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World First Aid Day started in the year 2000. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) introduced it to raise global awareness of how first aid can save people’s lives in everyday situations. It occurs on the second Saturday of September every year. It provides an opportunity for citizens to understand they can quickly learn skills that could save someone’s life. First aid is the assistance given to any person suffering a sudden illness or injury,with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, and/or promote recovery. It includes initial intervention in a serious condition prior to professional medical help being available, such as performing CPR while awaiting an ambulance, as well as the complete treatment of minor conditions, such as applying a plaster to a cut. First aid is generally performed by the layperson, with many people trained in providing basic levels of first aid, and others willing to do so from acquired knowledge. First aid skills not only give your students the ability to save a life – knowing how to respond in an emergency can also boost confidence, self esteem, teamwork and communication skills.

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First Aid Scenarios and Discussion Answers

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First Aid Instructions for 10 Medical Emergencies

What to do in 10 types of medical emergencies

• Stopped Heart
• Broken Bone/Fracture

First Aid Kit List

First aid is the immediate care a sick or injured person gets. In some cases, it may be the only care a person needs. In others, first aid is a way to prevent a person's condition from worsening and keep them alive until paramedics arrive or they are taken to the hospital.

The best way to prepare for these events is to get official first-aid training. In the meantime, there are some basic life-saving steps you can learn.

This article goes over the first aid steps to follow in 10 different situations and how to tell if more care is needed.

Stevica Mrdja / Getty Images

ABCs of First Aid

If someone is unconscious or unresponsive, the basic principle of first aid that you need to know is ABC : airway, breathing, and circulation .

• Airway: If someone’s not breathing, the first thing you need to do is open their airway .
• Breathing: If you have cleared a person’s airway but they’re still not breathing, provide rescue breathing .
• Circulation: As you are doing rescue breathing, perform chest compressions to keep the person’s blood circulating. If the person is not responsive, check their pulse. If their heart has stopped, provide chest compressions.

A simpler version of the ABCs is:

• Awake? If the person is not awake, try to wake them. If they don’t wake up, make sure someone is calling 911 and move on to the next step.
• Breathing? If a person is not awake and not breathing, start rescue breathing and chest compressions. Then, move to the next step.
• Continue care: When you call for help, follow instructions from 911 or continue treatment until an ambulance arrives.

Some first aid courses also include D and E :

• D can stand for: Disability assessment, deadly bleeding , or automated external defibrillator (AED). An AED is a device that shocks the heart to make it start beating again.
• E can stand for: Examination (checking the person for signs of injury, bleeding, allergies, or other problems once you know they’re breathing and their heart is beating).

Where to Get First Aid Training

Taking a formal CPR class will help you become familiar with doing chest compressions, rescue breathing, and using an AED. You can find courses from the American Red Cross , your local community first responders, and online.

First Aid for a Stopped Heart

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is one of the most important emergency medical procedures that a person can know.

When a person is in cardiac arrest (heart is not beating), doing CPR and/or using an AED could restart their heart and/or recirculate blood until their heart can be restarted with a defibrillator. This can restore their life.

AEDs are available in many public areas and businesses. These first aid devices are made to be easy to use even if you have no training.

If you think someone is in cardiac arrest, there are four steps you can take to help them.

• Find a person nearby. Make eye contact, point to them, and say: “Call 911.”
• Start doing chest compressions on the person who needs help. Using both your hands, push down hard and fast in the center of the person’s chest. Let their chest come back up naturally between compressions. You may hear pops or snaps; this is normal.
• Keep going until someone with more training arrives.
• If you’re trained in CPR, you can use chest compressions and rescue breathing.
• If it’s available, use an AED. However, do not put off doing chest compressions to go look for an AED. If possible, instruct someone else to go find the device and bring it to you.

First Aid for Bleeding

Zero Creatives / Getty Images 

If someone is injured and bleeding, there are a few basics about how blood works that will be helpful for you to know.

The color of the blood and how it’s leaving the body can give you a sense of the extent of the injury:

• Capillaries: Bleeding from the smallest blood vessels ( capillaries ) looks like a trickle. This kind of bleeding usually stops on its own.
• Veins: A consistent blood flow and blood that’s a dark red color is most likely coming from the veins. This type of bleeding can range from mild to severe.
• Arteries: Arteries are the largest blood vessels and carry a lot of oxygen. If they are injured, bright red blood will spurt out. Blood can be lost very fast with this kind of bleeding.

Almost all bleeding can be controlled with first aid . If severe bleeding keeps going, a person can go into shock and may die.

While it is important to stop bleeding, begin with the ABCs of first aid.

The next steps are to:

• Put on disposable gloves if you have them. This will protect you from infectious diseases like viral hepatitis and HIV/AIDS that can be spread in a person’s blood.
• Rinse the wound with water.
• Cover the wound with a gauze or cloth (e.g., towel, blanket, clothing).
• Apply direct pressure to stop the flow of blood and encourage clotting (when blood naturally thickens to stop blood loss).
• Elevate the bleeding body part above the person’s heart if you can.
• Do not remove the cloth if it becomes soaked. Removing the first layer will interfere with the clotting process and result in more blood loss. Instead, add more layers if needed.
• Once bleeding has stopped, put a clean bandage on the wound.

Get medical help if:

• The wound is deep.
• The wound has widely separated sides.
• The injury oozes blood after pressure has been applied.
• The injury is from an animal or human bite.
• The injury is a puncture, burn, or electrical injury .
• You think there is arterial bleeding.
• Blood is soaking through the bandages.
• The bleeding is not stopping.

If you are taking the person to the hospital, make sure that you have someone else who can keep administering first aid while you drive.

First Aid for Choking

Science Photo Library / Getty Images 

Choking happens when a person’s windpipe ( trachea ) gets blocked by food or an object. It is a serious event that can lead to unconsciousness or even death.

Signs of choking include:

• Gagging, gasping, or wheezing
• Inability to talk or make noise
• Turning blue in the face
• Grabbing at the throat
• Waving arms
• Looking panicked

Using the Heimlich Manuever

The Heimlich maneuver is a series of abdominal thrusts that can help dislodge the thing a person is choking on. This first aid technique should only be done if someone is truly choking.

Before doing anything, ask the person if they are choking. Remember: If someone is coughing or talking, they are not choking.

If someone is choking, you should know how to use the Heimlich maneuver .

Here are the steps:

• Stand behind the person and lean them slightly forward.
• Put your arms around their waist.
• Clench your fist and place it between their belly button (navel) and rib cage.
• Grab your fist with your other hand.
• Pull your clenched fist sharply backward and upward under the person’s rib cage in five quick thrusts.
• Repeat until the object is coughed up.

For someone who is obese or pregnant, perform the thrusts around the chest instead of the abdomen.

If someone is choking and becomes unconscious:

• Place them on their back and kneel over them.
• Place the heel of your hand slightly above their belly button.
• Place your other hand on top of it.
• Give quick upward thrusts to dislodge the object.

Helping a Choking Infant

If a baby is choking, you need to use different first aid techniques to help them.

Start with back blows:

• Lay the baby across your forearm, face down.
• Support them with your lap or upper thigh.
• Hold their chest in your hand and jaw between your fingers (the baby’s head should be pointed down so it’s lower than their body).
• With the heel of your free hand, give five quick, forceful blows to the baby’s back between the shoulder blades.

If back blows don’t work, try chest thrusts:

• Turn the baby face up, keeping them on your lap for support.
• Keeping their head angled down, lower than their body, hold the back of their head with your hand to steady it.
• Place two or three of your fingers in the center of the baby’s chest just below the nipples.
• Give five quick thrusts downward so the breastbone gets pushed in about 1.5 inches.

If a choking infant loses consciousness, you may need to do CPR until emergency help arrives.

What to Do if You're Alone and Choking

You can give yourself the Heimlich maneuver even if you are alone. 

• Call 911 first, even though you will not be able to speak. Leave the phone connected. 911 can pinpoint your location and send emergency help. Use a landline if available. If a landline isn't available, a cell phone can be used.
• Grasp one fist with the other hand and place above your belly button.
• Thrust inward and upward with your fist. Repeat until the object is dislodged.
• You can also bend over a hard surface such as the back of a chair. Use the hard surface to apply repeated thrusts to your abdomen. Repeat until the object is dislodged.

First Aid for Burns

The first step to treating a burn is to stop the burning process.

This might mean:

• Cleaning up chemicals
• Turning off electricity
• Cooling heat with running water
• Covering up or taking a person inside out of the sun

The  severity of a burn  is based on how deep in the skin it is and how big it is:

• First-degree burn: This kind of burn only affects only the outer layer of skin and causes redness and swelling. It is considered a minor burn.
• Second-degree burn: This kind of burn affects two layers of skin and causes blistering, redness, and swelling. It is considered a major burn if it’s more than 3 inches wide or is on the face, hands, feet, genitals, buttocks, or over a major joint.
• Third-degree burn: This kind of burn affects deeper layers of skin and causes white or blackened skin that can be numb. It is always considered a major burn.

Major burns need emergency medical attention. Once you’ve stopped the burning process, call 911 or get someone else to.

For burns that are not an emergency, you can take these first aid steps:

• Flush the burned area with cool running water for several minutes. Do not use ice.
• Apply a light gauze bandage. If the burn is minor, you can put on an ointment, like aloe vera, before you cover it.
• Take Motrin (ibuprofen) or Tylenol (acetaminophen) for pain relief if you need it.
• Do not break any blisters that form.

First Aid for Blisters

Rattanakorn Songrenoo / Getty Images

Blisters protect damaged skin while it heals.

Some blisters need to be treated and others don’t. Whether you need to treat a blister depends on how bad it is and your overall health.

If the blister is small, not open, and doesn’t hurt, it’s best to leave it alone. You can cover it to prevent rubbing, which could cause it to swell and burst.

Do not pop a small blister. This could let bacteria get inside it and cause an infection.

If the blister is big or painful, you need to take different steps to treat it.

Here are the first-aid steps to take for a more serious blister:

• Wash your hands.
• Sterilize a needle with alcohol.
• Make small holes at the edge of the blister.
• Gently push out the fluid.
• Apply antibiotic ointment.
• Put on a bandage.
• If possible, take steps to protect the area from further rubbing or pressure.

If you have a compromised immune system , you are more likely to get an infection and should not drain a blister on your own. However, your healthcare provider may want to drain it to help prevent infection.

If a blister breaks open on its own:

• Gently wash the area with clean water only.
• Smooth the flap of broken skin over the newly exposed skin, unless it’s dirty, torn, or there is pus under it.
• Put petroleum jelly on it.
• Cover it with a bandage.

Change the bandage any time it gets wet. Take it off when you go to bed to give the area a chance to air out.

First Aid for a Broken Bone or Fracture

Odilon Dimier / Getty Images

Any injury to your limbs, hands, and feet needs to be treated as a broken bone until an X-ray can be done.

While broken bones or fractures do need medical treatment, they do not all require an emergency trip to the hospital. First aid steps can help stabilize the bone until you can see a healthcare provider.

In some cases, you will need emergency medical care to deal with a broken bone.

Call 911 if:

• The person is bleeding a lot, is unresponsive, is not breathing, or has more than one injury.
• You think a person has a fracture or other serious injury in their spinal column, head, hip, pelvis, or thigh. In this case, do not move the person.
• A broken bone is poking through the skin ( open or compound fracture ).
• The area below an injured joint feels cold and clammy or looks bluish.
• You cannot keep the injury from moving well enough to transport the person.

Otherwise, you can use first aid, then go to urgent care or contact your healthcare provider for guidance.

Here’s what to do next:

• Do not try to straighten the bone.
• For a limb, use a splint and padding to keep it still, then elevate it.
• Put a cold pack on the injury—but not directly on the skin. Use a barrier between the ice and the skin to keep the tissue from being damaged. If all you have is ice, put it in a plastic bag and wrap it in a shirt or towel before applying it.
• Give the person anti-inflammatory drugs like Advil (ibuprofen) or Aleve (naproxen) for pain.

Some research has shown that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like Advil and Aleve can slow bone healing. However, short-term NSAID use appears to have little or no effect on healing. You may use Tylenol (acetaminophen) as an alternative for pain relief.

First Aid for Sprains

Adam Burn / Getty Images

A sprain is an injury to the connective tissues that hold bones, cartilage , and joints together ( ligaments ).

Sprains are most often caused when the twisting of a joint overstretches or tears these tissues. They tend to happen in the ankles, knees, and wrists.

The symptoms of a sprain are similar to those of a broken bone. A person will need to have an X-ray to figure out which injury they have.

The first thing to do is make sure that the injured person stops any unnecessary activity, as moving can make the injury worse.

Sprains often don’t require emergency treatment. However, you should get immediate medical care if the injured person:

• Has severe pain when they move or are touched
• Cannot put any weight on the injured joint
• Has increased bruising
• Has numbness or pins-and-needles near the sprain
• Shows signs of infection
• Has little or no improvement during the first week after the injury happens

If emergency care is not needed, follow these first aid steps:

• Keep the limb as still as possible.
• Apply a cold pack .
• Elevate the injured part if you can do so safely.
• Use NSAIDs for pain.
• Ask your provider about any other treatment for a sprain you might need.

First Aid for Nosebleeds

KidStock / Getty Images

Nosebleeds can have various causes. In children, the most common cause of a nosebleed is digital trauma—better known as picking your nose.

Other causes of a bloody nose include:

• Dry or hot air
• High altitudes
• Chemical fumes that irritate the nasal passages
• Colds and allergies
• Blowing your nose hard or often
• Trauma to the nose
• Deviated septum (crooked nasal cartilage)
• Nasal polyps (non-cancerous or cancerous growths in the nasal passage and sinuses) or nasal tumors
• Bleeding disorders (e.g., hemophilia and leukemia )
• High blood pressure
• Frequent use of nasal sprays, decongestants, and antihistamines
• Blood thinners (e.g. warfarin)
• Cocaine and other drugs that are inhaled or snorted

Many of these things dry out or damage the delicate membranes in your nostrils, causing them to get crusty and burst when irritated.

First aid for a nosebleed has a few simple steps.

If your nose is bleeding:

• Lean slightly forward, not back.
• Pinch your nose just below the bridge. It needs to be high enough that the nostrils are not pinched closed.
• After five minutes, check to see if the bleeding has stopped. If not, continue pinching and check after another 10 minutes.
• Apply a cold pack to the bridge of your nose while you’re pinching.

In some cases, you will need to let your provider know if you have a bloody nose.

Call your provider if:

• You get frequent nosebleeds.
• You have anemia symptoms (e.g., weakness, faintness, fatigue, and pale skin).
• You’re taking blood thinners.
• You have a clotting or bleeding disorder .
• You just started a new medication.
• You also have unusual bruising .

You might need to seek emergency medical care for a bloody nose.

Call 911 or go to the emergency room if:

• The bleeding will not stop even after more than 15 minutes of direct pressure.
• There is a lot of blood loss.
• You have a hard time breathing.
• You’ve swallowed a lot of blood and vomited it up.
• You’ve had a serious injury or a blow to the head .

First Aid for Frostbite

Dean Mitchell / Getty Images

Frostbite happens when the body’s tissues freeze deeply in the cold. This is the opposite of a burn, but the damage it does to your skin is almost the same.

Treating frostbite involves carefully and gradually warming the affected area. If at all possible, it should only be done by a medical professional. The most important reason to wait for rewarming is if there is any risk of refreezing.

If that’s not possible, or while you’re waiting for an ambulance, you can begin first aid for frostbite.

• Get out of the cold.
• Put the affected area in warm water (98 to 105 degrees) for 20 to 30 minutes.
• Do not rub the affected area.
• Do not use sources of dry heat (e.g., heating pads, fireplace).
• For fingers and toes, you can put clean cotton balls between them after they have warmed up.
• Loosely wrap the area with bandages.
• Use Tylenol (acetaminophen) or Advil (ibuprofen) for pain.
• Get medical attention as soon as possible.

For small areas of minor frostbite, you can also warm the area with skin-to-skin contact (putting your skin on someone else’s).

Get emergency treatment if the skin is hard and begins turning white.

First Aid for Bee Stings

HAYKIRDI / Getty Images

Bee stings can hurt a lot but are only a minor problem for many people. However, for people who are allergic to bee venom, a sting can be deadly.

An allergy can develop at any time—that’s why it’s important to always watch for an allergic reaction after a bee sting.

Signs of an allergic reaction to a sting include:

• Swelling away from the area that was stung
• Hives (raised, large red or skin-colored bumps)
• Signs of anaphylaxis (a life-threatening allergic reaction that can cause hives, swelling, chest pain, confusion, sweating, blue lips and nails, and trouble breathing)

Call 911 immediately or get the person to the hospital if they have signs of an allergic reaction to a bee sting.

If the person who was stung has a known allergy to bee stings, use an EpiPen to prevent anaphylaxis.

In someone without a known bee allergy, watch for signs of an allergy while you’re performing first aid:

• Get the stinger out immediately. This will prevent additional venom from getting into the person. To remove a stinger, it is best to use a straight-edged object such as a credit card to scrape the stinger out of the skin. Avoid squeezing the venom sac with tweezers or your fingers, as this can inject venom into the skin. 
• Wash the area with soap and water.
• Use a cold pack to help with the swelling at the site; however, do not apply ice directly to the skin. 
• Use an allergy medication or antihistamine (like Benadryl) to reduce swelling and itching. 

First aid kits are sold at many pharmacies and department stores, but you can also make your own. You should keep one in your vehicle and in your home.

A basic first-aid kit should contain:

• Adhesive bandages in multiple sizes and shapes
• Gauze pads in multiple sizes
• Compress dressings
• Adhesive cloth tape
• A roll of gauze
• Antiseptic wipes
• Antibiotic ointment
• Hydrocortisone ointment
• A breathing barrier for performing CPR
• An instant cold compress
• Baby aspirin
• An oral thermometer
• An emergency blanket

If you can get formal first aid training, that’s the best way to know what to do if a medical emergency happens to you, a loved one, or even a stranger.

Even without formal training, it helps to know the ABCs (airway, breathing, and circulation) and how to do CPR.

Attempting to provide first aid care is often better than doing nothing. Sometimes, acting quickly can save a person’s life.

Frequently Asked Questions

CPR, the Heimlich maneuver, and assessing and treating minor injuries like wounds, burns, sprains, and broken bones are common first aid procedures covered in a basic first aid course.

This is best left to healthcare professionals, as there are big risks to using a tourniquet—even when it’s done the right way. However, if direct pressure is not stopping the bleeding and a person’s life is in danger, anyone can make a tourniquet using a belt or torn piece of fabric.

American Red Cross. What is AED?

American Heart Association. Saving lives: why CPR AED training matter .

Charlton NP, Pellegrino JL, Kule A, et al. 2019 American Heart Association and American Red Cross focused update for first aid: presyncope: an update to the American Heart Association and American Red Cross guidelines for first aid . Circulation . 2019;140(24):e931-e938. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000730

AlSabah S, Al Haddad E, AlSaleh F. Stop the bleed campaign: a qualitative study from our experience from the middle east .  Ann Med Surg (Lond) . 2018;36:67-70. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2018.10.013

Nemours Foundation. First aid: cuts .

National Library of Medicine. Bleeding .

Johns Hopkins Medicine. Choking: First aid and prevention .

National CPR Foundation. Choking, hypothermia & dehydration .

National Library of Medicine. Choking - infant under 1 year .

American Burn Association. Initial first aid treatment for minor burns .

National Library of Medicine. Burns .

Hyland EJ, Connolly SM, Fox JA, Harvey JG. Minor burn management: potions and lotions .  Aust Prescr . 2015;38(4):124-127. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2015.041

National Library of Medicine. Minor burn - aftercare .

Johns Hopkins Medicine. Blisters .

Michigan Medicine. Blister care .

National Library of Medicine. Broken bone .

Wheatley BM, Nappo KE, Christensen DL, Holman AM, Brooks DI, Potter BK.  Effect of NSAIDs on bone healing rates: a meta-analysis .  J Am Acad Orthop Surg . 2019;27(7):e330-e336. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-17-00727

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Sprains, strains and Other soft-tissue injuries .

Nemours Foundation. First aid: strains and sprains .

Womack JP, Kropa J, Stabile MJ. Epistaxis: outpatient management . Am Fam Physician . 2018;98(4):240-5.

Nemours Foundation. Nosebleeds .

Beck R, Sorge M, Schneider A, Dietz A. Current approaches to epistaxis treatment in primary and secondary care .  Dtsch Arztebl Int . 2018;115(1-02):12-22. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2018.0012

Nemours Foundation. First aid: frostbite .

American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. Insect sting allergies .

American Red Cross. First aid steps .

Galante JM. Using Tourniquets to Stop Bleeding . JAMA. 2017 Apr 11;317(14):1490. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.8581

By Rod Brouhard, EMT-P Rod Brouhard is an emergency medical technician paramedic (EMT-P), journalist, educator, and advocate for emergency medical service providers and patients.

• Meaning of First Aid
• Aims of First Aid
• Basic Objectives of Psychological First Aid
• History of First Aid
• Scope of First Aid
• Golden Rules of First Aid
• Principles of First Aid
• Importance of First Aid
• Qualities of a First Aider
• Responsibilities of a First Aider
• Limitations of the First Aider
• Skills Required for the First Aider
• Seeking Immunization
• Coping with Unpleasantness
• Taking Stock after an Emergency
• Preparing for Emergencies
• Goals of Emergency Medical Treatment
• Principles Applied in Emergency Management
• Obtaining Data from the Patient
• Recording of Data
• Action at an Emergency
• Consent to Treatment
• Emergency Doctrine
• Right to Privacy and Confidentiality
• Mandatory Reporting
• Physical Evidence and chain of Custody
• Transfer Laws
• Solutions Used in First Aid
• By Getting others to Help You
• Determine the Priorities of Treatment
• Highest Priority
• Second Priority
• Lowest Priority
• Calling for Assistance
• Procedure for Counting Respiration
• Breathing is Increased in
• Breathing is Decreased in
• Sites to Check the Pulse Rate
• Procedure for Counting the Pulse
• Pulse Increases (Tachycardia) during
• Pulse Decreases (Bradycardia) during
• Pupil Reaction
• Level of Consciousness and Possible Cause
• Sites Where Temperature is Recorded
• Instrument by Which Temperature is Recorded
• Recording of Temperature
• Procedure for Taking Temperature by Mouth
• Procedure for Taking a Temperature in Axilla or Groin
• Procedure for Taking Rectal Temperature
• Body Temperature
• Ability to Move
• Reaction to Pain (Table 2.4)
• Systolic Pressure
• Diastolic Pressure
• Hypertension
• Signs of Death
• Secondary Victim Assessment
• Examining the Head
• Examining the Lips
• Examining of Teeth
• Examining the Eyes
• Examining the Nose
• Examining the Face
• Examining the Ears
• Examining the Skull
• Examining the Spine
• Examining the Lower Spine
• Examining the Trunk
• Examining the Arms
• Examining the Legs
• INTRODUCTION
• Purpose of Bandaging
• Functions of Bandages
• General Principles
• Types of Bandages
• Materials Used for Bandage
• Assessing before Applying Bandage
• Eye Bandage (Monocular)
• Bioccular Bandage
• Ear Mastoid Bandage
• Jaw Barton Bandage
• Capeline Bandage (Head Bandage)
• Shoulder Spica
• Width of the Bandages
• General Rules for Applying Bandages
• Applying Roller Bandage
• General Rules for Applying Roller Bandage
• Points to be Observed
• Hand Bandage
• Wrist and Forearm Bandage
• The Upper Arm Bandage
• Finger Bandages
• Spica of Thumb Bandage
• Method for Thumb Spica
• Spica of Shoulder Bandage
• Bandages for the Foot, Ankle and Leg
• Bandage for the Knee
• Spica of Hip Bandage
• Spica of Groin Bandage
• Head and Other Bandage
• Stump Bandage
• Many-Tailed Bandages
• Application of an Abdominal Many-Tailed Bandage
• ‘T’-Bandages
• Adhesive Bandage
• Tubular Gauze Bandage
• Triangular Bandage
• Hip and Groin
• Eye, Ear, Cheek Forehead and Jaw
• Uses of Slings
• Large Arm Sling
• Collar and Cuff Sling
• Triangular Sling
• Purpose of Binder
• Straight Binders
• Breast Binder
• Abdominal Binders
• Classification of Wounds (Fig. 5.1)
• Control of Bleeding
• First Aid Measures in Minor Wounds
• Chest Wounds
• Abdominal Wound
• Eye Injuries
• The Signs of Infection will Include
• Prevention of Infection can be Obtained by
• Purpose of Dressing
• Types of Dressing
• General Instructions
• Preliminary Assessment
• How to Use Sterile Dressing?
• External Hemorrhage
• Internal Hemorrhage
• Symptoms and Signs
• Varicose Veins
• Adult and Child Basic Life Support
• Basic Life Support 2011 Guidelines
• Steps of Basic Life Support
• Check Responsiveness
• Activate EMS (Emergency Medical System)
• Position the Unresponsive Victim
• Open the Airway
• Check for Breathing
• Mouth-to-Mouth Method
• Mouth-to-Nose Method
• Mouth-to-Stoma Method
• Mouth-to-Barrier Device
• Check for a Pulse
• Chain of Survival
• Follow these Steps to Accomplish Effective Chest Compression
• Switching Functions
• Complications of CPR
• Positioning an Unresponsive Infant
• Opening the Airway
• Rescue Breathing
• Check for Pulse
• Chest Compressions
• Injury Assessment
• Dislocation
• Movable Joints
• Immovable Joints
• Chest Injuries
• Rib Fracture
• Flail Chest
• Penetrating Abdominal Injuries
• Assessment for Abdominal Injuries
• Blunt Abdominal Trauma
• Emergency Management
• Head Injury
• Signs and Symptoms (Figs 7.5A and B)
• Signs and Symptoms
• Causes of Spinal Cord Injury
• Signs and Symptoms of Spinal Injury Include the Following
• The Measures of First Aid are as Follows
• Immediate Action
• Moving a Casualty
• Removal of Trapped Casualty
• Accidents with Dangerous Substances
• Effects of Shock
• Causes of Shock
• Progress of Shock
• Factors Influencing the Degree of Shock
• Hospital Treatment
• Sign and Symptoms
• Emergency Treatment
• Clinical Care
• Electrocardiogram
• Swan-Ganz Catheter
• In case of chest or abdomen injuries
• Causes of Unconsciousness
• Classification of Coma
• Clinical Manifestations of Brief Unconsciousness
• Early Symptoms of Supratentorial Coma
• Later Symptoms
• Manifestations of Infratentorial Coma
• Manifestations of Metabolic Coma
• Diagnosis of Unconsciousness
• Pharmacological Management
• Observation and Charting
• Eliminations
• Prevention of Contractures
• Care of Pressure Areas and the Prevention of Foot Drop
• Causes of Fracture
• Types of Fracture (Fig. 10.2)
• Immobilization of the Fractured Part
• Cheekbone and Nose Fractures
• First Aid Measures
• First aid measures
• Fracture of the Ribcage
• Flail Chest Injuries
• Materials Used
• Types of Splints
• Technique of Padding Splint
• Nursing Care of Patients after Application of Splints
• Circular Casts
• Model Casts
• Preparation of Plaster Bandages
• Purposes of Plaster Casts
• Preparation of the Patient
• Method of Application
• Care of the Patient after 24 Hours
• Removal of the cast
• After Care of the Equipment
• Skin Traction
• Skeletal Traction
• Principles Applied when Maintaining Traction and Extension
• Nursing Care and Value in Traction and Extension
• Blanket Lift
• Emergency Lift
• Burns Classification
• Burns are Caused by the Following
• Scalds are Caused by the Following
• Surface Area of the Body Burned
• For First and Second-Degree Burns
• For Third-Degree Burns
• Management of Burns
• Burns management includes
• Wound Care in Burns
• Management of Chemical Burns
• Chemical Burns of Eye
• Preventive Measures
• Causes of Poisoning
• Sources of Poisoning
• Mechanism of Action of Poison
• General Symptoms and Signs of Poisoning
• Self-care to be Taken by the Aider
• General Rules for Treatment of Swallowed Poisoning
• Type of Poisons
• The Goals of Emergency Treatment
• General Management
• HOUSEHOLD POISONS
• First Aid to be Given
• Drug Poisoning
• Depressants
• Aspirin Overdose
• In Early Stages of Unconsciousness
• In Later Stages of Unconsciousness
• Classification
• General Treatment
• Atropa Belladonna
• Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT)
• Petroleum Distillates
• Organophosphorus Compounds
• Naphthalene
• Strychnos Nux Vomica (Kuchla)
• Clinical Manifestations
• Clinical Features
• First Aid Management
• Hospital Management
• Bee and Wasp Bites
• Tick and Mite Bites
• Spider Bite (Figs 13.6A and B)
• Leech Bite (Fig. 13.7)
• Fish Stings
• Foreign Bodies in the Alimentary Tract
• Foreign Bodies in the Stomach
• Remember the Following Points to Avoid Severe Loss by the Foreign Bodies
• Fish Hook in the Skin
• Foreign Bodies in the Nose
• What Not To Do?
• Introduction
• Abdominal Thrusts
• In Case of Unconscious Casualty
• First Aid for Child
• First Aid for Choking Infants (Conscious)
• First Aid in Unconscious Infant
• Causes Affecting the Respiratory Tract
• Causes Affecting the Respiratory Mechanism
• Causes Affecting the Respiratory Center
• Early Stages
• Later Stages
• General Rules for Treatment of Asphyxia
• First Aid in Special Cases
• General Symptoms and Signs
• General Measures
• First Aid in Inhalation of Fumes
• Classification of Shock
• Signs and Symptoms of Shock
• First Aid in Shock
• Respiratory Signs Include
• Skin Manifestations
• Cardiovascular Manifestations
• Gastrointestinal Discomforts
• Additional Treatment as Indicated
• Clinical Manifestation
• Metabolic Consideration
• Diagnostic Evaluation
• Medical Management
• Nursing Management
• Preventive Measures of Extreme Heat
• Signs and Symptoms of Frostbite Include
• Preventive Measures for Extreme Cold
• It Occurs After
• Treatment (Fig. 16.1)
• Tension-type Headache
• Migraine Headache
• Signs and Symptoms of Migraine Headache
• Prophylactic Treatment
• Cough is Induced by the Following
• Different Respiratory Disorders Present Different Types of Cough
• Therapeutic Measure
• Nursing Assessment
• Nursing Intervention
• Therapeutic Measures
• Hypoxemic Hypoxia
• Circulatory Hypoxia
• Anemic Hypoxia
• Histotoxic Hypoxia
• Interventions
• Nursing Measures
• It is Manifested by
• Complications of Respiratory Acidosis are
• Etiology and Risk Factors
• Adrenergic Manifestation
• Neuroglycopenic (Decreased Glucose to Brain) Manifestation
• The Physiologic Causes of Syncope Fall Under Two Categories
• Vasovagal Syncope
• Postural Hypotension (Orthostatic)
• Cardiac Syncope
• Carotid Sinus Syncope
• Cerebral Syncope
• Hematologic Causes of Syncope
• Pulmonary Disorders
• Diagnosis is Made by
• Reproducing Syncopal Attacks
• Nursing Responsibility
• GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING AND TRANSPORT OF INJURED
• LIFTING THE CASUALTY
• MANUAL LIFTS
• CARRIES FOR ONE FIRST AIDER
• Four-handed Seat
• Two-handed Seat
• Chair Method
• LIFTING A CASUALTY IN A WHEEL CHAIR
• Types of Stretcher
• PREPARING A STRETCHER OR A TROLLEY BED
• Loading a Casualty on to a Pole-and-Canvas Stretcher
• Placing a Blanket Under the Casualty
• Carrying a Stretcher
• For Four Bearers
• Crossing Uneven Ground
• Crossing a Wall
• Moving a Stretcher From One Level to Another
• LOADING AN AMBULANCE
• UNLOADING AN AMBULANCE
• Parts of the Body do Sports Injuries Affect
• Sprains and Strains
• Minor Head Injuries
• Tennis Elbow
• Golfer's Elbow
• Knee Pain (Runner's Knee)
• Stress Fractures
• Cartilage Damage
• Broken Bones
• Severe Head Injuries
• Ligament Damage
• THE BODY HEALING PROCESS
• The History of Injury
• McMurray's Test
• Apley's Grinding Test
• Non-operative Management
• Operative Management
• Osteogenic Causes of Shin Pain
• Achilles Tendonitis
• Retrocalcaneal Pain
• Plantar Fasciitis
• Athlete's Foot
• Frozen Shoulder
• Wrist Pain in Gymnasts
• Finger Tendon Injury
• Dental Injuries
• Under Water Diving Injuries
• Maxillofacial Injuries
• Nasal Injuries
• Treatment of Sports Injuries
• Immobilization
• Therapeutic Heating
• Infrared Radiation
• Conduction Heat
• Microwave Diathermy
• Short Wave Diathermy
• Pulse Short Wave
• Faradic Stimulation
• High Voltage Stimulation
• Rehabilitation
• Electro Stimulation
• Cold/Cryotherapy
• Heat/Thermotherapy
• Arthroscopy
• Tissue Engineering
• Targeted Pain Relief
• Advances Might we Expect in the Future
• MANUAL THERAPY
• Tips for Preventing Injury
• Prevention of Sports Injuries
• Natural Disaster
• Man-made Disaster
• Impact of Disaster on Community
• Role of ICN in Disaster Preparedness
• Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness Activities
• Disaster Response
• Disaster Recovery
• Relief Response
• Disaster Management
• Preparedness
• I. Levels of Disaster and Agency Involvement
• American Red Cross
• Other Voluntary Organizations
• Business and Labor Organizations
• Disaster Management by Health Sector in India
• IMPORTANT AGENCIES IN INDIA
• Principles of Disaster Plan
• Hospital Disaster Manual
• Objectives of Triage Nursing
• Principles of Triage
• Function of Triage
• Goals of Triage
• Triage Acuity Determinates
• Key Points in Triage in the Emergency Department
• Triage Team Members
• Triage Set-up
• Before Admission to the Hospital
• The Admission Process
• Triage is Important
• Respiration
• Blood Pressure (BP)
• State of Consciousness
• Driving the Ambulance to the Scene
• Understanding the Law
• Facts to be Known by the Driver
• During Emergency Operations, the Driver May
• Driver Should Realize that
• Visual Warning Signal
• Stopping Distance
• Standing Water
• Poor Visibility
• Steering Failure
• Brake Failure
• Accelerator Failure
• Objects on the Roadway
• Animals in the Roadway
• People in the Roadway
• Night Driving
• Education and Licensing
• Requirements
• Administrative Duties
• Medical Duties
• Telephone Triage
• The Types of Patients who Attend Casualty Services are
• FUNCTIONS OF EMERGENCY CARE/CASUALTY
• INFRASTRUCTURE AND DESIGN OF CASUALTY DEPARTMENT (FIG. 22.1)
• Facilities for Management
• STAFF REQUIREMENT IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
• COMMON PROBLEMS FACED IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
• Traffic Control
• Communication
• Availability of All Medical Supplies
• Medicolegal Aspects of Emergency Department
• Nursing Assignment
• Nursing Diagnosis
• Implementation
• Benefits for the Client
• Benefits for the Nurse
• A Framework for Accountability
• Prerequisites to Assessment
• Sources of Data
• Methods of Data Collection
• Guidelines for Data Collection
• Diagnostic Reasoning
• Errors in Diagnosis
• Using a Nursing Diagnosis
• Ten Rules for Writing a Nursing Diagnosis
• Collaborative Problems
• Phases of Planning
• Setting Priorities
• Establishing Goals for Nursing Action
• Team Planning
• Formulating the Nursing Care Plan
• Characteristics
• Providing Self-care
• Nursing Roles
• Formal Evaluation Models
• The Following Points are to be Kept in Mind while Doing Palpation
• Methods of Percussion
• Auscultation
• Manipulations
• Testing of Reflexes
• General Appearance
• Mental Status
• Skin Conditions
• Head and Face
• Mouth and Pharynx
• Extremities
• Genital and Rectum
• Neurological Tests
• Articles Appropriate for Specific Examination
• Preparation of the Environment
• Preparation of the Equipment (Fig. 24.2)
• Physical Preparation
• Mental Preparation
• Principle in Physical Examination
• To Take Height and Weight
• To Measure the Skull Circumference
• Examination of the Eyes
• Examination of the Ears
• Examination of the Nose, Throat and Mouth
• Examination of the Neck
• Examination of the Chest
• Examination of the Abdomen
• Examination of Genitalia
• Examination of Rectum
• Examination of Upper Extremities
• Examination of Lower Extremities
• Examination of Back
• Care after Examination
• Nurse's Responsibilities during Physical Examination
• Nose and Sinuses
• Breasts and Armpits
• Front of Chest and Lungs
• Rectum and Anus
• Reproductive Organs
• Musculoskeletal System
• Blood Vessels
• Neurologic Screen
• The 12 Nerves in the Head (Cranial)
• Purpose and General Action of Drugs
• The Routes can be Broadly Divided into Two Groups
• Following are some of the Important Routes, through which Drugs are Administered.
• Side Effects
• Toxic Effects
• Additive Effects
• Potentiation
• Cumulative Action
• Adverse Effects of Drugs
• Important Antidotes
• Factors Involved in Adverse Effects of Drugs
• Weights and Measurement
• The Nature of Drug
• Drugs are Classified According to their Action
• Special Points to be noted during any Injection
• Drugs Generally Used
• Vasodilators
• Goals of Oxygen Therapy
• Indications
• Mechanism of Action
• Description
• Descriptions
• Precautions
• Assessment and Diagnostic Methods
• Non-surgical Measures Include
• Surgical Management
• Causes of Epilepsy
• Differential Diagnosis
• Anticonvulsant Drug Therapy
• Surgical Treatment
• Nursing Management of Patients with Seizures
• Patient Education and Rehabilitation
• Risk Factor
• Pathophysiology
• Epidemiology
• Recognized Causes or Predisposing Conditions
• I. Infective Causes
• Noninfective Causes
• Coagulation Disorder
• Types of Strokes
• Cerebral Thrombosis
• Cerebral Embolism
• Cerebral Ischemia
• Causes of Hemorrhagic Stroke
• Risk Factors for Stroke
• Internal Carotid Artery
• Anterior Cerebral Artery
• Middle Cerebral Artery
• Posterior Cerebral Artery
• Basilar Artery
• Manifestation of Hemisphere Involvement
• I. First Aid in Stroke
• II. Medical Management
• III. Surgical Treatment
• IV. Nursing Management
• Psychological Needs
• Discharge Planning and Continuity of Care
• Nurses Responsibilities in Prevention of Strokes
• How to Recognize Heart Attack
• First Aid in Heart Attack
• Reducing the Result of Sexual Assault
• Three Ways to Reduce the Risk of SIDS
• Measures to be Taken during Such Condition Lie
• Premonitory Stage
• Tonic Stage
• Clonic Stage
• Comatose Stage
• Prevention of Infection
• Description of the Procedure
• Immediately after Procedure
• The Delivery of the Placenta (Afterbirth)
• If the Bleeding is Still not Under Control
• Care of the Baby after Birth
• Cutting the Cord
• Atonic Uterus
• Traumatic Hemorrhage in Third Stage
• Blood Coagulation Disorders
• Immediate Measures
• Management Steps
• Supportive Therapy
• Active Management
• Nursing Considerations
• Scar Rupture and Dehiscence
• Complete and Incomplete Rupture
• Spontaneous and Traumatic Rupture
• Risk Factors
• Nursing Care
• Once a Rupture is Diagnosed
• Pelvic Examination
• Advice on Discharge
• Manifestations
• Risks of PROM
• Preterm PROM
• Signs of Obstructed Labor
• Effects on Mother
• Effects on the Fetus
• Management of Obstructed Labor
• Measures of Management
• Obstetric Management
• Assessment in Accident and Emergency
• Measures to Ameliorate the Problem
• Depth of Injury
• Percent of Body Surface Area Involved
• Location of the Burns
• Association with Other Injuries
• The Most Common Cause of Burn are
• Immediate Management
• Laboratory and Imaging Studies
• Emergency Care
• Care in the Hospital
• Composition
• Small Objects
• Anatomic Location
• Degree of Air Passage Obstruction
• Complications
• Diagnostic Evaluations
• Approach to the Child
• Termination of Exposure to the Poison
• Immediate Removal of the Poison
• Non-corrosive Substances
• Diagnostic valuation
• Etiopathology of Prenatal Asphyxia
• Prophylactic
• Babies with Apgar Score: 7–10
• Babies with Apgar Score: 4–6
• Babies with Apgar Score Below 4
• Prognosis: It Depends Upon
• Resuscitation Equipment and Medications
• Resuscitation—Stepwise Approach
• Bag and Mask Ventilation
• Chest Compression
• Endotracheal Intubation
• Medications
• High-risk Pregnancies
• High-risk Newborns
• Screening for High-risk
• Special Care Neonatal Units (SCNUs)
• Before an Earthquake
• During an Earthquake
• After an Earthquake
• Before a Cyclone
• When Cyclone Approaches
• After a Cyclone
• Principles of First Aid in War
• Types of Warfare
• NUCLEAR WEAPONS
• CHEMICAL WARFARE
• Radiation Sickness
• Injuries from Blast
• Labeling of Casualties in War
• Oxygenation
• Airway Adjuncts
• Ventilation Circuits
• Support of Circulation
• ECG Monitoring
• Defibrillation
• Electrical Defibrillation
• Correction of Acidosis and Fluid Replacement (Figs 31.3A and B)
• Volume replacement
• Drugs in Advanced Cardiac Life Support
• Termination of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (Fig. 31.4)
• Defibrillator
• Current-based Defibrillator
• Automatic Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator
• Mode of Pacing (Figs 31.9A and B and 31.10)
• Depending on the Place of Action
• Indications for Artificial Pacemakers
• Temporary Pacemakers
• Permanent Pacemakers
• Patient Teaching
• Trouble Shooting
• External Transcutaneous Pacemakers
• Obtaining Sample for Arterial Blood Gas Analysis
• Obtaining Sample by Direct Puncture
• Interpretation of Arterial Blood Gas
• Metabolic Acidosis
• Metabolic Alkalosis
• Respiratory Acidosis
• Respiratory Alkalosis
• Ventilators are not Respirators
• Indications for Ventilatory Support
• Types of Positive-Pressure Ventilators
• Modes of Mechanical Ventilation
• Special Positive-Pressure Ventilation Technique
• Newer Modes of Mechanical Ventilation
• Pressure Support Ventilation
• High Frequency Ventilation
• Type of Ventilation
• Fluid Retention and Hemodynamic Alteration
• Ventilator Troubleshooting
• Respiratory Parameters as Criteria for Weaning (Huba)
• Signs of Fatigue
• Psychological Readiness
• Methods of Weaning
• Causes of Failure to Wean
• Patient who is Fighting the Ventilator
• Route of Insertion
• Types of Tube
• Physical Management
• Psychological Care of the Patient
• Laryngeal and Tracheal
• Client/family Teaching
• Implementation Phase
• Oropharyngeal and Nasopharyngeal Suctioning
• Orotracheal and Nasotracheal Suctioning
• Client/Family Teaching
• Belated Nursing Care
• Parts of the Tracheostomy Tube (Fig. 31.19)
• Indications for Tracheostomy
• Complications of Tracheostomy
• 32: Terminology

Chapter Notes

Introduction to first aid 1.

• First aid is the initial assistance or treatment given to a casualty for any injury or sudden illness, before the arrival of an ambulance, doctor or other qualified person. The ‘first aid’ itself signifies that the casualty is in need of ‘secondary aid’.
• First aid is the immediate care given to the injured or suddenly ill person. First aid does not take the place of proper medical treatment. It consists only of giving temporary assistance until, competent medical care, if needed, is obtained, or until the chance of recovery without medical care is ensured. Most injuries and illnesses require only first aid care.
• To save the life.
• To ease the pain.
• To limit the effects of the condition.
• To promote recovery.
• To prevent conditions that might increase the original injury.
• To arrange for transportation to the hospital.
• To preserve life.
• To prevent further injury and deterioration of the condition.
• To prevent complications related to injury or illness conditions.
• To make the victim as comfortable as possible to conserve the strength.
• To put the injured person under professional medical care at the earliest.
• To establish a human connection in a non-intrusive, compassionate manner.
• To enhance immediate and ongoing safety, and provide physical and emotional comfort. Calm and orient emotionally-overwhelmed or distraught survivors.
• To help survivors to articulate immediate needs and concerns, and gather additional information as appropriate.
• To offer practical assistance and information to help survivors address their immediate needs and concerns.
• To connect survivors as soon as possible to social support networks, including family members, friends, neighbors and community helping resources.
• To support adaptive coping, acknowledge coping efforts and strengths, and empower survivors; encourage adults, children and families to take an active role in their recovery.
• To provide information that may help survivors to cope effectively with the psychological impact of disasters.
• Facilitate continuity in disaster response efforts by clarifying how long the psychological first aid provider will be available and (when appropriate) linking the survivor to another member of a disaster response team or to indigenous recovery systems, mental health services, public-sector services and organizations.
• To determine the nature of the case requiring attention so far, as is necessary for intelligent and efficient treatment or diagnosis.
• To decide on the character and extent of the ‘treatment’ to be given and to apply the treatment, which is most suited to the circumstances until medical aid is available.
• To arrange for the ‘disposal’ of the casualty by shifting him either to his home or other suitable shelter or to hospital. 4
• Do ‘first things first quickly’, quietly and without fuss or panic.
• ‘Give artificial respiration’, if breathing has stopped—every second counts.
• ‘Stop’ any bleeding.
• ‘Guard against or treat for shock’ by moving the casualty as little as possible and handling him gently.
• ‘Do not attempt too much’—do the minimum that is essential to save life—and prevent the condition from worsening.
• ‘Reassure the casualty’ and those around thus help to lessen anxiety.
• Do not allow people to crowd a round, as fresh air is essential.
• Do not remove clothes unnecessarily.
• Arrange for the removal of the casualty to the care of a doctor (or) hospital, as soon as possible.
• Make sure that victim's airway is not blocked by the tongue, secretions or some foreign body— restore respiration.
• Make sure that the person is breathing, if not administer artificial respiration—restore respiration.
• Make sure that the patient has a pulse or no pulse, if no pulse is felt, administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)—restoration of circulation.
• check for bleeding—take measures to control bleeding.
• Act fast if the victim is bleeding severely or if he has swallowed poison or if his heart or breathing has stopped. Every second counts for his survival.
• Arrange without delay for shifting of victim to the hospital for medical attention, even the most injured persons can be safely moved. It is vitally important not to move a person with serious neck and/or back injuries unless taking proper measure to ensure and to save him from further danger.
• Keep the victim/patient lying down and quiet. If he has vomited and there is no danger that his neck is broken, turn him on his side to prevent choking. Keep him warm by covering him with blankets or coats.
• Have someone called for medical assistance while applying first aid. The person who summons help should explain the nature of the emergency and ask what should be done if the arrival of the ambulance is pending.
• Examine the victim gently, cut clothing if necessary to avoid abrupt movements, which add up pain. Do not pull clothing away from burns, unless it is still smouldering.
• Reassure the victim, try to remain calm yourself. Your calmness can allay his fear and panic.
• Do not give fluids to an unconscious or semiconscious persons by slapping or shaking.
• Look for an emergency identification card for medical information related to victim.
• The immediate objective of first aid at a given situation is to save the life of the individual.
• It is the first objective of first aid to reduce pain. 5
• First aid should help to avoid further injury. It should correct situations, which tend to increase the original injury.
• The first aid should form a basis for subsequent treatment by the doctor or the hospital staff.
• It can be done by supplying details of accident, injury, the first aid treatment given, etc. The ultimate aim of first aid is to prevent disability and death.

• Observant: Noting the cause and signs of injury.
• Tactful: Avoiding thoughtless questions and learning the symptoms and history of the case.
• Resourceful: Using whatever is at hand to the best advantage so as to prevent further damage.
• Explicit: Giving clear instructions to the patient and advice to the assistants.
• Discriminating: First aider may decide which of the several injuries should be given attention.

• Gain access to the patient in easiest and safest way.
• Observe the accident scene and assess the situation.
• If necessary, direct others to direct traffic, keep bystanders at a safe distance and make essential telephone calls. Turn off all engines that may be still running.
• To find out whether casualty is unconscious, conscious, alive or dead.
• Identify the disease or condition from which the casualty is suffering.
• Give immediate, appropriate and adequate treatment considering priority of first aid measures. Such as first priority will be of restoration of breathing and circulation, while second will be stopping the bleeding.
• Should bear in mind that a casualty may have more than one injury and that some casualties will require more urgent attention than others. 6
• Arranging without delay for shifting of the casualty to a doctor, hospital or home according to the condition in such a manner that the injury is not complicated or the victim is not subjected to unnecessary discomfort.
• Keeping the record of the patient and of the incidence, addresses and witness.
• Once a first aider has voluntarily started care, he should not leave the scene, or stop the care until a qualified and responsible person relieves him.
• The first aider should be observant with the rules or objectives of first aid and act quickly and vigilantly.
• He should inspire confidence in the patient and others closely related to the patient.
• If breathing movements are not proper, the lips, tongue and finger nails become blue. In such a situation, artificial respiration should be started immediately.
• If there is heavy bleeding; it may be from wounds through one or more large vessels. In this condition, pressure should be applied directly over the wound. For this, a clean handkerchief or a pad may be kept on the wound and pressed firmly with one or both hands, then apply a firm bandage.
• The third important factor to be attended immediately is shock. Shock accompanies severe injury or emotional disturbance. Cold and clammy skin, beads of perspiration on the forehead and palms. Pale face, nausea and vomiting are the common symptoms of shock.
• Control the scene of accident.
• Gain access to the patient.
• Evaluate the scene in terms of safety and possible cause of accident.
• Gather information from patient and bystanders.
• Determine vital signs (pulse, breathing, skin temperature).
• Determine diagnostic signs and relate those to possible injuries or sudden illnesses that require emergency care.
• Open airway.
• Breathing (breathlessness—provide artificial ventilation).
• Circulation (pulselessness—provide one and two rescuer cardiopulmonary resuscitation).
• Bleeding control (hemorrhage controlled by direct pressure and elevation, pressure points and tourniquets).
• Diagnosis and care for shock.
• Diagnosis and care for soft tissue and internal injuries including basic dressing and bandaging techniques.
• Diagnosis and care for open and closed fractures, sprains, strains and dislocations, including cold treatment and basic splinting techniques.
• Detect and care for poisoning including alcohol and drug abuse.
• Diagnosis and care for heart attack, stroke, diabetes, coma, insulin shock and epileptic or other seizures. 7
• Diagnosis and care for facial injuries, head injuries, neck and spinal injuries and chest injuries including fractured ribs, flail chest and penetrating chest wounds.
• Diagnosis and care for burns and smoke inhalation.
• Diagnosis and care for exposure to heat and cold, which includes heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, hypothermia and frostbite.
• Assist in childbirth and care of the newborn.
• Psychological and proper emergency care to victims of crisis and disasters.
• Perform proper transformation techniques.
• If you become concerned that you might have caught something after you have given first aid, contact your doctor.
• Regular first aiders should seek medical advice about immunization against hepatitis B.
• Protection by immunization can also sometimes be offered following exposure.
• The practice of first aid is sometimes messy, smelly and distasteful and you may be afraid that you will not be able to cope with unpleasantness.
• In the event, such fears are usually groundless and most people perform very well.
• Taking a first aid course will, however, greatly improve confidence and self-reliance.
• The thorough training received will help to control emotions, and carry through many difficult situations.
• Having given first aid and handed your casualty over, take stock of your own feelings. These may well have been put to one side as you took action. Assisting at an emergency is a stressful event and it is not uncommon (a ‘delayed reaction’ to strike the first aider sometime afterwards).
• Hopefully, your feelings will be of satisfaction or even elation, but it is not uncommon to feel upset, particularly if you have assisted a stranger, then you may thus never know the outcome of your efforts.
• Above all, never reproach yourself, or bottle up your feelings. It will often help greatly to talk over your experience with a friend, your doctor or your first aid trainer.
• These are sensations that the casualty feels or experiences and may be able to describe. You may need to ask questions to establish their presence or absence.
• Ask a conscious casualty if there is any pain and exactly where it is felt. Examine that part particularly and then any other sites where pain is felt; severe pain in one place can mask a more serious, but less painful injury at another place.
• Other symptoms that may help you include nausea, giddiness, heat, cold, weakness, and impaired sensation.
• All symptoms should be assessed and confirmed, wherever appropriate, by an examination for signs of injury or illness.
• These are details discovered by applying your senses—sight, touch, hearing, and smell, often in the course of an examination.
• Common signs of injury include bleeding, swelling, tenderness or deformity; signs of illness that are very often evident are a pale or flushed skin, sweating, a raised body temperature and a rapid pulse.
• Many signs are immediately obvious, but others may be discovered only in the course of thorough physical examination.
• If the casualty is unconscious, your diagnosis may have to be formed purely on the basis of the circumstances of the incident, information obtained from onlookers and the signs you discover.
• Keep important information about you and your family in a handy place. Information regarding address, age, medical condition, allergies, prescription, doctor's name and phone number.
• Learn and stay practiced in first aid skills, such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
• Keep the first aid kit readily available in your home, workplace, leisure center, and cars. Any first aid kit must be kept in a dry place and checked and replenished regularly, so that items are always ready for use. 9
• To prevent deterioration before more definitive treatment can be given.
• To restore the patient to useful living.
• Maintain a patent airway and provide adequate ventilation, employing resuscitation measures when necessary. Assess for chest injuries with subsequent airway obstruction.
• Control hemorrhage and its consequences.
• Evaluate and restore cardiac output.
• Prevent and treat shock; maintain or restore effective circulation.
• Carry out a rapid initial and ongoing physical examination; the clinical course of the injured or seriously ill patient is not static.
• Assess whether or not the patient can follow commands, evaluate the size and reactivity of the pupils and motor responses.
• Start electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring, if appropriate.
• Splint suspected fractures, including fractures of the cervical spine in patients with head injuries.
• Protect wounds with sterile dressings.
• Check to see if the patient has a medical alert tag or any similar identification designating allergies.
• Start a flow sheet of the patient's vital signs, blood pressure, neurological status, etc. to guide decision making.

• What were the circumstances, forces, location and time of the injury?
• When did the symptoms appear?
• How did the patient reach the hospital?
• What was the health status of the patient before the accident or illness?
• Is there a past history of illness? of past admissions?
• Is the patient currently taking any medications especially hormones, insulin, digitalis, anticoagulants?
• Does the patient have any allergies?
• Does the patient have any bleeding tendencies?
• When was the last meal eaten? (Important if an anesthetic is to be given)
• Is the patient under a physician's care? Name of physician?
• What was the date of the patient's most recent tetanus immunization?
• Preserve life.
• Prevent deterioration in the casualty's condition.
• Promote recovery.
• A rapid but calm approach.
• A quick assessment of the situation and the casualty.
• A correct diagnosis of the condition based on the history of the incident, and the casualty's history, symptoms and signs.
• Immediate and appropriate treatment of any conditions diagnosed.
• Proper disposal of the casualty according to the injury or condition.
• Informed consent to treatment means that clients are knowledgeable of all treatments and procedures and agree to these before implementation.
• The information must be presented in a language in which the client is fluent and at an appropriate level so that the client understands the implications of any treatments. 11
• By being informed, clients also have the right to refuse any treatments or procedures before they are implemented.
• When a client is unable to give consent or is unconscious, emergency treatment can be provided under the emergency doctrine.
• This doctrine implies that the client would have considered to treatment if able, because the alternative would have been death or disability.
• The emergency doctrine removes the need for obtaining informed consent before emergency treatment and care are initiated.
• All clients have a right to privacy and clients with emergencies are no different. This right includes the need for consent to use names and photographs of the client; not allowing unauthorized persons into the client's hospital area and not disclosing private facts to the public or falsely representing the client to the public.
• Information about the client's condition, treatments and outcomes are to be respected and handled with discretion.
• Any communication about the client's conditions, treatments and documentation are confidential and disclosed only with the client's permission.
• Mandatory reporting laws require hospitals, nurses and physicians to notify the appropriate local, state or federal agency when certain conditions or incidents occur
• These include child, spouse or elder abuse; motor vehicle crashes; injuries resulting from violence; attempted suicides; animal bites; overdoses and poisonings.
• Certain communicable disorders such as meningitis, sexually transmitted diseases and food poisonings are also reportable to the state health department.
• When injuries are suspected or identified, the nurse must notify the physician in charge of the care and other individuals identified by hospital policy. The appropriate agency must be notified and a report filed.
• Meticulous documentation and handling of evidence are of particular concern, in situations in which injury is resulted from a violent crime, such as shooting or sexual assault.
• All evidence discovered during the examination is recorded. Documentation of samples includes—the bodily location, from which the sample was obtained and when and to whom it was delivered.
• Evidence should be maintained in its original condition. Clothing is stored in a paper bag instead of a plastic bag, to prevent decomposition.
• If clothing needs to be cut off the client, special attention is taken not to destroy evidence inadvertently. 12
• Bullets removed from the client's body or recovered from clothing are handled with care. From the bullet removed, the physician usually makes a mark on the bottom of the bullet.
• The identifying mark is referred to later during an investigation or trial. The bullet is then placed in a sealed bag, labeled and given to proper authorities.
• The bag is sealed so that removal of the seal will be obvious. If the bullet is kept in the emergency department for any reason, it is kept in a locked and a secure place.
• All persons having access to the bullet must sign for it; thus, a chain of custody is maintained. This information is included in the medical record.
• Specimens obtained for legal purposes, as opposed to clinical purposes, include blood samples. For example, determination of blood alcohol levels and items obtained during the examination of an alleged sexual assault victim.
• When a blood alcohol determination is desired by the client or legal authorities, the client's written permission must be obtained before drawing the specimen.
• No client may be forced into having a blood sample drawn. In many instances, police officers have a kit with the necessary equipment for drawing the specimen.
• Isopropyl alcohol or any antiseptic solution containing alcohol must not be used as a skin preparation before a blood alcohol specimen is drawn. These agents may falsely elevate the blood alcohol level and render the test invalid.
• The nurse must know the laws within the state that identify who may draw blood for alcohol level determinations.
• Once the specimen is drawn, it is handed to a police officer, who signs that the specimen has been received. The tube is sealed with an identifying mark placed on the seal. The chain of custody is similar to that for bullets.
• Documentation of the procedure on the client's clinical record along with the nurse's signature and the name and badge number of the officer is important.
• Gauze dressing 5 and 10 cm square in individual sterile package.
• Rolls of gauze bandages 5 and 8 cm wide.
• Adhesive bandages in assorted sizes.
• Roll of absorbent cotton.
• Adhesive tape.
• Mild antiseptic.
• Scissors, tweezers, safety pins.
• Tube of petroleum jelly.
• Laundered, ironed sheets of cotton about 1 meter and square for making slings and bandages.
• Paper and pencil to record clues including patients pulse rate.
• Tongue depressor.
• Thermometer.
• Rubber catheter, tourniquet.
• Mackintosh.
• Dettol: It is used to clean wounds and surrounding area (2–4 teaspoonful in 500 ml of water). It is also used to sterilize instruments that cannot be sterilized by heat.
• Savion: It is used to wash hospital equipment, disinfect soiled linen and spray patients room (half measure in 2 liters of water). It is also used to clean wounds.
• Potassium permanganate: It is used for throat gargles, bladder wash (1 : 60). It is also used in snake bites. It can be used for purification of water.
• Spirit: It is used for disinfection of skin, instruments and ampules. It should not be applied to wounds or raw surfaces because it removes coagulum formed on the raw area.
• Boric acid: It is used in solution form (5%) as mouthwash and for irrigation of the urinary bladder, skin and mucosal inflammation like eczema, burns, bed sores, etc. It can be used in ointment form and as dusting powder.
• Iodine: It is used in the form of tincture (2%) for disinfection of skin, treatment of wounds, etc.
• Acriflavine: It is an aniline dye used as an antiseptic (1:1000) for dressing wounds. Glycerin acriflavine is useful for edematous and infected wounds. 14
• Nitrofurazone: It is used as an antibacterial agent for dressing wounds.
• Hydrogen peroxide: It is used for cleaning wounds on contact with tissues, it releases nascent oxygen which oxidizes necrotic material and the tissue debris and necrotic material float on the bubbles formed. Some heat is generated in the process.
• Gentian violet (1% solution): It is used in the application to infected wounds, mucous membranes and serous surfaces. It is used for treatment of monilial infections of throat and vagina.
• Carbolic acid: It is used to cauterize dog bites, snake bites, etc. It is also used to sterilize sharp instruments like scissors and scalpels.
• Harkreader H. Fundamentals of nursing: Caring and clinical judgment. W.B. Saunders.  Philadelphia:  2004.
• Hogan MA, Thobaben M. Harkreader, H. Study guide for fundamentals of nursing: Caring and clinical judgment. WB Saunders.  Philadelphia:  2004.
• Hogan MA, Thobaben M. Harkreader, H. Study guide for fundamentals of nursing: Caring and clinical judgment. W.B. Saunders.  Philadelphia:  2004.
• Jarvis, C. Physical exam and health assessment. W.B. Saunders.  Philadelphia:  2004.
• Mosby's medical, nursing & allied health dictionary (5th ed.). (1998). Mosby.  St Louis:  (If you already have a medical dictionary check with the course chair to see if it is acceptable)
• Perry, Pottor. Basic Nursing Essential for practice. Mosby;  New York;  5th ed. 1995.

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California lawmakers approve bill to extend home mortgage aid to undocumented immigrants

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The California Assembly gave final appoval Wednesday to a bill that could help undocumented immigrants in California buy homes, despite opposition from Republicans who said it would encourage more Mexican immigrants to cross the border illegally.

Elon Musk went as far as posting on his social platform X that “half of Earth should move to California, given all the incentives to do so.”

Assembly Bill 1840 , which now goes to Gov. Gavin Newsom’s desk, would allow undocumented immigrants to apply alongside other qualified applicants for the California Dream for All Shared Appreciation Loans program. The program offers no-interest loans of up to $150,000 to cover down payments and fees.

As the bill made its way through the state Senate and Assembly this week, lawmakers debated whether undocumented people, and specifically Mexican immigrants, should be eligible for a program that doesn’t have enough money to meet the demand. According to the California Housing Finance Agency, no new applications are being accepted for the program currently because all of its funding has been allocated.

Republican Assembly members argued Wednesday that the bill’s expansion would unfairly take away loans from U.S. citizens.

“What is not right is, you are going to overshadow many eligible people who really, really, really are having difficulty themselves,” Assemblymember Tom Lackey (R-Palmdale) said. “And they happen to be documented.... People who have followed all the rules in life are going to be displaced.”

Newsom’s budget plan saves vital programs for immigrants, but kids and hungry seniors may suffer

The state budget deal preserves funding for immigration legal clinics at Cal State campuses and In-Home Supportive Services for the undocumented.

June 26, 2024

Another argument made by Assemblymember Kate A. Sanchez (R-Rancho Santa Margarita) was that the program would encourage “more illegal, not legal, immigration into this state.”

“This isn’t rocket science. If you’re giving out free stuff, more people are going to come,” Sanchez said.

Democrats countered that the program was intended to help all eligible first-time home buyers, including immigrants “in good standing.” The measure would simply clarify that undocumented immigrants who have a state taxpayer identification number and pay taxes are eligible, they said.

That would include Cambodian, Korean, Haitian, and Nigerian immigrant populations, Assemblymember Isaac Bryan (D-Los Angeles) said. “I believe that we can focus on our immigrant populations and take care of our native born populations here in California,” Bryan said.

The bill’s lead author, Assembymember Joaquin Arambula (D-Fresno), said lawmakers needed to remind themselves that the nation and the state is made up of immigrants who “come here and make our economy better.”

“So for those who have a good credit score and who qualify for a loan, we are saying that we want you to set roots here in our great state if you qualify, only if you qualify,” Arambula said. The Assembly passed the bill on a 45-15 vote.

What is the California dream loan program?

The California Dream for All Shared Appreciation Loans program was launched last year by CalHFA to aid low- and middle-income first-time home buyers and support the goal of generational wealth. It offered qualified buyers a loan worth up to 20% of the purchase price of a house or condominium, capped at $150,000.

These loans don’t accrue interest or require monthly payments.

California offers affordable loans again to first-time home buyers, with a catch

The state has reopened applications for its California Dream Shared Appreciation loans, but this time it’s not approving the financing on a first-come, first-serve basis.

Jan. 20, 2024

Instead, when the mortgage is refinanced or the house is sold again, the borrower pays back the original amount of the loan plus 20% of the increase in the home’s value.

The program initially received $300 million in taxpayer funds, which financed nearly 2,200 loans, CalHFA says. The Legislature then provided $225 million more, which is going to about 1,700 additional applicants.

Who is currently eligible to apply for the home loan program?

Eligible people must be either low- or middle-income and a first-time mortgage borrower. The annual income limit for qualified borrowers is 120% of the area median income, which varies by county. For example, it’s $155,000 for borrowers in Los Angeles County, $204,000 in Orange County and $198,000 in Ventura County.

The program’s definition of first-time, or first-generation, borrower is a person who has not held a stake in a house in the U.S. in the last seven years. Their parents also could not have a current stake in a house.

If there is more than one buyer involved in the purchase of the home, at least one must be a first-generation home buyer.

The program’s initial borrowers were limited to U.S. citizens and noncitizens authorized to be in the country, such as legal permanent residents, according to the CalHFA manual . Borrowers also had to make the home they bought their main residence within 60 days after purchasing it. Eligibility based on immigration status was obscure in the program’s fine print, supporters argue, and AB 1840 proposes to clarify that and expand on who can apply for this program.

How would Assembly Bill 1840 change the program?

Arambula introduced AB 1840 at the start of the year to expand eligibility to include undocumented individuals.

To apply for a loan, undocumented applicants must meet requirements set by the Federal National Mortgage Assn. , also known as Fannie Mae, which include having a taxpayer identification number or Social Security number. Under Fannie Mae rules, applicants must have a valid employment authorization or a certain type of documentation, such as a green card or work visa.

Arambula previously told The Times that the existing program’s eligibility requirements were ambiguous for undocumented individuals, “despite the fact that they’re qualified under existing criteria, such as having a qualified mortgage.”

Without the explicit inclusion, undocumented individuals may be discouraged or left out of the opportunity to participate, Arambula said.

More to Read

Los Angeles to get $21.8 million in federal money to help shelter migrants

Aug. 30, 2024

Gov. Newsom signs bills to make it easier to provide shelter beds, build more ADUs

Aug. 27, 2024

Opinion: Despite noble intentions, California’s environmental law is hurting Latinos

July 19, 2024

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Karen Garcia is a reporter on the Fast Break Desk, the team that has a pulse on breaking news at the Los Angeles Times. She was previously a reporter on the Utility Journalism Team, which focused on service journalism. Her previous stints include reporting for the San Luis Obispo New Times and KCBX Central Coast Public Radio.

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Online Programs

Ap® biology (intensive, ncaa approved).

• Advanced CTY-Level
• Session-Based
• Science and Engineering

Advance your understanding of high school biology concepts as you cover topics typically found in a first-year university biology course. This course includes a laboratory component designed to meet College Board® standards and provides a solid foundation for the AP Biology exam, which you’ll prepare for using online lectures, readings, laboratory exercises, homework assignments, and exams that mirror the AP format. Major themes include biochemistry, energy transfer, cellular structure and specialization, mitosis and meiosis, genetics, and ecology, among others. 

This course does not have any synchronous class meetings, but you can schedule one-on-one virtual meetings directly with your instructor to answer questions.

Time Commitment: 12-16 hours per week (1-hour optional meeting, 12-15 hours of independent work).  

Course Overview

What we'll do

We’ll use virtual interactives, short videos, an online textbook, hands-on labs completed from a lab kit, discussion boards with other students, and quizzes/tests. Your instructor will provide detailed feedback on written assignments.

What we’ll learn

• That evolution is a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time, with natural selection as its major driving mechanism
• The ways biological systems interact from the molecular level to the ecosystem level; how they use energy and molecular building blocks to grow, reproduce, and maintain dynamic homeostasis
• How organisms respond to changes in their environment at the molecular, cellular, physiological, and behavioral levels
• The ways that living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes, and how genetic information provides for continuity of life, and, in most cases, is passed from parent to offspring via DNA

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

• Use written explanation, models, and visual representations to justify scientific arguments based on analysis of organisms’ struggle to survive in relation to natural selection, environmental changes, and human-induced events on the evolution of organisms, populations, and ecosystems
• Quantify chemical reactions that explain how energy is transformed, transferred, and stored to be used by organisms in response to their environment and to maintain homeostasis
• Model how energy deficiencies are detrimental to individual organisms, disrupt populations and ecosystems, and can cause distinct selective pressures
• Evaluate how information is stored, retrieved, and transmitted in living systems through heritable genetic information and nonheritable cellular communication, interdependent organism systems, and populations
• Analyze the biocomplexity and diversity of characteristics in biological systems from the molecular to the ecosystem level, expressing how this contributes to robust biological systems, greater resiliency, tolerance, and response to changes in the environment
• Demonstrate scientific biology practices in lab experiments that include determining scientific questions and methods, representing and describing data, performing statistical tests, and other mathematical calculations
• Demonstrate critical written scientific skills in lab reports that include visual representations of biological concepts, processes, and models, as well as analysis and interpretation of data to justify scientific arguments using evidence

How we'll measure learning

Students will be assessed during each unit using homework questions, discussions, hands-on laboratory experiments with written lab reports, and a unit test. There will be a midterm and final exam composed of past AP exam questions. All assignments are graded with rubrics and answer keys and detailed feedback is provided. This course is aligned to College Board standards for AP Biology as well as the Next Generation Science Standards for High School Life Science.

This course is

Register for an Online course by selecting an open class below. If no open classes are listed, then course enrollment is currently closed. Note: You will need to have an active CTY Account to complete registration through MyCTY

This course is not open for enrollment at this time. Please check back later.

Testing and Prerequisites

Students must achieve qualifying scores on an advanced assessment to be eligible for CTY programs. If you don’t have qualifying scores, you have several different testing options. We’ll help you find the right option for your situation.

Course Prerequisites

1 prerequisite

Successful completion of Algebra I 

Cost and Financial Aid

Application fee.

• Nonrefundable Application Fee - $15 (Waived for financial aid applicants)
• Nonrefundable International Fee - $20 (outside US only)

Financial Aid

We have concluded our financial aid application review process for Academic Year 2023-2024 Online Programs (Courses with start dates July 1, 2023-June 30, 2024). Our application for Academic Year 2024-2025 Online Programs is expected to open in January. We encourage those who may need assistance in the future to apply for aid as early as possible.

Course Materials

Please acquire all course materials by the course start date, unless noted as perishable. Items marked as “perishable” should not be acquired until the student needs them in the course . If you have questions about these materials or difficulty locating them, please contact [email protected] .  

• Lab Kit: Advanced Biology Kit

Technical Requirements

This course requires a computer with high-speed Internet access and an up-to-date web browser such as Chrome or Firefox. You must be able to communicate with the instructor via email. Visit the Technical Requirements and Support page for more details.

Java Runtime Environment  is required.

This course uses a virtual classroom for instructor-student communication. The classroom works on standard computers with the Zoom desktop client , and on tablets or handhelds that support the Zoom Mobile app . Recorded meetings can only be viewed on a computer with the Zoom desktop client installed. The Zoom desktop client and Zoom Mobile App are both free to download.

Most course lectures may be viewed on mobile devices, but some assignments and quizzes must be completed on a desktop or laptop computer.

This course uses Respondus LockDown Browser proctoring software for designated assessments. LockDown Browser is a client application that is installed to a local computer. Visit the Respondus website for system requirements .

Terms & Conditions

Students may interact in online classrooms and meetings that include peers, instructors, and occasional special guests.

After a you complete a course, your projects may be used to illustrate work for future students. 

You will need to create an account on a third-party site to access course resources.

About Science and Engineering at CTY

Our Science and Engineering courses bring a variety of science topics to life. By introducing topics not covered in standard science curricula, we build and reinforce your science knowledge. All courses support critical thinking, problem solving, and reasoning, and encourage a real-life, hands-on approach to learning about Earth, space, life sciences, chemistry, and the physical world. Guided by expert CTY science educators, you’ll master science lab kits, perform hands-on experiments using common household objects, participate in dynamic group discussions, or prepare for AP exams.

Newly revised Honors Physics course

Our completely redesigned  Honors Physics course features new lessons, conceptual and problem-solving videos, and guiding questions that teach students how to solve each type of problem. Hands-on exploration activities challenge students to solve everyday physics problems from how giant cruise ships stay afloat to how to ship fragile packages without them breaking. Putting their physics knowledge to the test, students compete in our catapult design competition for Furthest Launch and Creative Design awards.

More engaging science enrichment courses!

In the newly revised  Inventions in Engineering  course, students bring fantasy into reality by creating inventions to solve the problems of favorite fictional characters and the real world alike. A new unit in Introduction to Forensics asks students to evaluate the validity of various kinds of forensic evidence and its impact on the lives of individuals, and to provide recommendations on which types of forensic evidence should be admissible in the criminal justice system. In Household Chemistry , students engage in newly revised activities that help develop their skills in making and recording detailed observations using all 5 senses as they explore states of matter and the role chemistry plays in their daily lives.

Meet our Science and Engineering Instructors

I try to teach less and make students think more so they can come up with their own answers coupled with a better, deeper understanding of the subject matter.

I am amazed at the level of tenacity of my students and am inspired by their quest to learn beyond walls and defined standards. They inspire me to learn more about our dynamic scientific world for continuous growth of their eager minds.

Tamica Stubbs

Science and Engineering Instructor

One of the joys of teaching science is encouraging students to observe closely the world around them. I enjoy when students start to think critically about how everything in the natural world interacts with everything else, and how they can apply what they have learned in class to real life.

Keith Gallinelli