kahulugan ng research paper

How To Write Scope and Delimitation of a Research Paper (With Examples)

An effective research paper or thesis has a well-written Scope and Delimitation.  This portion specifies your study’s coverage and boundaries.

Not yet sure about how to write your research’s Scope and Delimitation? Fret not, as we’ll guide you through the entire writing process through this article.

Related: How To Write Significance of the Study (With Examples)

Table of Contents

What is the scope and delimitation of a research paper.

The “Scope and Delimitation” section states the concepts and variables your study covered. It tells readers which things you have included and excluded in your analysis.

This portion tells two things: 1

• The study’s “Scope” – concepts and variables you have explored in your research and;
• The study’s “Delimitation” – the “boundaries” of your study’s scope. It sets apart the things included in your analysis from those excluded.

For example, your scope might be the effectiveness of plant leaves in lowering blood sugar levels. You can “delimit” your study only to the effect of gabi leaves on the blood glucose of Swiss mice.

Where Should I Put the Scope and Delimitation?

This portion is in Chapter 1, usually after the “Background of the Study.”

Why Should I Write the Scope and Delimitation of My Research Paper?

There’s a lot to discover in a research paper or thesis. However, your resources and time dedicated to it are scarce. Thus, given these constraints, you have to narrow down your study. You do this in the Scope and Delimitation.

Suppose you’re studying the correlation between the quantity of organic fertilizer and plant growth . Experimenting with several types of plants is impossible because of several limitations. So, you’ve decided to use one plant type only. 

Informing your readers about this decision is a must. So, you have to state it in your Scope and Delimitation. It also acts as a “disclaimer” that your results are inapplicable to the entire plant kingdom.

What Is the Difference Between Delimitation and Limitation?

People often use the terms “Delimitation” and “Limitation” interchangeably. However, these words differ 2 .

Delimitation refers to factors you set to limit your analysis. It delineates those that are included in your research and those that are excluded. Remember, delimitations are within your control. 

Meanwhile, limitations are factors beyond your control that may affect your research’s results.  You can think of limitations as the “weaknesses” of your study. 

Let’s go back to our previous example. Due to some constraints, you’ve only decided to examine one plant type: dandelions. This is an example of a delimitation since it limits your analysis to dandelions only and not other plant types. Note that the number of plant types used is within your control. 

Meanwhile, your study cannot state that a higher quantity of organic fertilizer is the sole reason for plant growth. That’s because your research’s focus is only on correlation. Since this is already beyond your control, then this is a limitation. 

How To Write Scope and Delimitation: Step-by-Step Guide

To write your research’s Scope and Delimitation section, follow these steps:

1. Review Your Study’s Objectives and Problem Statement

Your study’s coverage relies on its objectives. Thus, you can only write this section if you know what you’re researching. Furthermore, ensure that you understand the problems you ought to answer. 

Once you understand the abovementioned things, you may start writing your study’s Scope and Delimitation.

2. State the Key Information To Explain Your Study’s Coverage and Boundaries

a. The Main Objective of the Research

This refers to the concept that you’re focusing on in your research. Some examples are the following:

• level of awareness or satisfaction of a particular group of people
• correlation between two variables
• effectiveness of a new product
• comparison between two methods/approaches
• lived experiences of several individuals

It’s helpful to consult your study’s Objectives or Statement of the Problem section to determine your research’s primary goal.

b. Independent and Dependent Variables Included

Your study’s independent variable is the variable that you manipulate. Meanwhile, the dependent variable is the variable whose result depends upon the independent variable. Both of these variables must be clear and specific when indicated. 

Suppose you study the relationship between social media usage and students’ language skills. These are the possible variables for the study:

• Independent Variable: Number of hours per day spent on using Facebook
• Dependent Variable: Grade 10 students’ scores in Quarterly Examination in English. 

Note how specific the variables stated above are. For the independent variable, we narrow it down to Facebook only. Since there are many ways to assess “language skills,” we zero in on the students’ English exam scores as our dependent variable. 

c. Subject of the Study

This refers to your study’s respondents or participants. 

In our previous example, the research participants are Grade 10 students. However, there are a lot of Grade 10 students in the Philippines. Thus, we have to select from a specific school only—for instance, Grade 10 students from a national high school in Manila. 

d. Timeframe and Location of the Study

Specify the month(s), quarter(s), or year(s) as the duration of your study. Also, indicate where you will gather the data required for your research. 

e. Brief Description of the Study’s Research Design and Methodology

You may also include whether your research is quantitative or qualitative, the sampling method (cluster, stratified, purposive) applied, and how you conducted the experiment.

Using our previous example, the Grade 10 students can be selected using stratified sampling. Afterward, the researchers may obtain their English quarterly exam scores from their respective teachers. You can add these things to your study’s Scope and Delimitation. 

3. Indicate Which Variables or Factors Are Not Covered by Your Research

Although you’ve already set your study’s coverage and boundaries in Step 2, you may also explicitly mention things you’ve excluded from your research. 

Returning to our previous example, you can state that your assessment will not include the vocabulary and oral aspects of the English proficiency skill. 

Examples of Scope and Delimitation of a Research Paper

1. scope and delimitation examples for quantitative research.

a. Example 1

Research Title

    A Study on the Relationship of the Extent of Facebook Usage on the English Proficiency Level of Grade 10 Students of Matagumpay High School

Scope and Delimitation

(Main Objective)

This study assessed the correlation between the respondents’ duration of Facebook usage and their English proficiency level. 

(Variables used)

The researchers used the number of hours per day of using Facebook and the activities usually performed on the platform to assess the respondents’ extent of Facebook usage. Meanwhile, the respondents’ English proficiency level is limited to their quarterly English exam scores. 

(Subject of the study)

A sample of fifty (50) Grade 10 students of Matagumpay High School served as the study’s respondents. 

(Timeframe and location)

This study was conducted during the Second Semester of the School Year 2018 – 2019 on the premises of Matagumpay High School in Metro Manila. 

(Methodology)

The respondents are selected by performing stratified random sampling to ensure that there will be ten respondents from five Grade 10 classes of the school mentioned above. The researchers administered a 20-item questionnaire to assess the extent of Facebook usage of the selected respondents. Meanwhile, the data for the respondents’ quarterly exam scores were acquired from their English teachers. The collected data are handled with the utmost confidentiality. Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation was applied to quantitatively assess the correlation between the variables.

(Exclusions)

This study didn’t assess other aspects of the respondents’ English proficiency, such as English vocabulary and oral skills. 

Note: The words inside the parentheses in the example above are guides only. They are not included in the actual text.

b. Example 2

  Level of Satisfaction of Grade 11 Students on the Implementation of the Online Learning Setup of Matagumpay High School for SY 2020 – 2021

This study aims to identify students’ satisfaction levels with implementing online learning setups during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Students’ satisfaction was assessed according to teachers’ pedagogy, school policies, and learning materials used in the online learning setup. The respondents included sixty (60) Grade 11 students of Matagumpay High School who were randomly picked. The researchers conducted the study from October 2020 to February 2021. 

Online platforms such as email and social media applications were used to reach the respondents. The researchers administered a 15-item online questionnaire to measure the respondents’ satisfaction levels. Each response was assessed using a Likert Scale to provide a descriptive interpretation of their answers. A weighted mean was applied to determine the respondents’ general satisfaction. 

This study did not cover other factors related to the online learning setup, such as the learning platform used, the schedule of synchronous learning, and channels for information dissemination.

2. Scope and Delimitation Examples for Qualitative Research

  Lived Experiences of Public Utility Vehicle (PUV) Drivers of Antipolo City Amidst the Continuous June 2022 Oil Price Hikes

This research focused on the presentation and discussion of the lived experiences of PUV drivers during the constant oil price hike in June 2022.

The respondents involved are five (5) jeepney drivers from Antipolo City who agreed to be interviewed. The researchers assessed their experiences in terms of the following: (1) daily net income; (2) duration and extent of working; (3) alternative employment opportunity considerations; and (4) mental and emotional status. The respondents were interviewed daily at their stations on June 6 – 10, 2022. 

In-depth one-on-one interviews were used for data collection.  Afterward, the respondents’ first-hand experiences were drafted and annotated with the researchers’ insights. 

The researchers excluded some factors in determining the respondents’ experiences, such as physical and health conditions and current family relationship status. 

 A Study on the Perception of the Residents of Mayamot, Antipolo City on the Political and Socioeconomic Conditions During the Post-EDSA Period (1986 – 1996)

This research aims to discuss the perception of Filipinos regarding the political and socioeconomic economic conditions during the post-EDSA period, specifically during the years 1986 – 1996. 

Ten (10) residents of Mayamot, Antipolo City, who belonged to Generation X (currently 40 – 62 years old), were purposively selected as the study’s respondents. The researchers asked them about their perception of the following aspects during the period mentioned above (1) performance of national and local government; (2) bureaucracy and government services; (3) personal economic and financial status; and (4) wage purchasing power. 

The researchers conducted face-to-face interviews in the respondents’ residences during the second semester of AY 2018 – 2019. The responses were written and corroborated with the literature on the post-EDSA period. 

The following factors were not included in the research analysis: political conflicts and turmoils, the status of the legislative and judicial departments, and other macroeconomic indicators. 

Tips and Warnings

1. use the “5ws and 1h” as your guide in understanding your study’s coverage.

• Why did you write your study?  
• What variables are included?
• Who are your study’s subject
• Where did you conduct the study?
• When did your study start and end?
• How did you conduct the study?

2. Use key phrases when writing your research’s scope

• This study aims to … 
• This study primarily focuses on …
• This study deals with … 
• This study will cover …
• This study will be confined…

3. Use key phrases when writing factors beyond your research’s delimitations

• The researcher(s) decided to exclude …
• This study did not cover….
• This study excluded … 
• These variables/factors were excluded from the study…

4. Don’t forget to ask for help

Your research adviser can assist you in selecting specific concepts and variables suitable to your study. Make sure to consult him/her regularly. 

5. Make it brief

No need to make this section wordy. You’re good to go if you meet the “5Ws and 1Hs”. 

Frequently Asked Questions

1. what are scope and delimitation in tagalog.

In a Filipino research ( pananaliksik ), Scope and Delimitation is called “ Saklaw at Delimitasyon”. 

Here’s an example of Scope and Delimitation in Filipino:

Pamagat ng Pananaliksik

Epekto Ng Paggamit Ng Mga Digital Learning Tools Sa Pag-Aaral Ng Mga Mag-Aaral Ng Mataas Na Paaralan Ng Matagumpay Sa General Mathematics

Sakop at Delimitasyon ng Pag-aaral

Nakatuon ang pananaliksik na ito sa epekto ng paggamit ng mga digital learning aids sa pag-aaral ng mga mag-aaral.

Ang mga digital learning tools na kinonsidera sa pag-aaral na ito ay Google Classroom, Edmodo, Kahoot, at mga piling bidyo mula YouTube. Samantala, ang epekto sa pag-aaral ng mga mag-aaral ng mga nabanggit na digital learning tools ay natukoy sa pamamagitan ng kanilang (1) mga pananaw hinggil sa benepisyo nito sa kanilang pag-aaral sa General Mathematics at (2) kanilang average grade sa asignaturang ito.

Dalawampu’t-limang (25) mag-aaral mula sa Senior High School ng Mataas na Paaralan ng Matagumpay ang pinili para sa pananaliksik na ito. Sila ay na-interbyu at binigyan ng questionnaire noong Enero 2022 sa nasabing paaralan. Sinuri ang resulta ng pananaliksik sa pamamagitan ng mga instrumentong estadistikal na weighted mean at Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Hindi saklaw ng pananaliksik na ito ang ibang mga aspeto hinggil sa epekto ng online learning aids sa pag-aaral gaya ng lebel ng pag-unawa sa aralin at kakayahang iugnay ito sa araw-araw na buhay. 

2. The Scope and Delimitation should consist of how many paragraphs?

Three or more paragraphs will suffice for your study’s Scope and Delimitation. Here’s our suggestion on what you should write for each paragraph:

Paragraph 1: Introduction (state research objective) Paragraph 2: Coverage and boundaries of the research (you may divide this section into 2-3 paragraphs) Paragraph 3 : Factors excluded from the study

• University of St. La Salle. Unit 3: Lesson 3 Setting the Scope and Limitation of a Qualitative Research [Ebook] (p. 12). Retrieved from https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-st-la-salle/senior-high-school/final-sg-pr1-11-12-unit-3-lesson-3-setting-the-scope-and-limitation-of-a-qualitative-research/24341582
• Theofanidis, D., & Fountouki, A. (2018). Limitations and Delimitations in the Research Process. Perioperative Nursing (GORNA), 7(3), 155–162. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.2552022

Written by Jewel Kyle Fabula

in Career and Education , Juander How

Jewel Kyle Fabula

Jewel Kyle Fabula is a Bachelor of Science in Economics student at the University of the Philippines Diliman. His passion for learning mathematics developed as he competed in some mathematics competitions during his Junior High School years. He loves cats, playing video games, and listening to music.

Browse all articles written by Jewel Kyle Fabula

Copyright Notice

All materials contained on this site are protected by the Republic of the Philippines copyright law and may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, displayed, published, or broadcast without the prior written permission of filipiknow.net or in the case of third party materials, the owner of that content. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright, or other notice from copies of the content. Be warned that we have already reported and helped terminate several websites and YouTube channels for blatantly stealing our content. If you wish to use filipiknow.net content for commercial purposes, such as for content syndication, etc., please contact us at legal(at)filipiknow(dot)net

Iba’t Ibang Bahagi ng Pananaliksik at Kahulugan Nito

Ang pananaliksik ay isang mahalagang bahagi ng anumang akademiko o propesyonal na proseso, ngunit maaari itong maging isang nakakagulat na kumplikadong pagsisikap.

Bago ka magsimula sa iyong paglalakbay sa pananaliksik, mahalagang maunawaan ang iba’t ibang bahagi na bumubuo sa buong proseso.

Mula sa pagbalangkas ng isang tanong sa pananaliksik hanggang sa pagsusuri ng data at paglalahad ng iyong mga natuklasan, lahat ito ay mahahalagang aspeto ng matagumpay na pananaliksik.

Sa blog post na ito, susuriin natin ang iba’t ibang bahagi ng pananaliksik at kung bakit mahalaga ang bawat isa.

Magbasa pa upang matuto nang higit pa tungkol sa kung paano ka maaaring pumunta mula sa ideya patungo sa kinalabasan at gumawa ng matagumpay na mga proyekto sa pananaliksik habang tumatakbo.

Mga Nilalaman

Ang iba’t ibang uri ng pananaliksik

May apat na pangunahing uri ng pananaliksik: exploratory, descriptive, causal, at experimental.

Ang exploratory research ay isinasagawa upang tuklasin ang isang problema o tanong.

Ang ganitong uri ng pananaliksik ay kadalasang ginagamit sa simula ng isang proyekto upang makabuo ng mga bagong ideya at matukoy ang mga potensyal na lugar ng interes.

Ang deskriptibong pananaliksik ay ginagamit upang mangolekta ng mga datos na naglalarawan ng mga katangian ng isang populasyon o phenomenon.

Ang ganitong uri ng pananaliksik ay maaaring gamitin upang mas maunawaan ang isang grupo o isyu sa pamamagitan ng pagtukoy ng mga pattern at uso.

Ang sanhi ng pananaliksik ay isinasagawa upang matukoy ang mga ugnayan sa pagitan ng mga variable.

Ang ganitong uri ng pananaliksik ay kadalasang ginagamit upang subukan ang mga hypotheses at matukoy ang sanhi.

Isinasagawa ang eksperimental na pananaliksik upang pag-aralan ang mga ugnayang sanhi-at-epekto sa ilalim ng mga kontroladong kondisyon.

Ang ganitong uri ng pananaliksik ay kadalasang ginagamit upang subukan ang mga hypotheses at matukoy ang pagiging epektibo ng mga paggamot.

Ang siyentipikong pamamaraan

Ang siyentipikong pamamaraan ay ang prosesong ginagamit ng mga siyentipiko upang siyasatin ang mga phenomena, makakuha ng bagong kaalaman, at itama at isama ang dating kaalaman. Ito ang pundasyon ng siyentipikong pananaliksik.

Ang mga pangunahing hakbang ng pamamaraang pang-agham ay:

• Pagmamasid at paglalarawan ng isang kababalaghan (isang problema o tanong)
• Pagbubuo ng hypothesis (isang posibleng paliwanag para sa naobserbahang phenomenon)
• Pagsasagawa ng mga eksperimento upang subukan ang hypothesis
• Pagsusuri ng mga resulta ng mga eksperimento at pagguhit ng mga konklusyon
• Paglalathala ng mga resulta

Ang iba’t ibang bahagi ng isang research paper

Ang tipikal na papel ng pananaliksik ay nahahati sa apat na pangunahing seksyon:

• ang pahina ng pamagat
• ang abstract
• ang pangunahing katawan
• at ang mga sanggunian

Ang pahina ng pamagat ay kinabibilangan ng pamagat ng papel, pangalan ng may-akda, at institusyonal na kaakibat.

Ang abstract ay isang maikling buod ng papel na kinabibilangan ng pangunahing argumento at konklusyon.

Ang pangunahing katawan ng papel ay kung saan makikita ang karamihan ng nilalaman, na nakaayos sa mga seksyon at subsection kung kinakailangan.

Ang seksyon ng mga sanggunian ay naglilista ng lahat ng mga mapagkukunang ginamit sa pagsulat ng papel.

Sa konklusyon, ang pagsasagawa ng pananaliksik ay nagsasangkot ng maraming hakbang at bahagi.

Upang matiyak ang kalidad ng mga resulta, mahalagang maunawaan ang iba’t ibang bahagi ng pananaliksik tulad ng pagbabalangkas ng tanong sa pananaliksik, pagdidisenyo ng angkop na pamamaraan, pangangalap ng datos at pagsusuri sa mga resulta.

Ang artikulong ito ay nagbigay sa iyo ng pangkalahatang-ideya ng iba’t ibang bahagi ng pananaliksik na ito upang magkaroon ka ng mas mahusay na pag-unawa sa kung paano magsagawa ng mga epektibong proyekto sa pananaliksik sa anumang larangan.

Basahin din:

No comments yet. Why don’t you start the discussion?

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

From Decolonizing Psychology to the Development of a Cross-Indigenous Perspective in Methodology

The Philippine Experience

Cite this chapter

• Rogelia Pe-Pua 5  

Part of the book series: International and Cultural Psychology ((ICUP))

4175 Accesses

32 Citations

1 Altmetric

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

• Available as PDF
• Read on any device
• Instant download
• Own it forever
• Compact, lightweight edition
• Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
• Free shipping worldwide - see info
• Durable hardcover edition

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Unable to display preview.  Download preview PDF.

Alfonso, A.B. (1977). Towards developing Philippine Psychology: Language-related issues in teaching and research . Paper prepared for the Fourth Conference of the Asian Association of National Languages, University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Google Scholar  

Bennagen, P.L. (1985). Nakikiugaling pagmamasid: Pananaliksik sa kulturang Agta [Participant observation: Research on Agta culture]. In A. Aganon & M. David (Eds.), Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw at kaalaman (New directions in indigenous psychology) (pp. 397–415). Manila: National Book Store.

Brislin, R., & Holwill, F. (1977). Reactions of indigenous people to the writings of behavioral and social scientists. International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 1 , 15–34.

Article   Google Scholar  

Campbell, D.T., & Fiske, D.W. (1964). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multi-method matrix. Psychology Bulletin , 56 , 81–105.

Carlota, A.J. (1980). Research trends in psychological testing. In A. Carlota & L. Lazo (Eds.), Psychological measurement: A book of readings (pp. 31–47). Quezon City: U.P. Psychology Foundation, 1987.

Children’s Rehabilitation Center. (1990). Gabay sa Pagsasanay [Training Manual]. Quezon City: Author.

Cipres-Ortega, S., & Guanzon-Lapeña, M. (1997, July). Locally Developed Psychological Tests: A Critical Review . Paper presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the National Academy of Science and Technology, Manila, Philippines.

De Vera, M.G.A. (1976). Pakikipagkuwentuhan: Paano kaya pag-aaralan ang pakikiapid? [Pakikipagkuwentuhan: How do we study extra-marital affairs?]. In R. Pe-Pua (Ed.), Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit (Filipino Psychology: Theory, method and application) (pp. 187–193). Quezon City: Surian ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino. 1982.

Enriquez, V.G. (1975). Mga batayan ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino sa kultura at kasaysayan [The bases of Filipino psychology in culture and history]. General Education Journal , 29 , 61–88.

Enriquez, V.G. (1978). Kapwa : A core concept in Filipino social psychology. Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review , 42 (1–4).

Enriquez, V.G. (1979). Towards cross-cultural knowledge through cross-indigenous methods and perspective. Philippine Journal of Psychology 12 , 9–15.

Enriquez, V.G. (1985). The development of psychological thought in the Philippines. In A. Aganon & M. David (Eds.), Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw at kaalaman (New directions in indigenous psychology) (pp. 149–176). Manila: National Book Store.

Enriquez, V.G. (1992). From colonial to liberation psychology . Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Enriquez, V.G. (1994). Pagbabangong-dangal: Indigenous psychology & cultural empowerment . Quezon City: Akademya ng Kultura at Sikolohiyang Pilipino.

Enriquez, V.G., & Guanzon-Lapeña, M.C. (1985). Towards the assessment of personality and culture: The Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao . Philippine Journal of Educational Measurement , 4 (1), 15–54.

Enriquez, R. (1988). Pakikipagkuwentuhan: Isang katutubong metodo ng pananaliksik [Pakikipagkuwentuhan: An indigenous research method]. In R. Pe-Pua (Ed.), Mga piling babasahin sa panlarangang pananaliksik II [Selected readings on field research II]. Quezon City: University of the Philippines.

Espiritu, A.C. (1968). The limits of applicability of Western concepts, values and methods in the social sciences to the concrete realities of Asian societies. In The relevance of social sciences in contemporary Asia (pp. 35–44). Tokyo: World Student Christian Federation.

Feliciano, G.D. (1965). The limits of Western social research methods in rural Philippines: The need for innovation, Lipunan , 1 (1), 114–128.

Galvez, R. (1988). Ang ginabayang talakayan: Katutubong pamamaraan ng sama-samang pananaliksik [The collective discussion: An indigenous method of participatory research]. In R. Pe-Pua (Ed.), Mga piling babasahin sa panlarangang pananaliksik II [Selected readings on field research II]. Quezon City: University of the Philippines.

Gepigon, S.D., & Francisco, V.A. (1978). Pagdalaw at pakikipagpalagayang-loob sa mamumulot ng basura [Visiting and making friends with the garbage scavengers]. In L.F. Antonio, et. al. (Eds.), Ulat ng Ikatlong Pambansang Kumperensya sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino [Proceedings of the Third National Conference on Filipino Psychology] (pp. 133–146). Quezon City: Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino.

Gonzales, L.F. (1982). Ang pagtatanung-tanong: Dahilan at katangian [Pagtatanung-tanong: Reasons and characteristics]. In R. Pe-Pua (Ed.), Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit (Filipino Psychology: Theory, method and application) (pp. 175–186). Quezon City: Surian ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino.

Guanzon, M.C. (1985). Paggamit ng panukat sikolohikal sa Pilipinas: Kalagayan at mga isyu [Psychological measurement in the Philippines: Status and issues]. In A. Aganon & M. David (Eds.), Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw at kaalaman (New directions in indigenous psychology) (pp. 341–370). Manila: National Book Store.

Horoiwa, N. (1983). Kaigai seicho Nihonjin no tekio to sentaku — Life history ni yoru kenkyu [Adaptive strategies and identity changes of Japanese growing up abroad]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Tsukuba University, Japan.

Iredale, R., Mitchell, C., Pe-Pua, R., & Pittaway, E. (1996). Ambivalent welcome: Settlement experiences of humanitarian entrant families in Australia . Canberra: Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs.

Lazo, L. (1977). Psychological testing in schools: An assessment. Philippine Journal of Psychology , 11 (1), 23–27.

Lazo, L., Vasquez-de Jesus, L., & Edralin-Tiglao, R. (1976). A survey of psychological measurement practices in the Philippines: Clinical, industrial, and educational settings. In A. Carlota & L. Lazo (Eds.), Psychological measurement: A book of readings (pp. 2–30). Quezon City: U.P. Psychology Foundation, 1987.

Lynch, F. (1961). Social acceptance. In F. Lynch (Ed.), Four Readings on Philippine Values (pp. 1–21). Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Lynch, F. (1973). Social acceptance reconsidered. In F. Lynch & A. de Guzman II (Eds.), IPC Papers No. 2. Four readings on Philippine values (pp. 1–68). Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University.

Margallo, S. (1982). The challenge of making a scientific indigenous field research: An evaluation of studies using maka-Pilipinong pananaliksik [Filipino-oriented research]. In R. Pe-Pua (Ed.), Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, Metodo at Gamit (Filipino Psychology: Theory, Method and Application) (pp. 233–239). Quezon City: Surian ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino, 1982.

Mendoza, S.L. (2001). Between the home and the diaspora: The politics of theorizing Filipino and Filipino American identities (Asian Americans: Reconceptualizing Culture, History, Politics) . USA: Routledge.

Nery, L. (1979). Pakikisama as a method: A study of a subculture. Philippine Journal of Psychology , 12 (1), 27–32.

Nicdao-Henson, E. (1982). Pakikipanuluyan: Tungo sa pag-unawa sa kahulugan ng panahon [Living in the community: A guide to understanding the concept of time]. In R. Pe-Pua (Ed.), Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit (Filipino Psychology: Theory, method and application) (pp. 209–220). Quezon City: Surian ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino, 1982.

Orteza, G.O. (1997). Pakikipagkuwentuhan: Isang pamamaraan ng sama-samang pananaliksik, pagpapatotoo, at pagtulong sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino [Pakikipagkuwentuhan: A method of collective research, establishing validity, and contributing to Filipino Psychology]. PPRTH Occasional Papers Series No. 1 . Quezon City: Philippine Psychology Research and Training House.

Pe-Pua, R. (1985). Pagtatanong-tanong: Katutubong metodo ng pananaliksik [Pagtatanongtanong: An indigenous research method]. In A. Aganon & M. David (Eds.), Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw at kaalaman (New directions in indigenous psychology) (pp. 416–432). Manila: National Book Store.

Pe-Pua, R. (1988). Ang mga balikbayang Hawayano ng Ilocos Norte: Pandarayuhan at pagbabalik [The Hawayano returnees of Ilocos Norte: Migration and return migration]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of the Philippines, Philippines.

Pe-Pua, R. (1989). Pagtatanong-tanong : A cross-cultural research method. International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 13 , 147–163.

Pe-Pua, R. (1994). Being an Asian on campus: A look into the cross-cultural experiences of overseas students at the University of Wollongong . Wollongong: Centre for Multicultural Studies, University of Wollongong.

Pe-Pua, R. (1995). Being an overseas student at UNSW: Perceptions about the learning environment, university services and intergroup relations . Sydney: International Student Centre, UNSW.

Pe-Pua, R. (1996). ‘We’re just like other kids’: Street-frequenting youth of non-English-speaking background . Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.

Pe-Pua, R. (2003). Wife, mother and maid: The triple role of Filipino domestic workers in Spain and Italy. In N. Piper & M. Roces (Eds.), Wife or Worker? Asian women and migration (pp. 157–180). Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.

Pe-Pua, R., Aguiling-Dalisay, G., & Sto Domingo, M. (1993). Pagkababae at pagkalalaki: Tungo sa pag-unawa sa sekswalidad ng mga Pilipino [Being a woman, being a man: Towards understanding Filipino sexuality]. Diwa , 10 , 1–4.

Pe-Pua, R., & Echevarria, A. (1998). Cultural appropriateness, or plain customer service?: Legal needs of NESB residents in Fairfield . Sydney: Ettinger House.

Pe-Pua, R., Mitchell, C., Iredale, R., & Castles, S. (1996). Astronaut families and parachute children: The Cycle of migration between Hong Kong and Australia . Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.

Pe-Pua, R., & Protacio-Marcelino, E. (2000). Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology): A legacy of Virgilio G. Enriquez. Asian Journal of Social Psychology , 3 , 49–71.

Protacio-Marcelino, E. (1996). Identidad at etnisidad: Pananaw at karanasan ng mga estudyanteng Filipino-Amerikano sa California [Identity and Ethnicity: Perspectives and Experiences of Filipino-American Students in California]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation in Psychology, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.

Ramos, E. (1977). Assessment of psychological testing in the Philippines: Focus on industries and national education. Philippine Journal of Psychology , 11 (1), 19–22.

San Juan, J., & Soriaga, R. (1985). Panunuluyan: Mula paninimbang hanggang malalimang pakikipagpalagayang-loob [Panunuluyan: Interaction techniques and levels of relationship]. In A. Aganon & M. David (Eds.), Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw at kaalaman (New directions in indigenous psychology) (pp. 433–480). Manila: National Book Store.

Santiago, C.E. (1975). Ang kahulugan ng pagkalalake sa mga Pilipino [The meaning of ‘masculinity’ among Filipinos]. In V.G. Enriquez (Ed.), Serye ng mga papel sa pagkataong pilipino (Series of papers in Filipino personality) (pp. 51–70). Lunsod Quezon: Philippine Psychology Research House.

Santiago, C.E. (1977). Pakapa-kapa: Paglilinaw ng isang konsepto sa nayon [Pakapa-kapa: Clarifying a concept in a rural setting]. In R. Pe-Pua (Ed.), Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit (Filipino Psychology: Theory, method and application) (pp. 161–170). Quezon City: Surian ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino, 1982.

Santiago, C.E., & Enriquez, V.G. (1976). Tungo sa makapilipinong pananaliksik [Towards a Filipino-oriented research]. Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Mga Piling Papel , 1 (4), 3–10.

Sevilla, J.C. (1978). Indigenous research methods: evaluating first returns. In R. Pe-Pua (Ed.), Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit (Filipino Psychology: Theory, method and application) (pp. 221–232). Quezon City: Surian ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino, 1982.

Sevilla, J.C. (1985). Evaluating indigenous methods: a second look. In V.G. Enriquez (Ed.), Indigenous psychology: A book of readings (pp. 266–274). Quezon City; Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino. 1990.

Talisayon, S.D. (1994). Patotoo —Concepts of validity among some Filipino spiritual groups. In T.B. Obusan & A.R. Enriquez (Eds), Pamamaraan: Indigenous knowledge and evolving research paradigms . Quezon City: Asian Center, University of the Philippines.

Torres, A. (1982). “ Pakapa-kapa ” as an approach in Philippine Psychology. In R. Pe-Pua (Ed.), Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit (Filipino Psychology: Theory, method and application) (pp. 171–174). Quezon City: Surian ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino.

Download references

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

School of Social Science and Policy, University of New South Wales, UK

Rogelia Pe-Pua ( Senior Lecturer )

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and affiliations.

Inha University, Incheon, Korea

Academic Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

Kuo-Shu Yang

National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

Kwang-Kuo Hwang

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Pe-Pua, R. (2006). From Decolonizing Psychology to the Development of a Cross-Indigenous Perspective in Methodology. In: Kim, U., Yang, KS., Hwang, KK. (eds) Indigenous and Cultural Psychology. International and Cultural Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA . https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28662-4_5

Download citation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28662-4_5

Publisher Name : Springer, Boston, MA

Print ISBN : 978-0-387-28661-7

Online ISBN : 978-0-387-28662-4

eBook Packages : Behavioral Science Behavioral Science and Psychology (R0)

Share this chapter

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Publish with us

Policies and ethics

• Find a journal
• Track your research

Trabaho sa ibang bansa

Study abroad.

• I-bookmark Kami
• pagkamamamayan

• #WalangPasok
• Breaking News
• Photography
• ALS Exam Results
• Aeronautical Engineering Board Exam Result
• Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering Board Exam Result
• Agriculturist Board Exam Result
• Architecture Exam Results
• BAR Exam Results
• CPA Exam Results
• Certified Plant Mechanic Exam Result
• Chemical Engineering Exam Results
• Chemical Technician Exam Result
• Chemist Licensure Exam Result
• Civil Engineering Exam Results
• Civil Service Exam Results
• Criminology Exam Results
• Customs Broker Exam Result
• Dental Hygienist Board Exam Result
• Dental Technologist Board Exam Result
• Dentist Licensure Exam Result
• ECE Exam Results
• ECT Board Exam Result
• Environmental Planner Exam Result
• Featured Exam Results
• Fisheries Professional Exam Result
• Geodetic Engineering Board Exam Result
• Guidance Counselor Board Exam Result
• Interior Design Board Exam Result
• LET Exam Results
• Landscape Architect Board Exam Result
• Librarian Exam Result
• Master Plumber Exam Result
• Mechanical Engineering Exam Results
• MedTech Exam Results
• Metallurgical Engineering Board Exam Result
• Midwives Board Exam Result
• Mining Engineering Board Exam Result
• NAPOLCOM Exam Results
• Naval Architect and Marine Engineer Board Exam Result
• Nursing Exam Results
• Nutritionist Dietitian Board Exam Result
• Occupational Therapist Board Exam Result
• Ocular Pharmacologist Exam Result
• Optometrist Board Exam Result
• Pharmacist Licensure Exam Result
• Physical Therapist Board Exam
• Physician Exam Results
• Principal Exam Results
• Professional Forester Exam Result
• Psychologist Board Exam Result
• Psychometrician Board Exam Result
• REE Board Exam Result
• RME Board Exam Result
• Radiologic Technology Board Exam Result
• Real Estate Appraiser Exam Result
• Real Estate Broker Exam Result
• Real Estate Consultant Exam Result
• Respiratory Therapist Board Exam Result 
• Sanitary Engineering Board Exam Result 
• Social Worker Exam Result
• UPCAT Exam Results
• Upcoming Exam Result
• Veterinarian Licensure Exam Result 
• X-Ray Technologist Exam Result
• Programming
• Smartphones
• Web Hosting
• Social Media
• SWERTRES RESULT
• EZ2 RESULT TODAY
• STL RESULT TODAY
• 6/58 LOTTO RESULT
• 6/55 LOTTO RESULT
• 6/49 LOTTO RESULT
• 6/45 LOTTO RESULT
• 6/42 LOTTO RESULT
• 6-Digit Lotto Result
• 4-Digit Lotto Result
• 3D RESULT TODAY
• 2D Lotto Result
• English to Tagalog
• English-Tagalog Translate
• Maikling Kwento
• EUR to PHP Today
• Pounds to Peso
• Binibining Pilipinas
• Miss Universe
• Family (Pamilya)
• Life (Buhay)
• Love (Pag-ibig)
• School (Eskwela)
• Work (Trabaho)
• Pinoy Jokes
• Tagalog Jokes
• Referral Letters
• Student Letters
• Employee Letters
• Business Letters
• Pag-IBIG Fund
• Home Credit Cash Loan
• Pick Up Lines Tagalog
• Pork Dishes
• Lotto Result Today
• Viral Videos

Bahagi Ng Pananaliksik – Mga Kailangan Malaman Sa Pananaliksik

Ano ang mga bahagi ng pananaliksik (sagot).

BAHAGI NG PANANALIKSIK – Ito ang mga nagbibigay linaw sa mga prosesong dpat gawin sa iyong mga pananaliksik.

Ang isang pananaliksik ay may apat na kabanata. Sa paksang ito, tatalakayin natin ang bawat isa.

KABANATA I (Suliranin at Kaligiran)

• Dito malalaman ang sagot sa tanong na Ano at Bakit. Ano ba ang paksang inaaralan at Bakit ito pinag-aaralan.
• Dito nakalagay ang sanhi o layunin ng paksang inaaralan sa anyong patanong
• Iaanyo itongnangunguna ang pangkalahatang layunin na susundan ng 3 o higitpang mga tiyak na layunin.
• Dito bibigyang kahulugan ang mga salitang mahahalaga o pili naginagamit sa pananaliksik.
• Dito nakalagay ang teoryang pagbabatayan ng pag-aaral.
• Dito naka saad ang lawak at limitasyong ng pinag-aaralan.

KABANATA II (Metodo Ng Pananaliksik)

• Nililinaw sa bahaging ito ang ginamit nadisenyo ng pananaliksik
• Dito inalalahad ang eksaktongbilang ng mga sumagot sa inihandang kwesyoner- sarvey.
• Dito nakikita ang mga ginamit na instrumento sa pag survey sa mga respondente katuald ng “questionnaire”.
• Nakalagay dito ang simpleng statistik na mga na kuhang datos galing sa respondente

KABANATA III (Pagsusuri at Interpretasyon ng Datos)

• Ito ay nagagawa sa pamamagitan ng pagpapahayag o pagpapaliwanang ng kinalanasan ng pinag-aaralan.
• Sa pagbibigay interpretasyon ng kinalabasan ng pag-aaral, ipinahahayag dito ang pansariling implikasyon at resulta ng pananaliksik.
• Dito naka lagay ang paliwanag batay sa interpretasyon ng datos na nakuha sa pananaliksik.

KABANATA IV (Paglalahad Ng Resulta Ng Pananaliksik)

Dito inilalahad nang isa-isa at malinaw ang mga nagingkasagutan sa bawat suliranin o tanong o layunin na iyong binigay sa simula ng pananaliksik.

BASAHIN RIN: Paglalahad Ng Suliranin: Kahulugan Ng Paglalahad Ng Suliranin

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

Pagbasa at Pagsulat Tungo sa Pananaliksik

Related Papers

ANGELICA MALIGALIG

Ang Asignaturang Filipino ay kabilang sa K to 12 Curriculum na idinisenyo ng mga eskperto sa Kagawaran ng Edukasyon upang mapalawak ang kaalaman ng bawat Filipino patungkol sa sariling wika at ang mga kagamitan nito. Sa kasalukuyan, maraming mag-aaral ang nahihirapan sa Asignaturang Filipino at maging pagpapahayag ng kanilang mga ideya at saloobin sa paraang pasulat ay apektado. Kapansin-pansin na nawawalan sila ng kawilihan, kadalasang hindi pinakikinggan ang mga aralin at kinatatamaran ang pagsulat kung nakasusulat man ay kulang sa kasanayan. Kaya't ninais ng mananaliksik na gumamit ng ibang estratehiya na maaaring makatulong sa pagpapaunlad ng kasanayan sa pagsulat ng sanaysay ng mga magaaral, ang Cloze Passage bilang estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng Filipino. Ginamit sa pananaliksik ang eksperimentalna disenyo, Pauna at Panghuling Pagsulat ng Sanaysay (Pre-test& Post-test) upang matamo ang mga layunin ng pag-aaral: (1) Ano ang kasanayan sa pagsulat ng sanaysay ng mga mag-aaral ba...

Danica Lorraine Garena

Ang pag-aaral na ito ay isinagawa upang mabatid ang pananaw ng mag-aaral sa paggamit ng mga sariling komposisyon ng panitikang pambata at antas ng pang-unawa. Sa pag-aaral na ito binibigyang katugunan ang mga sumusunod na katanungan: Ano ang pananaw ng mga tagasagot sa paggamit ng mga Sariling Komposisyon ngPanitikang Pambata bataysa nilalaman,layunin,disensyo/istilo, kasanayan/gawain; Ano ang antas ng pang-unawa ng mga tagasagot sa paggamit ng mga Sariling Komposisyon ng Panitikang Pambata batay sa Pang-unawang Literal at Pang-unawangKritikal; May makabuluhang kaugnayan ba ang pananaw ng mag-aaral sa paggamit ng mga Sariling Komposisyon ng Panitikang Pambata at Antas ng Pang- unawa sa Pagbasa; Ang pamamaraang palarawan-correlation ang ginamit ng mananaliksik upang makalap ang mahalaga at makatotohanang impormasyon na kinakailangan sa pag-aaral. Ang istatistikal na pamamaraan na ginamit sa pagsasaliksik ay weighted mean at standard deviation para sa pananawng mga tagasagot sa Mga Sa...

The Normal Lights

Rodrigo Abenes

Layunin ng pananaliksik ang makabuo ng mga lunsarang aralin at gawaing angkla sa MELCs o Most Essential Learning Competencies sa primaryang antas. Pangunahing metodo ang disenyong palarawan at pagbuo ng mga lokalisado at kontekstuwalisadong may temang katutubo, kabuhayan, kalinangan, kapaligiran, at diskursong kasarian na angkop sa pagtuturo sa anyong modyular, harapan, o blended. Ginamit ang sarbey at panayam sa mga piling kalahok. Lumabas sa pag-aaral na epektibo ang mga aralin kapag nakadikit sa karanasan, kaligiran, at interes ng mga mag-aaral. Ang mga kontekstuwalisadong aralin na pinagtibay sa konteksto ng pandemya at bagong kadawyan o new normal ay mainam na gamiting sandigang kaalaman sa kasanayan at kahusayang komunikatibo sa Filipino at iba pang kaugnay na disiplina.

Ariel A. Diccion

Sa mga pag-aaral ukol sa Simbahang Aglipay o Iglesia Filipina Independiente, karaniwang tinatalakay ang rebolusyonaryo nitong pinagmulan at separatista nitong simulain. Salat ang mga pag-aaral ukol sa mga tiyak na Aglipayanong kongregasyon sa kapuluan, partikular sa patuloy nilang pag-iral sa kontemporanyong panahon sa kanilang mga tiyak na konteksto. Sa talakayang ito, sinuri ang pagdaraos ng prusisyon ng Salubong ng Aglipayanong kongregasyon sa Paliparan, Santo Nino, Lungsod ng Marikina bilang isang pagtatanghal ng dalawang naratibo. Ang una bilang paggunita ng muling pagkabuhay ni Hesukristo na siyang rurok ng pananampalatayang Kristiyano; at ikalawa bilang muling pag-uulit at pag-aangkin ng mga Aglipayanong mananampalataya ng kanilang mga gawi matapos lisanin ang dating lunan ng pagsamba. Sa pagsipat sa mga aspekto ng Bigkis ng Bisa at Aliw mula kay Richard Schechner, hinimay sa pag-aaral na ito ang mga ritwalistiko at teatrikal na katangian ng nasabing pagtatanghal bilang isang...

Kritike: An Online Journal of Philosophy

International Journal of Research Studies in Education

JOHN EMIL ESTERA

Likhaan: The Journal of Contemporary Philippine Literature

Napoleon Arcilla

Nambiyath Balakrishnan

Journal of Electronic Imaging

Carole Hayakawa

American Journal of Bioethics

RELATED PAPERS

Arxiv preprint arXiv: …

Padmavathi Ganapathi

Journal of Vascular Surgery

Annetine Gelijns

PUTRI SETYA NINGRUM

International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy

franklin asemota

Michael Craig Watson

International Journal of Dermatology

Mohammed Asif

HortScience

Todd Wehner

Journal of Medical Internet Research

Atte Oksanen

Frontiers in oncology

Alenka Lovy

Nuclear Medicine Communications

Eva Dubovsky

SATIN - Sains dan Teknologi Informasi

friska klara

Ansgar Thiel

Journal of Petrology

ENDANG SITORUS

Organometallics

charles wilker

hjjhgj kjghtrg

uWinnipeg认证办证成绩单 温尼伯大学认证办证

Call Girls In Ghaziabad

seema sharma

Quality & Quantity

Fatma Noyan

sdfwaertwe Cain

Kertha Widya

Nyoman Surata

International Journal of Cardiology Cardiovascular Risk and Prevention

Avishag Laish-farkash

MATEC Web of Conferences

Rafidah Hamdan

Physical Review C

Rachid Nouicer

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

Virginia (Ginger) Moser

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024