responsibilities of the Presentation Layer

Because data can be communicated using different formats, platforms and sources, presentation layer is responsible for integrating all of the formats into an acceptable and compatible form. By doing so, the presentation layer establishes and maintains reliable, efficient and effective data exchanges between network components, such as gateways. When programming the presentation layer, programmers should pay strict attention to established programming structure schemes to ensure the data format is acceptable by layer five, which is the session layer, and layer seven, which is the application layer.

In this lesson, we introduced the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model, which has seven layers that each perform a specific and supportive communicative task. The seven layers covered, starting from layer seven and ending at layer one, were the application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical layers.

We also covered how data flows among the different layers. We focused on the presentation layer , which is primarily responsible for managing protocol and architecture. Protocol refers to a standard set of guidelines under which the network operates, while architecture determines what protocol applies.

Some functions of the presentation layer include character-code translation, data conversion, data encryption and decryption, and data translation.

We also covered CASE and SASE, the sub-layers used to aid the presentation layer, as well as how the presentation layer translates data into a form usable by the application layer.

Featured Key Words

• Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) : has seven layers and each layer performs a specific and supportive communicative task
• Presentation layer : primarily responsible for managing protocol and architecture
• Protocol : defines a standard set of guidelines under which the network operates
• Architecture : part of the network that determines what protocol applies
• Translator : the presentation layer converts data sent by the application layer into an acceptable and compatible data format based on the applicable network protocol and architecture
• Common application service element (CASE) : sublayer provides application layer services and makes service requests of the session layer
• Specific application service element (SASE) : provides application services or protocols

Learning Outcomes

After this lesson ends, discover how prepared you are to complete these actions:

• Communicate your understanding of the terms 'presentation layer' and 'OSI model'
• Name each OSI layer and indicate what it does
• Illustrate some of the protocols supported at the presentation layer
• Highlight the sublayers and responsibilities of the presentation layer

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OSI model - What's the presentation and session layer for?

So I feel I pretty well understand the application layer, and everything below (and including) the transport layer.

The session and presentation layers, though, I don't fully understand. I've read the simplistic descriptions in Wikipedia, but it doesn't have an example of why separating out those layers is useful.

• What is the session layer? What does it do, and under what circumstances is it better to have a session layer than simply talk to the transport with your app?
• What is the presentation layer? (same questions as above)

7 Answers 7

The session layer is meant to store states between two connections, like what we use cookies for when working with web programming.

The presentation layer is meant to convert between different formats. This was simpler when the only format that was worried about was character encoding, ie ASCII and EBCDIC. When you consider all of the different formats that we have today(Quicktime, Flash, Pdf) centralizing this layer is out of the question.

TCP/IP doesn't make any allocation to these layers, since they are really out of the scope of a networking protocol. It's up to the applications that take advantage of the stack to implement these.

The reasons there aren't any examples on wikipedia is that there aren't a whole lot of examples of the OSI network model, period.

OSI has once again created a standard nobody uses, so nobody really know how one should use it.

Layers 5-6 are not commonly used in today's web applications, so you don't hear much about them. The TCP/IP stack is slightly different than a pure OSI Model.

One of the reasons TCP/IP is used today instead of OSI is it was too bloated and theoretical, the session and presentation layer aren't really needed as separate layers as it turned out.

I think that presentation layer protocols define the format of data. This means protocols like XML or ASN.1. You could argue that video/audio codecs are part of the presentation layer Although this is probably heading towards the application layer.

I can't help you with the session layer. That has always baffled me.

To be honest, there are very vague boundaries in everything above the transport layer. This is because it is usually handled by a single software application. Also, these layers are not directly associated with transporting data from A to B. Layers 4 and below each have a very specific purpose in moving the data e.g. switching, routing, ensuring data integrity etc. This makes it easier to distinguish between these layers.

Presentation Layer The Presentation Layer represents the area that is independent of data representation at the application layer - in general, it represents the preparation or translation of application format to network format, or from network formatting to application format. In other words, the layer “presents” data for the application or the network. A good example of this is encryption and decryption of data for secure transmission - this happens at Layer 6.

Session Layer When two devices, computers or servers need to “speak” with one another, a session needs to be created, and this is done at the Session Layer. Functions at this layer involve setup, coordination (how long should a system wait for a response, for example) and termination between the applications at each end of the session.

For the presentation layer :because most of communication done between heterogeneous systems (Operating Systems,programing langages,cpu architectures)we need to use a unified idepedent specification .like ANS1 ans BRE.

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Presentation layer and Session layer of the OSI model

There are two popular networking models: the OSI layers model and the TCP/IP layers model. The presentation layer and session layer exist only in the OSI layers models. The TCP/IP layers model merges them into the application layer.

The Presentation Layer

The presentation layer is the sixth layer of the OSI Reference model. It defines how data and information is transmitted and presented to the user. It translates data and format code in such a way that it is correctly used by the application layer.

It identifies the syntaxes that different applications use and formats data using those syntaxes. For example, a web browser receives a web page from a web server in the HTML language. HTML language includes many tags and markup that have no meaning for the end user but they have special meaning for the web browser. the web browser uses the presentation layer's logic to read those syntaxes and format data in such a way the web server wants it to be present to the user.

On the sender device, it encapsulates and compresses data before sending it to the network to increase the speed and security of the network. On the receiver device, it de-encapsulates and decompresses data before presenting it to the user.

Examples of the presentation layer

Example standards for representing graphical information: JPEG, GIF, JPEG, and TIFF.

Example standards for representing audio information: WAV, MIDI, MP3.

Example standards for representing video information: WMV, MOV, MP4, MPEG.

Example standards for representing text information: doc, xls, txt, pdf.

Functions of the presentation layer

• It formats and presents data and information.
• It encrypts and compresses data before giving it to the session layer.
• It de-encrypts and decompresses the encrypted and compressed data it receives from the session layer.

Session layer

The session layer is the fifth layer of the OSI layers model. It is responsible for initiating, establishing, managing, and terminating sessions between the local application and the remote applications.

It defines standards for three modes of communication: full duplex, half-duplex, and simplex.

In the full duplex mode, both devices can send and receive data simultaneously. The internet connection is an example of the full duplex mode.

In the half duplex mode, only one device can send data at a time. A telephone conversation is an example of the half-duplex mode.

In the simplex mode, only one device can send data. A radio broadcast is an example of the simplex mode.

Functions of the session layer

• It is responsible for terminating sessions, creating checkpoints, and recovering data when sessions are interrupted.
• It opens and maintains logical communication channels between network applications running on the local host and network applications running on the remote host.
• If a network application uses an authentication mechanism before it opens a logical communication channel (session) with the remote host, it handles the authentication process.

Examples of the session layer

Structure Query Language (SQL), Remote Procedure Call (RPC), and Network File System (NFS) are examples of the session layer.

By ComputerNetworkingNotes Updated on 2024-05-05 05:30:01 IST

ComputerNetworkingNotes CCNA Study Guide Presentation layer and Session layer of the OSI model

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OSI model (Open Systems Interconnection)

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What is OSI model (Open Systems Interconnection)?

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is a reference model for how applications communicate over a network. This model focuses on providing a visual design of how each communications layer is built on top of the other, starting with the physical cabling, all the way to the application that's trying to communicate with other devices on a network.

A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships. The purpose of the OSI reference model is to guide technology vendors and developers so the digital communications products and software programs they create can interoperate and to promote a clear framework that describes the functions of a networking or telecommunications system that's in use.

Most vendors involved in telecommunications try to describe their products and services in relation to the OSI model. This helps them differentiate among the various transport protocols, addressing schemes and communications packaging methods. And, although it's useful for guiding discussion and evaluation, the OSI model is theoretical in nature and should be used only as a general guide. That's because few network products or standard tools keep related functions together in well-defined layers, as is the case in the OSI model. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ( TCP/IP ) suite, for example, is the most widely used network protocol, but even it doesn't map cleanly to the OSI model.

History of the OSI model

In the 1970s, technology researchers began examining how computer systems could best communicate with each other. Over the next few years, several competing models were created and published to the community. However, it wasn't until 1984 when the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) took the best parts of competing networking reference models to propose OSI as a way to finally create a framework that technology companies around the world could use as the basis of their networking technologies .

From ISO's perspective, the easiest way to create a conceptual model was to organize the models into different abstraction layers required to organize and send data between computing systems. Looking inside each abstracted layer to see the details shows one part of this network communication process. Each layer can be thought of as a separate communication module or piece of the puzzle. But, to actually accomplish the goal of sending data from one device to another, each module must work together.

How the OSI model works

Information technology (IT) networking professionals use OSI to model or conceptualize how data is sent or received over a network. Understanding this is a foundational part of most IT networking certifications, including the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) and CompTIA Network+ certification programs. As mentioned, the model is designed to break down data transmission standards, processes and protocols over a series of seven layers, each of which is responsible for performing specific tasks concerning sending and receiving data.

The main concept of OSI is that the process of communication between two endpoints in a network can be divided into seven distinct groups of related functions, or layers. Each communicating user or program is on a device that can provide those seven layers of function.

In this architecture, each layer serves the layer above it and, in turn, is served by the layer below it. So, in a given message between users, there will be a flow of data down through the layers in the source computer, across the network and then up through the layers in the receiving computer. Only the application layer at the top of the stack doesn't provide services to a higher-level layer.

The seven layers of function are provided by a combination of applications, operating systems (OSes), network card device drivers, networking hardware and protocols that enable a system to transmit a signal over a network through various physical mediums, including twisted-pair copper, fiber optics, Wi-Fi or Long-Term Evolution (LTE) with 5G .

7 layers of the OSI model

What is the function of each layer of the OSI model? The seven Open Systems Interconnection layers are the following.

Layer 7. The application layer

The application layer enables the user -- human or software -- to interact with the application or network whenever the user elects to read messages, transfer files or perform other network-related tasks. Web browsers and other internet-connected apps, such as Outlook and Skype, use Layer 7 application protocols.

Layer 6. The presentation layer

The presentation layer translates or formats data for the application layer based on the semantics or syntax the application accepts. This layer also handles the encryption and decryption that the application layer requires.

Layer 5. The session layer

The session layer sets up, coordinates and terminates conversations between applications. Its services include authentication and reconnection after an interruption. This layer determines how long a system will wait for another application to respond. Examples of session layer protocols include X.225 and Zone Information Protocol (ZIP).

Layer 4. The transport layer

The transport layer is responsible for transferring data across a network and provides error-checking mechanisms and data flow controls. It determines how much data to send, where it gets sent and at what rate. TCP within the TCP/IP suite is the best-known example of the transport layer. This is where the communications select TCP port numbers to categorize and organize data transmissions across a network.

Layer 3. The network layer

The primary function of the network layer is to move data into and through other networks. Network layer protocols accomplish this by packaging data with correct network address information, selecting the appropriate network routes and forwarding the packaged data up the stack to the transport layer. From a TCP/IP perspective, this is where IP addresses are applied for routing purposes.

Layer 2. The data-link layer

The data-link , or protocol layer, in a program handles moving data into and out of a physical link in a network. This layer handles problems that occur as a result of bit transmission errors. It ensures that the pace of the data flow doesn't overwhelm the sending and receiving devices. This layer also permits the transmission of data to Layer 3, the network layer, where it's addressed and routed.

The data-link layer can be further divided into two sublayers. The higher layer, which is called logical link control (LLC), is responsible for multiplexing, flow control, acknowledgement and notifying upper layers if transmit/receive (TX/RX) errors occur.

The media access control sublayer is responsible for tracking data frames using MAC addresses of the sending and receiving hardware. It's also responsible for organizing each frame, marking the starting and ending bits and organizing timing regarding when each frame can be sent along the physical layer medium.

Layer 1. The physical layer

The physical layer transports data using electrical, mechanical or procedural interfaces. This layer is responsible for sending computer bits from one device to another along the network. It determines how physical connections to the network are set up and how bits are represented into predictable signals as they're transmitted either electrically, optically or via radio waves.

Cross-layer functions

Cross-layer functions, or services that may affect more than one layer, include the following:

• security service telecommunication as defined by the International Telecommunication Union Standardization Sector (ITU-T) X.800 recommendation;
• management functions that enable the configuration, instantiation, monitoring and terminating of the communications of two or more entities;
• Multiprotocol Label Switching ( MPLS ), which operates at an OSI model layer that lies between the Layer 2 data-link layer and the Layer 3 network layer -- MPLS can carry a variety of traffic, including Ethernet frames and IP packets;
• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) translates IPv4 addresses (OSI Layer 3) into Ethernet MAC addresses (OSI Layer 2); and
• domain name system (DNS), which is an application layer service that's used to look up the IP address of a domain name.

Pros and cons of the OSI model

The OSI model has a number of advantages, including the following:

• It's considered a standard model in computer networking.
• The model supports connectionless , as well as connection-oriented, services. Users can take advantage of connectionless services when they need faster data transmissions over the internet and the connection-oriented model when they're looking for reliability.
• It has the flexibility to adapt to many protocols.
• The model is more adaptable and secure than having all services bundled in one layer.

The disadvantages of the OSI model include the following:

• It doesn't define any particular protocol.
• The session layer, which is used for session management, and the presentation layer, which deals with user interaction, aren't as useful as other layers in the OSI model.
• Some services are duplicated at various layers, such as the transport and data-link layers.
• Layers can't work in parallel; each layer must wait to receive data from the previous layer.

OSI model vs. TCP/IP model

The OSI reference model describes the functions of a telecommunication or networking system, while TCP/IP is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP/IP and OSI are the most broadly used networking models for communication.

The OSI and TCP/IP models have similarities and differences. The main similarity is in their construction, as both use layers, although the OSI model consists of seven layers, while TCP/IP consists of just four layers.

Another similarity is that the upper layer for each model is the application layer, which performs the same tasks in each model but may vary according to the information each receives.

The functions performed in each model are also similar because each uses a network and transport layer to operate. The OSI and TCP/IP model are mostly used to transmit data packets, although they each use different means and paths to reach their destinations.

Additional similarities between the OSI and TCP/IP models include the following:

• Both are logical models.
• Both define standards for networking.
• They each divide the network communication process in layers.
• Both provide frameworks for creating and implementing networking standards and devices.
• They enable one manufacturer to make devices and network components that can coexist and work with the devices and components made by other manufacturers.
• Both divide complex functions into simpler components.

Differences between the OSI and TCP/IP models include the following:

• OSI uses three layers -- application, presentation and session -- to define the functionality of upper layers, while TCP/IP uses only the application layer.
• OSI uses two separate layers -- physical and data-link -- to define the functionality of the bottom layers, while TCP/IP uses only the link layer.
• OSI uses the network layer to define the routing standards and protocols, while TCP/IP uses the internet layer.

Next: Explore 12 common network protocols all network engineers should know here .

Continue Reading About OSI model (Open Systems Interconnection)

• What is the difference between TCP/IP model vs. OSI model?
• Future of networking technology relies on 5G, edge computing
• 7 TCP/IP vulnerabilities and how to prevent them
• Edge computing and 5G bring the edge to remote workers
• SANs Institute OSI model overview

Related Terms

Dig deeper on network infrastructure.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

network load balancing (NLB)

encapsulation (object-orientated programming)

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Our travels through the OSI seven layers of networking have shown that each layer has specific weaknesses and angles of attack. In turn, each has its best defenses. Now, we’ve come to the OSI presentation layer. Here translation, encryption and compression all happen.

What Is the Presentation Layer?

The simplest way to describe the OSI presentation layer is as follows: it is where machine-readable code gets processed into something the end user can use later in the application layer. This layer is where formatting, conversion and encryption happen. Without it, unless you’re a developer, you likely won’t know what you’re looking at.

Attacks and Threats

If you are using an HTTPS website, encryption would happen at the presentation layer. That means getting your encryption right matters here. Therefore threat actors look for exploits in encryption flaws within the OSI presentation layer. One of the most common tactics is SSL hijacking or sniffing.

Like we said in previous entries, man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks are one of the go-to moves for threat actors. In conjunction with malware, SSL hijacking can be damaging at the OSI presentation layer. If an attacker has already installed malware on a machine, the MitM would use a proxy to serve as an untrusted certificate authority. If this is the case, the browser will trust the wrong certificate authority and now the attacker will be able to read all messages. For this reason, it is important that your antivirus is up to date and you are doing what you can to stop malware from entering your devices.

As mentioned in the previous piece on the session layer , attackers will take advantage of bad coding practices . That’s true at this layer as well. Keep this in mind when you choose and add software into your enterprise.

The Journey Through the OSI Seven-Layer Model

We’re almost done with the journey through the OSI seven-layer model. After the OSI presentation layer, we’ll look at the application layer. By far, this is where the widest range of attacks and breaches can occur. Therefore, it’s very important to understand.

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Presentation Layer: Protocols, Examples, Services | Functions of Presentation Layer

Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model where all application programmer consider data structure and presentation, beyond of simply sending the data into form of datagram otherwise packets in between the hosts. Now, we will explain about what is presentation layer with its protocols, example, service ; involving with major functions of presentation Layer with ease. At the end of this article, you will completely educate about What is Presentation Layer in OSI Model without any hassle.

What is Presentation Layer?

Definition : Presentation layer is 6th layer in the OSI model , and its main objective is to present all messages to upper layer as a standardized format. It is also known as the “ Translation layer “.  This layer takes care of syntax and semantics of messages exchanged in between two communication systems. Presentation layer has responsible that receiver can understand all data, and it will be to implement all data languages can be dissimilar of two communication system.

Presentation Layer Tutorial Headlines:

In this section, we will show you all headlines about this entire article; you can check them as your choice; below shown all:

Let’s Get Started!!

  functions of presentation layer.

Presentation layer performs various functions in the OSI model ; below explain each one – 

Protocols of Presentation Layer

Example of presentation layer protocols:.

Here, we will discuss all examples of presentation layer protocols; below explain each one –  

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) : MIME protocol was introduced by Bell Communications in 1991, and it is an internet standard that provides scalable capable of email for attaching of images, sounds and text in a message.

Apple Filing Protocol (AFP ) : AFP protocol is designed by Apple company for sharing all files over the entire network .

Network Data Representation (NDR) : NDR is an data encoding standard, and it is implement in the Distributed Computing Environment (DCE).

Telnet (Telecommunication Network) : Telnet protocol was introduced in 1969, and it offers the command line interface for making communication along with remote device or server .

eXternal Data Representation (XDR) : This protocol provides the description and encoding of entire data, and  it’s main goal is to transfer data in between dissimilar computer architecture.

Presentation Layer Services

Design issues with presentation layer, faqs (frequently asked questions), what is meant by presentation layer in osi model.

Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model that is the lowest layer, where all application programmer consider data structure and presentation, beyond of simply sending the data into form of datagram otherwise packets in between the hosts.

What protocols are used in the presentation layer?

Can you explain some presentation layer examples, what are the main functions of the presentation layer, what are services of presentation layer in osi.

Presentation layer has a responsibility for formatting, translation, and delivery of the information for getting to process otherwise display .

Also Read: Data Link Layer: Protocols, Examples | Functions of Data Link Layer

If you have any experience, tips, tricks, or query regarding this issue? You can drop a comment!

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What is the Presentation Layer, Anyway?

If you’ve ever heard the term “presentation layer” thrown around in discussions of computers or software, you may have been able to make a pretty good guess at what it is. In the world of robotic process automation (RPA) , the presentation layer becomes a major topic, so let’s take a minute to flesh it out.

In technical speech, the presentation layer is the sixth of seven layers of OSI code that translates data stored in another layer into something a human can interpret. It’s the presentation layer that knows to put the right information into the appropriate fields of a customer record, for example: Name, Date of Birth, Address, etc. The presentation layer is where you’ll find the code for making a program look nice as well. Most importantly to this discussion, the presentation layer is where RPA functions .

One of the main goals of RPA software is for it to behave just like a human being would in any situation. Since most human workers interact with data through the presentation layer of a software program, that’s what RPA robots do. This key component of RPA allows a business to keep its existing information systems while trying new things. You don’t need to overhaul everything in order to make new uses for the information you have.

With the presentation layer aspect of RPA, a company can gain a certain amount of technology independence . Your IT professionals are more important than ever, but RPA software like UiPath allows more people to interact with the data and the systems that make them better workers. An employee doesn’t have to wait for a “deep tech” solution if she can set up her own automation workflow. In addition, as existing systems get more and more out of date (though still vital to a company’s processes), there will be fewer and fewer computer programmers able to rework them. It’s similar to the idea that very few computer repair shops can fix a machine that runs floppy disks: the knowledge is simply lost over time. By using a presentation layer approach, you can cut that dependency and trust that any new IT hires will be able to keep pace.

There are other benefits to the RPA presentation layer approach, some of which are outlined in the 2011 Forrester report, “The Role of IT in Business-Driven Process Automation.” RPA’s ability to work with the presentation layer is, essentially, what makes it so useful in the world of automation.

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Headless CMS explained in 1 minute

Updated: May 2, 2024

Traditional Content Management System architecture was once the standard for web development, but as business needs and customer expectations grow more complex, the more common technology used these days is known as Headless CMS, or Headless Content Management System. This page breaks down what Headless CMS is, including why the industry landed on “headless” as the chosen turn of phrase. Read on to find out more!

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What is a headless cms.

A headless CMS is a content management system that separates the presentation layer (where content is presented) from the backend (where content is managed). A headless CMS allows you to manage content in one place and be able to deploy that content on any digital channel you choose. Separating the frontend from the backend unlocks your content, making it easier for marketers to manage content independently, and for developers to build faster, automate changes, and manage digital at scale. In a traditional CMS, content is tangled up with code and locked in silos, making reusing content — and creating modern digital experiences — next to impossible.

The origins of headless CMS

To understand what a headless CMS solution is, it helps to first look at the traditional content management system and what it was designed to do. Traditional CMSes have been around since the early days of web development. Platforms like Wordpress, Drupal, and Sitecore were designed to store and present content elements like text, images, and video on websites specifically.

The traditional CMS approach to managing content puts everything into one big bucket — content, images, HTML, and CSS. This made it impossible to reuse content because it was commingled with code.

As digital channels and devices have evolved, the need for more flexible solutions has emerged. Now, enterprises are developing websites, mobile apps, digital displays, conversational interfaces, and more. Meanwhile, the traditional CMS failed to keep pace. Why? Because a CMS organizes content in webpage-oriented frameworks, making it impossible for the same content to fit other digital platforms or software.

Headless CMS vs. traditional CMS at-a-glance

Use this table as a quick reference to see how traditional CMS stacks up against headless CMS when it comes to critical tech features needed to do your job properly.

How does a headless CMS solution work?

Content housed in a headless CMS is delivered via APIs for seamless display across any site, device, or other digital touchpoint. This makes content in a headless CMS endlessly reusable, no matter the omnichannel customer experience used today, or the channels that emerge in the future. This is different from Wordpress and other monolithic CMSes that tightly couple the frontend with the backend, keeping you locked into how content can (and cannot) be displayed.

Think about headless architecture and APIs like this: the main job of a headless CMS is to store and manage your content. It doesn’t really care what you want to do with that content. The main job of display platforms like a website or mobile app is to present content to people. They don’t really care how that content is stored or managed. APIs are the magical connection points that allow these backend systems (e.g., headless CMS) and frontend systems (e.g., website) to communicate in the specific ways a digital team wants them to.

The difference between headless CMS and decoupled CMS

As you learn more about different types of content management solutions, you’ll probably come across another term, “decoupled CMS.” As the name indicates, the defining feature of a decoupled CMS is that the backend and frontend are separate. This separation is similar to a headless CMS, however, a decoupled CMS comes with a head, but using it is completely optional. Some use the terms interchangeably, but they are not identical. The main difference is a headless CMS does not include a presentation layer at all but instead allows developers to decide how they would like to display content. This is often through interactive JSON frameworks like React or Vue.js or site generators like Vercel.

Best practices to setting up headless CMS solutions

While a headless CMS software solution enables you to deploy content across any presentation layer, it doesn’t solve an underlying problem: it does not give your content structure. As long as your content is unstructured, it cannot be easily repurposed across different platforms and channels. Structured content is a general term referring to content that is broken down into small building blocks, organized in a predictable way, and classified with metadata.

To illustrate how unstructured content is typically put to work, let’s use a webpage for an example. Unstructured content blends together all the content and code that create that webpage. This is often done in a WYSIWYG editor, which stands for “what you see is what you get.” Digital content creators are usually familiar with WYSIWYGs as it gives them the ability to make content edits in the backend. This creates perfectly fine webpages, however, content is stuck to that format. What you see is what you get … and nothing else.

A structured content approach separates the various elements of that page into distinct components, such as author, title, body, image, image description, definitions, e-commerce information, product pricing, terms and conditions, and more. All these components can still be assembled to create the same webpage, but they can also be reassembled to create various iterations of the webpage, personalized for a distinct audience, reorganized for a specific campaign, or trimmed down for a mobile experience.

The way this structured content is pulled off on the backend is through something called a content model. A content model defines and organizes all the different content types that an organization uses. In the example above, all of the different elements listed are considered distinct content types (author title, image, caption, body text, etc.). Content models are comprised of and can reuse these content types to become tailored to the unique needs of each organization, so that content creators aren’t stuck with the overly prescriptive page templates of a traditional CMS.

Benefits of headless CMS and why you need it

Now that we’ve defined what a headless CMS is, how it works, and the ways in which it is a better solution for your content management than traditional CMS, let’s dig deeper into the value implementing headless CMS into your organization can bring.

Unify content into a single content hub

By making content endlessly reusable, the structured content of a headless CMS eliminates manual processes like copy and pasting. This makes editing way easier — change the copy or image in one place, and that change applies everywhere the content is located. With all content stored in one centralized content hub , content editors can easily apply the COPE principle: Create Once, Publish Everywhere. Another way to think of this principle is to edit once, update everywhere.

Enable collaborative workflows

By separating the frontend (or presentation layer) from the backend and organizing content with reusable content models, a headless CMS allows content editors and developers to work in parallel. Content editors can nimbly update content across all channels without developer support, freeing up developers to tackle more strategically important work. This offers a competitive advantage for companies that want to increase their speed to market and make the best use of their developers’ time.

Increase reusability and scalability

Headless CMS makes content reusability a breeze. Content reusability is a key component for making the most of resources spent on content creation. When all content is accessible for use on any digital endpoint, digital teams can repurpose content across devices and channels. It also allows content to scale across different regions, use cases, and campaigns. Content can be optimized for various user experiences by integrating tools for personalization and localization to ensure the right content reaches the right audience at the right time.

Read on below

Explore more headless CMS resources

The ultimate guide to headless CMS

Content reusability guide

The modern website strategy guide

Headless architecture: Seven things to know

Contentful SEO guide: Headless & SEO

Unlock the power of digital content with the Contentful Composable Content Platform

What is headless seo.

Headless SEO is the process of optimizing your headless CMS website to enhance performance in organic search results. This ensures your content is served in a way that is easy for search engines to understand and index. Because a headless CMS manages content centrally and distributes it across various channels and devices, headless SEO allows for content optimization regardless of where or how it's displayed.

Myths suggest headless SEO is more challenging or complicated than monolithic systems, yet the flexibility and scalability of headless CMS frees digital teams. Notably, a headless CMS benefits SEO by enabling centralized content management, accelerating go-to-market scalability, breaking the constraints of monolithic CMSes, and delivering lightning fast pagespeed.

By empowering digital teams to efficiently and effectively deliver content to audiences through organic search results and beyond, headless SEO enhances the effectiveness of your online presence. See our SEO guide to learn more about headless SEO .

Why go with Contentful for your content management needs

Contentful pioneered the headless-approach to content management – and now it’s pioneering the next wave of content management with composable content . While a headless CMS solution focuses on unifying content in one place to make structuring and reusing it a breeze, a composable content platform doesn’t require you to first migrate your content to one location before structuring and deploying it. This saves you time, flexes to fit into your existing tech stack, and allows you to find new ways to reuse and create new content with components from disparate storage systems, like your CRM, PIM, or ECM.

The Contentful Composable Content Platform is API-first, which means it easily integrates with different data sources and new functionality as digital experiences and technology evolve. With built-in orchestration, a robust app ecosystem, and app framework to easily extend the platform, Contentful frees teams across the business to work together to connect, create, and extend content more efficiently. Contentful helps companies unlock the power of digital content so they can build faster and deliver at scale, making their content a strategic business asset.

Additionally, the Contentful GraphQL API and RESTful APIs allow developers to programmatically manage and orchestrate content within the platform itself. This includes easy creation of new project spaces, assigning user roles, managing webhooks, content import/export and content modeling , which is scriptable from any source.

Because Contentful is an open-source, API-first platform, it is completely extensible to fit your unique needs. The Contentful Marketplace powers this extensibility, letting you browse through apps, most of which are free and open-source, that extend and expand the capabilities of Contentful for almost any use case you could need. You can integrate your favorite third-party services, build better workflows and customize what you can do with Contentful.

Essentially, the Contentful Composable Content Platform brings the building blocks of content together to create once and reuse everywhere in any digital experience. Being API-first with an extensive app ecosystem enables teams to build for customers and employees - whether it’s to make a process easier, adapt to a changing need, or deliver a better customer experience.

Content is more than words on a webpage – it’s every part of every digital experience. Unlock the power of digital content by removing silos and bottlenecks to make content the strategic business asset it should be. Having every piece of content you’ve ever created immediately at your disposal means you have what you need to compose for any use case, helping you scale quickly and deliver faster.

When people enjoy composing digital experiences together, it’s good for your team and the people you’re building for. Free teams across your business with flexible tools that make it possible to bring the best ideas to life. So you can build what you love and love what you build.

Get a tour of our Contentful’s headless content platform.

Developer? Start building in Contentful for free .

How to use Layers in Paint in Windows 11

Add a layer, hide a layer, duplicate layer, merge layers, rearrange layers, delete a layer, support for transparency, change canvas color, how do i stack two images in paint, how to save layers in windows paint, sangeetaghera@twc.

Layer number dependent ferroelasticity in 2D Ruddlesden–Popper organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites

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• Affiliation: College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Applied Physical Sciences
• Other Affiliation: Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
• Other Affiliation: Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
• Ferroelasticity represents material domains possessing spontaneous strain that can be switched by external stress. Three-dimensional perovskites like methylammonium lead iodide are determined to be ferroelastic. Layered perovskites have been applied in optoelectronic devices with outstanding performance. However, the understanding of lattice strain and ferroelasticity in layered perovskites is still lacking. Here, using the in-situ observation of switching domains in layered perovskite single crystals under external strain, we discover the evidence of ferroelasticity in layered perovskites with layer number more than one, while the perovskites with single octahedra layer do not show ferroelasticity. Density functional theory calculation shows that ferroelasticity in layered perovskites originates from the distortion of inorganic octahedra resulting from the rotation of aspherical methylammonium cations. The absence of methylammonium cations in single layer perovskite accounts for the lack of ferroelasticity. These ferroelastic domains do not induce non-radiative recombination or reduce the photoluminescence quantum yield.
• photoluminescence
• two-dimensional modeling
• methylammonium
• electronic equipment
• two dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship
• detection method
• quantum yield
• density functional theory
• performance assessment
• https://doi.org/10.17615/yf6e-5v25
• https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21493-w
• In Copyright
• Attribution 4.0 International
• Nature Communications
• U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE
• Office of Science, SC
• Defense Threat Reduction Agency, DTRA, (HDTRA1-20-2-0002)
• U.S. Department of Defense, DOD
• Basic Energy Sciences, BES
• Nature Research

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Deposit a peer-reviewed article or book chapter. If you would like to deposit a poster, presentation, conference paper or white paper, use the “Scholarly Works” deposit form.

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Deposit your senior honors thesis.

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Deposit a complete issue of a scholarly journal, newsletter or book. If you would like to deposit an article or book chapter, use the “Scholarly Articles and Book Chapters” deposit option.

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Poster, Presentation, Protocol or Paper

Deposit scholarly works such as posters, presentations, research protocols, conference papers or white papers. If you would like to deposit a peer-reviewed article or book chapter, use the “Scholarly Articles and Book Chapters” deposit option.

• Stanford University
• Past Events

2024 Digital Humanities Research Showcase

• Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA)

Monday, June 3, 2024 12pm to 7pm PT

Building 160, Wallenberg Hall, 4th Floor, Back Area 450 Jane Stanford Way, Building 160, Stanford, CA 94305 View map

This event is open to: Students Faculty Staff

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Event details:.

12-12:30 pm  -- Lunch, Welcome Remarks, and Presentation on "A Decade of CESTA Data"

12:30-3:30 pm  -- DH Research Fellows' Showcase

12:30 - 1:50 PM :  The Meaning and Measurement of Place

with presentations from: 

Matt Randolph (PhD Candidate in History):  "Bringing AI to Archibald Grimké's Archive: A Case Study of Artificial Intelligence for Histories of Race and Slavery"

This digital project builds upon two years of research collaborations connecting Stanford's History Department with historians and archivists at Howard University in Washington, D.C. We have reviewed, digitized, and transcribed a corpus of letters from Howard's archives relating to African American intellectual and diplomat Archibald Grimké and his family in Washington, D.C. (particularly his then teenage daughter Angelina) as well as Grimké’s correspondence with Dominican leaders and U.S. State Department officials. Through Google's AI software, Gemini, our team has produced transcriptions of handwritten documents that were photographed in the archives. I will present the opportunities and challenges we navigated in leveraging artificial intelligence tools for archival work and historical research methods. 

Ellis Schriefer (PhD Candidate in Iberian and Latin American Cultures):  "Narratives and Neighborhoods: Unpacking Media Representations of El Raval and Lavapiés with NLP"

In my talk, I will be discussing how I used NLP (specifically topic modeling and word frequency) to better understand how the mainstream Spanish media outlet, El País, has depicted two working-class, immigrant neighborhoods (El Raval in Barcelona and Lavapiés in Madrid) in articles from 1996-2024.  

Kelly Boles (PhD Candidate in Education):  "The Spatiality of Teacher Professional Learning Ecologies"

Geospatial variability is a crucial, yet often omitted, contextual aspect of teaching and learning. In this talk, I illustrate how spatial data science methods reveal important locale- and region-based inequities in STEM teachers' professional learning opportunities. Specifically, I present selected findings that show how teachers' learning opportunities vary in nature and quality across geographic space. I argue that both students and teachers are learners, whose learning opportunities are shaped by the shared communities and contexts in which they work, live, and attend school. Honoring these shared experiences suggests a new approach to the study of teacher quality and evaluation, particularly as applied to practitioners in underserved communities.

2:10 - 3:30 PM:  Categories and Connections in Knowledge Systems  with presentations from: 

Anuj Amin (PhD Candidate in Religious Studies):  "Divine Prisons and Sacred Bindings: Late Ancient Aramaic Incantation Bowls"

During my presentation, which will be recorded over Zoom, I will discuss a general background of my corpus, previous scholarship on the material, how my methodology is unique, the creation of my database, the analytics performed, and future directions. 

Junyi Tao (MS Student in Symbolic Systems):  "Three Layers of the Knowledge Landscape: A Case Study of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"

This project takes a deeper look into the widely influential Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) and reveals three layers of the philosophy landscape it presents. The first layer is the content of entries, each offering an overview of a philosophical topic or thinker. Beneath this lies a layer of citations that manifest the dialogues among scholars within the community. From this, we start to see more clearly how social power is intertwined with the narrative of intellectual history—for example, whose voices count? The last one is the layer of meta-content assigned by the SEP’s authors and editors, such as links between related entries, which shapes the architecture of this “knowledge system”. At the end of this talk, I would also like to share some methodological reflections.

Elaine Lai (PhD Candidate in Religious Studies): " Intertextual Heatmap of the  Secret Tantra of the Sun: Blazing Luminous Matrix of Samantabhadrī "

The  Tantra of the Sun  was the first Buddhist scripture in the tradition of the Great Perfection to feature an all-female cast. Traditional histories claim that this tantra is a major source text for a textual cycle/tradition that emerged in the 14th century called the  Heart Essence of the Ḍākinī , where the feminine is likewise elevated. In this talk, I share how I built an intertextual heatmap from scratch to visualize how and where the  Tantra of the Sun  is quoted and referenced throughout the  Heart Essence of the Ḍākin ī and its largest commentarial cycle. I share a tutorial of the final heatmap product where the user can toggle between citational matches and see for themselves how they move through either corpus of literature. I end with broader issues of methodology, including how I chose to handle problematic OCR renderings, and the inevitability of having to engage in close readings of textual materials alongside the use of different technologies.

4-6 pm  -- Faculty Research Presentations

with presentations from:

Patricia Alessandrini (Music Department); Bridget Algee-Hewitt (Center for Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity); Mark Algee-Hewitt (English Department); Nora Barakat (History Department); Patricia Blessing (Department of Art and Art History); Joel Cabrita (History Department); Giovanna Ceserani (Classics Department); Robin Chapdelaine (Center for African Studies); Nicole Coleman (Stanford Libraries); Zephyr Frank (History Department); Sarah Levine (School of Education); Lerone Martin (Departments of African and African American Studies, and Religious Studies); Helena Miton (School of Business); Grant Parker (Departments of Classics, and African and African American Studies); Felicia Smith (Stanford Libraries); Richard Roberts (History Department); Alice Staveley (English Department); Elaine Treharne (English Department); Ali Yaycioglu (History Department)

6-7 pm  -- Undergraduate Researchers' Poster Fair and Reception

with 16 Undergraduate Researchers who worked on CESTA projects during 2024 Winter and Spring quarters!

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Share slides in Microsoft Teams meetings with PowerPoint Live

PowerPoint Live in Teams gives both the presenter and audience an inclusive and engaging experience, combining the best parts of presenting in PowerPoint with the connection and collaboration of a Microsoft Teams meeting.

When you’re the presenter, you have a unique view that lets you control your presentation while staying engaged with your audience, seeing people’s video, raised hands, reactions, and chat as needed.

And if you’re an audience member, you can interact with the presentation and personalize your viewing experience with captions, high contrast slides, and slides translated into your native language.

Here’s how it works:  

Tip:  Are you an audience member? Jump down to learn more about how you can interact during the presentation.

Presenter view

Present your slides

If you're in PowerPoint for the web, select Present > Present in Teams .

Your slides will appear in the Teams meeting, with your Notes next to them.

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Use the navigation arrows to go forward and backward.

Use the thumbnail strip to jump ahead or backwards.

Select Go to slide to see a grid view of all slides in the presentation. Select one to jump to it.

Stay connected to the audience

One of the benefits of using PowerPoint Live to present instead of sharing your screen is that you have quick access to all your meeting tools you need to engage with the audience and to read the room in one view. This is especially true if you’re presenting from a single screen.

Turn Chat on or off to view what your audience is saying.

See audience reactions and raised hands in real-time.

Change the Layout of your presentation and choose how your live camera feed appears in your presentation, like Standout or Cameo . It helps the audience read your non-verbal cues and keeps them engaged.

Use the Laser pointer , Pen , Highlighter , or Eraser to clearly reference items on your slides.

Audience view

As an audience member, you’re able to personalize your experience without affecting anyone else. Try these options to find what works best for you:

Note:  If presenters don't want people to be able to independently navigate through a PowerPoint file they are sharing, use the  Private view  toggle to turn it off.

Click any hyperlink on slides to get more context right away.

Interact with videos on slides to adjust the volume or jump to a timestamp and consume it at your own pace.

Use a screen reader to get full access to the slide content.

Switch to a high contrast view to make the slides easier to view if you have low vision. Select More options > View slides in high contrast .

Your viewing experience will be at a higher fidelity, letting you see crisp text and smooth animations. PowerPoint Live also requires significantly less network bandwidth than typical sharing, making it the best option when network connectivity is a problem.

Independent magnifying and panning

You can zoom in and pan on a presentation slide without affecting what others see. Use your mouse, trackpad, keyboard, touch, or the Magnify Slide option as applicable. 

To zoom in or out on a slide, do any one of the following: 

Hover over the slideshow and pinch or stretch on trackpad.

Pinch or use the stretch touch gesture (on a touch-enabled device).

Press the + or – keys.

Hover over slide, hold down Ctrl key and scroll with mouse wheel.

In the More Actions menu, click the + or – buttons.

To pan around your slide, do any one of the following:

Press the arrow keys.

Click and drag using a mouse.

Click and drag on a trackpad.

Use one finger to touch and drag (on touch-enabled device).

When done zooming and panning, press  Esc to reset your screen.   

Important: 

PowerPoint Live is not supported in Teams live events, CVI devices, and VTC devices.

If you're using Teams on the web, you’ll need Microsoft Edge 18 or later, or Google Chrome 65 or later, to see the presenter view.

Presenter view is hidden by default for small screen devices but can be turned on by selecting More options below the current slide and then Show presenter view (or by selecting the sharing window and then pressing Ctrl+Shift+x).

Meetings recordings won’t capture any videos, animations, or annotation marks in the PowerPoint Live session.

When you share from Teams, the PowerPoint Live section lists the most recent files you've opened or edited in your team SharePoint site or your OneDrive. If you select one of these files to present, all meeting participants will be able to view the slides during the meeting. Their access permissions to the file outside of the meeting won't change.

If you select Browse and choose to present a PowerPoint file that hasn't been uploaded to Teams before, it will get uploaded as part of the meeting. If you're presenting in a channel meeting, the file is uploaded to the Files tab in the channel, where all team members will have access to it. If you're presenting in a private meeting, the file is uploaded to your OneDrive, where only the meeting participants will be able to access it.

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Mechanical properties of multi-material polymers additively manufactured with fused layer modeling using a single nozzle

• Junk, Stefan
• Schaumburg, Konrad

Additive manufacturing technologies for plastics are typically used in industry for prototypes, presentation models and small batches but also additive tooling. Especially for low volumes, this manufacturing method offers a high degree of efficiency, since no special tools or fixtures are required, which leads to a significant reduction in manufacturing costs and manufacturing time. Up to now, applications have usually been made using only one material, as the use of different materials in a single printing process is a particular challenge. In this contribution, the state of the art for printing processes suitable for multi-material printing and associated application examples are first presented in a literature search. The focus of this contribution is on the fused layer modeling (FLM) process with experiments and analysis on the application of different materials (PLA, PETG, ASA and PC Blend). A 3D-printer with a single nozzle is available for the practical experiments. Due to an additional multi-material device this 3D-printer is capable of processing up to five different materials in one printing process. Colorful presentation models are the first step to gain experience in multi-material printing. The investigation will then be extended to include the combination of different materials. For this purpose, standardized plastic tensile specimens are additively manufactured and subjected to tensile testing in order to analyze material properties. The tensile specimens are manufactured in different patterns and material combinations. This results in measurements that allow a comparison with the initial materials. In addition, the challenges in the printing process, material selection and material arrangement are demonstrated. In order to develop a functional multi-material component, sufficient fusion in the bonding layer between the materials must be ensured.