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German Education System

The German education system stands out for its unique combination of academic rigor, hands-on learning, and commitment to individual development. Let’s explore how this system is regulated, its key stages, and other helpful details for anyone considering studying in Germany.

In this guide: A German school system chart to make it all easier to understand!

Quick Summary

• The German school system is unique in Europe because it sorts students into different educational paths early on.
• Compulsory education requires all children aged six to 15 to attend school full-time at the primary and secondary levels.
• Germany places a great emphasis on vocational education and training (VET). Over 15% of 25-34-year-olds in the country hold a vocational post-secondary education as their highest qualification, far surpassing the 6% average of OECD states.
• Germany is known for offering free or affordable higher education to students from Germany and abroad.
• The German education system comprises five main stages: early childhood , primary , secondary , tertiary , and continuing education .

Do you want to read about individual education stages and not the whole guide?

➡️ Jump to Early Childhood Education ➡️ Jump to Primary Education ➡️ Jump to Secondary Education ➡️ Jump to Tertiary Education ➡️ Jump to Continuing Education

How the German School System Works

The German education system operates under the framework of the Basic Law (Grundgesetz). At the federal level, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF) plays a coordinating and supporting role in education matters.

However, education in Germany is primarily the responsibility of the individual federal states (Bundesländer). Each federal state has its own Ministry of Education or equivalent authority responsible for education policy and legislation within its jurisdiction. 

These state-level authorities determine many aspects of education, including curriculum, teacher qualifications, and school organization.

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As a result of this federal structure, education legislation and regulations can vary from one federal state to another, leading to some differences in educational policies and practices across the country.

What is Compulsory Education in Germany?

Compulsory education in Germany is a fundamental commitment to ensure that every child receives an education. All children in the Federal Republic of Germany must start school once they reach the age of six until they complete nine years of full-time schooling at the Gymnasium or 10 years of full-time schooling for other general education schools.

After compulsory education, those who don’t continue to full-time general or vocational schools at the upper secondary level must still attend part-time schooling (compulsory Berufsschule attendance – Berufsschulpflicht), which typically lasts three years.

Compulsory education applies to children and youth with disabilities as well. Depending on their special educational needs (sonderpädagogischer Förderbedarf), they can either join regular schools with non-disabled peers or attend special education institutions (sonderpädagogische Bildungseinrichtungen).

Here’s a German school system chart you will definitely find useful:

How Is the School System Structured in Germany?

The German school system is structured into five main stages:

• Early Childhood Education. This stage is optional but widely attended. Children typically start kindergarten at age three or four, focusing on socialization and early learning.
• Primary Education. Beginning at age six and spanning grades 1 to 4 (or 1 to 6 in Berlin and Brandenburg), this stage marks the start of compulsory schooling and aids the transition from pre-school to formal education.
• Secondary Education. Secondary education in Germany is divided into lower secondary (Sekundarstufe I) and upper secondary level (Sekundarstufe II), aiming to prepare students for vocational qualifications or higher education. 
• Tertiary Education. Tertiary education in Germany includes universities, colleges, and vocational academies offering degrees and vocational qualifications. It’s highly respected for its academic quality and research opportunities.
• Continuing Education. Continuing education in Germany offers non-degree courses and workshops for skill development and lifelong learning. It caters to diverse individuals and aims to enhance personal and professional growth.

1. Early Childhood Education

What is considered preschool education in germany.

Early childhood education is optional education and care that children between 0-6 of age receive in the Federal Territory of Germany. This type of education includes both private and public child and youth welfare services for children who have not reached the age to start compulsory education (primary school).

Which Are the Institutions of Preschool Education in Germany?

In Germany, preschool education is predominantly provided by private daycare centers, including crèches, child-minding centers, and kindergartens.

Non-public organizations like Churches and Welfare or Parent’s Associations have priority in offering these services, with local authorities stepping in only when private initiatives are lacking.

Here are the preschool education institutions in Germany:

• Day-care centers (Kindertageseinrichtungen). Typically, a combined setting for children under the age of three and those from age three up to starting primary school.
• Crèches (Kinderkrippen). Children under the age of three.
• Kindergartens (Kindergärten). Children from age three up to starting primary school.
• School kindergartens, Preliminary classes, or Primary school support classes (Schulkindergärten, Vorklassen, Grundschulförderklassen). Children of compulsory school age who aren’t developmentally ready for regular studies, including those with disabilities or special educational needs.

The hours of preschool education are typically arranged through collaboration between parents and management, generally spanning a 7-hour day that includes lunch and sometimes a midday break.

What Are the Teaching Methodology and Materials in Preschool Education in Germany?

Early childhood education in Germany aims to nurture children’s independence and development, offering age-appropriate instruction, values, and rules. It adapts to individual needs, including those of expat children, who benefit from language acquisition and socialization during this phase.

For Children Under the Age of 3

The core educational mission of the German preschool education (age under 3) is enhancing communication skills among kids. Secondly, it is the development of their language skills through social interaction with other toddlers and adults.

Communication and language skills are taught by language role models (educators), finger plays, singing, picture books, and additional teaching practices/instruments.

Furthermore, an important part of pre-educating children is given to motor development. This includes increasing body awareness, self-acceptance, self-confidence, and concentration among toddlers.

Motor development is reached through physical activities, visiting public environments, rhythmic early education programs, singing, and movement playing.

For Children Over the Age of 2

Core values that preschool education seeks to develop amongst children are the enhancement of their teamwork skills, along with their level of integration in daily life activities.

Key areas of German preschool education for children older than 2 are:

• Language, writing, communication, 
• Personal and social development, 
• Development of values and religious education, 
• Mathematics, natural sciences, (information) technology 
• Fine arts/working with different media 
• Body, movement, health, and 
• Nature and cultural environments.

Such values are taught through self-organized learning, creative learning, teamwork-building activities, investigation, and experimental activities.

Assessment of the Educational Achievements in Preschool Education in Germany

Children are not assessed regarding their educational achievement reached by participating in German preschool institutions. Instead, they’re constantly supervised by their educators or trainers regarding their attainment from learning activities.

The opinion of educators is discussed with the parents of children, who together agree on further measures for the development of kids’ learning skills.

Who Supervises Preschool Education in Germany?

Preschool education in Germany is supervised by the State Youth Welfare Offices (Landesjugendämter) in each state (Lander). Providers must meet specific requirements, such as appropriate staff ratios, qualified educators, adequate facilities, hygiene standards, and age-appropriate educational programs. 

Kindergarten (early childhood education) in Germany is not entirely free, but the costs are heavily subsidized. Parents typically pay a monthly fee, which can vary depending on the state (Land) and the specific kindergarten. 

The fees are income-dependent, with lower-income families paying less and sometimes receiving exemptions. Some states have also moved towards making kindergarten education entirely free.

What If a Child Isn’t Yet Ready to Begin Compulsory School Studies?

There is a middle option for children who have reached the compulsory school attendance age but have not yet reached the needed development. This is relevant for children with disabilities and those needing special education. So, they attend a special school offered by some Landers, known as School Kindergarten or a Preliminary Class beforehand.

2. Primary Education

What is considered primary education in germany.

Primary school, or Grundschule, offers mandatory education through mixed-ability classes for children aged six until they complete grade 4 (or 6 in Berlin and Brandenburg). 

As kids finish grade 4/6, primary school marks an important transition phase, as together with parents and teachers, they are placed into different types of secondary schools depending on academic performance and goals.

Which Are the Teaching Practices in Primary Schools in Germany?

Primary education in Germany follows standards set by the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder (Kultusministerkonferenz). 

It includes subjects such as:

• Mathematics,
• General studies,
• Foreign language,
• Handicrafts,
• Religion, or ethics.

The curriculum includes topics like intercultural education, sustainability, values education, and more. Parents are encouraged to stay involved in their children’s education.

Learning objectives in primary schools are attained through the engagement of pupils in planning, running, and analyzing study subjects (lessons) in an adapted way, which goes along with their knowledge, interest, curiosity, and concerns. Students are also encouraged to participate in organizing initiatives and interdisciplinary projects of the school.

Germany has two primary school education systems: a 5-day school week with 188 teaching days per year and a 6-day school week with 208 teaching days per year, which includes classes on two Saturdays every month.

Primary school classes typically start between 7:30 AM and 8:00 AM and end at 11 AM or 12 PM. Each lesson lasts for 45 minutes, with breaks for eating and socializing. Most public primary schools don’t have uniforms, and children can wear whatever they want.

What is the Grading System Used in German Primary Schools?

In German primary schools, students are initially promoted to the next grade without formal grading after completing grade 1. 

From grade 2 onward, they receive grades based on their knowledge level, ranging from 1 (very good) to 6 (very poor). These grades in Germany are reflected in a school report (Zeugnis), and promotion to the next grade depends on their performance. If a student fails, they may need to repeat the grade.

Does a Pupil Receive a Primary School Leaving Certificate in Germany?

In most of Germany (Baden-Württemberg and Rheinland-Pfalz are the exceptions), there are no formal exams or leaving certificates for primary school. Students are assessed based on meeting specific educational outcomes and receive annual reports.

Who Supervises Primary Education in Germany?

The Grundschule, the first mandatory school for all children in Germany, operates under legal provisions outlined in the Basic Law and state constitutions regarding schools. These provisions cover inspection, parental rights, compulsory education, religious instruction, and privately-maintained schools.

The federal government funds public primary schools in Germany, which means they do not charge tuition fees. However, parents may be asked to contribute toward some expenses, like school supplies or extracurricular activities.

3. Secondary Education

What is considered secondary education in germany.

In the German school system, secondary education follows the primary school stage and is marked by a division into different educational paths, each leading to specific leaving certificates and qualifications. Secondary education is divided into lower secondary (Sekundarstufe I) and upper secondary (Sekundarstufe II). 

The lower secondary level is offered for pupils aged 10–12 until they are 15–16 in grades 5–7 to 9–10 and focuses on general education.

On the other hand, the upper secondary level is offered to pupils who have completed the prior level (from the age of 15–16 until 18–19) and prepares students for university or vocational qualifications, with various schools available based on abilities and prior education.

Who is Responsible for Managing German Secondary Education?

In Germany, secondary education is governed by legal frameworks, including the Education Acts and Compulsory Schooling Acts of the German Länder. These laws define curriculum content and qualifications granted upon completing lower and upper secondary education in both general and vocational schools. 

Vocational training is regulated by the Vocational Training Act and the Handicrafts Act, addressing matters like contracts, certificates, and trainee rights. Special legislation, like the Protection of Young Persons at Work Act, ensures the protection of young trainees.

Public education in Germany is funded through taxation, and students are not required to pay tuition fees at these levels of education. Private secondary schools may charge tuition fees, but the majority of students in Germany attend public secondary schools, which are free of charge.

What Are the Types of Secondary Schools in Germany?

The Federal Country of Germany offers secondary education in public and private schools. Various secondary schools in Germany cater to students with varying abilities and prior primary education qualifications.

The German educational system is traditionally divided into three main tracks (the Gymnasium, Realschule, and Hauptschule), with some states introducing the Comprehensive School (Gesamtschule) as an alternative or addition to the existing system:

Gymnasium is a prestigious secondary school in Germany that begins around age 10 or 11 and typically lasts until age 18. It covers grades 5 to 12 or 13, offering a rigorous academic education. Students graduate with the “Abitur,” a qualification that grants access to universities and diverse career opportunities.

Realschule starts at around age 10 or 11 and generally concludes at age 16, encompassing grades 5 to 10. This school type provides a balanced mix of academic and practical education. Upon completion, students earn the “Realschulabschluss” diploma, enabling them to pursue vocational training or higher education.

Hauptschule

Hauptschule commences at approximately age 10 and typically ends at age 15, spanning grades 5 to 9. It emphasizes practical and vocational education. Students receive the “Hauptschulabschluss” certificate, which can lead to vocational training or part-time education.

Gesamtschule

Gesamtschule starts around age 10 or 11 and may last until age 16 or 18, depending on the school’s structure. It covers grades 5 to 10 or 12, offering a comprehensive education that combines academic and practical aspects. Qualifications vary but can include certificates equivalent to Realschulabschluss or Abitur, depending on students’ chosen educational paths within the Gesamtschule.

German Schools With More Than One Study Course (Schularten mit mehreren Bildungsgängen)

These schools in Germany offer multiple educational tracks or study courses within a single institution. These can include comprehensive schools, secondary schools (in Bremen), community schools, integrated secondary schools, and others.

German Vocational Schools

German secondary vocational schools are institutions that provide specialized vocational education and training to students who have completed their general secondary education (usually Realschule or Hauptschule). They offer lessons and practical placement, known as a dual system. 

These are the types of vocational schools available in Germany:

• Fachoberschule. Offers a 2-year program for “Mittlerer Schulabschluss” holders, leading to “Fachhochschulreife” for entry to universities of applied sciences. A 13th grade option can result in “Fachgebundene Hochschulreife” or “Abitur.”
• Berufsoberschule . Provides 2-year general and in-depth education, enhancing previous vocational knowledge, leading to vocational qualifications or, with proficiency in a second foreign language, “Abitur.” Also offers 3/4-year courses for dual vocational and higher education qualifications.
• Berufsfachschule. Offers education for specific professions requiring formal recognition or vocational training qualifications.
• Berufsschule. Delivers practical, interdisciplinary lessons preparing students for further vocational education or professions based on the dual education and training system.
• Berufliches Gymnasium. A 3-year secondary education program leading to the “Abitur” qualification.

German Private Secondary Schools

Private secondary schools in Germany fall into two categories: “Ersatzschulen,” which offer the same curriculum as public schools but with private funding, and “Ergänzungsschulen,” which provide additional courses beyond public school offerings.

What Are the Curriculum and Teaching Practices in Secondary Education?

German secondary education focuses on fundamental education, individual specialization, and identifying students’ unique abilities, especially in lower secondary education. 

Achieving these objectives involves:

• Engaging students intellectually, emotionally, and physically.
• Teaching them independence, decision-making, personal, social, and political responsibility.
• Assisting them in attaining their educational goals.
• Supporting them in advancing their specialist knowledge.

General upper secondary schools, such as Gymnasium, are vital in preparing students for the Abitur or other university entrance qualifications. 

These institutions provide comprehensive knowledge in German and foreign languages, mathematics, self-development, social responsibility, and participation in democratic society. Additionally, they offer guidance on academic institutions, admission requirements, vocational options, and career prospects.

Upper secondary education is also offered by German vocational high schools known as “Berufliches Gymnasium.” Over two full-time years, these schools prepare students for vocational qualifications as skilled staff with “Fachgebundene Hochschulreife.” 

This qualification opens doors to professions requiring formal qualifications and can serve as a pathway to university entrance if the holder demonstrates proficiency in a second foreign language. Moreover, it enables enrollment in technical universities after two years of study, leading to a “Mittlerer Schulabschluss” maturity certificate.

What Is the Grading System in German Secondary Schools?

The progress of pupils in German secondary schools is evaluated upon a 6-mark grading system as follows:

• 1 (very good)
• 3 (satisfactory)
• 4 (adequate)
• 6 (very poor)

4. Tertiary Education

What is tertiary education in germany like.

Tertiary education in Germany encompasses post-secondary education at various institutions, including universities , universities of applied sciences , and specialized institutions , offering a wide range of academic and vocational programs.

It emphasizes academic excellence, research-oriented education, and practical skills development, leading to Bachelor’s , Master’s , and Doctorate degrees.

Who Supervises German Tertiary Education?

Under the Basic law, higher education institutions enjoy the autonomy to independently manage the scholarship awarding, research, and teaching activity. For administrative issues, such as academic and governmental matters, these institutions have to be in accord with the Lander’s ministry.

Tertiary education at public universities in Germany is generally tuition-free, with nominal semester fees ranging from €100 to €300. Private universities, however, charge varying tuition fees ranging from a few thousand to more, so students should inquire about costs and available financial aid.

Which Are the Institutions of German Tertiary Education?

With more than 400 state-recognized institutions of higher education in Germany, you’ll find an abundance of choices when it comes to tertiary education. 

Here are some of the higher education institutions you can choose from and what each specializes in:

Universities (Universitäten) 

Universities offer a wide range of academic programs and research opportunities leading to bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees, with a strong emphasis on research and theoretical knowledge. Universities focus on all types of subjects , including medicine, law, pharmacy, etc.

Colleges of Art, Music and Film (Kunst, Musik-und Filmhochschule)

Colleges of Art, Music, and Film are specialized institutions focusing on arts, music, and film education, offering programs tailored to aspiring artists, musicians, and filmmakers. Basically, they focus on artistic subjects such as fine arts, design, architecture, music, theater, etc.

German Colleges of Art and Music offer the following study courses:

• Visual, design, and performing arts.
• Film, television, and media.
• Art history and art pedagogy.
• History and teaching of music.
• Media and communication.

Universities of Education (Pädagogische Hochschulen)

Specialize in teacher education programs, preparing future educators for teaching roles in schools and educational institutions. 

Theological Colleges (Theologische Hochschulen)

Provide theological education and training for individuals pursuing careers in religious studies, ministry, and theology.

Universities of Applied Science (Fachhochschulen/Hochschulen für angewandte Wissenschaften*)

Offer practical and hands-on education focusing on applied sciences, engineering, and technology, leading to bachelor’s and master’s degrees. They typically have a mandatory practical training component (Praxissemester). Such training is carried out on the premises of private businesses or public institutions/administrations to place the student closer to the labor market needs.

Teaching professors in Fachhochschulen , despite being academics, have a strong background of professional experience in the labor market outside of academia.

German Universities of Applied Sciences offer study courses in the following fields:

• Technology,
• Engineering,
• Social Sciences.

Higher Education Institutions Offering Dual Studies (Berufsakademien) 

Offer a distinctive dual education system, combining academic training with practical experience through company partnerships and funded training with student wages.

Universities for the German Armed Forces (Universitäten der Bundeswehr)

Provide military-focused education and training for German Armed Forces officers and personnel.

Institutions of Continuing Vocational Education (Fachschulen, Fachakademien)

Offer specialized vocational training and education beyond the secondary level, equipping students with practical skills and qualifications for specific careers.

*In some Landers Fachhochschulen are called Hochschulen für angewandte Wissenschaften.

Qualifications of the German Higher Education System

The German higher education system is renowned for its structured qualifications, including Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Ph.D. degrees, each with distinct characteristics and durations.

Bachelor’s Degree

The first higher education qualification in Germany is the bachelor’s degree. The duration of studies for this degree varies by institution:

• Universities: 6 semesters (3 academic years)
• Universities of Applied Sciences: 6–7 semesters
• German Colleges of Art and Music: About 8 semesters
• Professional Academies: 3 academic years
• Fachschulen: 2 academic years

Bachelor Titles

Depending on the type of higher education institution of higher education issuing it, there are different Bachelor titles, as follows

• Bachelor of Arts (B.A.)
• Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.)
• Bachelor of Engineering (B. Eng.)
• Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.)
• Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.)
• Bachelor of Music (B. Mus.)
• Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.)

What Bachelor’s Study Fields Are Offered in German Universities?

German universities offer a wide range of study fields, such as:

• Languages, Humanities, and Sport
• Philosophy, Theology, History
• Art studies, Musicology, Theatre studies
• Education, Psychology
• Law, Economics, Social Sciences
• Mathematics, Natural Sciences
• Medicine, Agronomy, Forestry
• Engineering Sciences (e.g., Architecture, Mechanical Engineering)
• Environmental technology, Mining, and more

What Bachelor Study Fields Are Offered in German Universities of Applied Sciences?

German universities of applied sciences offer bachelor’s study fields in the following:

• Agronomy, Forestry, and Nutritional Science
• Engineering Sciences
• Economics/Economic Law
• Social Work
• Public Administration, Administration of Justice
• Information Technology, Computer Science and Mathematics
• Natural Sciences
• Information and Communication Studies
• Nursing and Management in the Public Health System

What Bachelor Study Fields Are Offered in German Fachschulen?

Fachschulen offer courses such as:

• Agricultural Economy
• Social Work. 

Core Bachelor subjects of study in these institutions are:

• Electrical, Mechanical, and Construction Engineering.
• Business Management.

What Bachelor Study Fields Are Offered in German Berufsakademien?

Berufsakademien (Vocational Academies) offer bachelor’s degrees in these study fields to prepare students for specific professions:

• Social Work 

International study programs are also available at universities and applied sciences universities.

Master’s Degree

A master’s degree is the second higher education qualification in Germany and typically takes 2 to 4 semesters to complete, varying by institution. Universities and equivalent institutions often require 4 semesters, while Fachhochschulen usually require 3 to 4 semesters.

To earn a master’s degree, students need to accumulate 300 ECTS credit points, including those earned during their earlier qualifications, such as a Bachelor’s degree (360 ECTS points for Bachelor degree holders).

Master’s Degree Titles

The master’s degree titles that you can get depend on your institution. See below for each type of institution:

At Universities or equivalent institutions:

• Master of Arts (M.A.)
• Master of Science (M.Sc.)
• Master of Engineering (M. Eng.)
• Master of Laws (LL.M.)
• Master of Education (M.Ed.)
• At Colleges of Art and Music

At Colleges of Art and Music:

• Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.)
• Master of Music (M.Mus.)

At Universities of Applied Sciences:

For Continuing/Specialist Education:

• Master of Business Administration (MBA)

German Higher Education Programs Outside the Bachelor and Master Level

Beyond the bachelor’s and master’s degree titles, you can also find the following programs and examinations at various higher education institutions:

• Diplom Examination. Some programs lead to a Diplom degree in a single study subject, such as Diplom in Psychology or Engineering. The Diplom issued by Universities of Applied Sciences is comparable to a bachelor’s degree.
• Magister Examination. Another option is the Magister examination, covering combined study subjects, like “Magister of Artium.” A magister degree from universities of applied sciences is akin to a master’s degree.
• Staatsprüfung (State Examination) . Certain professions, such as medicine, dentistry, and law, require a state examination for qualification. This process involves a 2-stage examination conducted by state examiners and academic professors.
• Church and Academic Examination. Theology students who wish to pursue roles like priest or pastoral assistant must pass a Church and academic examination after completing a 5-year study program.
• Postgraduate Study Courses. After bachelor’s or master’s studies, students can pursue 2-year postgraduate study courses to specialize in a specific field or support their existing studies.
• Examination of Colleges of Art and Music. Some programs at German colleges of art and music culminate in a final examination, known as “Abschlussprüfung,” or a concert examination called “Konzertexamen.”

Ph.D. Degree

The Ph.D. degree is the highest education qualification undertaken by the most qualified students. It can be taken at German universities and equivalent institutions in collaboration with non-university research institutes. 

Doctoral studies in Germany vary in duration due to their in-depth and individualized nature, involving independent research and culminating in an oral examination, commonly referred to as the “Rigorosum” or thesis defense “Disputation.”

There are several paths to get a Ph.D. degree in Germany, as follows:

• Individual and supervised doctorate
• Structural doctorate
• Cooperative doctorate (combination between universities and universities of applied sciences)
• International doctorate
• Special doctorate

The title received by completing a German Ph.D. study program is Doctor “Doktorgrad.”

Admission Requirements of the German Higher Education Institutions

Are you planning to apply to study at a higher education institution in Germany? Let’s explore the admission process and the requirements you will likely stumble upon.

Bachelor’s Degree Programs

To apply for bachelor studies in Germany, you must fulfill the following requirements:

• Higher Education Entrance Qualification . Applicants need either “ Abitur ” or an equivalent foreign school-leaving certificate. Abitur can be obtained through an examination for non-pupils or employed individuals. International students with unrecognized foreign certificates may require a preparatory course and recognition examination.
• Admission Exam. Some fields, like arts and sports, may require applicants to take an admission examination to assess their core subject knowledge.
• German Language Proficiency (for international students). Proficiency can be demonstrated through language diplomas (e.g., DSD II), proficiency exams (e.g., DSH, TestDaF), or language assessments during preparatory courses (Studienkolleg).
• Certificate of the Akademische Prüfstelle (APS) (for international students from China, Vietnam and India). Foreign students who completed APS in their home country may need to submit this certificate.
• Alternative Proof (for refugee students). Refugee students can provide alternative documentation, such as entrance exams or German language assessments, possibly after enrolling in Studienkolleg for recognition assessment.

Colleges of Art, Music, and Film

Admission to German colleges of art and music typically requires a higher education entrance qualification and artistic aptitude. In some cases, applicants with exceptional artistic or musical talent may be admitted even without a higher education entrance qualification.

German Universities of Applied Sciences

To apply to a university of applied sciences in Germany, applicants have to submit:

• Higher education entrance qualification/Fachhochschulreife
• Artistic aptitude (I.e., for design study program)

Berufsakademien (Vocational Academies)

To apply to a German Berufsakademien, you have to submit any of the following:

• Higher education entrance qualification
• Fachhochschulreife and entrance examination

Fachschulen

To apply in a German Fachschulen, applicants have to submit any of the following:

• Fachhochschulreife (for a recognized profession which needs a prior training)
• Proof of minimum 1-year work experience in the profession
• Qualification from the Berufsschule
• Qualification from the Berufsschule/equivalent qualification
• Proof of minimum 5-year work experience in the profession

Or for social professions:

• Mittlerer Schulabschluss (Middle School Leaving Certificate)
• Proof of relevant education and training

Master’s Degree Programs

Admission requirements for a master’s degree in Germany include:

• Bachelor degree related to the master studies
• Entrance examination (for master’s studies in the art field)
• Special aptitude (for master’s studies in the art field)
• Proof of minimum 1-year work experience (for some specific programs)

Admission requirements for a German PhD degree include:

• Master’s degree issued by universities/equivalent institutions, universities of applied sciences, or other institutions (if the applicant is well-qualified).
• Bachelor’s degree (on some special occasions). This applies if the applicant is well-qualified, and an examination to evaluate their aptitudes, “Promotionseignungsprüfung,” has to take place. Sometimes, an additional preparatory course will be necessary.
• Evidence of having passed the first state examination (Erste Staatsprüfung)

For more information, see our detailed guide on requirements to study in Germany .

Quotas and Restrictions for German Higher Education Programs

German higher education study courses can have various admission procedures:

Nationwide quotas:

Nationwide quotas apply when applications exceed available spots.

The selection of the students in such cases is based on:

• Relevance and the average grade of prior qualifications (20%), 
• Awaiting period between obtaining the university entrance qualification and applying for academic studies (20%),
• Higher education provider’s selection procedure (60%).

Local restrictions on admissions:

• Local restrictions apply when some courses have limited spots controlled by institutions or the Foundation for Higher Education Admission (SfH).
• A joint database helps manage applications and allocate open spots to other students if a candidate is accepted elsewhere.

No restrictions on the number of applicants:

• Some courses have no set limits, admitting all eligible applicants without pre-selection.
• Occasionally, a prior notification period may be required for accepted students.

5. Continuing Education

What is considered adult education and lifelong learning in germany.

Continuing education in Germany, also known as lifelong learning, addresses the ever-changing demands of the labor market. It includes various categories, including adult education, professional development, recognizing prior experience, flexible learning pathways, and opportunities for seniors to pursue personal interests.

Germany boasts a robust system of adult education and ongoing training. This system includes the following offerings:

• Evening classes,
• Vocational courses,
• Non-formal educational programs tailored to adults seeking to acquire new skills or qualifications. 

These educational opportunities are provided by diverse entities, including municipal and private institutions, religious organizations, trade unions, industry and commerce chambers, associations, political parties, businesses, government agencies, academies, family education centers, vocational schools, Fachschulen, as well as media outlets like radio and television.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Can children be homeschooled in germany.

Homeschooling is generally not allowed in Germany. The country has strict regulations that require children to attend public or state-approved private schools. There are very limited exceptions, such as for children with specific medical conditions that prevent them from attending regular schools. 

In most cases, homeschooling is not permitted, and parents can face legal consequences if they choose to homeschool their children.

When Do Schools Start in Germany?

The school year in Germany usually starts in late August to early September, varying across the 16 German states, and typically ends in June or July, with slight variations depending on the state and school.

Are There Any Breaks or Holidays During the German School Year?

Schoolchildren in Germany receive a total of 75 days of holiday per year, which includes 12 Saturdays. These holidays are divided into six school holiday periods that coincide with the separate school terms:

• Autumn Holiday (Herbstferien). Usually two weeks in October or November.
• Christmas Holiday (Weihnachtsferien). Typically around two weeks in late December and early January.
• Winter Holiday (Winterferien). Varies in duration and may range from a few days to two weeks, depending on the region.
• Easter Holiday (Osterferien). Lasting two to three weeks in March or April.
• Whitsun Holiday (Pfingstferien). Varies from a few days to two weeks and falls around May or June.
• Summer Holiday (Sommerferien). The longest break lasts around six to seven weeks, usually starting in late June or early July and ending in late August or early September.

These breaks can vary by federal state, and the exact dates may change each year. Some schools may also have additional holidays known as “bridge days” (Brückentage) around public holidays or special occasions. It’s essential to check the school calendar for specific holiday dates in your region or school.

When Does the Academic Year Begin and End in Germany?

At most universities in Germany, the winter semester (WiSe) typically runs from October 1st to March 31st , while the summer semester (SoSe) usually takes place from April 1st to September 30th . 

However, “Fachhochschulen” (universities of applied sciences) often start and end their semesters a month earlier.

Are There Any Breaks or Holidays During the German Academic Year?

As we said, the academic year in Germany typically starts in October and ends in September, divided into two terms: the winter semester (October to March) and the summer semester (April to September).  Students have holidays during the Christmas and Easter periods. 

Additionally, there are semester breaks of approximately six to eight weeks between the two terms. During these breaks, students often use the time for writing assignments and exam preparation or may choose to pursue internships or employment opportunities. 

How Do Private Schools in Germany Differ From Public Schools?

In Germany, public schools are generally more prevalent than private schools. Most students attend public schools because they are government-funded, offer free education, and adhere to the country’s standardized curriculum. 

Public schools are also known for their high educational standards and quality. Private schools, while they offer certain advantages such as smaller class sizes and specialized programs, tend to be less common, and are often chosen by families who can afford the tuition fees or have specific preferences for alternative educational approaches or religious instruction. 

How Does Germany Promote International Student Exchanges?

Germany promotes international student exchanges through programs like Erasmus+ and the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). 

Erasmus+ facilitates student mobility within Europe, allowing German students to study abroad and welcoming international students to Germany. DAAD offers scholarships for German students studying abroad and supports international students coming to Germany at various study levels. 

German higher education institutions also offer numerous English-taught programs , making them accessible to non-German-speaking students and providing support services for incoming exchange students to ensure a smooth transition into academic and social life.

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An Introduction to the German School System

Researched & written

by Yvonne Koppen

May 27, 2024

The German school system, along with the higher education system, is known worldwide for its quality and accessibility, thanks to no tuition fees . Yet, the German education system is very complex and differs from those in other Western countries.

This article will introduce you to the German school system’s general structure and the many different study paths and opportunities for students in Germany. At the end of the article, we have compiled interesting facts and statistics about schooling in Germany.

🖌️ Table of Contents

How does the German school system work?

The German school system is a rather complex one and can be quite confusing at first sight. There are multiple ways to acquire a school degree and higher-level education, depending on each student’s interests, skills, and abilities.

The public school system is the centerpiece of Germany’s school system, despite private schools becoming more popular and almost doubling over the  past two decades .

Every German state ( Bundesland ) is responsible for its education policy, from school types to school calendars and class subjects. However, the ministers of education from each of the sixteen states meet twice a year at a national conference (  Kultusministerkonferenz)  to align their plans and practices.

There is no regional draft as to which school a student has to attend. Families in Germany are free to choose the school for their children. 

If you are interested in the specific school system in the different German states, take a look at these  individual guidelines . Otherwise, let’s have a look at the general system and its different school types.

Compulsory school attendance in Germany

Children living in Germany at the age of six to fifteen must attend school ( Schulpflicht ). The compulsory school attendance in Germany has its foundation in the German constitution ( Grundgesetz ). It is designed to allow every child proper and qualified education, regardless of the family’s financial situation, to mix social classes, and prevent religious or ideological parallel societies.

Consequently, home-schooling is illegal in Germany.

Preschool education in Germany

Whether it is kindergarten, daycare, or nursery, any type of preschool is optional and not part of the German public school system. There are many different types of preschool education in Germany. The traditional  Kindergarten  is for children from age three to six, whereas the Kita ( Kindertagesstätte ) already takes infants from six months old.

However, there is a chronic lack of enough spots for children, making it very stressful and tedious for parents to find a daycare place for their young kids close to home. We have heard stories from friends with children who had to apply for a Kita spot while still pregnant to stand a chance of getting one.

For all parents in Berlin

Kietzee is a new initiative to help parents find a Kita spot in Berlin faster and with less stress. You can join the community club and benefit from how-to content and reviews from other parents.

The cost of daycare differs from state to state. In Dusseldorf, where we live, daycare for children between three and six years old is free, while the cost for children younger than three depends on the parents’ income and the hours of caretaking per week. Example calculation for  Kita cost in Dusseldorf  for a child younger than three years: 35 hours of caretaking with a yearly income up to 60.000 euros cost 200 euros per week.

Next to preschool, parents also have the option to stay at home for up to three years while still being able to return to their job, thanks to a very supportive  parental leave  system. As a parent in Germany, you can also apply for  parental allowance , which is financial support from the German government for the first two years after your child is born.

Read Our Related Guide

Parental Leave In Germany [Elternzeit] Parental Allowance In Germany [Elterngeld]

Primary School in Germany ( Grundschule )

In Germany, primary school is the so-called elementary school ( Grundschule ) for grades 1-4 (in Berlin and Brandenburg, grades 1-6). There are  15.447 primary schools  in Germany. Starting primary school is the official beginning of German school education. This is a big day for kids, which is celebrated with the entire family. In German, it is called  Einschulung , and tradition has it that kids get a big school cone ( Schultüte ) filled with school stationery, sweets, small gifts, and sometimes money.

The typical age to start primary education is six years, although exceedingly bright kids can start school in some states already at five years of age, and those that are not ready yet can start at seven years of age.

Primary schools in Germany usually take place for half-days. Parents can choose the school themselves and have to sign their children up for school and make sure that they attend regularly. Students learn to read and write, the basics of math and English in elementary school.  

At the end of primary school, teachers recommend which secondary school to continue with, although it is the parents’ choice to follow that recommendation.

Secondary School in Germany ( Weiterführende Schule )

In most German states, secondary school starts with fifth grade, and this is when the differences in the German education system start. Every German state has its own school system and different names for specific schools. Despite that, there are three general types of schools in Germany that determine different education tracks and career possibilities. Those three types of German schools are Hauptschule , Realschule , and Gymnasium .

Secondary education in Germany is split into two parts: secondary level I and secondary level II. Secondary level I describes grades 5 to 10, and secondary level II describes grades 11-13.

Hauptschule (5-9th Grade)

There are  1.818  Hauptschulen  in Germany. Generally speaking, the  Hauptschule  (in some states called  Mittelschule)  offers the lowest, least demanding learning level in the German education system. It is an excellent choice for pupils who want to continue their education with an apprenticeship in craft or industrial trades – the famous German  Ausbildung . 

The  Hauptschule  gets them ready for such vocational training, starting after the final examination ( Hauptschulabschluss ) after grade 9. Students that attend the  Hauptschule  can also decide to study one more year to finish with the higher-rated  Realschul  degree at the end of 10th grade.

After graduating from the  Hauptschule , the education continues as part of a two to three-year-long vocational training, which operates in a dual system. Students spend around three days a week in their company and around two days a week at vocational school ( Berufsschule ). These students/workers are referred to as  Auszubildende  or short  Azubis . They usually get paid by the company around 1/3 of the standard salary for the job they are training in.

After completing their vocational school and training, they are certified tradespeople of the chosen craft.

Realschule (5-10th Grade)

There are  1.752 Realschulen  in Germany. The  Realschule  in Germany offers mid-level education. It is more challenging than the  Hauptschule , but a step lower than the  Gymnasium . The Realschule prepares students with practical and theoretical knowledge for their future professional life. Students usually have the option to choose a focus area, such as an additional foreign language or science subject. 

After completing the  Realschulabschluss , a.k.a.  Mittlere Reife  or  Fachoberschulreife , students have multiple options to continue their education. Should their grades and performance have been satisfactory, they stand the option to continue to the higher level of secondary school at a  Gymnasium . They also have the option to pursue vocational training ( Ausbildung ) or attend an internship for a better orientation of their desired profession.

As a last option, students completing the  Realschule  can also take a year for volunteering ( Freiwilligendienst ). This is quite common in Germany; it helps to gain professional experience and orientation for future education. There are  different types of volunteering opportunities  in the social, ecological, and cultural areas within Germany and abroad.

Even without an  Abitur  (see  Gymnasium ), students with a  Realschulabschluss  also have the  possibility to continue with higher education . That is after they completed their three-year vocational training and gained a few years of work experience.

Gymnasium (5-12/13th Grade)

The  Gymnasium  is the highest form of secondary education and aims to prepare students for continued university education. It is the most popular school type  in Germany’s secondary school system, with a total of 3.146  Gymnasien . You can find different types of  Gymnasien  in Germany. Some are boys and girls only; the church runs some, and others focus on sports, science, or arts. It is not uncommon that a  Gymnasium  and  Realschule  share the same building and schoolyard.

Traditionally the  Gymnasium  has nine grades (G9), leading to a total of 13 years in school. However, in the early 2000s, a school reform decided to cut one year (while keeping the same amount of learning matter) to end the school education after grade 12 (G-8). This change should allow German students to be more competitive with other European students, who finish school at a younger age.

There have been huge protests and discussions regarding this reform, as students got overwhelmed and had no more time for social activities in the afternoons. Today, a lot of states have returned to G-9 and a total of 13 years in school. The curriculum at a Gymnasium has an academic focus, with a minimum of two foreign languages, higher math, and science courses, with the goal to reach the university level.

The secondary level II, which starts with grade 11 serves as a preparation for future university studies. Students have to choose two focus subjects ( Leistungskurse ) and two additional subjects for the big final exam, known as  Abitur  or  Allgemeine Hochschulreife .

A German university must accept any student with an  Abi  (short for  Abitur ); however, there are no guarantees that the student gets accepted to their desired field of study. The final grade of the  Abitur  (also referred to as NC for numerus clausus) plays a big role in getting accepted by the favorable university to the desired field of study. Especially degree courses like law and medicine are highly competitive and require an  Abitur  with a stellar NC or flexibility in terms of the university’s location.

Gesamtschule (5-13th Grade)

The Gesamtschule combines all three tracks of school education in one comprehensive school, making it easier to switch tracks if necessary. It was introduced in the late 1960s with the idea to replace the traditional three school system but it was never fully adapted. In some German states, the comprehensive school coexists with the three traditional schools.

While the traditional three main schools usually only have half-day classes, a lot of  Gesamtschulen  offer full-day classes. There are currently 2.141 integrated Gesamtschulen in Germany.

Special Needs Schools In Germany

There are very few schools in Germany with an inclusive concept for children and teenagers with learning disabilities. Instead, there are specific schools for students with special needs. Those schools are called  Förderschule  or  Sonderschule . There is some controversy regarding this system, as it prevents disabled students from integrating into daily life.

International Schools In Germany

International schools are gaining in popularity in Germany, amongst German and expat families alike. Most international schools in Germany are private schools with a tuition fee and teach in English or bilingual. They teach in smaller classes and do not follow the German curriculum. Most international schools in Germany teach to acquire the International Baccalaureate (IB) degree after 12th grade. This means that students at international schools will mostly not get the  Abitur . Though, the IB will allow them to study at German and international universities. With the following link, you can find an  overview of international schools in Germany . 

Private Schools In Germany

Private schools have never played such a big role in Germany compared to other countries. However, private schools have doubled in the last two decades, making it  5.855 private schools in Germany in 2020/2021 . Those range from elementary schools to higher education institutes. 

Private schools typically charge tuition fees and require an admission test. They follow the German curriculum to attain the  Abitur , while some also offer other diplomas. 

While there is no school uniform at public schools in Germany, some private schools have them implemented. Students in Eastern and Southern Germany  attend private schools  a lot more than in Northern and Western Germany. 

Unlike in other countries, private schools have to stagger the tuition fees based on the parents’ income or offer different benefits. As per the German basic law ( Grundgesetz ), private schools cannot cause a divide in society due to some families’ financial possibilities or lack thereof. In 2016, the  average tuition fee  per year per child was 2.000 euros. 

Boarding Schools In Germany

A boarding school in Germany is called  Internat , and there are  over 250 different boarding schools in Germany . They range from elite-type with a high academic focus and strict rules to sport or music boarding schools. Some of the  Internate  are still boys and girls only. 

Almost all boarding schools in Germany are private schools, and they follow the German curriculum up to the  Abitur  while also offering specialized courses and activities.  

Higher Education in Germany

Germany is renowned for offering high-class tuition-free university education. In some states, there is a so-called  Semesterbeitrag  (semester contribution) of about 50 to 300 euros and a special tuition charge if a student exceeds the regular study-time. Foreign exchange students may also have to pay fees for specific programs. According to the  QS-Ranking , 12 German universities are rated amongst the best 200 universities in the world. 

Next to traditional universities, which focus mainly on theoretical studies, there are plenty of other higher education schools in Germany. According to  Statista , in 2020/2021,  Germany had a total of 422 higher education schools . Those consist of:

• 210 universities for applied science ( Fachhochschule  or  FH ), which focus on a more practical way of teaching
• 108 universities ( Universität )
• 52 art colleges ( Kunsthochschulen )
• 30 administrative training institutes ( Verwaltungsfachhochschulen )
• 16 theological institutes ( theologische Hochschulen )
• 6 teacher training colleges ( pädagogische Hochschulen )

The  number of students  pursuing academic degrees in Germany increased by 52% from 2002 to 2021, making it 2.944.145 students. 

Germany’s academic curriculum was changed and adjusted to international standards in 2002 by introducing the Bachelor and Master degrees. The previous  ‘Diplom’  took mostly four years to acquire. Nowadays, the Bachelor takes three years, optionally followed by a one or two-year Master. 

Is schooling free in Germany?

Yes, it is. Germany’s public education system, including universities, is open to anyone living in Germany at pretty much no cost if the qualifications are met. The cost for required study materials, school trips, or exchanges needs to be covered by each student or family individually.

The German school year explained

The German school year has two terms, the  1. Halbjahr  usually ends at the end of January and the  2. Halbjahr  usually ends in June or July. When a school year in Germany starts and ends differs from state to state. To avoid overcrowding, traffic jams, and sold-out tourist destinations, the 16 different German states have a staggered vacation schedule, which rotates every year. Historically though, the southern states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg always start the school year last. 

Generally speaking, school in Germany starts in late summer (Mid-August to Mid-September). Instead of one very long break in summer, the German school year has several shorter vacation periods ( Schulferien ). 

These are the main German school vacation periods: 

• 2 weeks Fall vacation ( Herbstferien )
• 2 weeks Christmas and New Years vacation ( Weihnachtsferien )
• 2 weeks Easter vacation ( Osterferien )
• 6 weeks Summer vacation ( Sommerferien )

Schulferien.org  always lists the vacation schedule per state and year.

The German school day explained

A typical German school day starts around 8 am and finishes around 1 pm, with six 45-minutes classes and two breaks ( Große Pause ) . When joining a school in Germany, a student becomes part of a fixed class with a lead teacher ( Klassenlehrer ). The class remains the same for the entire school education (for elementary and secondary level I school), except for elective subjects. The lead teacher usually changes about every three years. 

Each class usually gets their classroom ( Klassenzimmer ), where they get all the main classes taught. Students usually move to another or specifically equipped classroom for specialized school lessons, such as science, sports, art, and elective subjects. 

Each term, the class gets a new timetable, which repeats itself each week. Below you can find an exemplary German timetable. Please note that every school and state will have a slightly different format. 

Example of a German timetable in Secondary School

Most German schools don’t have a cafeteria, and students eat at home. There are usually some extra-curricular clubs that occur once a week; however, most afternoon activities, whether athletics, art, or music, occur outside of school at clubs or dedicated private schools. 

In recent years, the concept of full-day school (often in form of a  Gesamtschule ) has become more popular but remains a minority, as cafeterias have to be added to schools.

German grading system in Secondary Schools

The German grading system in secondary school relies on the following 6-mark number system :

An exam or an entire grade gets passed with a 1-4. If the school certificate ( Zeugnis ) at the end of the school year shows two or more 5s or one 6, the student usually has to repeat the entire school year. Usually, a student can repeat a school year twice during their education before having to change the school track to a less challenging school. The Germans call the repetition of a school year’  sitzen bleiben ‘, which literally means to stay seated.

When attending a  Gymnasium , there is one exception. While 5th and 6th grade serve as an orientation phase of whether the Gymnasium is the right fit for the student. The 7th grade is the so-called trial year and can’t be repeated. If a student fails to pass this grade, they have to change tracks to  Realschule .

It is not uncommon that students, who received a 5 or 6 on a paper or exam during the school year, have to get the grade (which is written below the exam) signed by their parents to ensure that parents are aware of their child’s performance. In addition, schools send the so-called ‘ Blaue Briefe ‘ letters in a blue envelope at least ten weeks before the final  Zeugnis  to the parents of students at risk of needing to repeat the school year. 

In certain cases, it is also possible for especially bright and talented students to skip one grade. If teachers, the school’s direction, and parents agree, it is beneficial for the student. 

German school system facts

We have researched and collected some stats and facts regarding the German school system. Here it goes.

• Students typically start school at the age of six
• Students must attend school for at least 9-12 years
• 752 700 students  began elementary school in 2020
• 8.38 million students  attended general education schools in 2020
• 790.608 teachers  taught at general education schools in 2020
• Students start to learn English in 1st grade
• The  oldest school in Germany  was founded in 804
• 11% of all general education schools were private schools in 2019
• 29% of all 30-34 year olds  held an academic degree in 2017
• 32% of all people  above the age of 15 in 2017 had finished high school with an  Abitur
• 23% of all people  above the age of 15 in 2017 had finished high school with a  Realschulabschluss
• 30% of all people  above the age of 15 in 2017 had finished high school with a  Hauptschulabschluss

Final thoughts

The German education system is so complex and versatile to allow every student to match their abilities. Despite the lack of digitalization in most German schools,  Germany’s school system is quite good compared to other countries . Be aware, though, that you will hear lots of Germans complain about it.

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About the Author

Yvonne Koppen is a researcher and writer at Simple Germany, focusing on demystifying German bureaucracy for international skilled workers.

She has lived and worked abroad, which helps her understand how difficult a move to a new country can be. Beyond her professional pursuits, Yvonne loves to plan and go on road trips, puzzle, and do a triathlon here and there.

She is committed to creating accessible, empowering content through her writing and YouTube videos. Yvonne's passion for continuous learning and her ability to simplify complex topics make her an invaluable resource for expats seeking to navigate their new life in Germany.

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This is how the German school system works

Do schools charge fees? Why is school compulsory? We explain the peculiarities of the German school system.

Unlike in other countries with compulsory education, parents in Germany are not allowed to teach their children at home. Here, school attendance is compulsory, and this is justified by the state’s duty to educate. Children usually start school at the age of six and attend classes for at least nine years.

How is the school system structured in Germany?

All children first attend primary school. In most of Germany’s states, they move up to a secondary school after four years, though in Berlin and Brandenburg this transition only happens after six years. Together with their child’s teachers, parents decide which type of secondary school is the best option. In some cases, the secondary schools on offer differ from one state to another.

After completing nine or ten years of schooling, young people can either start some form of vocational training or continue their academic education. The Gymnasium (a secondary school for more academic students) ends after the 12 th or 13 th grade with the Abitur certificate, the entitlement to study at a university .

The Hauptschule ends after the 9th school grade with the Hauptschulabschluss certificate, the Realschule after the 10th grade with the Realschulabschluss certificate. After that, young people can either start some form of vocational training or continue schooling. The Gymnasium ends after the 12th or 13th grade with the Abitur certificate, the entitlement to study at a university .

Do schools charge fees in Germany?

Publicly run schools with their high level of education are free-of-charge in Germany and financed by taxes. About nine percent of pupils are taught at private schools that charge fees.

Who bears responsibility for the schools?

Schools in Germany are not centrally organized, but are the responsibility of the regional ministries of education and culture in the 16 Länder . The range of subjects, curricula, certificates and transitions between the school types can be differently regulated in different Länder.

What are vocational schools?

Vocation schools in Germany are part of the system of dual vocational training available to school leavers. Trainees receive practical instruction in a company, plus theoretical education relevant to their future occupation at vocational schools. A course of training normally takes between two and three years.

How are the school holidays organised in Germany?

The dates of the school holidays differ between the country’s 16 states. Lasting six weeks, the summer holidays are the longest, though in most states the summer holiday period changes each year. For example, the holidays might be from mid-June to the end of July one year, and then from late July to early September the next.

Everything you need to know about learning German online or studying for a degree in Germany online : https://www.deutschland.de/en/online-learning-in-germany

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Newly signed apprenticeship contracts in the busiest occupations among women in Germany in 2022

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Universities in Germany in 2022/2023, by type

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Number of Bachelor's and Master's degrees in universities in Germany from 2000 to 2022

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Number of students in universities in Germany during winter semesters from 2002/2003 to 2022/2023 (in millions)

Student numbers in universities in Germany 2022/23, by type of university

Number of students in Germany in the winter semester of 2022/23, by type of university

Number of university students in Germany 2022/2023, by subject groups

Number of university students in the winter semester in Germany in 2022/2023, by subject groups

Average study duration of first-degree university graduates in Germany 2003-2022

Average study duration of first-degree university graduates in Germany from 2003 to 2022 (in semesters)

Age of first degree university graduates in Germany from 2003 to 2022

Average age of first degree university graduates in Germany from 2003 to 2022 (in years)*

Taken final university exams in Germany by type of degree 2022

Distribution of taken final university exams in Germany in 2022, by type of degree

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Number of full-time professors at universities in Germany from 1999 to 2022, by gender (in 1,000)

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Participation rates in further training in Germany from 1991 to 2020

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Number of participants in distance learning at correspondence schools in Germany from 2003 to 2022

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The German Education System: a Complete Overview

If you're planning to move to Germany with your family, it's important that you know the ins and outs of the German education system. Gaining deep insights into the educational structure in Germany is imperative to help your kids achieve high-performance results during their studies. It will build the foundation required for their professional growth and success.Also, if you're a student looking to continue your studies in Germany, this guide offers complete information about high-academic education so you can make the right decisions before moving.

Government Involvement

In Germany, the Basic Law, also known as Grundgesetz, stipulates and sets out the rules, procedures, and regulations for the education system. And, the government authority which creates and adopts policies, rules and related administrative regulations for education, arts and science is the Federal Ministries of Education, Cultural Affair and Science.This government body works together with the Federation and each Länders, or German State authority to monitor the activity of all educational bodies, institutions, or foundations. Länders and the Federation also share the responsibility to resolve any education issues. However, the Federation's role is secondary to Länders. But, in some cases, both bodies closely collaborate on joint-tasks, also known as Gemeinschaftsaufgaben.But Länders have significant power and attributes throughout their territory relating to educational matters across all academic levels, except when the Basic Law grants more power to the Federation.You'll find that in Germany, the education system comprises 5 stages:

• Early Childhood;
• Tertiary; and
• Continuing.

About the German Early Childhood Education Stage

What does preschool education stand for in germany.

The Preschool education stage (early childhood) is optional and dedicated to children up to 6 years old.The State Youth Welfare Office in the respective Länder, or the Landesjugendämter , is responsible to monitor children who are attending preschool education.

Which Institutions offer Preschool Education and Care?

In Germany, the private sector mainly offers pre-school education services while the government local authorities are less involved. Private day-care providers such as Kinderkrippen , or creches, child-care centres, kindergartens, and other centres offer such services.Also, non-profit organizations such as Churches, Parent's Associations or Welfare offer childhood education and local authorities only get involved in areas where the private sector is not sufficiently developed.The daily schedule for pre-school education bodies is set jointly by parents and the professional staff. But, usually, these centres offer a 7-hours care program, including occasional midday breaks and lunch.

How are Children's Achievements Measured during Preschool?

During preschool, children achievements aren't assessed. The children are monitored by the trainers or educator which make sure that they're gaining the right skills through various education activities.The educators discuss with the parents regarding the level of education attainment by their child to decide on how to proceed further for the child's development.

In Case the Child isn't Ready for the Next education Stage

If the child hasn't reached the right age to attend compulsory education or hasn't attained the necessary skills for the next education stage, there is a transition solution. It's dedicated to children who require special education or to children who are disabled. They can attend a special school named School Kindergarten, or Schulkindergärten , offered in some Landers, or they can attend a Preliminary Class, known as Vorklassen .

About the German Obligatory Education Stages

Which are the obligatory education stages in germany.

Primary and secondary education are obligatory stages in Germany which all children must undertake since the age of 6 and until they fulfill 9 years of education at Gymnasium or 10 years for other forms of general schools.The obligatory education stages are also mandatory for disabled youth. Depending on their special requirements, or SonderpädagogischerFörderbedarf , they'll either attend a normal school or study at a special school, known as SonderpädagogischeBildungseinrichtungen .

The Primary Education Stage in Germany

The primary education stage in Germany, known as Grundschule comprises mixed-capabilities classes dedicated to children who are at least 6 years old, until they reach grade 4 or respectively grade 6 in Brandenburg or Berlin.In Germany, you'll find two types of primary education systems, namely a 5-day study week or 6-day study week.The 5-day study week structure comprises 188 school days per year, while the 6-day study week system involves 208 school days per year, including 2 Saturdays each month.Children attend between 20-29 classes per week and 20 to 22 classes during the first year. A class usually lasts up to around 45 minutes and pupils can attend up to 6 classes per day.

Primary School Grading System

After completing the classes during 1st grade, regardless of the level of education attained, pupils automatically enter the 2nd grade.Starting with the 2nd grade, pupils are graded depending on their knowledge level. If they don't pass the 2nd grade, they'll repeat the class it one more time.Grades are recorded in the school report, named Zeugnis , and they reflect whether the child should repeat the class. The grading system comprises 6 marks where 1 means very good and 6 stands for very poor.

After Finishing Primary School, Does the Pupil Receive a Certificate?

No, the pupil doesn't receive a certificate after finishing the primary education stage. So, there aren't any certificates issued to pupils for this. But children must reach the Grundschule target results to complete the primary education level.

What Is the Secondary Education Stage in Germany?

The Secondary education stage begins after primary education and it comprises the lower level, or Sekundarstufe I, and the upper level, or Sekundarstufe II.The Sekundarstufe I is available to pupils with ages between 10-15 or 16 and includes grades 5-7 and 9-10. All lessons are general and are meant to prepare the pupils for the Sekudarstufe II.The Sekundarstufe II is offered to pupils who are 15-16 or 18 and who have finished the Sekundarstufe I stage to help them qualify for the university or vocational education stages. It summarizes all the classes of the Sekundarstufe I which offered the basics to participating students. In Germany, you'll find a variety of secondary education schools which are attended by pupils who have different capabilities and qualifications attained during the primary school stage.

What Types of Secondary Schools Can You Find in Germany?

In Germany, you'll find both private and public secondary education schools such as:

• High Schools which offer specific qualifications in one study domain including:
• The Gymnasium which offers in-depth and intensive general classes, general study for university attendance and scientific research. Usually, it comprises 5-12 or 5-13 school years and ends with the Abitor or Alldemeine Hoschschulreife.
• The Hauptschule which offers basic general classes and helps pupils attain capabilities required to qualify for vocational or university entrance. Studies in these schools last throughout grades 5-9, and in some cases include the 10th grade, ending with a Hauptschulabschluss .
• Realschule offers extensive studies and helps pupils qualify for vocational or university attendance. It covers grade 5 - 10 and ends with Realschulabschluss
• Schools which offer up to 3 study domains, known as Schularten mit mehreren Bildungsgängen .
• Pupils can also attend vocational schools which combine theory based classes with practical assignments, named the dual system. In Germany you'll find the following types of vocational education institutions, respectively:
• The Fachoberschule which involved 2 years of education and students receive a graduation certificate or Mittlerer Schulabschluss which leads to holding a Fachhochschulreife . In turn, this allows the student to enter an applied sciences university. If the school involves a 13 grade, the student will receive an Abitur or a Fachgebundene Hochschulreife.
• The Berufsoberschule which offers 2-years of general and specific classes for primary vocational education and knowledge attained during prior attended classes, which leads to the student gaining vocational qualification or Abitur by attaining a good knowledge of the second foreign language. Students must undergo 3 or 4 years of classes aimed for double qualification in both vocational and the higher education systems.
• The Berufsfachschule offers education and training for at least one profession which requires official recognition or attaining of vocational capabilities.
• The Berufsschule offers practical training and classes comprising different lessons and skills development courses and provides the foundation for continuous vocational education or for a profession. It's a dual system combining theoretical classes with practical training.
• The Berufliches Gymnasium offers 3 years of classes which lead to attaining an Abitur certification.
• The private secondary education system in Germany comprises:
• The Ersatzschulen, or alternative schools, which offer the same classes as public schools.
• The Ergänzungsschulen or complementary schools which provide extra classes compared to public schools.

How are Pupils in Germany Graded during Secondary School?

During secondary school, pupils are graded based on 6 marks, respectively:

• 1 which means very good;
• 2 which stand for good;
• 3 which represents a satisfactory level;
• 4 which means adequate ;
• 5 which translates into poor ; and
• 6 which indicates very poor .

What Does the Tertiary Education Stage Stand for?

In Germany, the tertiary education stage is dedicated to students who have completed the secondary education stage either in Germany or abroad, which, in turn, allows them to attend higher education classes.Who Supervises the Tertiary Education Institutions in Germany?The Basic law in Germany stipulates that higher education institutions can autonomously manage aspects related to awarding scholarships as well as research and training activities.However, the institutions require compliance with the Lander's Ministry concerning administrative issues such as governmental or academic matters.

What Institutions Provide Tertiary Education in Germany?

Germany's tertiary education providers are institutions which offer higher education classes which help individuals attain a profession on the local on the foreign labour market.The official higher education institutions in Germany include the following:

• Universities, known as Universitäten and other equivalent bodies;
• Technical Universities, known as Technische Universitäten or Technische Hochschulen ;
• The educational colleges or Pädagogische Hochschulen;
• The colleges of theological studies;
• The universities for applied sciences study, or Fachhochschulen;
• Music and Art colleges;
• The Federal Armed Forces Higher Education Institutions;
• Dual Studies Higher Education Institutions, or Berufsakademie ;
• Institutions offering Vocational Education, known as Fachschulen or Fachakademien which you can find in Berlin. And, the ISCED (International Standard Classification of Education), classifies the training and classes attended at institutions as being equivalent to the first level of higher education.

In Germany, What Do the Universities and Similar Education Institutions Specialize In?

In Germany, universities offer a wide variety of classes and special training. Similar higher education institutions provide a smaller number of classes such as theology, science, engineering, and others. And, although the two types of higher education institutions are different, both offer Ph.D. qualifications or Doktograd , known as Promotionsrecht .Despite differences between them, both of these institutions are entitled to award Ph.D. titles "Doktorgrad" (Promotionsrecht).Also, universities and similar institutions can offer classes and research studies for future academic professionals.

What Do Colleges of Music and Art Specialize In?

The colleges of music and art in Germany offer classes to train future musicians and artists, including academics of music and art. Some institutions offer classes on all subjects, while others only teach specific subjects for certain art domains.In Germany, colleges of music and art include the following courses:

• Performing arts, design and visual classes;
• Media, TV, and film;
• Theoretical studies comprising fine arts, pedagogy, and history of art, teaching and history of music, communication, media, and digital media.

What Do the Universities of Applied Sciences or Fachhochschulen Specialize In?

The universities of applied sciences, or Fachhochschulen, represent independent institutions for higher education which offer practical classes, responsive teaching and research courses developed around the needs of the labour market. These universities are mainly private but some enjoy public funding.The main differentiation of universities of applied sciences compared to other universities in Germany is the practical paid training, named Praxussemester in the curriculum. These trainings are performed at the headquarters of private companies or public bodies and their goal is to bring students closer to the requirements of the labour market.Professors in the applied sciences universities have extensive professional working experience, separate from their academic profession.The universities of applied sciences in Germany offer courses such as agricultural economy, technology, business, design, and social work.However, training and education for civil servants which will serve the Federal public administration is provided by the Verwaltungsfachhochschulen . You'll find 29 such institutions in Germany which are supported both financially and administratively by the Federation or the Lader.You should know that in some Landers, the Fachhochschulen is known as the Hochschulen für angewandte Wissenschaften.

What Do the Berufsakademien Specialize In?

The Berufsakademien , known as the professional academies, are tertiary education institutions which offer education to qualifying students who've completed the upper secondary education stage and can attend university to train for a certain profession.

What Domains do Universities of Applied Sciences Offer Courses For?

Universities of Applied Sciences offer Bachelor degrees in fields such as:

• Sciences of Engineering;
• Nutritional, agronomy and forestry science;
• Economic Law and economics;
• Social Service;
• Administration of Justice and Public Administration;
• Computer Science, Information Technology, and Mathematics;
• Nature Science;
• Communication and Information Studies;
• Management and Nursing in the Public Health System;

Universities of Applied Sciences in Germany offer the following International Bachelor programs:

• Economics, Law and Social Sciences;
• Bachelor Studies in German, known as Fachschulen .

Institutions for continuing vocational training Bachelor Programs

Institutions for continuing vocational training offer bachelor programs covering fields such as agricultural economy, technology, business and social service, and design.The main bachelor subjects covered are construction, electrical and mechanical engineering, and business management.

Bachelor Programs in German, or Berufsakademien.

The bachelor programs which the academies in Germany provide comprise business, social service, and technology.

The Magister Degree – or Qualifying for Second Higher Education in Germany

The master's degree represents the certification for finishing the second higher education stage in Germany. It involves 2 to 4 semesters of studies. But usually, most universities and similar institutions set the studies period to 4 semesters, except for Fachhochschulen which requires a studies period of 3 or 4 semesters.To finish the master's education stage, you must reach 300 ECTS credits including points achieved during previous education stages. However, a student whose previous qualification is the bachelor's degree should have 360 ECTS credits.One you finish the Master degree in Germany by attending universities or similar institutions you can earn various titles such as:

• M.A or Master of Arts;
• M.Sc or Master of Science;
• M. Eng or Master of Engineering;
• LL.M. or Master of Laws;
• M.Ed. or Master of Education.

In the music and arts fields, after receiving your master's degree, you can earn titles such as:

• M.F.A or Master of Fine Arts;
• M.A. or Master of Arts;
• M.Mus. or Master of Music.

Universities of applied sciences will offer you the following titles after graduating a Master's program:

• M.Eng. or Master of Engineering;
• M.Sc. or Master of Science;
• LL.M or Master of Laws.

And by finishing a specialist or continuing education, you can attain a Master of Business Administration, or MBA.

What are the Higher Education Programs offered in Germany Aside from Bachelor or Master Levels?

About the diplom examination.

In Germany, you can complete studies by undertaking a Diplom examination on study subjects which will lead you to gaining a Diplom degree, for example, a Diplom in Engineering or Psychology. And, in case a University of Applied Sciences issues the Diplom it will include the FH phrasing. Also, the Universities of Applied Sciences issue Diploms which are comparable to the bachelor's degrees.

About the Magister Examination

In Germany, you can complete courses by taking a Magister examination on a mix of subjects which will grant you a Magister degree. For example, you can earn a Magister of Atrium degree.Universities of Applied Sciences in Germany issue Magister degrees which are comparable to a master's degree.

About the State Examination or the Staatsprüfung

To prepare students for social service or public professions, some courses in Germany require a state examination. This examination applies to subjects such as dentistry, medicine, pharmaceutics, veterinary medicine, law, teaching, and food chemistry.Students must pass 2-stage examinations to pursue such professions. Exams are performed by state examiners together with academic professors.

Church and Academic Examination

To pursue a theology profession, students who have completed a 5-years program must take a Church and academic examination. It's dedicated to students who wish to become priests or pastoral assistants.

Additional and follow-up Studies or the Postgraduate Education

During or after finishing your bachelor or master education, you can apply for supplementary 2-years courses to further develop your skills or help you specialize in the field of your choice. These studies are called postgraduate classes.

About the Examination provided by Colleges of Music and Art

Some German colleges of music and art require a final examination, named Abschlussprüfung or require a concert examination, called Konzertexamen .

About the Ph.D. Degree

The Ph.D. degree is the German 3rd higher education certification. It's taken by students who are qualified and provided by universities and similar institutions together with non-academic research institutions.There is no fixed period to fulfill your doctoral education as it's a customized specialization. In Germany, the doctoral studies comprise independent research, and an oral exam, known as Rigorosum , or defense of the Disputation thesis . The German education system allows you to attain a Ph.D. through various paths such as an individual and monitored doctorate, structural doctorate, international doctorate, cooperative doctorate (which involves a mix between universities of applied sciences and other universities) and special doctorate. And, the title which you receive after finishing and graduating a doctorate program in Germany is Doctor or Doktorgrad.

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The Free Education System in Germany: What, How, When, Where, and Why?

• Christina Joshy
• December 14, 2023
• Culture , How to , Lifestyle , Student Corner

Have you ever dreamed of studying in a place where education is not just a privilege but a right? Where the pursuit of knowledge isn’t gated behind hefty tuition fees?

I found myself pondering these questions on a chilly evening, coffee in hand, as I scrolled through endless lists of universities, each with its daunting price tag. That’s when I stumbled upon a concept that seemed almost too good to be true: Germany’s free education system.

There are in fact quite a lot of questions to answer regarding the free education system in Germany.  

Why does Germany, a country renowned for its high-quality education, not charge tuition fees for higher education? How do they manage it? And what does this mean for a student like me, dreaming of a world-class education without the burden of enormous debt?

Sit down with your drink of choice, because we are going to go through all the basic notions of what, why, when, where and how of free German education. 

We’ll explore the ‘what’, understanding exactly what free education means in the German context. The ‘how’ will take us behind the scenes to uncover the mechanics of this system. We’ll travel back in time to learn ‘when’ and how this idea took root. Our journey will also take us across the beautiful landscapes of Germany as we discuss ‘where’ this system is available. And most importantly, we’ll delve into the ‘why’ – the rationale behind this revolutionary approach to education and its implications for students like us, seeking a path to our dreams without financial barriers.

#1 The What: Understanding the Free Education System in Germany

In Germany, the concept of free education is not just a policy; it’s a cornerstone of society. Rooted in the belief that education is a fundamental right, the German education system stands as a beacon of accessibility and equality. 

The German free education system is a unique model where the majority of public universities do not charge tuition fees. This initiative is primarily funded by the government, reflecting Germany’s commitment to making higher education accessible to all. While education policies can vary slightly between different German states (Bundesländer) , the overarching principle of free access to higher education remains a common thread throughout the country.

Students are typically only responsible for a nominal semester fee, covering administrative costs and contributions to student services and unions. This fee often includes a semester ticket for public transportation, providing an added benefit to the student community.

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Types of Institutions That Offer Free Education

• Public Universities (Universitäten) : These institutions focus on a range of academic disciplines, offering bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral programs.
• Universities of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschulen) : Specialized in applied sciences, they offer more practical education in fields like engineering, business, and social sciences.
• Colleges of Art, Film, and Music: For students pursuing creative and artistic disciplines.

Does Germany Offer Free-Education at School as Well?

Before we delve into whether or not Germany offers free school education, let’s look at what the education structure and system looks like.

School Education System in Germany:

Structure:  Divided into three main stages:

• Primary School (Grundschule):  Ages 6-10, compulsory for all children.
• Secondary School (Weiterführende Schule):  Ages 10-16/18, various tracks exist.
• Higher Education (Hochschule):  Universities, technical universities, etc. (paid by the government)

Cost for Families with Children in School:

• School Supplies:  Families are responsible for providing school supplies and textbooks.
• Field Trips:  May involve fees to cover transportation and activities.
• School Meals:  Optional and usually require payment, although subsidized meals are available in some cases.
• Extracurricular Activities:  May have associated fees depending on the activity.
• Private Schools:  Exist and charge tuition fees.

Now to get straight into the answer you all were looking for, German school education is unfortunately not completely free . But that does not, in any shape or form mean that the school education system is not affordable.

These are a few principle facts you need to consider before you write off the German school education system:

• No tuition fees for public schools:  Access to primary and secondary education is free for all children, regardless of their families’ financial situation.
• Costs associated with school supplies, meals, and activities:  While education itself is free technically, families do incur some expenses.
• Public and private schools coexist:  Public schools are the majority, but private schools also exist and charge tuition.
• State-funded and administered:  Public schools are primarily funded and administered by the states, ensuring consistent standards across the country.

#2 The How: The Functioning of the Free Education System in Germany

Germany’s education system stands as a shining example of how a country can provide high-quality, tuition-free higher education to its citizens and international students. But how is this financially sustainable? Let’s delve into the mechanisms that make this possible.

Funding and Financial Structure

The backbone of Germany’s free education system is its robust funding structure. Here’s a simplified breakdown of the financial model:

This financial model ensures that the burden of funding higher education does not fall on students, making it accessible to a broader demographic.

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Role of the Government and Educational Policies

The German government plays a pivotal role in maintaining the free education system. It’s not just about providing funds; it’s also about creating and upholding policies that support educational equity and quality. The government’s approach includes:

• Regular Funding and Budget Allocations: Ensuring consistent and adequate funding to public universities.
• Quality Assurance Measures: Implementing strict regulations and standards to maintain high education quality across all institutions.
• Accessibility and Inclusivity Policies: Formulating policies that promote equal access to education for all students, including international students, regardless of their financial background.

Through a combination of sustainable funding, effective governance, and forward-thinking educational policies , Germany successfully operates a free education system that serves as a model for countries worldwide. 

Here are some more things to you need to remember…

While it’s true that public universities in Germany offer tuition-free education, it’s not entirely free. Here’s a breakdown of how the system works:

What’s free:

• Tuition Fees: Public universities don’t charge tuition fees for most bachelor’s and master’s degrees, regardless of nationality. This applies to both domestic and international students.
• Openness: The system is meritocratic, meaning admission is based on academic qualifications, not financial ability.

What costs are involved:

• Semester Fees: These typically range from €100 to €350 per semester (6 months) and cover administrative costs, student body organizations, and often a public transport pass.
• Living Expenses: You’ll need to cover housing, food, travel, and other living expenses, which can vary depending on your lifestyle and the city you live in. These costs can be significant, especially in larger cities.
• Health Insurance: All students in Germany are required to have health insurance, which comes with monthly premiums.

#3 The When: Historical Development of Free Education in Germany

The evolution of Germany’s free education system is a journey through time, reflecting the country’s deep-rooted belief in the importance of accessible education for all. This journey has been shaped by a series of key milestones and policy changes.

Brief History of Education in Germany

Education in Germany has a long and rich history, dating back to the Middle Ages. However, the concept of free public education began to take shape in the 18th and 19th centuries, during the period of Enlightenment and the formation of the German Empire. The emphasis was initially on primary and secondary education, with a focus on literacy and basic skills for all children.

Key Milestones and Policy Changes

• 1871 (German Empire Formation): Emphasis on creating a unified education system.
• 1945 (Post-World War II): Rebuilding and restructuring of the German education system, with a greater focus on democratizing education.
• 1960s-1970s (Educational Reform Period): Rapid expansion of higher education and increasing calls for free access to universities.
• 2005 (Introduction of Tuition Fees in Some States): Some German states introduced tuition fees for higher education, sparking widespread protests.
• 2014 (Abolition of Tuition Fees): Following public opposition and political debates, all German states abolished tuition fees, reaffirming the commitment to free higher education.

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#4 The Where: Geographical Availability and Accessibility of the Free Education System in Germany

Germany’s commitment to free education is not confined to a specific region but is a nationwide policy, making higher education accessible across its diverse landscape. This geographical distribution plays a vital role in ensuring that students from various backgrounds have the opportunity to benefit from high-quality education.

Distribution of Free Educational Institutions Across Germany

Free educational institutions in Germany are spread throughout the country, ensuring regional accessibility and variety. Every major city and most of the smaller towns have at least one public university or a university of applied sciences. From the historic universities in Heidelberg and Freiburg to the modern hubs in Berlin and Munich, the options are vast. Northern cities like Hamburg and Bremen, eastern cities like Dresden and Leipzig, and western cities like Cologne and Düsseldorf all boast reputable institutions. This distribution not only facilitates access for local students but also offers a rich choice for international students looking to study in different cultural settings.

Accessibility for International Students and Language and Cultural Considerations

International students.

Germany is one of the most welcoming countries for international students, offering a range of programs taught in English, especially at the master’s level. The country’s policies and university administrations are geared towards facilitating a smooth transition for international students, providing support in terms of visa processes, accommodation, and integration programs.

Language and Culture

While many postgraduate programs are offered in English, undergraduate programs are predominantly in German. Hence, proficiency in the German language is often a prerequisite. However, universities also offer language preparation courses. Immersing in German culture and language is an integral part of the educational experience, which most international students find enriching and rewarding.

#5 The Why: Benefits and Challenges of the Free Education System in Germany

Germany’s free education system is a remarkable model, offering significant benefits to students and society, but it also faces its share of challenges and criticisms. Understanding these aspects provides a holistic view of the impact and sustainability of this educational approach.

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When addressing the free education system in Germany, there are several reasons for why it exists. They include historical, economic and practical considerations that needs to be addressed separately.

Historical Considerations:

• Post-WWII reforms:  Following the devastation of World War II, Germany underwent major social and economic reforms, placing high emphasis on education and equality of opportunity. The free university system was established in this context, aiming to build a qualified workforce and foster social mobility.
• Philosophical underpinnings:  The German education system reflects a strong belief in the  right to education for all , regardless of financial background. This principle aligns with Germany’s social democratic tradition and emphasis on societal well-being.

Economic Benefits:

• Investing in human capital:  By providing free access to higher education, Germany invests in its workforce, fostering innovation, competitiveness, and economic growth. A highly educated population can contribute to technological advancements, new businesses, and overall economic prosperity.
• Reducing social inequality:  Free education helps break the cycle of poverty by allowing individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds to pursue higher education and improve their career prospects. This contributes to a more equitable society with increased social mobility.

Practical Impact:

• High returns on investment:  Studies have shown that free university education offers a high return on investment for the government. The benefits generated through increased tax revenue, economic growth, and reduced social welfare costs often outweigh the financial costs of funding universities.
• Administrative efficiency:  Eliminating tuition fees simplifies the system, reducing administrative burdens for both universities and students. This allows universities to focus on their core academic mission instead of managing complex fee structures.

Advantages of the Free Education System for Students and Society

• Elimination of Financial Barriers: Makes higher education accessible to students from all socioeconomic backgrounds.
• Promotion of Social Mobility: Enables talented individuals to achieve academic and professional success regardless of their financial capacity.

• Cultural Diversity and Global Perspectives: Attracts a diverse international student population, enriching the learning environment.
• Economic Benefits: A well-educated workforce drives innovation and economic growth.
• Encouragement of Academic Pursuits: Students can focus on their studies without the stress of accumulating debt.
• Long-term Societal Advantages: Educated citizens contribute positively to social, political, and economic aspects of society.

Challenges and Criticisms of the System

• Funding Constraints: Relying heavily on government funding means universities are vulnerable to budget cuts and political changes.
• Resource Strain: High student enrolment can strain resources, affecting class sizes and faculty-to-student ratios.
• Overcrowding: Popular universities may face overcrowding, impacting the overall student experience.
• Language Barriers: For international students, language can be a barrier, particularly at the undergraduate level where most courses are in German.

Top 5 German Universities to Look Into

Germany has so many public and private universities that offer several different state-of-the-art programs across various disciplines. Let me tell you, it was not easy to narrow down this list, but we have managed to short list a few universities worth looking into.

#1 Technical University of Munich

Located in the heart of the city of Munich, the Technical University of Munich (TUM) is a hub for innovation in science and technology. It is particularly known for its engineering and natural sciences programs. Their approach to research and coursework fosters and blends in an interdisciplinary approach.

• Ranked 1st in Germany and 37th globally by Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024.
• Known for its exceptional strength in engineering and science, with renowned programs in robotics, computer science, and medicine.
• Boasts strong industry connections and an entrepreneurial environment.

#2 Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich)

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich) is a prestigious university nestled in the vibrant city of Munich, Germany. It has a rich history and offers broad spectrum of disciplines, and a dynamic and comprehensive academic environment. LMU Munich is a cradle of knowledge, fostering intellectual growth and societal progress.

• Ranked 2nd in Germany and 54th globally by Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024.
• Renowned for its humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences programs.
• Holds the record for most Nobel laureates affiliated with a single university (46).

#3 Heidelberg University

Heidelberg University, nestled in the picturesque city of Heidelberg, Germany, is one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in the world. Most of the contributions of the scholars of the university is owed to humanities, natural sciences, and medicine. It must be noted that the university offers a rich tapestry of academic disciplines. They pride themselves on a tradition of excellence in research and education. With its historic campus and vibrant student life, Heidelberg University is a place where tradition meets innovation.

• Ranked 3rd in Germany and 58th globally by Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024.
• Germany’s oldest university, founded in 1386, with a rich history and prestigious reputation.
• Like many old universities, Heidelberg has a vibrant tradition of student fraternities and societies, some shrouded in secrecy. The Corps Rhenania , founded in 1808, boasts members like Nobel laureate Carl Bosch and is rumored to have hidden tunnels beneath the city.

#4 Humboldt University of Berlin

Humboldt University of Berlin, with its grand presence in Berlin’s intellectual landscape, has a unique legacy of being the alma mater of pioneering figures like Marx and Einstein. Founded in 1810 by Prussian minister Wilhelm von Humboldt, the university pioneered revolutionary ideas that shaped modern higher education. Beyond its historical significance, Humboldt is known for its innovative interdisciplinary research centers that tackle contemporary global challenges.

• Ranked 4th in Germany and 126th globally by Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024.
• Humboldt University occupies a grand Neoclassical building on Unter den Linden , a prestigious boulevard in Berlin.
• Designed by Prussian architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, the building boasts imposing columns, a sweeping staircase, and an elegant Aula (assembly hall).

#5 RWTH Aachen University

Established in 1870, it has become one of the largest technical universities in Germany, attracting students and scholars from around the world. The university is part of the TU9, an alliance of leading German Institutes of Technology. It emphasizes research, innovation, and industry collaboration, contributing significantly to advancements in various fields. RWTH Aachen is known for its strong academic programs, state-of-the-art facilities, and a vibrant campus life.

• Ranked 5th in Germany and 131st globally by Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024.
• RWTH Aachen offers a broad range of programs in engineering, science, humanities, and medicine, with over 170 courses of study to choose from.
• Boasts 16 Collaborative Research Centers and transregional CRCs, tackling groundbreaking research in diverse fields, from materials science to biomedical engineering.

Final Reflections on Germany’s Education Utopia

It’s clear that Germany’s free education system is more than just an academic framework; it’s a testament to the value placed on education and equality. From the historical roots to the widespread availability, the system is a beacon of hope for students like me, dreaming of a world where education is accessible to all. 

While it’s not without its challenges, the German model inspires a vision of what’s possible when a society truly invests in the future of its youth. 

So, here’s to learning, growing, and dreaming in a world where education knows no bounds.

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Education System in Germany – Structure & Methods of Teaching

• German Universities

Updated on 18 April, 2024

upGrad Abroad Team

Upgrad abroad editorial team.

The education system in Germany is globally recognized for its high standards. Germany already draws international students in large numbers because of its globally ranked institutions, quality of life, and a plethora of professional opportunities. Germany has always been a premier global hub of research and innovation, with its education system divided into schools, colleges of music and art, and universities. 

Most universities are publicly funded and managed, while some institutions are owned by private entities and are state recognized. Here’s taking a closer look at the country’s education system, right from the early years. 

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Table of Contents

Country-wise education systems, guide to studying in germany for indian students.

• How is the education system in Germany?

Methods of Teaching

• Compulsory German Education

Primary Education Stage

German secondary education, german tertiary education, university system in germany.

• Free Education System in Germany

Education System in Germany- Quick Facts

Before delving deeper into the higher education system in Germany, here’s taking a look at some quick facts about the country: 

●      Capital of Germany- Berlin 

●      Key Study Cities- Munich, Berlin, Frankfurt, Hamburg, and Cologne

●      Time- Germany is 3.5 hours behind Indian time 

●      Currency- € (Euro)

• Education System in Australia
• Education System in Ireland

With most universities in Germany being public-funded, they charge zero or nominal tuition fees. It is a major reason for Indian students apply to German institutions in large numbers every year. There are many state-funded grants and scholarships for academically bright students as well. Indian students also go by the promising career prospects in Germany, with its thriving economy, multiple global conglomerates and corporations, and high quality of life. Here are some of the main points worth noting: 

• The free education system in Germany ensures that students can enroll in public universities without paying any tuition fees or simply by paying negligible charges. 
• Private universities charge tuition costs for Indian and other international students in Germany, although they offer convenient payment plans. 
• The rate of rejection for Indian applicants is on the lower side, concerning German study visas. You can also apply for a work permit after completing your course. 
• Germany is closer to India, with flights taking around ten hours on average. It is faster than flight times from many other global nations. 
• German is the primary language in the country, although many universities offer courses in English as well. 

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How is the education system in Germany? 

Kindergarten is the starting point of the education system in Germany. It is for children between three-six years, and school is compulsory after that for nine years. Primary education covers four-six years, while secondary education is called Gesamtschule. Higher education is provided by Universitaten or universities (public or private). There are 300+ state-controlled universities along with 150 applied science universities and 50+ colleges of film, art, and music. Students can choose from a diverse range of educational programs, and 500+ courses are taught in English. 

You may also choose to quickly learn German via a free German language course at your university. Universities usually focus on science and research in Germany, while applied science universities focus on professional and practical aspects. Here are some key points worth noting regarding the German education system: 

• The whole system works on the regulations of Grundgesetz or the basic law. The key authority for creating science, education, and arts policies is the Federal Ministries of Cultural Affairs, Education, and Science. 
• These ministries work closely with the German states for regulating the activities of institutions. 
• Joint initiatives by both authorities are called Gemeinschaftsaufgaben. 
• Landers (States of Germany) have extensive legislative authority throughout their regions, being empowered to regulate academic and school affairs. 

Structure of Education System in German Schools

• Early Childhood 
• Primary 
• Continuing 

German Early Childhood Education

Early childhood learning is optional in Germany for kids till they are six within the German Federal Territory. Supervising the preschool system in Germany is the responsibility of the Landesjugendamter or Youth Welfare Officer of the State. They usually have the responsibility for issuing preschool education licenses. Providers should adhere to varying criteria in case of obtaining preschool education licenses. It includes suitable qualifications, proper staff and children ratios, sufficient space, hygiene regulations, and adequate equipment.

Preschool learning is ensured by daycare centers that are privately operated and also by local institutions. These providers of preschool education are called Kinderkrippen or crèches. There are kindergartens too. These are mostly managed by non-public institutions, including Churches, Parents’ bodies, or Welfare associations. Local authorities may provide preschool educational services only if private organizations have no proper initiatives or poor service quality education providers. Children usually learn for seven hours each day at this stage, inclusive of midday breaks and lunchtime. 

• For those under three years of age, communication skills are prioritized along with language and social abilities. Singing, picture books, instruments, and fun initiatives combine magically for teaching children in this category. Motor skill development is also important at this time, ensured through creative and physical activities. 
• For those over two years of age, preschool education also delves into the basics of writing, language, values, natural sciences, fine arts, mathematics, health and body movements, and nature. 
• Children do not have assessments at the preschool stage. 
• If children are not prepared to start compulsory education, they can attend some special schools called Schulkindergarten or the Vorklassen introductory classes. 

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Compulsory German Education 

All German citizens should compulsorily complete their primary and secondary levels from six years of age. They should go through a nine-year schooling system or Gymnasium or ten full-time general education years. Even when they have crossed the compulsory education timeline, those not attending full-time vocational or general classes have to cover part-time classes. This compulsory attendance obligation is called Berufsschule Berufsschulpflicht and spans three years. Children with special needs can attend regular institutions or choose special schools called Sonderpadagogische Bildungseinrichtungen. 

Children should attend school regularly while taking part in all projects and activities. Parents should compulsorily track the progress of their wards while taking part in meetings as well. 

Grundschule or primary schools provide compulsory education for kids until they complete Grade 4 (Grade 6 in Brandenburg or Berlin). It is a five-day-a-week system with 188 days of teaching every year. There is also a six-day-a-week system with 208 days of annual teaching. Primary school students should attend at least 20-29 courses every week. Courses usually span forty-five minutes. A day may have up to six courses being taught. 

Subjects in primary schools include Mathematics, Music, German, Ethics, Sports, Design and Handicrafts, Art, Foreign Language, and more. Some other options include sustainable development, health, and media. All primary school course books and references need ministerial approval. Those children with physical disabilities, permanent ailments, and long-term issues may get an education at home as well. Primary education is also available for children of travelers who cannot go to school regularly. There is a special school (Schule fur Circuskinder) for children belonging to circus families. Vocational primary education systems are also present for children of workers at various institutions or companies. 

Germany is also home to international schools that offer bilingual education and European institutions. The completion of Grade 1 means automatic progression to Grade 2. From this stage onwards, children get marks based on their progress and knowledge. Children should repeat the grade if they do not pass their lessons. The Zeugnis or report shows all marks obtained in a year. The grading system covers six marks, with 1 and 2 being very good and good. 3 and 4 are satisfactory and adequate. 5 and 6 represent poor and very poor, respectively. No examination is held for those completing primary schooling in Germany. 

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It is divided into lower and upper secondary, i.e. Sekundarstufe I and Sekundarstufe II. The former is for those between 10-15/16 years of age in the 5/7 grades. The latter is for those between 15 and 16 years of age till they are 18. There are public-funded schools in this category like Gymnasium, which offer regular schooling, basic education schools for university entrance or vocational training (Hauptschule) and Realschule, which ensures comprehensive education in the vocational/entrance segment. There are schools offering multiple subjects of study along with vocational schools. 

Germany also has several private schools offering secondary education (Ersatzschulen and Erganzungsschulen). Secondary schools help in preparing children for taking the Abitur and other entrance examinations. The grading system is the same as above. 

Tertiary education comprises higher education for those completing secondary education successfully. Higher education institutions have complete autonomy in teaching, research, and scholarships. Institutions in this category include universities, applied sciences universities, music and art colleges, Technische Universitaten or technical universities, theological colleges, higher education institutions with dual studies, or those for federal armed forces and institutions for vocational education. 

Universities offer diverse courses for students, while equivalent institutions also offer subjects in categories like pedagogy, theology, engineering, etc. Both institutions can award up to Doktorgrad or Ph.D. degrees. Colleges of music and art usually specialize in fine arts, television, film, performing arts, media, design, visual art, history, and pedagogy of art, music, digital media, etc. 

Universities of applied sciences offer practical and research-based programs along with courses aligning with industry requirements. They offer paid training or Praxissemester during the course. Some disciplines include technology, agriculture, social work, design, and business. Verwaltungsfachhochschulen stands for institutions offering training to aspiring civil servants and public administration candidates. Berufsakademien or institutions of higher education provide alternative education. 

Here are some key points worth noting: 

• Leading universities include Berlin’s Humboldt University, Technische Universitat Munchen, KIT (Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie), Freie Universitaet Berlin, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, and Universität Freiburg among others. 
• Universities offer bachelor degrees. Some types include the following: 
• B.Engg (electrical, civil, materials, etc.)
• BA (economics, hotel management, tourism, international business, etc.)
• B.Sc (digital business, mechanical engineering, auditing, consulting, business and management, applied chemistry, sciences, marketing, etc.)
• There are Master or Postgraduate degrees offered by universities. Some types include the following: 
• M.Eng (Electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, aeronautical management, civil engineering, architecture)
• M.Sc (Data analytics, finance, data design, engineering, supply chain management, data engineering, international marketing, photonics, etc.)
• MBA (Finance, marketing, human resources, entrepreneurship management, etc.)
• Doctorate Degrees are offered in various areas of study, like international development, molecular science, mathematical science, social science, geography and neuroscience, among others. 
• Examinations like GMAT and TOEFL are required for Master’s courses in Germany. 
• Diplom degrees are available with some courses like Engineering, Psychology, and more. These courses, if completed from universities of applied sciences, are considered equal to UG degrees. 
• Magister exams cover combined disciplines and eventual degrees offered by universities of applied sciences. They are equivalent to postgraduate degrees. 
• State examinations or Staatsprufung is mandatory for some courses, enabling the preparation of aspirants for vital professions like pharmaceuticals, medicine, food chemistry, dentistry, teaching, and law. 
• Supplementary two-year courses are also available for students completing undergraduate or postgraduate studies. 
• The Abschlussprufung examination is necessary for some courses at music and art colleges. The concert test is also known as Konzertexamen.  
• PhD courses are available for highly qualified aspirants at universities and even equivalent institutions. These courses include research (independent) and also Rigorosum or defending the doctoral thesis. Doctorate types include international, structural, supervised, individual, cooperative and special doctorates. The title is Doktorgrad. 

Free Education System in Germany 

Public schools do not charge any fees for primary and secondary education. However, nominal amounts are charged for excursions and school activities. Lower-income families also have bursaries or subsidies for assistance. Germany has several public universities which are highly ranked but do not charge any tuition costs. Sometimes they may charge negligible fees by way of administrative, confirmation, and enrollment costs. 

Germany is one of the few European countries where international students may study without paying virtually any tuition costs. Germany considers education as a basic human right and endeavors to provide free and undisputed access to higher education for everyone. Multiple public universities charge meager administrative charges of €200-500 or INR 16,788 to INR 41,969 (approx). Private institutions charge tuition fees, although they are also reasonable for international students. These may hover between €300-20,000 annually or INR 25,200 to INR 16.79 lakh. Medicine, business, and engineering degrees at private institutions may be costlier. 

Top universities for free education in Germany include big names like Goethe University in Frankfurt, University of Cologne, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Julius Maximilian University of Wurzburg, Technical University of Munich, University of Mannheim, and RWTH Aachen University, among many others. 

However, you should carefully check all eligibility criteria before applying. You will need proof of English language proficiency via test scores in PTE / TOEFL / IELTS tests. You may also require GMAT / GRE scores for getting admission into some institutions. Other requirements usually include letters of recommendation (LORs), Statement of Purpose (SOP), and official academic transcripts. 

Interested to Study In Germany? Apply for Free Counselling

Also Read :

• How to Study in Germany without IELTS Score?
• How important is the German language to survive in Germany?
• Germany vs. Canada
• How to study in Germany for free for Indian Students?
• Germany: A Dream Study Abroad Destination
• How to Build a Career in Data Science in Germany even if you are not an Engineer?
• Want to study in Germany? Choose IU

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