assignment on nationalism in india class 10

Nationalism in India: Class 10 Notes

Welcome to our comprehensive notes on Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India! This topic holds great significance in the CBSE Class 10 Board Exam as its weightage is 08 marks. Nationalism played a pivotal role in shaping the political landscape of India during the early 20th century, and it continues to influence our society today. In this guide, we will delve into the key concepts, events, and personalities that contributed to the growth of nationalism in India. From the effects of The First World War, Khilafat, and the Non-Cooperation to the sense of collective belonging, we will explore the struggles, sacrifices, and triumphs of Indian nationalists who fought tirelessly for the freedom we enjoy today. Through concise explanations, engaging examples, and helpful study tips, this guide aims to equip class 10 students with a solid understanding of the topic.

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Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes

Table of contents, the first world war, khilafat, and non-cooperation, the first world war helped in the growth of the nationalist movement in india.

• The war created a new economic and political situation.
• It led to an increase in defense expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes (customs duties were raised and income tax introduced).
• The war led to a price rise and hardship for common people.
• The war led to the forced recruitment of people.
• Acute shortage of food led to famine and misery.
• This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. Millions of people perished as a result of famines and epidemics.
• Indians began to realize that they were drawn into the war unnecessarily. This feeling united Indians against the British.

The Idea of Satyagraha

The idea of satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through nonviolence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. People – including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept the truth through the use of violence.

Gandhian Satyagraha was considered a novel way to resist injustice because:

• One could win the battle through nonviolence.
• This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
• People – including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept the truth through the use of violence.

After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi successfully organized satyagraha movements in various places.

• In 1917 he traveled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
• In 1917, he organized a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat . Affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could not pay the revenue and were demanding that revenue collection be relaxed.
• In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organize a satyagraha movement among cotton mill workers .

The Rowlatt Act

Gandhiji, in 1919, decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919.

Provisions of the Rowlatt Act were:

• It gave the government the power to repress any political activity or demonstration.
• It allowed the detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
• The British government could arrest anyone and search any place without a warrant.

The Rowlatt Act was opposed by Indians in the following ways:

• A non-violent civil disobedience against the unjust law began.
• Rallies were organized in various cities.
• Workers went on strike in railway workshops.
• Shops were closed down in protest.

Jallianwalla Bagh incident:

• On 13 April, the Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place.
• On that day a crowd of villagers who had come to Amritsar to attend a fair gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh.
• Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.
• Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.
• His object, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral effect’, to create in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe.

The reasons for starting the Khilafat Movement

• With the defeat of Ottoman Turkey in the First World War, there were rumors that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor (the Khalifa).
• Muslims all over the world began to support the temporal powers of the Khalifa. In India, too Khilafat Committee was formed under the leadership of Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
• At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920 he convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat and Swaraj.

Why Non-cooperation?

In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year, and Swaraj would come.

Non-cooperation movement:

At the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non-Cooperation program was adopted.

It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.

Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921. All of them responded to the call of Swaraj, but the term meant different things to different people.

Differing Strands within the Movement

The movement in the towns.

• The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities.
• Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges
• Headmasters and teachers resigned.
• Lawyers gave up their legal practices.
• The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras.
• Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
• Merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods.
• Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.

The Non-Cooperation Movement in the cities gradually slowed down because:

• Khadi cloth was more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.
• The boycott of British institutions failed because Indian institutions could not be set up in place of the British ones.
• Students and teachers began trickling back to government schools.
• The lawyers too joined back work in government courts.

Rebellion in the Countryside

Awadh Peasants:

• Peasants of Awadh were led by Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi. The movement was against talukdars and landlords. The landlords and talukdars demanded exorbitantly high rents and other cesses.
• Peasants had to do beggar (unpaid work) and work at landlords’ farms without any payment.
• As tenants they had no security of tenure, being regularly evicted.
• The peasant movement demanded a reduction of revenue, the abolition of beggar, and a social boycott of oppressive landlords.
• In many places, nai-dhobi bandhs were organized by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services of barbers and watermen.
• Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up and headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra, and a few others.
• In 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over.

Tribal Peasants:

The causes that led the tribals to revolt in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh were:

• The colonial government had closed large forest areas preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits. This enraged the hill people.
• Not only were their livelihoods affected but they felt that their traditional rights were being denied.
• When the government began forcing them to contribute beggar (work without payment) for road building, the hill people revolted.

Role of Alluri Sitaram Raju:

• Alluri Sitaram Raju was a tribal leader in the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh.
• He started a militant guerrilla movement in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh.
• The tribal people were against colonial policies. Their livelihood was affected and their traditional rights were denied.
• Their leader Alluri Sitaram Raju was inspired by Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation movement and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking.
• He claimed that he had a variety of special powers like making astrological predictions, healing people, and surviving bullet shots.
• He persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking.
• But at the same time, he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence.

Swaraj in the Plantations

Meaning of Swaraj for Plantation Workers : For plantation workers in Assam, Swaraj meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.

• Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 , plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact, they were rarely given such permission.
• When they heard of the Non-Cooperation movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations, and headed home.
• They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming, and everyone would be given land in their own villages.
• They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police. Hearing of the incident, Mahatma Gandhi called a halt to the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Towards Civil Disobedience

Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922 because:

• The movement was turning violent in many places.
• He felt that the satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles.

Two factors again shaped Indian politics in the late 1920s.

• The first was the effect of the worldwide economic depression . Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930. As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue. By 1930, the countryside was in turmoil.
• Simon Commission: Set up in response to the nationalist movement, the commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. The problem was that the commission did not have a single Indian member. They were all British.

In an effort to win them over, the viceroy, Lord Irwin, announced in October 1929, a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future, and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution.

In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalized the demand for ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India. It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.

Lala Lajpat Rai was assaulted by the British police during a peaceful demonstration against the Simon Commission. He succumbed to injuries that were inflicted on him during the demonstration.

The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement

• On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating 11 demands, the most stirring of which was the demand to abolish the salt tax.
• Salt was one of the most essential items of food. Tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production, Gandhi declared, revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.
• Irwin was unwilling to negotiate and so, Mahatma Gandhi started his famous 240 miles long Salt March accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers.
• The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi.
• On 6 April he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling seawater.

Features of the Civil Disobedience Movement:

• The movement started with Salt March.
• Thousands broke salt law.
• Foreign clothes were boycotted.
• Liquor shops were picketed.
• Peasants refused to pay taxes.

People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British but also to break colonial laws.

Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement after the Second Round Table Conference because:

• When Mahatma Gandhiji went to the Round Table Conference in December 1931, he returned disappointed as the negotiations were broken down.
• Back in India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repression.
• Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail
• The Congress had been declared illegal.
• A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations, and boycotts.

The reasons for the participation of various social classes and groups in the Civil Disobedience Movement are as follows:

• Rich peasants : Rich peasant communities like the Patidars of Gujarat & the Jats of Uttar Pradesh joined the movement because being producers of commercial crops they were hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. The refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand made them fight against high revenues.
• Poor peasants : Joined the movement because they found it difficult to pay rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.
• Business class : They reacted against colonial policies that restricted activities because they were keen on expanding their business and for this, they wanted protection against imports of foreign goods. They thought that Swaraj would cancel colonial restrictions and that trade would flourish without restrictions. They also wanted protection against the rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio. They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
• Industrial working class : They did not participate in large numbers except in the Nagpur region. Some workers did participate, selectively adopting some of the Gandhian programs, like boycotts of foreign goods, as a part of their own movements against low wages and poor working conditions.
• Women : There was large-scale participation of women in the movement. They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.
• Indian merchants and industrialists were keen on expanding their businesses and reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.
• They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
• To organize business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
• Led by prominent industrialists like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. Birla, the industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
• Most businessmen wanted to flourish in trade without constraints.

The limitations of the Civil Disobedience Movement were:

• Half-hearted participation of untouchables. Congress had ignored the Dalits for fear of offending the Sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus.
• After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from Congress.
• As relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened, each community organized religious processions with militant fervor. This provoked Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities.

Untouchability:

• Mahatma Gandhi was against untouchability. He declared that Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the ‘Untouchables’ harijan or the children of God.
• He organized satyagraha to secure their entry into temples, and access to the public wells, tanks, roads, and schools.
• He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the sweepers.
• He persuaded the upper caste to change their heart and give up ‘the sin of untouchability’.

Poona Pact of September 1932:

The Poona Pact of September 1932 gave the Depressed Classes (Schedule Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

Some of the Muslim political organizations in India were lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement :

• Large sections of Muslims were lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience movement.
• The decline of Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements led to the alienation of Muslims from Congress.
• From the mid-1920s, the Congress was seen to be visibly associated with Hindu nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
• Relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened and communal riots took place.
• The Muslim League gained prominence with its claim of representing Muslims and demanding a separate electorate for them.

The Sense of Collective Belonging

• The identity of the nation is most often symbolized by the image of Bharat Mata.
• Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland.
• Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted Bharat Mata and portrayed it as an ascetic figure. She is shown as calm, composed, divine, and spiritual.
• Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.
• Icons and symbols in unifying people and inspire in them a feeling of nationalism.
• During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolor flag (red, green, and yellow) was designed.
• Reinterpretation of history to instill a sense of pride in the nation.

Abanindranath Tagore painted the above image of Bharat Mata.

In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine, and spiritual.

Reinterpretation of history created a sense of collective belongingness among the different communities of India :

• By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently.
• The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves.
• In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements. They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, and crafts and trade flourished.
• These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.

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Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes CBSE History Chapter 2 (Free PDF Download)

• Revision Notes
• Social Science: History
• Chapter 2 Nationalism In India

CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 2 Notes - Nationalism in India - Download Now

The concept of nationalism was developed amongst the people of India during the Indian independence movement against the colonial British Rule. The chapter deals with the events that took place in the country from the 1920s to free India from the shackles of foreign rule. With these class 10 nationalism in India notes you will better understand the chapter and will be able to prepare better for your examination. This is a comprehensive summary of nationalism in India class 10 and is perfect for you to glance through while you are revising.

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Access Class 10 Social Science (History) Chapter 2 – Nationalism in India Notes

Mahatma gandhi’s role in nationalism.

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915.

His method was known as Satyagraha, which means Agitation for Truth.

He organized the Champaran Satyagraha to support the oppressed plantation workers in 1917.

He went to Kheda to show support to the peasants in 1918 with Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel.

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

The British government passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919 which gave them the power to repress any political activities and authorized the detention of any political prisoners without trials for up to 2 years.

On 13 th April 1919, the villagers attended the Baisakhi fair at the Jallianwala Bagh when there was countrywide martial law.

General Dyer blocked the only entry/exit of the park and opened fire at the civilians.

He ordered open fire which killed thousands of men, women, and children.

This brutal act enraged other Indians. There were nationwide partials, attacks on government buildings, and clashes.

Khilafat Movement

The Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay and Mahatma Gandhi supported it.

It was started by Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali.

The Salt March

Mahatma Gandhi demanded from Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India which included the abolishment of the Salt tax.

He began the Salt March with 78 volunteers from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi to manufacture salt.

The Poona Pact

The Dalits refused to participate in the movement without separate electorates and reservation of seats.

Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar formed the Depressed Classes Association and signed the Poona Pact with the Congress in 1932

Important Questions and Answers

1. Explain the three main events that took place under Gandhi's Satyagraha Movement.

Ans: The three main events that took place under Gandhi's Satyagraha movement were as follows:

Champaran Satyagraha in 1917

Kheda Satyagraha in 1918

Mill Workers Support in 1918

2. When did Gandhiji return from South Africa?

Ans: Gandhiji returned from South Africa in 1915.

3. What was observed on April 6th, 1919?

Ans: 6 th April 1919 was observed as the Satyagraha Day where people went on fast and strike across the nation.

4. Write down the effect of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

Ans: The effects of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre were as follows:

Government buildings were attacked by the people

There were clashes with police officers and numerous strikes

The British suppressed the agitations with brutality and humiliation

The villages were bombed and destroyed

5. In which session of the INC was the demand of 'Purna Swaraj' formalized?

Ans : 'Purna Swaraj' was formalized in the 1929 session of the Indian National Congress at Lahore. 

6. What did the Rowlatt Act impose?

Ans: According to the Rowlatt Act, the British Government had the power to prohibit the political activities and detain the political leaders without trial for up to two years.

7. Who started the Khilafat Movement and why?

Ans: It was started by Muhammad Ali and Shakaut Ali. It was started in response to the unjust treatment given to the Caliph of the Ottoman Empire who was regarded by the Muslims around the world as their Spiritual Leader.

8. Which act prohibited the plantation workers from leaving the tea garden without prior permission?

Ans: The Inland Immigration Act passed in 1859. The plantation workers couldn't leave the tea gardens without prior permission from their superiors which they seldom got upon asking.

9. Who wrote the book 'Hind Swaraj'?

Ans: Mahatma Gandhi wrote the book Hind Swaraj.

10. What is the meaning of 'Beggar'?

Ans : Beggar means forced labor without income.

Nationalism in India Class 10 Summary

The class 10 history chapter 2 notes PDF is created in a manner that will help you prepare well for your examination. You can create a nationalism in India class 10 PPT or nationalism in India project using the summary. You can also use the information for creating slides of nationalism in India PPT.

First World War, The Non-Cooperation and The Khilafat Movement

The want of freedom from colonial rule connected people across the country who were forged under the Indian National Congress by Mahatma Gandhi. From 1919 the movement spread to various sections of the society. The first World War had created a scenario which led to a huge increase in defense expenditure which created hardships for common people. To worsen the conditions there was crop failure and an epidemic of influenza which led to people perishing. The common man thought that their hardships would end after the war but nothing improved.

The Idea of Satyagraha

The idea of Satyagraha was conceived by Mahatma Gandhi when he returned from South Africa in 1915 where he had actively fought against racism. Satyagraha emphasized the power and need for truth. According to him the concept of Satyagraha would be the string that would unite the country. Gandhiji led Satyagraha in Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad to help the peasants.

The Rowlatt Act

The Imperial Legislative Council, despite the collective opposition of the Indian members, passed the Rowlatt Act. It allowed the British government to curb down political movements in the country and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Gandhiji wanted a nationwide Satyagraha against these unjust laws. A non-violent Civil Disobedience movement was launched against the law on 6 th April. Nationwide protests took place. The British government wanted to curb the upsurge so they arrested leaders from Amritsar and Gandhiji was detained to enter Delhi.

On 13 th April, the infamous Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place. A large but peaceful crowd had gathered in the grounds of Jallianwala Bagh. Dyer entered the area and blocked the exit points and opened fire at the crowd killing hundreds of people.

The news of Jallianwala Bagh spread across the country like fire. People were infuriated and strikes, clashes, and attacks on government buildings took place. There was utter confusion and violence in the country which led to Gandhiji calling off the movement.

Gandhiji then took up the Khilafat issue which brought unity amongst the Hindus and the Muslims together. The Khilafat Committee was set-up in Bombay in 1919. Gandhi urged the leaders of the National Congress to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat and Swaraj.

Why Non-Cooperation?

As per Gandhiji British rule was established in India because of cooperation of the Indians. If Indians did not cooperate then British rule would collapse in a year. The movement was proposed in stages starting from the renunciation of titles. There was a boycott of civil services, army, foreign goods, police, courts and legislative council. In December 1920, the Non-Cooperation Movement was adopted.

Differing Strands Within The Movement

In 1921, January the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement was launched. People from all sections of the society participated in the movement.

Foreign goods were boycotted. This led to the rise in the production of Indian textiles and handlooms. Teachers, students, headmasters, lawyers gave up on their services at government institutions.

In the countryside, the movement demanded a boycott of oppressive landlords. In June 1920 Jawaharlal Nehru visited the villages of Awadh to understand the problems of the peasants there. In October he set up the Oudh Kisan Sabha. In 1921 the peasant movement spread.

Towards Civil Disobedience

The Non-Cooperation movement was withdrawn in 1922 because of it taking a violent turn. In 1928 the statutory Simon Commission arrived in India only to be greeted by the slogan- ‘Go back Simon’. In December 1929, the Lahore Congress headed by Jawaharlal Nehru formalized the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or complete independence.

Salt March and Civil Disobedience Movement

In demand to abolish the salt taxes primarily, Gandhiji put eleven demands in-front of Viceroy Irwin. In case the demands were not fulfilled the Congress would start the Civil-Disobedience Act. The famous salt march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi took place. Gandhiji violated the salt laws by manufacturing salt from boiling water. The Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed after enormous confusion in the country. The Civil-Disobedience had lost its momentum by 1934.

Limits of the Civil Disobedience Act

The Dalits wanted a separate electorate and demanded a reserved seat in educational institutes. After the suspension of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement, the Muslims felt alienated from the congress and there was tension between the Hindus and the Muslims. 

You will get all these points and much more in detail if you get your copy of Class 10 History Chapter 3 Notes in Hindi as well.

Vande Mataram

People across the country came on the streets to fight against British rule. History nationalism in India was further fostered by patriotic and historical fictions, folklores, songs, etc. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay composed ‘Vande Mataram’. Abanindranath Tagore painted ‘Bharat Mata.’ India emerged as a nation which wanted freedom from colonial rule. This collected sense of common belongingness finally led our beloved country to freedom.

A note on nationalism in India class 10 in English will be incomplete without the mention of the contribution of language and culture in the entire freedom movement.

Did You Know?

The nationalist movement in Indo China Class 10 curriculum is yet another remarkable phase of Asian history. Indo-China comprising the modern countries of Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia was under the control of the powerful Chinese empire. Vietnam was colonized by the French. From the eighteenth century onward, resistance started to grow in many forms, from various levels. The sense of nationalism was ignited by a number of factors. Communism also played an important role in it.

While making a ‘nationalism in Indo China’ PPT for your school project, you must include a slide dedicated to this phase of history.

Other Chapters Revision Notes

Chapter 1 - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Chapter 3 - The Making of a Global World

Chapter 4 - The Age of Industrialisation

Chapter 5 - Print Culture and the Modern World

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Chapter 2 of CBSE Class 10 mainly focuses on the concepts of Indian Nationalism. In this chapter, students will learn about Indian Nationalism developed at the time of the Indian independence movement fought against the colonial British Rule. They will also learn about the story from the 1920s, the Civil Disobedience Movement, the non-Cooperation  Movements, how different social groups participated in the national movement, how Congress sought to develop the national movement, and how nationalism captured the imagination of people.

FAQs on Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes CBSE History Chapter 2 (Free PDF Download)

1. What is the Importance of Nationalism?

The concept of nationalism was extremely important in the context of India’s freedom movement because it played crucial in freeing the country from the shackles of foreign power and years of oppression. The British had developed a tone of racial superiority over the years. They drained India of its wealth and treated Indians like slaves. This regime had to end. And only a nation unified with love and respect for its motherland could uproot the British Raj from the country. This sense of being one with the nation was termed as nationalism. It holds in any context, at any point in time.

2. What is Nationalism in India in Hindi?

Nationalism in Hindi is known as ‘rashtra bodh’. The notes on Nationalism in India Class 10 in Hindi will help you to understand the concept of nationalism and also enlighten you about the various incidents that took place in the country from 1920 in order to free the country from colonial rule.

3. What were the reasons for the rise of nationalism in India according to Chapter 2 of Class 10 History?

There were many reasons, mainly political and economic, that led to the rise of nationalism in India. These include:

Need for independence from the British colonialism

Increased defense expenditure post the First World War

Imposition of various taxes and introduction of income tax

Discontentment among the rural population due to forced recruitment of soldiers

Disappointment and anger against the colonial government after acute food shortage faced because of the crop failure during 1918-19 and 1920-21.

4. What was the Rowlatt Act discussed in Chapter 2 of Class 10 History?

As discussed in Class 10 History Chapter 2 notes, Rowlatt Act was a law imposed in the year 1919 by the British government, giving them the power to suppress any political activities that took place in the country. It also allowed the government to detain the persons involved for two years without any charges or trial. The act offended and harmed national sentiments due to its harsh and undemocratic nature.

5. What is meant by Nationalism according to Chapter 2 of Class 10 History?

Nationalism refers to an ideology that promotes loyalty or more similar sentiments towards one’s nation and its interests by knowing and acting on the political, social, and economic conditions. Nationalism is meant to bring the people together in favour of the betterment of the nation. Nationalism in India is what refers to the movement that took place when people came together to work against the colonial government’s suppressing rule over the country.

6. Why should I refer to Vedantu CBSE notes for Class 10 History?

Every student aims to score well in their Class 10 Board exams and to achieve that, it is important to ensure that they do not fall behind in their practice. The aim of the CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 2 Notes is to help students achieve their goal of scoring the maximum marks in their Class 10 Social Science exam. These notes are available free of cost. These notes will help you understand the topics covered in the chapter in a better way while saving time for more practice and revision.

7. What are the important topics covered in the Class 10 History Chapter 2 notes?

Following is a list of topics that are important for your Class 10 Social Science exam and have been covered in the CBSE Notes for Class 10 History Chapter 2:

Rowlatt Act

Non-cooperation Movement

Civil Disobedience Movement

Role of Mahatma Gandhi

Policies of Satyagraha, Swaraj, non-violence

Congress Session of 1929

Swadeshi and Boycott Movement

Morley-Minto Reforms

Communalism in India

Indian literature and rise of nationalism

Tribal movements in India

Causes of Indian partition.

The notes for all the topics are available on the Vedantu app and website.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

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Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Class 10 NCERT Solutions

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Nationalism in India Chapter Notes Class 10 History

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Nationalism in India Chapter Notes: Get comprehensive notes for revision of the NCERT History Class 10 Chapter ‘ Nationalism in India’. Notes are given with proper headings and main key note-points to help draft fine quality answers.

History Class 10 Notes: Chapter – Nationalism in India

Chronology of events:, the non-cooperation movement (1920-22), early satyagraha movements.

i. Gandhiji returned to India from South Africa in January, 1915 after fighting the racist regime using the weapon of satyagraha or the power of truth.

ii. Gandhiji successfully organized satyagraha movements in various places: Champaran satyagraha (1916) against the plantation system, Kheda satyagraha (1917) in support of peasants who were demanding relaxation in revenue collection due to crop failure and plague epidemic and Ahmedabad satyagraha (1918) in support of cotton mill workers.

Rowlatt Satyagraha and Jallianwala Bagh massacre

i. The success of these movements encouraged Gandhiji to launch nationwide satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act (1919) which gave the government the power to detain political prisoners without trial for two years.

ii. Workers went on strikes, rallies were organized, government buildings were attacked and shops were closed down. Martial law was imposed in Amritsar and General Dyer took command.

iii. On 13 April, 1919 , a large crowd gathered at Jallianwala Bagh to attend the Baisakhi fair unaware of the imposition of Martial law. General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit and opened fire killing hundreds of people. His aim was to create fear in the minds of the satyagrahis.

iv. The news of Jallianwala Bagh spread like wild fire leading to wide spread protests and strikes. The government responded brutally by humiliating the satyagrahis and bombing villages. Looking at the widespread violence, Gandhiji called off the movement.

v. Gandhi felt that Rowlatt satyagraha was limited to towns and cities and aimed to launch a nationwide movement with the support of Hindus and Muslims.

Khilafat Agitation

i. A Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919 to defend the temporal powers of Khalifa (spiritual head of the Islamic world) after the defeat of Ottoman Turkey in First World War. Muslim leaders like Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali discussed with Gandhiji about the possibility of a united struggle which was accepted by Gandhiji.

ii. Gandhiji convinced other leaders to start the Non-Cooperation movement in support of swaraj and Khilafat at the Calcutta session of 1920 which led to the beginning of Non-Cooperation Movement.

Different Proposed Stages of Non-Cooperation Movement

i. Mahatma Gandhi in his book Hind Swaraj stated that British rule was established with the support of Indians. If Indians do not support the rule, the British rule would collapse.

ii. According to Gandhiji, the movement should unfold in stages beginning with the surrender of government awarded titles, boycott of police, army, civil services, courts and legislative councils.

iii. If the government used repression, the Non-Cooperation movement would be launched.

Congress Debates over Non-Cooperation Movement

i. Many in the Congress were reluctant to boycott the council elections to be held in November, 1920 as they feared that the movement would turn violent.

ii. After intense debates and discussions, the Congress finally adopted the Non-Cooperation programme at Nagpur Congress session held in December, 1920 .

Contribution of different sections of society in the Non-Cooperation Movement

Movement in towns.

i. The Non-Cooperation – Khilafat Movement began in January 1921, and various social groups took part in the movement with their own set of aspirations.

ii. The movement began in the cities with the participation of middle-class sections, who gave up their government jobs or left government-controlled schools and colleges. Council elections were also boycotted in many provinces.

iii. On the economic front, foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed, foreign cloth was burnt in bonfires. People began wearing Indian clothes, thus leading to an increase in textile mills and handlooms.

iv. The movement gradually slowed down. Poor sections of society could not afford to buy khadi cloth as it was more expensive than mill cloth.

v. Also, Indian institutions could not be set up quickly. So, students and teachers too went back to government schools and colleges and lawyers resumed their practice in courts.

Movement in the countryside

i. From the cities, the Movement spread to the countryside and farmers and tribals joined the struggle. The peasants of Awadh were led by Baba Ramchandra. The movement focused on reduction of revenue, social boycott of oppressive landlords and abolition of begar .

ii. In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru toured the villages of Awadh in order to understand the issues faced by the peasants.

iii. The Oudh Kisan Sabha was established in October 1920 and was headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few other persons. The struggles of Awadh peasants were integrated into the Non-Cooperation Movement.

iv. As the movement progressed, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, grain hoards were taken over and bazaars were looted.

v. In the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh, tribal peasants started a militant guerrilla movement in the early 1920s when the colonial government forced them to contribute begar for road building.

Movement in the plantations

i. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 , plantation workers were not allowed to leave tea gardens without permission. For them, freedom meant the right to move freely and retain the link with their villages. They believed that the Non-Cooperation Movement would give them this freedom, but in vain.

ii. Thousands of workers left the plantations and headed to their village. But they were stranded on the way and were caught by the police and mercilessly beaten up.

iii. The tribals interpreted the term swaraj in their own ways, but when they raised slogans like ‘ Swatantra Bharat’ , they were relating to an all-India Movement.

Calling off the movement

The non-cooperation was turning violent. In Gorakhpur, at Cauri-Chaura (4 F eb, 2022) violent incident took place in which a police station was set on fire that took life of 22 police men. Gandhi realised that the peopele were not yet trained enough for a non-violent movement and called off the non-cooperation movement.

The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-32)

Formation of swaraj party.

i. Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922 as he felt that it was becoming violent and that satyagrahis needed proper training for a mass struggle.

ii. Some leaders in the Congress party wanted to continue non-cooperation, while others like Motilal Nehru and C R Das wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils.

iii. The Swaraj party was formed within the Congress by C R Das and Motilal Nehru to argue for a return to council politics.

iv. S C Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru chose mass agitation and struggle for complete independence.

Effects of Economic Depression of 1920s

i. In addition to this internal debate, worldwide economic depression during the late 1920s worsened the situation.

ii. Agricultural prices went down, the demand for agricultural goods decreased, and their export declined.

iii. As a consequence, peasants were unable to sell their harvests and pay revenue. Consequently, the Indian countryside was in turmoil.

Simon Commission 1928

i. A Statutory Commission headed by Sir John Simon was set up by the Tory government in Britain to examine, as well as to suggest changes in, the constitutional system of India.

ii. However, the commission was all British and did not have a single Indian, much to the disappointment of Indians.

iii. The Simon Commission reached India in 1928 and was greeted with the slogan ‘Go Back, Simon’.

iv. The Muslim League and the Congress participated in demonstrations against the Commission.

Historic 1929 Lahore Session and Demand for Purna Swaraj

i. In an effort to win over opponents, Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, offered ‘Dominion Status’ for India and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future Constitution. The Congress leaders were unsatisfied with both.

ii. In the Lahore Congress of 1929 presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, the demand for ‘Purna Swaraj’ was formalised. It was decided that 26th January 1930 would be celebrated as Independence Day when people would take an oath to fight for complete independence.

Salt March: Civil Disobedience Movement

i. MK Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands, the most significant of which was the abolition of salt tax.

ii. MK Gandhi felt that a tax on salt, which was an essential food item, was unjust and revealed the cruel face of British rule.

iii. MK Gandhi stated that if the demands were not met by 11 March 1930 , the Congress would start the Civil Disobedience Movement.

iv. Viceroy Irwin did not pay heed, and so Mahatma Gandhi, on 11 March, began his famous march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, on which he was accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers.

v. Mahatma Gandhi reached Dandi on 6 April and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water, which marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Spread of the Civil Disobedience Movement & the Govt. Repressive Measures

i. The movement began with the breaking of salt laws but, it went beyond them. As the movement spread, foreign cloth was boycotted and liquor shops were picketed.

ii. In many places forest people broke forest laws, village officials resigned and peasants refused to pay land revenue.

iii. The colonial government, alarmed by the developments, began arresting Congress leaders, leading to violent clashes in many places.

iv. For instance, when Abdul Gaffar Khan was arrested in April 1930, people demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar. When MK Gandhi was arrested the following month, Sholapur mill workers attacked government offices. Women and children were beaten, and over one lakh satyagrahis is were arrested.

Gandhi Irwin Pact 1931

i. Due to increase in violence, MK Gandhi decided to call off the movement and entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March 1931 .

ii. Under this pact, MK Gandhi agreed to participate in the Second Round Table Conference in London, and the government agreed to release political prisoners.

iii. The negotiations in the Conference failed, and MK Gandhi returned to India disappointed, only to discover that the colonial government was becoming increasingly repressive.

iv. He relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement, but by 1934, it lost momentum.

People’s Participations in the Civil Disobedience Movement

Participation of peasants in the movement.

i. Rich peasant communities like the Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh supported the Civil Disobedience Movement and also forced reluctant members to join the movement.

ii. They viewed the fight for swaraj as a struggle against high revenues. They were upset that the movement was called off even though the revenue rates were not revised. In 1932, when the movement restarted, many refused to join.

iii. The poorer peasants apart from the lowering of revenue demand also wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted by the landlord.

iv. They joined several radical movements led by socialists and communists while their relationship with Congress remained uncertain due to Congress support to landlords and rich peasants.

Participation of the Industrial class

i. Prominent Indian industrialists like Purshottamdas Thakurdas, G.D Birla and few others formed the Indian industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927 to organize business interests.

ii. They gave financial support to Civil Disobedience Movement but after the failure of Round Table Conference, the level of enthusiasm of the business class reduced.

Participation of Industrial workers

i. Many industrial workers stayed away from the Civil disobedience Movement while few adopted ideas of Gandhian programmes like boycott of foreign goods in their struggle against low wages and poor conditions.

ii. In 1930, many workers of Chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and participated in boycott campaigns.

iii. The Congress was hesitant to include women’s demands as part of their programme for the struggle as they felt it would alienate the Congress.

Participation of Women

i. The Civil disobedience Movement saw wide scale women’s participation. Many women participated in the manufacture of salt, protest marches and picketing of cloth and liquor shops. Their participation did not mean any radical change in the way their position was visualized.

ii. The Congress for a long time was reluctant to give important positions to women and was keen only to have their symbolic presence.

limitations of the Civil Disobedience Movement?

Little participation of dalit.

i. The Civil Disobedience Movement did not have the participation of the ‘dalit’, or oppressed, sections of Indian society. The Congress had avoided dalits due to the fear of offending the sanatanis , or orthodox high caste Hindus.

ii. Dalit leaders like BR Ambedkar believed that political empowerment would help resolve the issue of social discrimination.

iii. Dalit leaders demanded reservation in educational institutions and a separate electorate for dalits in legislative councils.

iv. In 1930, Dr BR Ambedkar organised ‘dalits’ into the Depressed Classes Association. His opinions with respect to separate electorates for dalits clashed with MK Gandhi’s views at the Second Round Table Conference. The British accepted Ambedkar’s demand, but Mahatma Gandhi opposed the decision.

v. Finally, Ambedkar accepted Gandhi’s position and signed the Poona Pact in 1932.The pact gave reserved seats to the depressed classes in the Provincial and Central Legislative Councils on condition that they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

Lukewarm Muslim participation in Civil Disobedience Movement

i. Some Muslim organisations gave a lukewarm response to the Civil Disobedience Movement because many Muslims stayed aloof from Congress after the decline of the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movements.

ii. Congress and Muslim League made several attempts to forge an alliance. Muhammad Ali Jinnah stated that he would give up the demand for separate electorates if Muslims were assured reserved seats in Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in Punjab and Bengal (Muslim-dominated areas).

iii. However, M. R Jayakar of Hindu Mahasabha opposed all efforts towards compromise.

iv. Many Muslim leaders could not respond to the call of united struggle as they felt alienated from the Congress and were concerned about the status of Muslims as a minority in a Hindu-dominated nation, India.

Forming the Sense and Idea of National Movement

Idea of nationalism.

i. The idea of nationalism spreads when people begin to discover that there is some common principle that binds them together, thus making them believe that they are part of the same nation.

ii. This sense of belonging comes partly through the experience of collective struggles.

iii. Fiction, folklore, songs, popular prints and symbols have played a vital role in developing the sense of nationalism and encouraging people to believe that they are part of the same nation.

Idea of nationalism through paintings

i. The identity of the nation is sometimes equated with a figure or image.

ii. The identity of India was associated with the image of Bharat Mata, which was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, the writer of the hymn ‘Vande Mataram’.

iii. Abanindranath Tagore, inspired by the swadeshi movement, painted Bharat Mata as a calm, composed and divine figure.

iv. Later, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms.

Idea of nationalism through folklore

i. Nationalists in the late 19th century recorded folk tales sung by bards who travelled from one village to another. They believed that these tales depicted the traditional culture that had been distorted by external forces.

ii. Rabindranath Tagore collected ballads and myths and led the folk revival in Bengal while Natesa Sastri published The Folklore of Southern India , a collection of Tamil folk tales.

iii. This not only helped in the preservation of folk traditions but also helped to develop a sense of identity, common belonging and pride in the past.

Idea of nationalism through the national flag

i. As the national movement progressed, leaders became aware of symbols that could unify and inspire people.

ii. The tricolour flag with eight lotuses and crescent moon was designed during the swadeshi movement in Bengal.

iii. Gandhiji designed the swaraj flag, which was a tricolour flag (red, green and white) with a charkha in the centre.

iv. These symbols helped in uniting people and instilling the feeling of nationalism in them. 

Reinterpretation of history

i. By the end of the 19th century, Indians began to reinterpret history and began to celebrate the achievements of India’s glorious past in the fields of art, architecture, religion, law, mathematics, crafts science and trade. This was in response to the British view that Indians were backward and primitive.

ii. These writings instilled a feeling of pride and achievement in the people.

Since the images celebrated were drawn from Hindu iconography, members of other communities felt left out.

A Critical Evaluation of National Movement

Attempts of congress to forge unity.

i. The Congress led by Gandhiji tried to channelise the grievances of various sections to organised movements for independence.

ii. Different groups participated in the movement with their own set of aspirations, and freedom from colonial rule meant different things to different people.

iii. The Congress tried to resolve differences and to ensure that the demands of one group did not alienate another group. These differences often led to the breakdown of unity in the movement.

iv. High points of Congress activity and nationalist unity were followed by phases of disunity and inner conflict.

The Quit India Movement

i. The failure of Cripps mission and the effects of World War II provoked Gandhiji to launch the Quit India Movement.

ii. The historic Quit India resolution was passed by the Congress Working Committee in Wardha on 14 July 1942.

iii. On 8 August 1942, the All India Congress Committee endorsed the resolution and called for a non-violent struggle throughout the country.

iv. Gandhiji delivered the famous ‘Do or Die’ speech in Mumbai.

Unfolding of Quit India Movement

i. People observed hartals, participated in street demonstrations, sang nationalist songs and shouted slogans.

ii. The movement was truly a mass movement. It was widely supported by students, workers and peasants.

iii. Leaders like Jayprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia and many women leaders such as Aruna Asaf Ali, Matangini Hazra in Bengal, Kanaklata Barua in Assam and Rama Devi in Odisha participated actively in the movement.

iv. The colonial authorities used force to weaken the movement, yet it took over a year to suppress it.

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CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 2 Notes – Nationalism in India

Class 10 History Chapter 2 Notes will give students an overview of the concept of nationalism and events that led to India’s liberation from the shackles of Britishers. Class 10 Chapter 2 History Notes will help students with step-by-step preparation to score well in board exams. Sometimes, it becomes challenging for students to access and refer to all the study material, CBSE syllabus , important questions , and CBSE extra questions . To simplify this, Extramarks has provided Chapter 2 History Class 10 Notes that students can refer to for exam preparation. The CBSE revision notes are prepared by a team of experts according to the latest syllabus of the NCERT books .

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Students can also practice CBSE sample papers and CBSE past years’ question papers after reviewing the Class 10 History Notes Chapter 2. It will help them understand the exam pattern and learn time management skills to score better in board examinations. You can download the notes in PDF format from the Extramarks website.

CBSE Class 10 Social Science History Revision Notes for the Year 2022-23

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Nationalism in India Class 10 Notes History Chapter 2

Access history chapter 2 class 10 notes – nationalism in india , mahatma gandhi’s role in nationalism.

• Mahatma Gandhi played a significant role in nationalism. He was practising law in South Africa. He returned to India from South Africa in 1915. After his arrival, he witnessed that Indians were in a much worse condition.
• Due to Colonialism, every Indian citizen was a British prisoner. He started many movements to help Indians get freedom from Britishers. He began by introducing the non-cooperation movement known as Satyagraha.
• The word Satyagraha means Agitation for Truth. He organised the Champaran Satyagraha to support the oppressed plantation workers. The movement was executed in 1917 with the hope of giving workers their rights.
• In 1918, he went to Kheda to show his support to the workers with Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel.

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

• The infamous Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on 13th April 1919 in Amritsar.
• The British government passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919. This act gave them the power to control any political activity and authorise the detention of political prisoners without trials for up to 2 years.
• On 13th April 1919, the Baisakhi fair was held at the Jallianwala Bagh, which was attended by several villagers when there was countrywide martial law.
• General Dyer blocked the entry and exit points of the bagh. He opened fire at the civilians. The open fire killed thousands of men, women and children at the fair.
• This brutal act of Britishers enraged other Indian citizens. There were riots, attacks on government structures, and widespread protests.
• Mahatma Gandhi decided to end the Satyagraha movement because of the complete chaos and violence in the nation.
• Khilafat Movement
• After the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy, Mahatma Gandhi took up the Khilafat movement, which brought Hindus and Muslims together. The movement was led by two brothers, Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali.
• During that time, the first world war ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. In March 1919, a Khilafat committee was formed in Bombay.
• In 1920, Mahatma Gandhi convinced National Congress leaders to start a non-cooperation movement supporting Khilafat and Swaraj.

The Salt March

• Mahatma Gandhi also led the Salt March. He demanded the Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin, abolish the salt tax.
• He started the Salt March with 72 volunteers from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi to manufacture salt.
• Mahatma Gandhi chose salt because he believed that everyone in society could relate to it and be drawn to a common cause.
• In his letter, Mahatma Gandhi gave an ultimatum that if the demands were not fulfilled by March 11, Congress would launch a Civil Disobedience campaign.

The Poona Pact

• The Poona Pact was an agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar on behalf of dalits, depressed classes and the upper caste Hindu leaders.
• The pact was regarding the reservation of electoral seats for the lower classes in the legislature of British India in 1932.
• The act was formulated as dalits refused to participate in the movement without separate electorates and reservation of seats.
• In 1932, Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar formed the Depressed Classes Association and signed the Poona Pact with Congress.

Nationalism in India Class 10 Summary

Class 10 History Chapter 2 Notes gives an overview of nationalism in India. They are created in a manner that will help students prepare well for the exams. Here is the brief on the topic of nationalism in India:

• Nationalism is an introduction to the colonial period of India.
• The British government ruled India. Many movements were organised to liberate India from the shackles of foreign rule.
• Mahatma Gandhi initiated the Satyagraha movement, Khilafat movement, the Salt March and the Poona Pact.
• The Satyagraha movement was organised to support the peasants of Champaran, Bihar.
• It took place in 1919 and was a huge success in helping peasants get their rights.
• The Khilafat movement was started by two brothers, and it was an agitation by Indian Muslims allied with Indian nationalism in the years following World War I.
• The Salt March was organised to abolish the salt tax.
• It began at Sabarmati Ashram and ended at Dandi with salt manufacturing.
• The Poona Pact was signed between Congress and B.R Ambedkar. It was regarding the electoral and reservation seats of the Dalits and lower classes.

First World War, The Non-Cooperation and The Khilafat Movement

The First World War occurred between 1914 to 1918. It created a new political and economic situation in the years after 1919. Income tax was introduced, and custom-duty prices doubled between 1913 and 1918. The defence expenditure increased, which created hardships for common people. The agricultural failure in 1918-1919 led to a food shortage accompanied by an influenza epidemic.

The Idea of Satyagraha

Mahatma Gandhi started the Satyagraha movement in January 1915. It involved mass agitation against injustice in a peaceful manner. The movement emphasises the power of truth and the need to search for truth. Mahatma Gandhi led the Satyagraha movement in Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad to help the peasants. In 1917, he went to Champaran in Bihar to motivate the peasants to fight against the oppressive plantation system. He organised the Satyagraha movement in the same year to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat. Mahatma Gandhi travelled to Ahmedabad in 1918 to lead a Satyagraha movement among cotton mill employees.

The Rowlatt Act

The Imperial Legislative Council passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919. It allowed the British government to curb political movements in the country and detain political prisoners without trial for two years. Mahatma Gandhi opposed the Rowlatt Act with the Satyagraha movement. At the same time, General Dyer opened fire in Amritsar, where thousands of villagers were killed.  This led to mass agitation and violence in the country.

Why Non-Cooperation?

Mahatma Gandhi believed that British rule was established in India because of the cooperation of the Indians. If Indians had refused to cooperate, British rule would have collapsed within a year. As a step to get freedom from Britishers, Mahatma Gandhi introduced the non-cooperation movement. The movement began with the surrender of titles awarded by the government. People boycott the army, civil services, police, legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods. After many obstacles and campaigning between the supporters and opponents of the movement, the non-cooperation movement was eventually adopted in December 1920.

Differing Strands Within The Movement

The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement began in January 1921. The movement attracted people from all sections of society, although the term meant different things to different people. The middle class began the movement; thousands of students, teachers, and headmasters deserted government-run schools and colleges, and lawyers stopped practising law. People started boycotting foreign goods. As a result, the production of Indian textiles and handlooms increased.

Towards Civil Disobedience

In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi withdrew from the Non-Cooperation movement because he felt it was taking a violent turn. Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das formed the Swaraj Party. Upon entering India in 1928, the official Simon Commission was greeted by the slogan – “Go back Simon.” In 1929, the Lahore Congress, headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, established the demand for “Purna Swaraj,” or complete independence.

Salt March and Civil Disobedience Movement

The Salt March was a non-violent protest action in India led by Mahatma Gandhi. He demanded Viceroy Irwin abolish the salt tax. Mahatma Gandhi believed that salt is a common concern for people and society; therefore, everyone will support it. He began the Salt March with 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march covered more than 240 miles from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. On April 6, he arrived in Dandi and broke the law by manufacturing salt by boiling seawater. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement. The Civil Disobedience Movement lost its momentum in 1934.

Limits of the Civil Disobedience Act

The dalits demanded a separate electorate and reserved seats in educational institutes. Muslims felt cut off from congress after the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement was put on hold. There was hostility between Muslims and Hindus.

Vande Mataram

Nationalism spread when people began believing they were all part of the same nation. History nationalism in India was further encouraged by means of patriotic and historical fiction, folklore, songs, etc. In the 20th century, the identity of India became visually associated with the image of  Bharat Mata. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay created the image. He wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ in the 1870s as a patriotic song. Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag in 1921. It was a tricolour (red, green, and white) with a spinning wheel in the middle, signifying the Gandhian ideal of self-help.

Did You Know?

The movement of Indo-China is another significant part of Asian history. Indo-China, comprising the modern countries of Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia, was under the control of the Chinese Empire.

The French colonised Vietnam. From the 18th century onward, resistance began to grow in many forms at different levels. Several factors contributed to the rise of nationalism, and the role of communism was equally significant.

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CBSE Class 10 Social Science History Revision Notes

Chapter 1 - the rise of nationalism in europe.

Chapter 2 - Nationalism in India

Chapter 3 - the making of a global world, chapter 4 - the age of industrialisation, chapter 5 - print culture and the modern world, faqs (frequently asked questions), 1. when did mahatma gandhi return to india.

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915.

2. What were the great movements initiated by Mahatma Gandhi?

Some of the great movements initiated by Mahatma Gandhi were as follows:

• Satyagraha Movement
• Civil Disobedience Movement
• Non-cooperation Movement

3. Mention three main events of Satyagraha.

The three main events of Satyagraha include:

• Champaran Satyagraha in 1917
• Kheda Satyagraha in 1918
• Mill Workers Support in 1918

4. What was the Rowlatt Act?

The Rowlatt Act was imposed by the British government. It gave Britishers the right to control political events and arrest political prisoners without trial for up to two years.

5. In which session of the Indian National Congress (INC) was the demand of 'Purna Swaraj' formalised?

Purna Swaraj was formalised in the 1929 session of the INC at Lahore.

6. Who designed the National Flag of India?

Mahatma Gandhi designed the National Flag of India.

7. Who started the Khilafat movement?

The Khilafat Movement was started by two brothers: Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali.

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Nationalism in India Class 10 History Question Answer solutions / Class 10 nationalism in India ncert solutions / class 10 history nationalism in India important questions for exam (2021-2022)

  CLASS 10 - NATIONALISM IN INDIA IMPORTANT QUESTION ANSWER / NCERT SOLUTIONS. 

Question 1.

 Explain:

(a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement.

Answer : 

(i)Nationalism is the feeling of togetherness of people in a nation. In a nation all the people experience same political , social and cultural situation.. 

 (ii) British colonisation affected people's freedom. For people the sense of oppression and exploitation became a common bond.So, all section of the people decided to throw out the British rule and anti- colonial movement started. 

Hence we can conclude growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement. 

(b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India.

The First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India because of the following reasons:-

i) Due to war there was high defence expenditures this led to high custom duties, increase in taxes caused widespread anger among the common people. 

ii) There was forceful recruitment of British Army in villages. 

iii) Price rise during the war years (1914-1919)  created extrem hardship for the common people. 

(c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act.

Indian were outraged by the Rowlatt Act because this act empowered the government to arrest  anybody and imprison  without trial for two years. 

This also enabled the government to suspend the right to 'Habeas Corpus'( a writ requiring a person to be brought before a court). 

It was the first time when the Indians Unitedly opposed the Britishers. 

(d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Peace and Non-violence  were two Noble weapons taken by Mahatma Gandhi to conduct the Non-Cooperation Movement. 

In  February 1922 at Chauri Chaura, in Uttar Pradesh where the violent people burnt a police station and 22-23 policemen burnt and died. 

Gandhiji disappointed with this and decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation movement. He felt satyagrahis needed to be properly trained. 

Question 2. What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?

i)By the idea of Satyagrah we understand , it is a method of protest based on truth and non-violence. Or we can say Satyagrah is a method of peaceful agitation . 

ii) It was introduced by Mahatma Gandhi and first applied in 1916 in Champaran district of Bihar to help the peasant against plantation owners. 

iii) Then it expanded it wings to Kheda district of Gujarat in support of peasant in 1917.

iv) Ahmedabad cotton Mill workers also organised satyagrah in 1918.

3.  Write a newspaper report on

(a) The Jalianwala Bagh Massacre

(b) The Simon Commission

The Jalianwala Bagh massacre

Jalianwala Bagh is a place in Amritsar (Punjab). On 13th April 1919 , people from many surrounding villages gathered there to celebrate Baisakhi fair. 

Apart from the people few protesters also there to discuss about the Rowlatt Act, a peaceful assembly was going on. Suddenly General Dyre with his troops entered the garden and closed all the entrance doors. Without giving any warning to the people, general Dyre ordered his soldiers to fire at people. In the firing, many innocent people including women and children died and many became wounded. 

This day of 13th April 1919 was a Black day in the History of India. The main intention of general Dyre behind this incident was to terrorises the satyagrahis. 

The British government declared the formation of a commission to look into the working of the Government of India in 1919. As per the chairman of the commission it came to known as Simon Commission. 

It was a Matter of great regret that the Commission which was formed to prepare the ground for establishing a responsible government in India was an all white Commission. Not a single Indian was considered fir to become the member of the commission. 

The commission arrived at Bombay on 7 February 1928, as no Indian was there so Indian leaders greeted with the slogan of " Simon go Back". Both Congress and Muslim league unitedly protested against it.

  Question 4: Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.

Bharat Mata:

i .   Bharat Mata represents the Indian Nation. 

ii. It is painted by Abanindranath Tagore in 1905.

iii. In the image of Bharat Mata we find Mata Holding Trishul and standing beside a lion and an elephant – symbols of power and authority. 

iv. The image of Bharat Mata is proud of all Indians . 

i.   Germania represents for German nation. 

ii.  Philipp Veit painted the image of Germania in  1834 to 1836 for the first time. 

iii. Germania as a female figure is standing against a background of the tricolour fabric of the national flag. She is wearing a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

Question 1. List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.

Answer: 

The social groups which joined the Non-cooperation Movement of 1921 were- the Middle class people in the town consists of Teachers, Students, Lawyers, Shopkeepers, Farmers, Peasant and Tribal people, Plantation workers etc. 

Amongst them we will discuss  in details about the hopes and struggles of  Business class people, Peasants and Tribal people and Plantation workers. 

Business class people:

In many places the Traders refused to trade in foreign goods. The important of foreign clothes reduced between 1922 and 1922.

Peasants and tribal people:

 In various places peasants and tribal people launched this movement against the landlords and Talukdars. For them Swaraj meant that they would not be required to pay land dues i.e land revenue the land they were cultivating would be distributed among them. 

Plantation workers:

Plantation workers participated in the movement with the hope that they would be free to move out of the restricted place in which they had been enclosed. 

Question 2. Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.

The salt March was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism because:

i. It was done in revolt against a commodity- salt used by all categories of people whether rich or poor. 

ii. The tax on salt and the monopoly over it's manufacturing was sign of oppression of British rule. 

iii. The salt March was effective also because Gandhiji met a large number of  commoners during the march and taught them the true meaning of Swaraj and non-violence. 

iv. On 6th April, 1930  Gandhi along with his followers violated salt law by producing salt from sea water. It was a direct challenge to British rule in India. 

v. It was a clear indication that people will not co-operate with unjustified colonial laws. 

Question 3. Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.

Being a woman I am very much happy to participate in Civil disobedience movement. In this process I got the opportunity to meet with Gandhi. I heard Gandhiji's speaking and inspired by him I also offered satyagraha, picketed liquor shops and shops selling foreign clothes. 

   I felt empowered by these activities and I am also very proud of my other women Co-workers. The experience has made me realise that women also have an important role to play in realising our freedom. 

Question 4. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?

The political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates because

i.The political leaders belonged to different classes and communities of the Indian society which were having difference in opinions. 

ii. Gandhi had an opinion that having a separate electorates would slow down the freedom movement and also adversely affect the unity of the country. 

iii. The Muslim leaders thought that their interest could only be protected in a Muslim state, and in a Hindu majority state they would be at the mercy of the Hindus. 

iv. Dr. BR Ambedkar, the leader of the depressed classes, was in favour of separate electorates for his community. 

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Class X || History || Nationalism in India Assignment - 1

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CBSE Nationalism in India Class 10 MCQs History Chapter 3

The MCQs on Nationalism in India are designed to assist Class 10 students in thoroughly understanding this vital chapter as part of their Social Science curriculum. These multiple-choice questions are an excellent way for students to deepen their knowledge of the subject and prepare effectively for their board exams. Alongside the MCQs , it’s beneficial for students to review the CBSE Class 10 Social Science notes to gain a well-rounded understanding of the material.

To gauge their readiness for the exam, students should practice with these MCQs and also attempt various sample papers in Social Science. The Nationalism in India MCQs provided here aim to reinforce students’ grasp of key topics such as the impact of World War I, the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements, Satyagraha, the Rowlatt Act, the Dandi March, uprisings in urban and rural settings, tribal regions, plantation areas, and the Civil Disobedience Movement.

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Additionally, students are encouraged to explore more MCQs and answers for all chapters in the Class 10 Social Science textbooks, covering History, Geography, Political Science, and Economics, to ensure a comprehensive revision.

Nationalism in India Class 10 MCQs Question with Answer History Chapter 3

Question: Who was the leader of the Salt March? a) Mahatma Gandhi b) Jawaharlal Nehru c) Subhas Chandra Bose d) Sardar Patel Answer: a) Mahatma Gandhi

Question: When did the Jallianwala Bagh massacre take place? a) 1918 b) 1919 c) 1920 d) 1921 Answer: b) 1919

Question: Who founded the Swaraj Party in 1923? a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak b) Motilal Nehru c) Lala Lajpat Rai d) C. R. Das Answer: d) C. R. Das

Question: The Non-Cooperation Movement was called off due to which incident? a) Jallianwala Bagh massacre b) Chauri Chaura incident c) Salt March d) Quit India Movement Answer: b) Chauri Chaura incident

Question: What was the main objective of the Khilafat Movement? a) To support the Ottoman Caliphate b) To gain Swaraj c) To oppose the British economic policies d) To promote Western education Answer: a) To support the Ottoman Caliphate

Question: Who wrote the book “Hind Swaraj”? a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak b) Mahatma Gandhi c) Rabindranath Tagore d) Jawaharlal Nehru Answer: b) Mahatma Gandhi

Question: When did the Civil Disobedience Movement begin? a) 1928 b) 1930 c) 1932 d) 1934 Answer: b) 1930

Question: The Simon Commission was boycotted because: a) It did not include any Indian members b) It was a British initiative c) It supported the partition of Bengal d) It imposed heavy taxes Answer: a) It did not include any Indian members

Question: Who was the viceroy of India during the Quit India Movement? a) Lord Irwin b) Lord Mountbatten c) Lord Linlithgow d) Lord Wavell Answer: c) Lord Linlithgow

Question: The slogan “Do or Die” is associated with which movement? a) Non-Cooperation Movement b) Civil Disobedience Movement c) Quit India Movement d) Khilafat Movement Answer: c) Quit India Movement

Question: In which year was the Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress held where the demand for Purna Swaraj was made? a) 1927 b) 1928 c) 1929 d) 1930 Answer: c) 1929

Question: Who was the president of the Indian National Congress during the Lahore Session in 1929? a) Mahatma Gandhi b) Jawaharlal Nehru c) Subhas Chandra Bose d) Sardar Patel Answer: b) Jawaharlal Nehru

Question: What was the main aim of the Rowlatt Act? a) To promote education b) To curb political activities c) To improve economic conditions d) To provide healthcare Answer: b) To curb political activities

Question: The Dandi March was undertaken to protest against: a) The Rowlatt Act b) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre c) The salt tax d) The Simon Commission Answer: c) The salt tax

Question: Who led the tribal movement in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh? a) Alluri Sitarama Raju b) Birsa Munda c) Mangal Pandey d) Kunwar Singh Answer: a) Alluri Sitarama Raju

Question: The Poona Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and: a) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar b) Jawaharlal Nehru c) Subhas Chandra Bose d) Sardar Patel Answer: a) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

Question: When was the Quit India Movement launched? a) 1939 b) 1940 c) 1942 d) 1943 Answer: c) 1942

Question: The slogan “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it” was given by: a) Mahatma Gandhi b) Jawaharlal Nehru c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak d) Subhas Chandra Bose Answer: c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Question: Who was the founder of the Indian National Army (INA)? a) Bhagat Singh b) Subhas Chandra Bose c) Lala Lajpat Rai d) Chandrashekhar Azad Answer: b) Subhas Chandra Bose

Question: The partition of Bengal was annulled in which year? a) 1905 b) 1911 c) 1915 d) 1920 Answer: b) 1911

Question: The famous slogan “Inquilab Zindabad” was given by: a) Bhagat Singh b) Lala Lajpat Rai c) Subhas Chandra Bose d) Mahatma Gandhi Answer: a) Bhagat Singh

Question: The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were introduced in which year? a) 1915 b) 1917 c) 1919 d) 1921 Answer: c) 1919

Question: The Simon Commission was appointed in which year? a) 1927 b) 1928 c) 1929 d) 1930 Answer: a) 1927

Question: Who authored the book “India Wins Freedom”? a) Jawaharlal Nehru b) Mahatma Gandhi c) Sardar Patel d) Abul Kalam Azad Answer: d) Abul Kalam Azad

Question: The Khilafat Movement was led by: a) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad b) Ali brothers c) Bhagat Singh d) Subhas Chandra Bose Answer: b) Ali brothers

Question: The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in which city? a) Delhi b) Bombay (Mumbai) c) Calcutta (Kolkata) d) Madras (Chennai) Answer: b) Bombay (Mumbai)

Question: Who was the first president of the Indian National Congress? a) W. C. Bonnerjee b) A. O. Hume c) Dadabhai Naoroji d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak Answer: a) W. C. Bonnerjee

Question: The All India Muslim League was founded in which year? a) 1905 b) 1906 c) 1907 d) 1908 Answer: b) 1906

Question: The main purpose of the Cripps Mission was to: a) Promote Hindu-Muslim unity b) Get support for the British war effort c) Propose Indian independence d) Develop Indian education Answer: b) Get support for the British war effort

Question: The Civil Disobedience Movement was relaunched in which year? a) 1930 b) 1931 c) 1932 d) 1933 Answer: c) 1932

Question: Who composed the song “Vande Mataram”? a) Rabindranath Tagore b) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay c) Mahatma Gandhi d) Subhas Chandra Bose Answer: b) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

Question: Which event marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement? a) Dandi March b) Jallianwala Bagh massacre c) Chauri Chaura incident d) Quit India Movement Answer: a) Dandi March

Question: Who was the leader of the Bardoli Satyagraha? a) Mahatma Gandhi b) Sardar Patel c) Jawaharlal Nehru d) Subhas Chandra Bose Answer: b) Sardar Patel

Question: The Rowlatt Act was passed in which year? a) 1917 b) 1918 c) 1919 d) 1920 Answer: c) 1919

Question: The historic session of the Indian National Congress in 1929 was held at: a) Calcutta b) Bombay c) Lahore d) Madras Answer: c) Lahore

Question: The slogan “Quit India” was first coined by: a) Mahatma Gandhi b) Subhas Chandra Bose c) Jawaharlal Nehru d) Yusuf Meherally Answer: d) Yusuf Meherally

Question: The Quit India Movement was also known as: a) August Movement b) September Movement c) October Movement d) November Movement Answer: a) August Movement

Question: The Cabinet Mission Plan was announced in which year? a) 1942 b) 1943 c) 1945 d) 1946 Answer: d) 1946

Question: Who was the last Viceroy of British India? a) Lord Irwin b) Lord Mountbatten c) Lord Linlithgow d) Lord Wavell Answer: b) Lord Mountbatten

Question: Who gave the title of ‘Mahatma’ to Gandhi? a) Rabindranath Tagore b) Subhas Chandra Bose c) Jawaharlal Nehru d) Sardar Patel Answer: a) Rabindranath Tagore

Question: When was the Champaran Satyagraha launched by Gandhi? a) 1915 b) 1916 c) 1917 d) 1918 Answer: c) 1917

Question: The slogan “Jai Hind” was popularized by: a) Mahatma Gandhi b) Bhagat Singh c) Jawaharlal Nehru d) Subhas Chandra Bose Answer: d) Subhas Chandra Bose

Question: Who was the Viceroy of India during the partition of Bengal? a) Lord Curzon b) Lord Minto c) Lord Hardinge d) Lord Chelmsford Answer: a) Lord Curzon

Question: The partition of Bengal was done in which year? a) 1903 b) 1904 c) 1905 d) 1906 Answer: c) 1905

Question: Who led the Salt Satyagraha in Tamil Nadu? a) Mahatma Gandhi b) C. Rajagopalachari c) Sardar Patel d) Jawaharlal Nehru Answer: b) C. Rajagopalachari

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