essay about criminology 300 words

Criminology Essay Examples

12+ Criminology Essay Examples to Inspire Your Writing

Published on: May 6, 2023

Last updated on: Jan 30, 2024

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Many students struggle to understand the complex world of criminology and may have difficulty finding essay examples to guide their writing. Without proper guidance, students may show subpar academic performance.

But fret not! Our blog post offers 12+ diverse and unique criminology essay examples to help students expand their understanding.

So let’s dive into these examples.

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Descriptive Essays about Criminology 

Read the following examples to learn more! 

Title: The Impact of the Death Penalty on Crime Rates - Criminology Essay 

The psychological effects of Incarceration on Inmates

The history of forensic science and its impact on modern criminal investigations

Expository Essays about Criminology 

Here is a top example of an expository essay about criminology. 

Title: The Role of Social Media in the Spread of Criminal Activity

The factors that contribute to juvenile delinquency

The Impact of community policing on crime prevention

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Persuasive Essays about Criminology 

Title: The Need for Criminal Justice Reform in the United States

The ethical implications of using facial recognition technology in Law enforcement

The effectiveness of restorative justice programs in reducing recidivism

Compare and Contrast Essays about Criminology 

Looking for a compare-and-contrast essay example on criminology? Read the following. 

Title: A Comparison of the Criminal Justice Systems in the United States and Europe

A comparison of the theories of crime causation of Cesare Beccaria and Emile Durkheim

A comparison of the effectiveness of prison sentences versus probation in reducing recidivism rates

Tips for Writing a Criminology Essay

Writing a criminology essay requires careful attention to detail and a clear understanding of the subject matter. Here are some tips to help you write a successful criminology essay:

• Conduct thorough research: Before writing your essay, make sure you have a solid understanding of the topic. This requires conducting thorough research using a variety of sources, including academic journals, books, and government reports.
• Develop a clear and concise thesis statement : Your thesis statement should clearly state the purpose of your essay and your position on the topic. Make sure your thesis statement is concise and easy to understand.
• Use relevant and credible sources: When researching your topic, make sure you use credible sources that are relevant to the subject matter. Avoid using sources that are biased or unreliable.
• Follow a logical structure: Your essay should have a clear structure that follows a logical sequence. Use headings and subheadings to organize your essay and make it easy for readers to follow your arguments.
• Edit and proofread carefully: After completing your essay, make sure you edit and proofread it carefully. Check for errors in grammar, punctuation, and spelling. Make sure your essay is well-organized and flows smoothly.

In conclusion, criminology is a fascinating subject that requires in-depth research and analysis. Writing a criminology essay can be a challenging task, but it is an essential requirement for students studying in this field. 

By reviewing the examples of criminology essays provided in this blog, students can gain insights into the different approaches to writing a criminology essay and develop their skills in the subject.

However, if you are still struggling with your criminology essay or need help getting started, consider using our essay writing company . 

Our AI essay generator can help you craft a high-quality criminology essay that meets your requirements. 

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Essay on Being A Criminology Student

Students are often asked to write an essay on Being A Criminology Student in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Being A Criminology Student

What is criminology.

Criminology is the study of crime. It looks at what causes crime, how society responds to it, and ways to prevent it. As a criminology student, you learn about the law, psychology, and sociology. This helps you understand why people commit crimes.

Studying Criminology

Being a criminology student is exciting. You study different subjects like law, psychology, and sociology. You also learn about different types of crimes and why they happen. The study involves reading books, attending lectures, and doing research.

Skills Gained

Criminology students gain many skills. They learn to think critically and solve problems. They also learn to research and analyze data. These skills can be used in many different jobs.

Future Prospects

Criminology opens up many career paths. You could work in law enforcement, social work, or counseling. You could also work in policy-making or research. Being a criminology student is the first step towards these careers.

Final Thoughts

Being a criminology student is challenging but rewarding. You learn a lot about society and human behavior. You also gain skills that can help you in your future career. If you’re interested in crime and society, criminology could be a great choice for you.

250 Words Essay on Being A Criminology Student

Choosing criminology.

Criminology is the study of crime. As a criminology student, you learn about why people commit crimes and how society responds. This field combines psychology, sociology, and law. If you are curious about human behavior and interested in helping society, criminology might be for you.

Being a criminology student is not always easy. You need to read a lot, write essays, and do research. You learn about different types of crime, from theft to murder. You also study the justice system, including police, courts, and prisons. You might even get to visit these places as part of your studies.

Skills You Gain

Criminology helps you develop important skills. You learn how to think critically, solve problems, and communicate effectively. These skills are useful in many jobs, not just in criminology.

Studying criminology opens up many career paths. You could work in law enforcement, social work, or policy-making. You could also become a researcher or teacher in criminology. There are many ways to use your criminology degree to make a difference in society.

In conclusion, being a criminology student is challenging but rewarding. You get to learn about fascinating topics and gain valuable skills. Plus, you have the chance to contribute to a safer, more just society.

500 Words Essay on Being A Criminology Student

Criminology is a field of study that looks into crime, criminals, and the justice system. It tries to understand why people commit crimes and how society can stop or lower crime rates. Criminology students study many topics like law, psychology, and sociology to get a full understanding of crime.

Being A Criminology Student

Being a criminology student is both exciting and challenging. Students have to learn about different types of crimes, why they happen, and how they impact society. They also study the justice system, learning how it works to punish criminals and protect the innocent.

The Learning Process

In the classroom, criminology students spend a lot of time studying theories about crime. They learn about famous cases and use them to understand these theories better. For example, they might study a bank robbery to learn about the motivations behind such a crime.

Criminology students also learn about the justice system. They study how police catch criminals, how courts decide if someone is guilty, and what happens to people after they are found guilty. They also learn about the rights of people accused of crimes, making sure the justice system treats everyone fairly.

Skills Needed

Criminology students need to be good at problem-solving. They often have to look at complex situations and figure out why a crime happened. They also need to be good at understanding people. This is because a big part of criminology is trying to understand why people do bad things.

After finishing their studies, criminology students can work in many different jobs. Some become police officers or detectives, using their knowledge to solve crimes. Others work in the court system, helping to make sure that trials are fair. Some criminology students even become professors, teaching the next generation of students about crime and justice.

Being a criminology student is not easy, but it can be very rewarding. The work is tough, but it is also very interesting. Every day, criminology students learn more about why people do bad things and how society can stop them. In the end, their work can help make the world a safer place.

In conclusion, being a criminology student is about understanding the complex world of crime and justice. It’s about asking tough questions, seeking answers, and striving to make a positive impact on society. It’s a challenging yet fulfilling journey that opens up a world of opportunities.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

• Essay on Being A Better Student
• Essay on Cross Cultural Communication
• Essay on Cruelty On Animals

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

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Diverse Criminology Essay Topics: Criminal Justice and Beyond

Table of contents

• 1 What Branches Does Criminology Include?
• 2 How to Choose a Good Topic on Criminology?
• 3 Effectiveness of Capital Punishment in Deterring Crime
• 4 Criminal Justice Research Topics on Racism & Discrimination
• 5 Criminal Law Research Topics
• 6 International Criminal Law Research Topics
• 7 Criminal Justice Research Topics on Society & Justice
• 8 Criminal Justice Research Topics in Types of Crime
• 9 Criminal Justice Research Topics About Court Cases

In our increasingly complex society, the study of criminology, the scientific approach to understanding crime and criminals, has never been more relevant. As we seek to dissect the many factors that contribute to criminal behavior, from socioeconomic circumstances to psychological predispositions, we open the door to a wealth of research possibilities. This article aims to delve into these possibilities, presenting a diverse array of criminology essay topics.

What Branches Does Criminology Include?

Criminology is an interdisciplinary field that draws from several different disciplines, including sociology, psychology, law, and criminal justice. As such, it encompasses a wide range of branches, including but not limited to, criminal behavior, penology, victimology, forensic psychology, and criminal justice administration. Criminal behavior examines why people commit crimes and how to prevent them, while penology focuses on punishment and rehabilitation of offenders. Victimology examines the experiences of crime victims and how to help them, while forensic psychology applies psychological principles to legal issues. Criminal justice administration focuses on the management and operation of the criminal justice system.

How to Choose a Good Topic on Criminology?

Choosing a good topic on criminology can be an exciting but challenging task. Here are five steps to help you select a compelling topic:

• Step 1: Understand the Field of Criminology

Begin by gaining a broad understanding of the field of criminology. Explore various sub-disciplines, theories, and contemporary issues in criminology. This will help you identify areas of interest and potential research gaps.

• Step 2: Identify Your Interests

Reflect on your personal interests within criminology. Consider the aspects of crime, criminal justice, or social justice that captivate your attention. Are you interested in studying the causes of crime, criminal behavior, or the effectiveness of criminal justice policies? Identifying your interests will guide you toward topics that you are passionate about.

• Step 3: Conduct Preliminary Research

Conduct preliminary research to explore potential topics further. Read scholarly articles, books, and other reputable sources to identify current trends, debates, and gaps in knowledge. This will help you understand what has already been studied and identify areas where further research is needed.

• Step 4: Brainstorm and Narrow Down Your Topic

Brainstorm a list of potential topics based on your interests and the research you have conducted. Consider the feasibility and scope of each topic. Are there enough resources available to support your research? Is the topic too broad or too narrow? Narrow down your list to a few specific and manageable topics that align with your interests.

• Step 5: Evaluate the Significance and Originality

Evaluate the significance and originality of each potential topic. Consider whether the topic addresses a research gap or offers a fresh perspective on an existing issue. Think about the potential contributions your research could make to the field of criminology. Choose a topic that has relevance and offers room for exploration and innovation.

By following these steps, you will be able to choose a good topic on criminology that aligns with your interests, has research potential, and contributes to the existing body of knowledge in the field. Remember to consult with your advisor or instructor for guidance and feedback during the topic selection process.

Effectiveness of Capital Punishment in Deterring Crime

• Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System and Their Impact on Minority Communities
• Solitary Confinement and Its Effects on Prisoners’ Mental Health
• Role of Mandatory Minimum Sentences in Addressing Drug Offenses
• Ethical Implications of Using Informants in Criminal Investigations
• Predictive Policing Algorithms and Their Potential for Bias and Discrimination
• Juvenile Justice and the Debate Over Trying Minors as Adults
• Impact of Private Prisons on the Criminal Justice System
• Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Programs in Reducing Recidivism Rates
• Use of Technology and Surveillance in Law Enforcement, Including Facial Recognition and Data Collection
• Criminalization of Drug Possession and the Debate Over Decriminalization or Legalization
• Impact of Three-Strikes Laws on Repeat Offenders
• Use of Tasers and Other Non-lethal Weapons by Law Enforcement and the Potential for Abuse
• Role of Mental Health in the Criminal Justice System and the Treatment of Mentally Ill Offenders
• Consequences of Mandatory Drug Testing for Welfare Recipients
• Impact of Bail Reform on Pretrial Detention and the Fairness of the System
• Relationship Between Poverty and Crime and the Effectiveness of Poverty Reduction Programs
• Debate Over Mandatory Sentencing for Non-violent Offenses
• Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods, Such as Restorative Justice, in Criminal Cases
• Criminalization of Sex Work and the Debate Over Decriminalization or Regulation

Criminal Justice Research Topics on Racism & Discrimination

• Racial Profiling Impact and Justice Outcomes for Minorities
• Sentencing Disparities: Uncovering Racial Bias
• Poverty, Legal Representation, and Effects on Cases
• Racial Stereotypes: Police Force and Arrest Dynamics
• Community Policing: Building Trust, Reducing Tensions
• Implicit Bias in Court: Influencing Jury Decisions
• Pretrial Detention, Bail, and Racial Disparities
• Plea Bargaining: Racial Bias and Sentencing Gaps
• Socioeconomic Status, Race, and Wrongful Convictions
• Law Enforcement Training: Addressing Racial Bias
• Policing Technology: Exacerbating Disparities
• Minority Experiences as Justice System Victims and Witnesses
• Juvenile Justice: Racial Disparities and Consequences
• Stop-And-Frisk Policies: Unveiling Race and Discrimination
• Death Penalty: Racial Disparities and Justice Implications
• Drug Law Enforcement: Racial Bias and Mass Incarceration
• Restorative Justice: Tackling Racial Disparities
• Minority Experiences in Probation and Parole Systems
• Solitary Confinement’s Racial Disparities and Mental Health Impacts
• Systemic Racism: Perpetuating Justice Disparities

Criminal Law Research Topics

• Efficacy of Mandatory Minimum Sentences in Reducing Crime Rates
• Influence of Technology on Criminal Investigations and Privacy Rights
• Correlation Between Mental Health and Criminal Behavior
• Significance of Forensic Science in Criminal Investigations and Its Reliability
• Impact of Race and Ethnicity on the Criminal Justice System
• Utilization of Plea Bargains and Their Implications for the Justice System
• Legitimacy and Ethical Considerations of Surveillance in Public Spaces
• Role of Restorative Justice in Diminishing Recidivism Rates
• Consequences of Drug Decriminalization or Legalization on Crime Rates
• Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Programs in Curbing Reoffending
• Application of Predictive Policing Algorithms and Their Potential Biases
• Influence of Media and Public Perception on Criminal Trials
• Examination of Legal and Ethical Issues Surrounding the Death Penalty
• Ramifications of Sentencing Disparities Based on Socioeconomic Status
• Assessment of Community Policing Effectiveness in Crime Prevention and Resolution
• Contribution of Forensic Psychology in Criminal Profiling
• Safeguarding the Rights of Victims in the Criminal Justice System
• Evaluation of Hate Crime Legislation in Preventing and Prosecuting Hate Crimes
• Exploration of the Link Between Poverty and Crime Rates
• Implications of Emerging Technologies (Such as Artificial Intelligence and Facial Recognition) On Criminal Law and Privacy

International Criminal Law Research Topics

• Icc: Combating Crimes Against Humanity
• Universal Jurisdiction: Prosecuting International Crimes
• State Sovereignty vs International Criminal Law
• Effectiveness of War Crime Tribunals
• Gender-Based Crimes in Armed Conflicts
• Transitional Justice Mechanisms Post-conflict
• Ethical Implications of Drone Warfare
• Prosecution of Piracy as a Global Crime
• Intersection of Humanitarian and Criminal Law
• Ngos in International Criminal Justice
• Corporate Liability for International Crimes
• Truth Commissions and Reconciliation
• Evolving Understanding of Genocide
• Protecting Cultural Heritage in Conflicts
• Investigating Non-state Actor Crimes
• International Law’s Impact on Counterterrorism
• Extradition for International Crimes
• Environmental Crimes and Legal Frameworks
• Victim and Witness Rights in Trials
• Regional Courts and International Justice

Criminal Justice Research Topics on Society & Justice

• Community Policing and Crime Rates
• Restorative Justice and Recidivism
• Juvenile Diversion Programs
• Poverty and Crime in Communities
• Impact of Mass Incarceration on Families
• Technology in Criminal Investigations
• Drug Courts and Reducing Criminal Behavior
• Mental Health and Criminal Conduct
• Rehabilitation vs Punishment
• Alternative Sentencing and Prison Overcrowding
• Challenges of Reintegration After Incarceration
• Racial Disparities in the Justice System
• Community-Based Crime Prevention
• Social Media and Criminal Facilitation
• Body-Worn Cameras and Public Trust
• Wrongful Convictions and Implications
• Effectiveness of Hate Crime Legislation
• Forensic Evidence and Conviction Rates
• Media Influence on Crime Attitudes
• Rehabilitation Programs for Substance Abuse

Criminal Justice Research Topics in Types of Crime

• Cybercrime Laws and Deterrence
• Impact of Drug Trafficking on Communities
• Characteristics of White-Collar Criminals
• International Cooperation Against Human Trafficking
• Dynamics of Organized Crime Groups
• Patterns and Trends in Homicide Rates
• Factors Contributing to Domestic Violence
• Root Causes of Juvenile Delinquency
• Impact of Hate Crimes on Marginalized Communities
• Reporting and Conviction Rates of Sexual Assault Cases
• Factors Influencing Robbery Rates
• Methods and Consequences of Identity Theft
• Role of Money Laundering in Organized Crime
• Detection and Prevention of Fraud
• Impact of Public Corruption on Institutions
• Causes and Motivations Behind Acts of Terrorism
• Patterns and Motivations of Arsonists
• Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect
• Crimes Against the Environment and Enforcement Strategies
• Psychological Impact of Stalking on Victims

Criminal Justice Research Topics About Court Cases

• Supreme Court Decisions and Criminal Justice Policies
• Plea Bargaining’s Impact on Court Outcomes
• Racial Disparities in Sentencing: A Case Study
• Public Opinion and High-Profile Court Cases
• Forensic Evidence in Court Proceedings
• Technology and Court Case Management
• Wrongful Convictions and the Court System
• Specialized Courts and Reducing Recidivism
• Factors Influencing Judges’ Decisions in Criminal Cases
• Media Coverage and Jury Decision-Making
• Diversion Programs as Alternatives to Courts
• Eyewitness Testimony in Court Proceedings
• Expert Witnesses in Criminal Trials
• Pretrial Detention and the Justice System
• Technology and Courtroom Security
• Alternative Dispute Resolution in Criminal Cases
• Prosecutorial Discretion and Court Outcomes
• Court-Ordered Rehabilitation Programs
• Judicial Misconduct and Case Outcomes
• Mandatory Minimum Sentencing and Court Cases

Crafting a criminology essay can be daunting due to the intricate nature of the subject. It demands a profound comprehension of diverse theories, rigorous research abilities, and the capacity to express thoughts in a lucid and persuasive manner. The vast scope of the discipline, which includes sociology, psychology, and law among others, often exacerbates this challenge. Nevertheless, these obstacles can be effortlessly surmounted with the assistance of PapersOwl.com. Their proficient team possesses experience in tackling complex criminology subjects and can offer top-notch, tailored essay writing services.

They recognize the demands of scholarly writing and are dedicated to providing high-caliber, original work punctually. Opting for PapersOwl service is more than merely delegating your essay; it’s a tactical decision to attain your academic objectives without sacrificing quality or integrity!

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How to Write a Criminology Essay: Writing Guide, Examples, Outline & Structure

Criminology is a fascinating area of study that looks at the causes, implications, and prevention of crime. If you are a criminology student, you may be needed to craft essays on number of topics relevant to this topic.

Writing a criminology essay can be difficult, particularly, if you are unfamiliar with the writing style and forma needed for academic writing.

In this blog post, we will offer you with techniques and instructions on how to write a criminology essay that satisfies the academic specifications. We will also give you with some example of criminology essays to give you a concept of how to structure and convey your ideas. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced  essay writer , this blog post will be resourcefully of value for you.

Table of Contents

Understanding the essay prompt and selecting a topic.

Comprehending the essay prompt and choosing a topic is essential steps in writing a effective criminology essay. Here are some pointers for every stage of the process:

Understanding the essay prompt:

• Read the prompt keenly: Before you begin writing, ensure you comprehend exactly what the prompt is asking you to do. Search for main phrases or words that show the scope of the assignment, like “compare,” “contrast,” “analyze,” or “evaluate.”
• Determine the topic: after you’ve parsed the prompt, you should have a clear idea of the general topic your essay will discuss.
• Identify the scope: based on the length of your essay and the focus of the prompt, you may need to narrow your topic down to a particular element of the wider theme.

Selecting a topic:

• Think about your interests: When selecting a topic, it’s crucial to pick something that you find involving in person.
• Search for gaps in the research: One way to select a topic is to look for areas of criminology that have not been extensively researched or that haven’t been looked at from a particular angle.
• Think about recent events s: picking a topic is another approach is to look for current events or ongoing debates in criminology that you find interesting.
• Brainstorm potential angles: after you have a general topic in mind, brainstorm different angles or ways you could take to assess the topic.

Sample Topic : The  Impact of Solitary Confinement  on Prisoners’ Mental Health

For instance, when, your essay prompt requests you to evaluate the effects of specific element of the criminal justice system on a problem in criminology, you might pick to concentrate on the use of solitary confinement in prisons. This is a subject that has been the topic of ongoing debate in recent years, and it has significant consequences for the mental health and wellbeing of incarcerated person. To narrow your focus, you might select to the specific impacts of long-term solitary confinement on prisoners’ mental health, or you might evaluate the ethical consequences of using this practice as a kind of punishment.

Conducting Research and Organizing Your Ideas

Carrying out research and structuring your concepts is an important step in writing an effective criminology essay. Here are some tips and sample ideas to assist you do it successfully:

• Begin with research query: Before you start your research, it’s crucial to have a clear idea of what you want to look at in your essay.   Related : How to write a research paper .
• Find trustworthy sources: after you have a research question, it’s time to find sources to back up your argument. Look for reputable academic journals, books, and other scholarly sources that offer in-depth analyses of your topic
• Take proper notes: As you read through your sources, take in-depth notes on the most crucial points and claims.
• Organize your notes into an outline: after you have completed your research, it’s time to arrange your ideas into a clear, logical structure for your essay
• Employ evidence to back up your arguments: As you write your essay, make sure to use evidence from your research to back up your arguments.

Sample topic: Exploring the connection between poverty and crime Research question: How does poverty add to criminal behavior?

• Wilson, W. J. (2012). The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. University of Chicago Press .
• Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points through Life. Harvard University Press.
• National Bureau of Economic Research . (2020). “Crime and the Labor Market.” NBER Working Paper No. 27539.

Criminology Essay Outline

• Introduction
• Definition of poverty and its effect on society
• Research question
• Poverty and crime
• Illustration of the connection between poverty and criminal behavior
• Evidence from academic studies
• The role of social factors
• The effect of family structure and social networks on crime
• The impact of education and job chances on criminal behavior
• Policy implications
• possible solutions for lowering poverty and crime
• The significance of discussing poverty in criminal justice reform efforts
• Summary of main arguments
• Suggestions for future research

Writing A Compelling Introduction and Thesis Statement

When it comes to crafting a criminology essay, a strong introduction and thesis statement are important in capturing the readers interest and setting the stage for your argument. Here are some tips for crafting successful introduction and thesis statement:

• Hook the reader with an interest grabbing opening sentence. The initial sentences of your essay need to be memorable and involving.
• Give some history information on your topic. Once your opening sentence, you need to give some context for your argument.
• Introduce your thesis statement. Your thesis statement needs to be the last sentence of your introduction. This is the major point that you will be arguing throughout your essay, so it needs to be clear, concise, and precise

Here’s an instance of a successful introduction and thesis statement for a criminology essay:

Opening sentence: “Did you know that hate crimes against Asian Americans increased by 149% in major U.S. cities in 2020?”

Background information: “As the COVID-19 pandemic spread across the world, so did racist rhetoric blame Asian people for the outbreak. This xenophobic sentiment has manifested in a surge of hate crimes intended for Asian Americans, especially in urban places.”

Read the comprehensive guide on how to write a Covid-19 essay .

Thesis statement: “This essay will argue that social media platforms have facilitated the spread of racist and xenophobic messages, adding to the rise in hate crimes against Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic.”

Supporting Your Argument with Evidence and Analysis

When writing a criminology essay, backing up your argument with evidence and analysis is a critical element of an effective essay. Here are some tips and sample ideas to assist you successfully incorporate evidence and analysis into your essay:

• Select related sources: ensure to pick sources that are directly related to your argument.

Sample idea: If you’re arguing that harsher sentencing does not deter crime, you could utilize sources that give data on crime rates before and after the implementation of mandatory minimum sentences.

• Employ credible sources: Your sources need to be trustworthy and credible. Look for sources that have been published in reputable journals or crafted by experts in the field.

Sample idea: If you’re arguing that the death penalty is not an efficient deterrent to crime, you may utilize sources like academic studies or reports from organizations like Amnesty International .

• Evaluate your evidence: Don’t just convey your evidence; evaluate it to show how it backs up it to demonstrate how it supports your argument. Illustrate why the evidence is related and how it back up your thesis.

Sample idea: If you’re arguing that mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenses disproportionately affect people of color, you could analyze data on the racial breakdown of those serving mandatory minimum sentences to demonstrate your point.

• Employ a variety of evidence: utilize different forms of evidence to back up your argument, like statistics, case studies, or expert testimony.

Sample idea: If you’re arguing that police brutality against minorities is a systemic issue, you could utilize case studies of high-profile incidents and also statistical data on police use of force to back up your argument.

Related: statistics homework help and Case study homework help .

• Think about counterarguments: Anticipate and discuss counterarguments to your position. This will indicate that you have taken into account different perspectives and strengthen your general argument. Read more about how to write an argumentative essay .

Sample idea: If you’re arguing that gun control laws are necessary to lower gun violence, you could discuss counterarguments that suggest that gun control infringes on Second Amendment rights or that criminals will find a way to acquire guns regardless of the law.

Related: How to write a gun control essay .

Editing and Proofreading for Clarity and Coherence

Editing and proofreading are crucial steps in crafting any academic essay, involving a criminology essay. Here are some techniques for editing and proofreading your essay to be sure clarity and coherence:

• Take a break before editing: It’s crucial to step away from your essay for a while before you begin editing
• Read your essay out loud: Reading your essay out loud could assist you to determine awkward sentences, grammatical mistakes, and other problem that might not be apparent when reading silently.
• Utilize spellcheck and grammar tools: Spellcheck and grammar tools can assist you spot spelling and grammar mistakes, but keep awareness that they are not foolproof
• Verify for consistency: ensure that your essay is consistent in terms of formatting, language, and style.
• Check your transitions: ensure that your essay smoothly flows from one paragraph to the next. Check your transitions to make sure that your ideas are linked and that your arguments are logical.
• Remove unnecessary words and phrases: make sure to remove any unnecessary words and phrases that may be distracting the clarity and coherence of your essay.

Sample topic: The effect of community policing on crime rates in urban areas.

Editing and proofreading for clarity and coherence are crucial to producing a high-quality criminology essay. By spending the time to review your work keenly and make necessary revisions, you can make sure that your essay is simple to comprehend and efficiently discuss your ideas. By following the tips above, you can ensure that your criminology essay is clear, coherent, and convincing.

Examples of Essay on Criminology

Sample 1: capital punishment.

Criminology is the scientific study of crime, criminal behavior and the criminal justice system. It is a multidisciplinary field that draws upon knowledge and theories from a variety of social sciences, including sociology,  psychology , and law. Criminologists seek to understand the causes of crime, the impact of crime on society and the effectiveness of criminal justice policies and practices.

One of the most important tasks of criminologists is to identify the risk factors that contribute to criminal behavior which includes examining factors such as poverty,  family dynamics , mental illness, and drug addiction. By understanding these risk factors, criminologists can develop strategies to prevent crime and intervene early to address the underlying issues that lead to criminal behavior.

Another key area of focus for criminologists is the criminal justice system itself including examining the effectiveness of various criminal justice policies and practices, such as policing strategies, sentencing guidelines, and prison reform initiatives. Criminologists also study the impact of the criminal justice system on individuals and communities, including issues of racial and economic inequality.

The field of criminology plays a critical role in understanding and addressing crime and its effects on society. Through rigorous research and analysis, criminologists can provide policymakers with evidence-based recommendations for improving the criminal justice system and reducing crime. Conclusively, criminology is an important field for anyone interested in promoting social justice and public safety.

Sample 2: Capital Punishment Essay

As a definition , Capital punishment , also known as the  death penalty , refers to the practice of executing individuals who have been convicted of certain crimes, typically murder. The use of capital punishment is a largely controversial issue with proponents arguing that it serves as a deterrent to crime and ensures justice for victims. Opponents argue that it is a violation of human rights and has no proven deterrent effect.

One argument in favor of capital punishment is that it serves as a deterrent to crime. According to  armensty.org on the topic , the idea is that the fear of execution will deter potential criminals from committing murder, as they will be aware of the consequences. However, this argument is hotly debated, with opponents citing studies that show no significant difference in murder rates between states with and without the death penalty.

Opponents of capital punishment argue that it is a violation of human rights, as it involves taking the life of a human being. They also point out that the death penalty is often disproportionately applied to  marginalized groups , such as the poor and people of color, and that there have been cases of innocent people being executed.

Another argument against capital punishment is that it does not provide closure for victims’ families. While proponents argue that the death penalty provides justice for the victim, opponents argue that the lengthy appeals process and uncertainty surrounding execution dates can prolong the pain and trauma experienced by the families of murder victims.

Conclusively, capital punishment is a contentious issue that raises complex ethical and legal questions. While proponents argue that it serves as a deterrent to crime and ensures justice for victims, opponents argue that it violates human rights and is often applied in a discriminatory manner. As such, the use of capital punishment remains a deeply divisive issue, with no easy answers.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

A criminology essay purposes to look at particular element of criminology, like a theory, policy, or phenomenon, and deeply evaluates. The objective is to convey a well-supported argument that adds to the field of criminology and shows critical thinking and analytical skills.

When picking a topic, think about what interests you within the field of criminology, and what particular element of the topic you want to look at. You should also take into account the availability of sources and research on the subject, and whether you can make a specific contribution to the discussion.

A criminology essay needs to have a clear and concise introduction that gives background information and states your thesis statement. The body of the essay needs to convey evidence and evaluation to back up your argument, and the ending needs to sum up your key points and restate your thesis.

You need to utilize various trustworthy sources, including academic articles, books, government reports, and statistics. Ensure to analyze to the credibility and relevance of your sources before employing them in your essay.

You need to employ evidence to back up your argument, but also evaluates and interpret it to show your critical thinking skills. Ensure to illustrate how every piece of evidence backs up your thesis, and think about alternative interpretations or counterarguments.

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Introduction to Criminology Essay

After reading the article, it is notable that there are awesome highlights explaining the history, development, and evolution of crime in the society. The first thing that comes out clearly from the article is the nature of crime. Different criminal activities have existed in the society over the past centuries. For example, certain criminal activities such as robbery have been common. In the recent past, new criminal activities have emerged such as piracy and gunfights.

Some crimes such as slavery have reappeared in the form of kidnappings. It is because of this aspect of crime that new technologies scientific inquiries have emerged to understand the field of criminology much better. In the 18 th century, criminology emerged as a major field of study with different sociologists and scholars contributing a lot to the field. This eventually played a major role towards reforming criminal justice and law in Europe.

The other fascinating issue from the article is how crime has changed over the centuries. Crime and the definition of criminal acts and deviant behaviors are “social products”.

This means that the individuals in a specific society will define what should be a crime or not. Criminologists distinguish acts depending on the society and the existing political laws. It is also notable that the article explains how people identify certain acts to be bad because they have been prohibited in the society. This explains why there are some universal laws against acts such as assault, rape, and murder.

The author of the article goes further to present a fascinating point of interest. There are two models of criminal law. These include the “consensus” and the “conflict” models. The consensus model explains how a society describes what is “wrong” and then implements the most effective laws.

The conflict model, on the other hand, explains how criminology and criminal law originates from the interests or expectations of various politicians, interest groups, or leaders. This means that the definition of crime mainly reflects the expectations and views of the powerful people in a society.

The article also explores the problem of crime from a sociopolitical and economic perspective thus making it a frustrating “moment”. According to statistics, global crime has been on the rise since the Second World War. Crime continues to take new forms depending on technological changes and developments.

As well, crime is a major problem because it is hard to estimate its costs. A study by David Anderson indicated that the cost of crime is very high and affects the lives of people across the world. The article explains how crime affects people and increases the level of government expenditure to cater for prisoners, control crime, and policing. This is the reason why governments and societies should consider the best laws to address the problem of crime because it affects all people alike.

In our modern world, the article explains why crime continues to become a major challenge across the globe. Crime also has both sociological and psychological aspects thus making it full cost incalculable. That being the case, there should be new inquiries to define crime accurately and be able to address it because it is a major concern today. I would therefore recommend this article because it offers a wider range of views, insights, and understanding of crime as a major sociological issue affecting the world today.

• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2019, January 17). Introduction to Criminology. https://ivypanda.com/essays/introduction-to-criminology-2/

"Introduction to Criminology." IvyPanda , 17 Jan. 2019, ivypanda.com/essays/introduction-to-criminology-2/.

IvyPanda . (2019) 'Introduction to Criminology'. 17 January.

IvyPanda . 2019. "Introduction to Criminology." January 17, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/introduction-to-criminology-2/.

1. IvyPanda . "Introduction to Criminology." January 17, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/introduction-to-criminology-2/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Introduction to Criminology." January 17, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/introduction-to-criminology-2/.

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• Social Learning Theory in Criminology
• General Strain Theory in Criminology
• The Relationship between Stress Management and Criminal Recidivism
• Biological Criminal Behaviour
• Drug, Crime and Violence
• Frankston Serial Killer: Background, Crimes, and Motives
• Where have all Criminals Gone

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an unequal relation between academics where one group dominates while other groups are ignored or silenced.

laws which criminalize actions which seek to render the animal agriculture and use industries more transparent, specifically, criminalizing undercover investigations and recording of animal agriculture activities, limiting whistleblowing, and otherwise interfering with normal business operations.

the ways in which the media play a role in determining which topics will receive the most attention and, thus, be deemed the most important for the audience to consider

These are factors that are considered by the sentencing judge that would increase the crime’s severity and would result in a more severe punishment. Examples of aggravating factors include previous criminal record for the same crime; use of a weapon; offence motivated by bias, prejudice or hate (based on race, sex, religion, age, sexual orientation or gender identity, or any similar factor); offence was committed against the offender’s intimate partner or family; the offence was committed against a person under the age of eighteen; offence was committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with a criminal organization; the offence was a terrorism offence; or the offence had significant impact on the victim’s health and financial situation.

the process of compiling and reviewing information, and then summarizing and synthesizing the data, often with the aide of statistical techniques, to reach a conclusion or explanation about the phenomenon under study.

the idea that humans are the most important beings; in the context of green criminology, the exclusive focus on humans as victims of crime and harm.

a deeply ingrained and dysfunctional thought process that focuses on social exploitive, delinquent, and criminal behavior most commonly known due to the affected individual's lack of remorse for these behaviors. ASPD falls into 1 of 4 cluster-B personality disorders within the DSM V, which also includes narcissistic, borderline, and histrionic personality disorders.

A psychological , evolutionary and ethological theory concerning relationships between humans . The most important tenet is that young children need to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for normal social and emotional development. The theory was formulated by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby .

The over-emphasis of personal characteristics while devaluing environmental characteristics when judging others.

our connection to our true, genuine self; the ability to show up as us, and connect with our feelings in a meaningful way.

the idea that the way in which media present crime and justice issues is the opposite of the way in which these phenomena occur in real life

a perspective that sees every species and being as equal in worth.

a multidisciplinary approach that seeks to understand criminal behaviour by examining the interactions between biological, psychological and sociological factors.

feminism that advocates for police and prison responses to things like gendered violence, sexual assault, child abuse, etc.

when one variable is said to cause a specific effect, the two variables must at least be correlated, the cause must precede the effect, and other possible explanations must be eliminated.

Circles are a process often associated with restorative justice although the roots of this ancient practice lie in many Indigenous traditions around the world. The circle embodies and nurtures the state of inter-connectedness we exist in as human beings. The circle is a structured process that can be adapted for many different purposes such as relationship and community building, sharing, problem solving and decision making, celebration, or as a response to harm. The circle allows all participants the opportunity to speak about values or a specific topic. Circles create a space for deep listening and to be heard. All voices are honoured equally which can cultivate mutual support and learning.

systematic patterns of deviation from norm and/or rationality in judgment that occurs when people are processing and interpreting information in the world around them.

the practice of controlling a territory, or another nation, and populating it with settlers in an exploitative manner. In this regard, colonization is also closely correlated with the practice of “settler-colonialism.”

the establishment of a colony to expand a nation state or territory. Establishing a colony might involve both the establishment of control over a territory and the Indigenous peoples who previously resided in that area. It may also involve the colonisation of minds through the imposition of Western European ideals, religion, language, and social practices onto the people who were living there before colonisation. The term “colonisation” is closely related to the term “colonialism.”

Provides direct services to victims and receive funding either in whole or in part by the provincial and/or federal government responsible for criminal justice matters.

The repayment of losses to the victim given by the state.

research methods that involve using computers to model, simulate and analyze social phenomena, and to assess patterns and trends working with big data. Big data could be anything from corporate databases or datasets from the government that could not feasibly be examined by humans using discourse or content analysis.

to form a concept or idea about something and to become very specific about what we mean by those concepts for the purpose of our own research.

a learning process in which the likelihood of a specific behaviour increases or decreases in response to reinforcement or punishment that occurs when the behaviour occurs.

A process based on restorative principles whereby the people most impacted by a harm come together to dialogue about what happened, how they were impacted, and explore ways to repair the harm.  These processes are facilitated by a trained facilitator and often include victims, offenders, their supporters, and representatives of the community.

involves parental expectations, limits, rules and control. Parental control can be flexible and democratic, or harsh, rigid and coercive. 

an approach to criminology that privileges the voices and standpoint of persons who have been criminalized or who have been system affected.

when two or more variables are associated with one another. The direction of the association is known when two variables are correlated.  A positive correlation means that as one variable increases, so does the other, or as one decreases, the other decreases.  A negative correlation means that as one increases, the other decreases, and vice versa.  Correlation does not guarantee causality.

A provincial and/or territorial program that provides financial benefits to help offset monetary losses and supports recovery for victims. Programs and eligibility vary by province and/or territory in Canada.

Criminogenic needs may be defined as those offender need areas in which treatment gain will reduce the likelihood of recidivism; they have also been referred to as dynamic risk.

A theoretical perspective in criminology which focuses on challenging traditional beliefs, uncovering false beliefs about crime and criminal justice, and unearthing biases and inequalities within the theories of criminology and the criminal justice system.

method of research to explore the connections between the use of language/text and the social and political context within which it occurs.

a research study that gathers data at one point in time. It provides a snapshot of the phenomenon of interest.

Provides support for people who have become involved in the criminal justice process as either victims or witnesses, offering information, assistance and referrals to victims and witnesses with the goal of trying to make the court process less intimidating.

theoretical perspective that considers the role of media in producing and reproducing culturally relevant and socially constructed meanings

is a general term used to describe all aspects of a society related to individual and collective identity and meaning. Culture can be expressed in the material items of a particular society, such as clothing and other consumer goods, as well as in the ideas and beliefs that circulate and shape the way individuals and groups understand themselves and the surrounding world. Culture can more narrowly refer to aspects of creative output such as art, music and literature, and is often divided into high culture and low culture. While high culture is found in art galleries, museums and opera houses, low culture, or popular culture, can be found all around us and is the stuff of TV, popular music and graffiti art. Cultural criminologists view culture as arising from broader economic and social relations, and therefore tends reflect dominant ideas related to crime and crime control.

an umbrella term which encompasses the social behaviour, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, customs, capabilities, and habits of individuals in these groups.

implies rightful ownership of specific data.  This involves allowing Indigenous peoples to control who collects data about their people and what data are collected, as well as how the results are disseminated.

is the process of deconstructing colonial ideologies of the superiority and privilege of Western thought and approaches embedded in western societies such as Canada. Decolonization can also mean cultural, psychological, and economic freedom for Indigenous peoples.

a research model that involves working from the general to the specific, or from theory to data collection. The deductive model employs quantitative methods of research.

the process of discharging chronic mental health patients into the community in order for them to receive care from community mental health services. The deinstitutionalisation movement began in Canada in the 1960s.

the condemnation of an individual’s actions, specifically with regard to offending.

the idea or theory that the threat of punishment will deter people from committing crime and that the punishment of someone else will deter them as well (general deterrence). It also can mean punishing an individual to teach them not to offend again (specific deterrence).

how individuals shape their conduct to line up with expert knowledge and rules of discourse.

the general domain of all statements and classifications about something/anything, like the discourse of child development or discourse of victimhood, and a system of categories that structures the way we perceive reality.

an edict given by the Catholic church to Western European nations to discover, colonize, and spread the Christian message. It gave countries like England, France, Spain, and Portugal the god given right to conquer and colonize new lands that were uninhabited by Christians.

a perspective that holds that humans are relationally connected to the natural world and that, while humans need to utilize resources to survive, they have a duty to use resources responsibly and minimize their impact on other species and the environment.

a perspective holding that natural entities and the natural world is worthy of protection in their own right and not just as resources to be exploited or used instrumentally.

a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit.

a method of study based on tangible and observable facts, evidence, and research.

a branch of criminology that deals with researching special – physical and social – determinations of patterns of criminal behavior and is closely connected with situational criminal prevention

an approach to justice that strives to overcome the manner in which negative impacts of environmental crimes and harms disproportionately affect marginalized groups in society, specifically based on race (Black, Indigenous, people of colour), class (e.g., low-income), and gender (e.g., dangers of male dominated slaughterhouse work, affects of toxic chemicals on female reproduction).

policies or practices that result in a discriminatory environmental impact (whether intended on unintended) on racialized groups or individuals.

the study of knowledge or ways of knowing.

a categorization of a group of people who share a national, cultural, religious, or language commonality. Such categorizations could be either an external labelling or one that is self-defined by the group. A concept of ethnicity can also overlap with a concept of race because ethnic categorization may also use skin colour, hair texture, and other physical characteristics to describe membership in an imagined ethnic community.

is a method of field research pioneered in cultural anthropology that involves immersive and lengthy interaction with cultural groups in order to learn about their ways of life and beliefs. In the nineteenth century, ethnography was used predominantly to study cultures in distant and non-western contexts. However, through the twentieth century, scholars in the social sciences began using this method to study subcultural groups closer to home. Ethnography involves participation in aspects of the culture under study as well as lengthy periods of contact and the development of mutual trust and respect. A common critique of this method is that researchers may grow too close to their subjects, and lose scholarly, detached perspective. A considerable strength of the method is that researchers gain deep, detailed, and realistic knowledge about a culture by adopting the perspective of insiders. Ethnography is a favoured method of cultural criminology, but it is not the only approach in this perspective.

information you use to make decisions that is based on research, not opinion.

when information and research is combined with experiences and expertise to best fit the population and culture being served.

a quantitative scientific procedure performed to determine something or test a hypothesis.

a qualitative method that involves observing and possibly interacting with research subjects in their natural environment.

a qualitative method that involves a group of individuals brought together and led by a moderator to share similarities, opinions, or differences.

in the context of moral panics, these individuals or groups are the perceived menace upon which the public concern is focused

fitting a story into a ready-made social construction such that it is easy for the audience to understand and interpret

a tool to use in social science research to investigate state and criminal justice practices that accesses state records that would not otherwise be disclosed.

a person or position that controls access to something and has the power to decide who obtains resources or opportunities and who does not.

every five years a series of cross-sectional surveys conducted by Statistics Canada which collect comprehensive socio-demographic information and information on one topic in-depth each year. The experiences of victims of crime are captured here.

the degree to which the results of a study can be applied to a larger population. The larger the sample, the greater the ability to generalise the findings of the study.

demonstrates how individuals develop an individual awareness space that consists of their major routine activity nodes (e.g., home, school, workplaces – activity spaces): the travel paths that connect them and everything within the visual range of the offender

the set of practices (rationalities, techniques, knowledges) via which people are (self) governed but also the means by which someone else’s activities are shaped.

a branch of criminology that deals with research into criminality against the environment and associated phenomena (e.g., animal cruelty)

the study of the breadth of victims (environment, human, and animal) and avenues of victimization related to environmental crime and harm, as well as the institutional and state responses to such victimization

the corporate practice of portraying a product as environmentally friendly or not harmful; for example, using images of plants on a bottle to imply connection to environmental sustainability but the ingredients contain harmful chemicals.

information produced outside of traditional publishing and distribution channels, including government and community reports, conference papers, and dissertations.

the dominance of one group’s ideas over another group’s ideas and when the dominant group controls the thinking of other groups, or when the ideas of the dominant class become the ideas of everyone.

the preference shown by journalists towards sources in powerful positions, casting them as primary definers whose opinions and ideas are portrayed as inherently more credible than those of others who might wish to comment upon a story

method of research where a researcher examines a culture or society or social practice by immersing themselves in the history of experiences for the group or individual they are interested in .

multigenerational trauma experienced by a specific cultural or racial group, such as the violent colonization experienced by Indigenous peoples.

refers to the study of the dynamic interrelationships between human populations and the physical, biotic, cultural and social characteristics of their environment and the biosphere

a proposed explanation used as a starting point in the deductive model for further investigation, or emerging at the end of the research process in the inductive model. A hypothesis is typically written as an “if, then” statement and outlines how we expect the variables to be related to one another and the direction of that relationship.

the socially constructed victim who is seen as weaker than their attacker, blameless, and with whom the audience will readily sympathize

Indigenous peoples in Canada were originally referred to as “Indians” by Western explorers because they were looking for a western passage to the East Indies . When Christopher Columbus arrived in the Caribbean in 1492, he incorrectly thought he had discovered a new passage to the imagined territory of the Indies (i.e., China, Japan, and India). The inhabitants were hence thought to be “Indians.”

a research model that involves working from the specific to the general or from observations to the development of theory.  The inductive model employs qualitative methods.

method of research where a researcher examines a specific institution via in-depth study of all of its elements and practices to identify power relations that structure an experience in the institution and how the institution itself is organized

a practice of racism where the racism can be understood as “racism without racists.” It does not require the presence of racist subjects or beliefs; it is the racism practiced by an institution or a governing body. The bias that is produced exists because of the invention and application of a rule or a policy. The racist outcome would not be the product of an individual’s racist ideation.

the argument that the state system always operates as an arm of, or instrument of, capitalism, or the state apparatus and criminal law exists as a direct result of capitalism to uphold capitalism and the capitalist mode of production.

a concept of analysis designed to show how the categories of race, class and gender, sexuality, and (dis)ability—and their social effects—are interlinked or interlocked in a way that makes them difficult to pull apart and to be analyzed as separate entities. Critical legal theorists like Kimberlé Crenshaw and others have used the concept of “intersectionality” to describe how race intersects with social and economic class, gender and sexual expression, nationality, and other institutional markers of identity in such a way that race is more fruitfully examined when considered as co-located and connected with these other social markers.

a qualitative method that involves asking a series of mostly open-ended questions in an effort to capture the participants’ voices in their own words.

a theory of economics arguing for increased government spending (on things like education, employment insurance, etc.) and lower taxes (for businesses) to stimulate demand, meaning employers will invest more and employ more people thereby maintaining economic growth and stabilizing the economy.

refers to the time period beginning in the late twentieth century and extending to today. Social theorists like Anthony Giddens and Zygmunt Bauman argue that the defining features of the modern era were transformed in significant ways in the late twentieth century. Capitalism, communications, and conceptions of the self were markedly altered in this period. However, these theorists dispute the notion that there has been a complete break from modernity heralding a new post- modern era. Instead, they see the present time period as being characterized by an intensification of modernity. Cultural criminology does not completely disavow the ideas and insights of postmodernism, but generally prefers the term late modernity to denote the present era marked by widespread interactive digital communications, commodification of crime and violence, rapid global flows of capital, goods and people, and an intensification of feelings of insecurity and anxiety (e.g. Young, 2007).

a person or other entity that at law has the powers and responsibilities normally associated with an ordinary human; legal personhood is not limited to flesh-and-blood humans but can extend to corporations, municipalities and, in some cases, natural entities.

Offenders that begin to show antisocial behavior in childhood that continues into adulthood are what Moffitt considers to be life-course-persistent offenders. Their delinquent behavior is attributed to several factors including neuropsychological impairments and negative environmental features.

a written summary and overview of writings and other sources on a selected topic to gain an understanding of existing research relevant to the topic.

personal knowledge about the world gained through direct, first-hand involvement in everyday events rather than through representations constructed by other people

a study which extends beyond a single point in time and involves the collection of data at various time intervals.

the recirculation of media content in different formats, contexts, and media outlets

in addition to the capitalist and working class, Marx identified the lumpenproletariat – a group that was defined as an unorganized, non-political underclass.

theoretical perspective that views media as a business that delivers a product intended to meet market demand

the way in which the perspective on society conveyed in mainstream media is similar to the dominant institutional perspective and encourages the audience to adopt the same perspective

system of methods, procedures and principles used in a particular area of study or discipline.

researchers generally attribute this term to Gwen Ifill, PBS news anchor, referring to the far more frequent and intense news coverage of instances where white women or girls go missing compared to instances where the missing persons are not white or not female

These are factors that are considered by the sentencing judge that would lessen the crime’s severity and support leniency in sentencing resulting a lighter sentence. Examples of mitigating factors include lack of criminal record; minor role in the offence; culpability of the “victim”; past circumstances such as abuse that resulted in criminal activity; addiction or mental health concerns; and circumstances at the time of the offense, such as provocation.

a set of government policies that controls the amount of money in circulation as a way to stabilize the economy.

individuals or groups who attempt to draw attention to and impose their moral perspective on behaviours they deem deviant or criminal in order to advance their own interests or political agendas

period of intensified or frenzied public concern, the level of which is out of proportion with the actual threat posed by the object of concern

the idea that the world is divided into distinct territorial entities, or nations, comprised of peoples with inherent ethnic, cultural, and even biological characteristics. Such nations are almost always territorially-based where a specific land or geography is claimed. The imagined community and territory are often based on an ancient or long established history and identity allowing the group to claim a primordial right to sovereignty and territorial occupation.

reforms that diminish the power of the state and diminish the power of carceral institutions.

governmental reform focused on free-market capitalism – policies that frees the market for capitalists including deregulation, privatization, and free trade.

term used to refer to Internet-based news, entertainment, social media, video games, etc. that are interactive

the aspects of stories used by news media to determine which stories will be deemed of interest to the media audience and, thus, reported on

consists of places (conceptualized as points) that are places within the city that a person travels to and from (e.g., business, entertainment, or industrial districts in the context of large urban centres)

crimes that do not involve the use of any force or injury to another person (e.g., property damage)

deals with ideas that are based on fact and free from bias or personal opinion.

The First Nations principles of ownership, control, access, and possession – more commonly known as OCAP – assert that First Nations have control over data collection processes, and that they own and control how this information can be used.

data sets often produced by official governmental agencies for administrative purposes, such as Census data or crime figures.

the philosophical examination of being. As an invention of Western thought, the concept is often referred to as a “theory of being” and paired with the term “epistemology” that refers to the sister concept of a “theory of knowledge” or how something is known. In this regard, ontology refers to the study of the “thing in itself” and not how it may be represented or interpreted.

turning abstract concepts or phenomena that may not be directly observable into measurable observations. For example, this would involve selecting the exact wording of survey questions.

theoretical perspective that views the routines of day-to-day news production as the most significant factor in shaping news content

a form of discriminatory racism that may be expressed as a clear and unambiguous act of racialization. A subject or victim of such racism can experience overt racism as a direct and personal injury and/or emotional injury. It is often an encounter between two persons where racial bias is experienced by one party in a very personal and subjective manner.

A typical model, example, pattern, or theory of something. Restorative justice is often described as a paradigm shift (a fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions).

extent to which parents are aware of their children’s activities, including how they spend their time and who they spend their time with.

represents the channels that we use to move from node to node often limited by streets, walkways, and public transit

examines the ways targets come to the attention of offenders and how this influences the distribution of crime events over time, space, and amongst targets

government programs that focus on helping criminal offenders to stop offending by providing treatment or to provide for the welfare of prisoners.

the process of making something personally relatable for the audience

the characteristic sets of behaviours, cognitions, and emotional patterns patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors. While there is no generally agreed upon definition of personality, most theories focus on motivation and psychological interactions with the environment one is surrounded by.

the observable properties of an organic organism. Phenotype is often understood as the product of both genotype, which refers to the genes of an organism, and the environment surrounding it. In the context of race and racialization, it might refer to human traits like skin colour, height, weight, or eye colour.

making changes or slight modifications to the existing structure of policing but keeping the original purpose of police.

all members of a particular area or group, or all things, that you want to learn more about from which a sample is drawn.

an orientation to the study of society that focuses on what can be observed – in criminology this means a focus on identifying and studying causes of crime that could then be corrected, which is strongly associated with crime control.

set of theoretical ideas that examines language, text and culture and how these establish social spaces/creates our reality, as opposed to structuralism’s contention that the social is a patterned, rigid, and material set of structures.

the diverse ways in which our actions control and are controlled by our relations (structural and otherwise) to others.

when two or more companies that are supposed to be competitors conspire to set prices at a certain level in order to avoid direct competition when selling the same products

data collected by researchers directly from the subjects or sources for the purpose of  their own original research.

individuals to whom the media turn to first to help define and explain a situation, who are perceived as having more specialized knowledge due to their institutional affiliation or professional position and, thus, as more credible sources (government officials, criminal justice system personnel, academics, etc.)

theoretical perspective that views the media as intentionally manipulating news content so that it aligns with the interests of the media owners and other powerful individuals or groups in society

a neuropsychiatric disorder marked by deficient emotional responses, lack of empathy, and poor behavioral controls, commonly resulting in persistent antisocial deviance and criminal behavior.

an impairment causing difficulties in perceiving what is real and what is not.

An approach to law and criminal justice that involves the intentional infliction of punishment.

research that involves the collection and analysis of in-depth textual or verbal, non-numerical data. Methods include interviews, focus groups, and field observation.

collecting and analyzing data that are non-numerical and focused on the detailed understanding of the subject being researched which can include in-depth interviews, observation, and other non-numerical data.

research that involves the collection and analysis of numerical data. It can involve testing causal relationships and making predictions. Methods include closed-ended surveys and experiments.

the use of race—by the criminal justice system—as the basis for criminal suspicion. This term is often associated with policing. It can be understood as describing race-based policing, or race-biased policing, where police use racial appearance as a deciding factor in who to select for stopping, questioning, searching, detaining, and arrest. Outside of this reference to policing, it can also be used to describe an intentional and deliberate consideration of race that negatively impacts racial minorities in the form of increased contact with public and/or private authorities. That is, it might manifest itself as a) the activity of selecting or examining a racial minority at a rate of selection that is higher and incommensurate with their demographic representation and/or b) attributing racial and stereotypical characteristics to a subject in a manner that is illogical and/or not based on empirical examination.

the assumption that the crimes committed by racial minorities can be explained by their race

racialisation employs the word “race” as a verb to demonstrate that race is a human action or activity and not a biological or scientific certainty. In so doing, the term helps demonstrate that “race” is a man-made or invented category. Racialisation is an everyday happening where “race” is something that we do to somebody else or to ourselves. As a verb, we can understand it to be a common mental shortcut where we might use a person's physical appearance as a stand-in or as a marker of their intelligence, their thinking, or their potential actions. We racialise other people and sometimes we racialise ourselves in this moment of comparison and othering. Some might also understand racialisation as a form of race-based stereotyping.

the process by which groups of people are designated as being part of a "race" and subjected to differential or unequal treatment on that basis

individuals use rational calculations to make rational choices and achieve outcomes that are aligned with their own personal objectives.

data collected directly from the source and that exist at this point without any processing, transformation, or analysis.  Interview notes or survey responses are examples of raw data.

regulatory offences deal with legal activities such as the manufacture of products to the public, driving on roads and highways, and working. The goal of this law is to protect the public from the potentially harmful consequences of otherwise legal activity.

In the context of the criminal justice system, this is the process of helping inmates grow and change, allowing them to separate themselves from the factors that made them offend in the first place. In addition, preparing someone for a productive/crime free life once out of incarceration.

the degree to which a measurement or research method produces consistent results. This consistency can also be understood as replicability, either at different times, and/or by different researchers.

The making of amends for a wrong one has done. This can be done by paying money to or otherwise helping (with service) those who have been wronged. In the criminal justice system, reparation is often court ordered.

the process of socially constructing images and attaching signification/meaning to them

bodies of government/states granted with the legal right to use physical force to control the masses.

An approach to law and criminal justice based on the punishment of offenders with the intention of making the offender “pay” for what they have done (an “eye for an eye”).

requires that a potential offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian must come together in order for criminal activity to be realized

the positivist use of science to prove the existence of race as a scientific category. It exploits science and scientific method as a pathway to promote the existence of race and it attempts to use natural and evolutionary science to falsely demonstrate that different “races” of human beings have evolved over centuries and now populate our world. Contemporary scientific research has shown that race is a faulty construct because DNA examination proves there are no “racial” differences in the genetic samples taken from people adapted to the different climates and continents of the world. For example, a person with Western European ancestry might have more genetic similarity with someone with east Asian ancestry than they do with someone with Scandinavian ancestry.

those individuals who have the task of responding to the definition of a situation as set out by the primary definers (including journalists who reproduce and/or filter what the primary definers have stated, as well as oppositional definers who journalists may include to provide a counter-point to what the primary definers have stated)

fulfillment of one’s full human potential.

a form of colonization where newcomers resettle a territory that is already inhabited by Indigenous peoples. The resettlement erases and reterritorializes the land in such a way that the land becomes both foreign and inaccessible to the indigenous first inhabitants.

the process of making something easier to understand, which also results in a loss of detail and complexity

a highly practical and effective means of reducing specific crime problems. Essentially, it seeks to alter the situational determinants of crime so as to make crime less likely to happen

a society or a social structure (e.g., a nation, a city, family, etc.) made up of a complex of concrete economic, political, and ideological relations, bound together and characterized by their historical relation to the economic relations (e.g., capitalism) they are located in.

theoretical perspective that views the media as playing an important role in upholding democracy, ensuring an informed citizenry, and shining light on abuses of power

organized patterns of social relations and institutions such as class, family, law, race, gender.

a branch of criminology that measures and theorizes explicitly spatial processes and relationships

refers to space

an approach to justice concerned with living creatures as having value in their own right; as such humans owe obligations and duties to them.

connected to anthropocentrism, this is the assumption that humans are the superior species; human needs are prioritized and needs of other species are deemed unimportant; most often connected to the privileging of humans over animals.

acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials in pursuit of their job as representatives of the state.

socially constructed category or label relying on generalized assumptions about people, behaviours, or situations based on a specific characteristic (such as race, ethnicity, culture, nationality, neighbourhood, gender, social class, etc.)

crimes that include acts that occur in both public and private spaces, as well as interpersonal violence and property crime

the argument that law works to ensure capitalist accumulation and to maintain conditions where the generation of wealth is possible based on the idea that states act on behalf of capital, not at its behest, and ideology is spread out among numerous social structures.

a subdivision within the dominant culture that has its own norms, beliefs, and values.

a mental disorder that affects a person's brain and behavior, leading to a person's inability to control their use of substances such as legal or illegal drugs, alcohol, or medications. Symptoms can range from moderate to severe, with addiction being the most severe form of SUDs. Support dimension : warm, responsive parenting. Children who lack support feel rejected, unaccepted or neglected.

crimes that include those referred to as corporate crime, crimes of the powerful, state-corporate crime, and state criminality

a general view, examination, or description of someone or something

an interaction between two individuals or groups that is mutually beneficial

a technique which allows the person to rationalise or justify a criminal act. There are five techniques of neutralisation: denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties.

an aspect of personality concerned with emotional dispositions and reactions and their speed and intensity; the term often is used to refer to the prevailing mood or mood pattern of a person.

refers to time

the multiple networks of diverse techniques and the power of normalization to regulate human behaviour that we see in prison as it extends into the entire social body.

an abolitionist concept capturing the idea that abolition is ongoing and requires constant struggle and analysis.

traditional types of media (that existed pre-Internet), including print (newspapers, magazines, books), visual (films, television programs), and audio (radio, music recordings) forms

a genetically modified organism (GMO) that has had DNA from another creature introduced into its genome.

Psychological trauma is a response to an event that a person finds highly stressful. Examples include being in a war zone, a natural disaster, or an accident. Trauma can cause a wide range of physical and emotional symptoms. Not everyone who experiences a stressful event will develop trauma.

recognizes and responds to the signs, symptoms, and risks of trauma to better support the health needs of patients who have experienced Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and toxic stress.

ways of talking about victims and victimization that place at least part of the responsibility for the harm done to the victim on their own behaviour or attributes (e.g. how they were dressed, what they said, where they were, what they were doing, which measures they took to defend themselves, etc.)

A process based on restorative justice principles where a victim and offender have direct or indirect dialogue in the aftermath of a harm.  This dialogue is usually facilitated by a trained person who has worked with both parties to prepare them for the encounter.

the outcome of deliberate action taken by a person or institution to exploit, oppress, or harm another, or to destroy or illegally obtain another's property or possessions

a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation.

the study of social harm; from the Greek zemia , meaning harm or damage.

Introduction to Criminology Copyright © 2023 by Dr. Shereen Hassan and Dan Lett, MA is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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300-Word Essay Examples

Importance of materialism: balancing positive and negative impacts.

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Comparing Mayan and Aztec Civilizations: Similarities and Differences

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The Essence of Africa: Maya Angelou’s Poetic Tribute

Maya Angelou’s poem, “Africa,” is a powerful and thought-provoking piece of writing that encapsulates the essence of the African continent. With vivid imagery and evocative language, Angelou captures the beauty and complexity of Africa, while also acknowledging the challenges that the continent faces. The Beauty…

Alexander the Great: A Hero or Villain?

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How Does Odysseus Show Strength

In Homer’s epic poem, The Odyssey, the protagonist Odysseus is depicted as a hero with a combination of physical, mental, and emotional strength. Throughout his challenging journey, he showcases his strength in various ways, from his cleverness and cunning to his resilience, determination, and leadership…

How Did Nile Shape Ancient Egypt

The Nile River is a crucial element in the history of ancient Egypt, shaping the civilization in numerous ways. The annual flooding of the Nile was predictable and beneficial, depositing nutrient-rich silt onto the surrounding land. This allowed the ancient Egyptians to grow abundant crops…

Importance Of Trust Essay

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Mama’s Dream In A Raisin In The Sun By Lorraine Hansberry

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Character Foils In Shakespeare’s Romeo And Juliet

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Overcoming Ignorance and Prejudices in Raymond Carver’s Cathedral

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Conflicts in Relationships

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Humanities Influence on Culture

The humanities have played a crucial role in the development of societies throughout history. This essay aims to explore the influence of humanities on culture and its significance in shaping societal values, beliefs, and identity. Definition of Humanities The humanities encompass a wide range of…

Literary Analysis of “Sweat” by Zora Neale Hurston

Introduction Zora Neale Hurston was a prominent African-American author, folklorist, and anthropologist of the Harlem Renaissance. Her literary career is marked by an exploration of the African-American experience, particularly the lives of women in the South. One of her notable works, “Sweat,” centers around themes…

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How Is a 300-Word Essay Look Like?

A 300-word essay is a relatively short piece of writing that consists of approximately 300 words. It is often used to express an idea, argument, or provide a brief analysis on a specific topic within a concise format.

How Long Is a 300-Word Essay?

A 300-word essay typically spans around 1 to 1.5 pages, depending on factors such as font size, spacing, and formatting. It is important to adhere to any specific formatting guidelines provided by your instructor or institution to determine the exact page count.

How Should You Write a 300-word Essay?

A typical structure for a 300-word essay includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction should provide a brief overview of the topic and present a thesis statement. The body paragraphs should present supporting evidence or arguments, and the conclusion should summarize the main points and provide a closing thought.

How to Write a 300-Word Story Essay?

Remember, a 300-word story essay requires you to be concise and selective with your storytelling. Focus on creating a vivid and engaging narrative that captures the reader's attention within the limited word count. Also, try to introduce the setting and characters, as well as try to conclude your story by resolving the situation or adressing the central theme.

How to Write a 300-Word Article Essay?

Writing a 300-word article essay involves conveying information or expressing an opinion on a specific topic in a concise and informative manner. Select a topic that interests you and aligns with the purpose of your essay. Identify the main points or subtopics you want to cover and the order in which they will be presented. This will help you maintain a logical flow and structure in your article. Remember to cite any sources used and follow the appropriate citation style if required by your instructor or the publication guidelines.

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100 Words Essay on Criminology in English

Criminology is simply defined as the study of crime and criminal behavior. It is an interesting topic to ponder on, no doubt. It is also called as the ‘young science’. The term criminology was first coined by the Italian law Professor Raffaele Garofalo in 1885. The origin of the very word “criminology’ comes from the Latin and Greek word. “Crimen,” which means accusation, and the translated Greek term ‘logia’, which is used to describe the study of a particular concept or subject. It has been said that criminology developed in the 18th century when there were various movements which caused quite a lot of crimes. This study has been evolving throughout the years. There have been a lot of theories proposed regarding crime and criminals throughout the years. A very important thing to keep in mind is that one of the key tools of criminology is fingerprinting. criminology is now a subject which is being studied by people who are interested in this field of study. with time, it has grown and evolved rapidly. there is also no doubt to the fact that it has helped solved a lot of crime cases and has prevented many.

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